Rio Final

MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HOSTING COMPONY: HARARI HOUSING DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNMENT

CONSTRUCTION AGENCY
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON:
THE NURSING SCHOOL TEACHING COMPLEX PROJECT BY HARARI HEALTH

BURAEU
Academic Year: 2013/2021
NAME IDNO.
1. RIYAD MOHAMMAD KALIFA cesr/0631 /09
Advisor: MOHAMMAD AMAN

Intern Duration: 01/052013 – 30/06/2013
Submission Date: 09/07/2013
BALE ROBE, ETHIOPIA

Madda Walabu University Final internship report
2021/2013
Declaration of the student and approval of supervisor & mentors
NAME IDNO. SIGNATURE
1. RIYAD MOHAMMED KALIFA cesr/0631 /09
Advisor Name:
Signature:
Date:
2021/2013 i
Department of Civil Engineering
2021/2013
Acknowledgments
I would like to take this opportunity to thank individuals, groups, and organizations who played
their much appreciated role for my internship. First and foremost, i would like to thank almighty
God for giving me strength and courage in all i went through. I would also like to thank and
appreciate Madda Walabu University for presenting me with this precious opportunity in
developing my practical experience and modify my theoretical knowledge. I would like to thank
Harari Housing Development and Government Construction Agency for positively responding to
my request to host me as an intern and availing this opportunity for me to practice and learn about
the practical world of building construction and project management. I would also like to present
my heartfelt thanks and gratitude specially to my adviser Mohammad Aman and site supervisor
Eng. Ziyad Jemal for invaluable and generous contribution throughout my practical time tirelessly.
From the time i started my internship until i finish they are giving orienting, guiding, supervising,
answering my questions and clearing doubts, and encouraging me to try do the best. Specially his
invaluable sharing of personal experience along with ordinary site works and brotherly advice to
help me cope with what i face.
I would also like to thank Mekasha Ambaw B.C and Importer contractor/company staffs and
employees for their tireless help and guidance at working site guiding and sharing their experience
with me along with the project client Nursing School Teaching Complex Project and Harari Health
Bureau.
Finally, the coordination and combination of our group members in creating team spirit and work
that enabled us to grasp some useful real construction world knowledge was immense. Hence, this
will develop our better understanding of construction industry and help us develop new ideas.
2021/2013 ii
2021/2013
Executive summary
This report is an outcome of the exercise i conducted during my internship period at Harari
Housing Development and Government Construction Agency. This was an opportunity for me to
apply the knowledge i had acquired for seven semesters of study in the University into practice.
In the first part of my report, i briefly described introduction to the site and the companies
participated on construction and the back ground of my internship hosting company. Including the
history and objective of the company, its main products and services.
The second part of my report briefly explains the overall internship experience i have gained during
my internship. Started by describing how i get into the company, in which section of the company
i have been worked in and the work piece i executed. I also explained clearly what the general
work flow in the site looks like.
In this report i also briefly explain the procedures i have used while performing my tasks. I tried
to explain the step by step procedure for every work, starting from SB+G+3 works through
SB+G+4. Next to this i briefly describe how formworks are prepared for columns, beams and
slabs. After formwork preparation the next step will be filing the concrete, this contains the step
by step procedure i have followed and checked during casting of concrete, including mixing,
conveying, placing, compacting, and curing of concrete.
The challenges i have faced during my internship period, both site challenges and personal
challenges are covered in this report.
I briefly explains about the overall benefits i gained from my internship in terms of improving my
practical skills, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills, leadership skills,
upgrading my theoretical knowledge and work ethics.
Finally, i covered my conclusions and recommendations for my hosting company and university.
2021/2013 iii
2021/2013
Table of Contents
Contents Page
Declaration ..................................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................... ii
Executive summary.................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... vi
List of figures .............................................................................................................................................. vii
List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General Over View ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Background of Hosting Company....................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 The strategy of Housing Development Project Office encompasses; .......................................... 3
1.2.2 Objective of Housing Development Project Office ..................................................................... 3
1.2.3 Vision of Housing Development Project Office .......................................................................... 4
1.2.4 Goals of Housing Development Project Office ........................................................................... 4
1.2.5 Main products and services of Housing Development Project Office ......................................... 5
1.2.6 Main customers or the end users of its products or services ........................................................ 5
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIENCES ..................................................... 6
2.1 How i get into the company ................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Section of the company i have been working ..................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 The work flow in the section........................................................................................................ 7
2.3 Work task i have executed .................................................................................................................. 9
2.3.1 Executed work task procedures (main activities)....................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Construction Materials ............................................................................................................... 13
2.3.3 Concrete work ............................................................................................................................ 16
3.3.4 Reinforcement ............................................................................................................................ 19
2.3.5 Formwork ................................................................................................................................... 20
2.4 Super structure work ......................................................................................................................... 22
2.4.1 Beam .......................................................................................................................................... 22
2021/2013 iv
2021/2013
2.4.2 Elevation Column ...................................................................................................................... 22

2.4.3 Slab ............................................................................................................................................ 23
2.4.4 Shear wall................................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.5 Stairs .......................................................................................................................................... 25
2.4.6 Masonry works........................................................................................................................... 26
2.4.6 Finishing works .......................................................................................................................... 28
2.5 My performance on work tasks ......................................................................................................... 29
2.6 Major challenges and problems encountered .................................................................................... 29
2.7 Measures to overcome the challenges ............................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................. 32
3. Overall benefits gained from the internship ....................................................................................... 32
3.1 Improving practical skills.................................................................................................................. 32
3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge ..................................................................................................... 32
3.3 Improving team playing skill ............................................................................................................ 33
3.4 Improving leadership skill ................................................................................................................ 34
3.5 Work ethics related issues ................................................................................................................. 34
3.6 Entrepreneurship skill ....................................................................................................................... 35
3.7 Improving interpersonal communication skill .................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................................... 37
4. Conclusion and recommendation ........................................................................................................ 37
4.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 37
4.2 Recommendation .............................................................................................................................. 38
4.2.1 Recommendation for the company ............................................................................................ 38
4.2.2 Recommendation for the university ........................................................................................... 39
Reference ................................................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix .................................................................................................................................................... 41
2021/2013 v
2021/2013
List of Tables
Table 2.1 take of sheet format…………………………………………………………11
Table 2.2 bar schedule format………………………………………………………….12
2021/2013 vi
2021/2013
List of figures
Figure 1.1 organization flow chart……………………………………………………….….….4
Figure 2.0 work flow in the section ………………………………………………………..….. 7
Figure 2.1 Course Aggregate……………………………………………………………….….14
Figure 2.2 Fine Aggregate (Sand)……………………………………….…………………......15
Figure 2.3 setting of reinforcement bar……………………………………………………...…20
Figure 2.4 formwork for column………………………………………………………….........22
Figure 2.5 elevation columns……………………………………………………………..........23
Figure 2.6 G+3 slab reinforcement and casting of concrete……………………….….….……25
Figure 2.7 shear wall reinforcement and formwork……………………………………...…….25
Figure 2.8 Stair case……………………………………………………………………………26
Figure 2.9 masonry work on HCB…………………………………………………………….27
Figure 2.10 finishing and plastering…………………………………………………………....28
Figure 2.11 Segregation of column…………………………………………………………….31
2021/2013 vii
2021/2013
List of Acronyms
C-5: - Compressive Strength of 5MPa of concrete
HHDGCA: - Harari Housing Development & Government Construction Agency
GC: - Gregorian calendar
Kg/m3: - Kilogram Per meter cub
MPa: - Mega Pascal
mm: - Millimeter
m: - meter
OPC: - Ordinary Portland cement
UDO: - Urban Development Office
UIL: - University Industry Linkage
2021/2013 viii
2021/2013
2021/2013 ix
2021/2013
2021/2013 x
2021/2013
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Over View

Engineering is the profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained
by experience and practice, and applied the efficient use of the materials and forces of nature. In
one way or another way, human life is not far from different types of problems. These problems
must be solved by scientific way; engineering is among the solution of these problems.
Engineering is central to understand the challenges and the solution facing in the world. To
respond, engineers require understanding the problems facing the society and build up on existing
resources and knowhow.
These problem solvers are trained personals with different engineering courses in universities
and colleges. The knowledge and ability of these engineers is more dependent on the theoretical
method of teaching in universities. But the responsibility of engineers is to solve practical
problems. So the new curriculum of Ethiopia for engineering and technology students are
developed to include sufficient practical knowledge together with theoretical knowledge that
learns in the classroom. Due to this, the ministry of education programmed a two-month internship
program for engineering and technology students.
Based on the new curriculum, were i am doing internship for one full semester at Harari
Housing Development and Government construction Agency in Harar on construction of Harari
health colleges teaching complex. I have gained a lot of understanding and experiences on practical
application of construction in a well-organized and effective manner. While were i am there i have
got several opportunities to visit project frequently to observe the progress and to see the related
activities. Besides this, with in a two month stay in this organization, i have spent plenty time with
site engineers, office engineers and Forman’s with sufficient orientation and practical involvement
on the site.
In this report, i have included insights that i have gained during the internship time both site
and office work knowledge. Of course, it is difficult to report all i have seen, though i have tried
to highlight the main points.
2021/2013 1
2021/2013
1.2 Background of Hosting Company

Harari Housing Development and Government construction Agency office to construct any
structures like buildings, highways, bridges, water structures, first, they need an economical, safe,
and serviceable design by taking the design criterions from the place where they are constructed
and it should fulfill the owners need. After that it should construct according to the design. In my
attachments the building is in the progress of construction under the control of the following three
parts:
Project Name
• Nursing school Teaching Cmplex
Project Location
• Arategna,Harar
Client
• Harari Health Berua
Consultant
• Harari housing development and Government Construction Agency
Contractor
• Mekasha Ambaw BC
Total Cost of the Project

95,280,500.81 million birr
In order to construct within the specific period without any problems and waste of materials and
time each of the below should fulfill its requirements
2021/2013 2
2021/2013
Harari Housing Development and Government construction Agency (HHDGCA) generally is a

governmental body that governs some aspect of a region’s housing, often providing low-rent
apartments to qualified residents. It was established by the proclamation number 56\1998 of the
regional state constitution, before 1998 it was under Urban Development Office (UDO).
It provides a variety of safe, sanitary, accessible, decent, and affordable housing for the
community. In carrying out this mission, the housing agency will provide leadership,
maximize resources, and promote partnerships to develop and implement sound housing
policy.
In the delivery of housing and housing services, it works with and support.
 Local authorities
 Approved housing bodies, and
 The department of the Environment, Community and Local Government
1.2.1 The strategy of Housing Development Project Office encompasses;

 Housing development through new expansion, redevelopment and upgrading
 Creating employments through supporting micro scale enterprises
 By supporting community based construction management of infrastructure
 By supporting micro scale building material producer
 Expansion and strengthening of micro scale and community based financial system
 Mobilizing public and personal savings
1.2.2 Objective of Housing Development Project Office

The objective of this project is to: -
 Solving the deteriorating accommodation problem in the city and improve the city
residents’ living standard
 Assist and facilitate local authorities and approved housing bodies with their housing
functions.
2021/2013 3
2021/2013
Figure 1-1 organization flow chart
1.2.3 Vision of Housing Development Project Office

The vision of this project is to make a real difference to peoples’ lives by promoting sustainable
Communities.
 I will do this by
 Promoting good practice in housing management, and
 Supporting the delivery of quality housing in well-designed neighborhoods.
1.2.4 Goals of Housing Development Project Office

1. Build the city government’s construction capacity and construct on average 2035 houses
per year and a total of houses over the five years
2. Reduce slum and decaying areas of the city by 25% by utilizing such areas for housing
development, socio-economic services, and by leasing them for commercial uses.
3. Create up to 4400 employments opportunities and thereby improve income, as well as
expand the development of up to 22 micro and small enterprises.
4. Radically change the current training systems in the construction industry, ensure the
fulfillments of minimum construction standard, develop and widely utilize low cost
construction technologies.
5. Prepare and develop 51 hector of land required for the housing development and related
local development works
2021/2013 4
2021/2013
6. Build institution capacity that is able to execute on average the construction of 2035 houses
per year
7. Enable low income residents to become house owner and there by ensure fair distribution
of income and create conducive environment for development
1.2.5 Main products and services of Housing Development Project Office

 Condominium houses for resident and commercial purposes
 Government building for library, guest room, schools, hospitals and so on
 Modern cultural houses
 Consulting service
1.2.6 Main customers or the end users of its products or services

 Private house holder
 Governmental organization
 Investor and diaspora
 Micro and small scale enterprises
 Construction material providers and others
2021/2013 5
2021/2013
CHAPTER TWO
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIENCES
2.1 How i get into the company

After receiving the request letter of internship program from the university (department) i have
visited a number of construction companies in our zone to apply. However most of them were full
of other students. Then i decided to do my intern in my home town HARAR, at the time the only
company that has available space found was Harari Housing Development and Government
Construction Agency (HHDGCA) i applied there and they accepted me.
So my first step was observation and introducing my self with the environment i can say that
everyone around was willing enough to accept me as a part of construction crew. They helped me
a lot in building my confidence, and increasing my knowledge by briefing and answering any
unclear aspects toward the project in their respective fields.
2.2 Section of the company i have been working

Most consulting companies have dual works: design work and site supervision. Consultants have
the responsibility of ensuring that the construction meets the requirements of the contract
documents and is performed under safe conditions and such inspections are made at frequent
intervals. A part from this consultant is responsible for contract administration.
Planning and designing phases are responsibly executed by architectural and structural engineers.
From these distinct sections of the company i were assigned on site supervision work. Consulting
engineers or resident engineers remain alert for the quality of all works that are conducted on the
site such as aggregate quality, mix ratio, the way concrete is casted, back fill, soil quality and etc.
Generally, all works conducted on the site are under supervision of the resident engineer for their
quality assurance and conformation with the contract document.
2021/2013 6
2021/2013
2.2.1 The work flow in the section
Project coordinator
Design and supervision team
Resident engineer
Fig 2.0 work flow in the section
1) Project coordinator
Administration of construction contracts requires an intimate knowledge of the relationship of the

various skills required for the construction, which involves labor, material suppliers, and
subcontractors. The project manager works with the owner and the design organization from the
beginning of the design concept through completion of construction and closeout, providing
leadership to the design team on all matters relating to design, keeping the design team informed,
and making recommendations on design improvements, value engineering, construction
technology, schedules, and construction economies. Project coordinator is responsible to conduct
job meetings with the job superintendent and subcontractors and following up decisions of job
meetings. Job meetings should result in assignments to various individuals for follow-up of the
matters discussed at the meetings.
2021/2013 7
2021/2013
2) Design and supervision team
Highly experienced and educated architectural designers, structural and civil engineers and other
professionals are a member of this team. Comprehensive design services in the professional
disciplines of planning, architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, and civil, structural,
mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection engineering are offered within this team.
The main objective of this team is to prepare architectural and structural design to client of the
company and of their own. The team works in the owner’s best interests from the beginning of
design to project completion. This team provides continuous service to the project from start to
finish, establishing and maintaining the quality and integrity of each design. The contractual
relationships between the members of the team are intended to minimize adversary relationships
and to contribute to greater responsiveness within the team.
3) Resident engineer
Supervision of the building process is best performed by the individuals educated and trained in
the profession, that is, engineers. Resident engineers are consulting engineers that are assigned on
a specific site to supervise all construction works conducted therein. Their responsibility is towards
ensuring the construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under
safe conditions. They regularly control the ongoing tasks on the site. As i able to see from the
diagram of work flow they are directly responsible to design and supervision team.
The main duties of resident engineers are as listed below: -
1. Quality control
2. Quantity and cost control
3. Working schedule control.
2021/2013 8
2021/2013
2.3 Work task i have executed

The main responsibility of engineers is to check, the work progress, check quality of works
and manage laborers. The work progress will be conducted in a scientific way. Any possible
problem must be measure to avoid the probability problem to occur. The engineers also responsible
to check the quality of works that constructed. The works include like form work, reinforcements,
concrete, mix and material quality and quantity to accomplish the work.
My hosting company assigned me to work with resident engineer who works under
consultant to check quality of work, proper implementation of the design, and to report daily,
weekly and monthly progress.
I spent a very good time with team through the period even if the pandemic disease (COVID-19)
made it difficult for us from the first time of starting the internship program period. In site i were
given a task to check the progress of construction and our office work includes preparation of
takeoff sheet and rebar schedule for different structures.
During my first arrival i were getting prepared and making my self-familiar with the overall
construction works, the structural and architectural drawings and staff members and my site
supervisors. And assisting them in all possible ways i can.
After a while were i get a chance to check quality of concrete mix, then i checked reinforcements
on slab and beam to approve the work and proceed to casting concrete the approval under goes
some of the following checks, arrangement and installing proper length recommended on the
design, provision of top bar(negative reinforcements), main bar, number and spacing of stirrups,
length plus section of overlap, provision of spacer (mortar spacer for cover and kebelato to separate
bottom bars from top on slab ) tightness of form work, alignment of beam and provision of
electrical conduits and sewer pipes. For columns, i have checked overlap length (4 times dia.),
center to center span length with the corresponding columns, vertical alignment and deviation
check using tumbi, provision of spacer, number and spacing of stirrup. Tightness of form work is
finally approved.
So mainly my internship period was:
 observation of site work
2021/2013 9
2021/2013
 Practicing about different site and office works. These include

 Discussing and observing about materials and equipment’s used at the site.
 Observing, discussing and practicing about sub structural, super structural and
Office activities of the site.
All these activities are explained below.
 Office work: are works that are carried in the office mainly by the office engineer. Ongoing
site work reports and problems against execution of works are recorded and reported in the
office. The main tasks conducted in the office includes: -
 Preparation of bill of quantity and cost break down
 Preparation of takeoff sheet for payment certificate
 Quantity calculation for the ongoing works
 Writing diary on executed tasks
 Reading drawing
 Site work: site works include all works that are conducted on the construction site towards
erecting and constructing the building components. It mainly includes the followings and
its details are put forth: -
 Earth work
 Foundation work
 Back fill work
 Superstructure work
2.3.1 Executed work task procedures (main activities)

Construction industry requires a suitable environment and a smooth correlation of the employees
along with a good construction management to perform tasks effectively and efficiently. While
constructing a structures all components to be erected have their own procedures to be followed. I
can say that i have passed all too often my internship season on inspection of site work and
supervision of construction inputs. Since i grouped the executed tasks in to two major works
previously, their procedures are put forth as the following.
2021/2013 10
2021/2013
2.3.1.1 Office work
Specification worksheet (BOQ form)
It is the format which is used in a bill of quantity to list (include) a short description of the
specification along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine the total cost for
each trade of item. There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill of Quantities:
1. Taking off
2. Squaring
3. Abstracting
4. Writing the final Bill
Preparation of take of sheet

This is the process of preparing / defining a detailed list of all labor and materials necessary for
the work and entering the items on properly dimensioned paper. The standard form used for
entering the dimensions taken or scaled from drawings to determine the accurate quantity in each
trade of work, except reinforcement steel, is called take off sheet.
Table 2.1 Take-off sheet format
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Timising Dimension Squaring Description column
Column Column Column
2021/2013 11
2021/2013
I have been using the above format for recording quantities and for writing descriptions to
accompany the quantities. Accordingly, Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item
occurs and is called the timising column. Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to
enter the dimensions of the items of works. The dimensions entered in column2 are squared or
cubed as the case may be, multiplied by the timising factor, and the result entered in column3. This
task is called squaring. The squared dimensions are transferred to abstract sheets and all similar
dimensions are collected in the same category to obtain the total quantity of each item. After the
abstract sheets have been completed and checked, the final bill of quantity is written.
Preparing bar schedule
Format used to calculate the quantity of reinforcement bars. In this format the quantity of bar of
each diameter will be calculated.
Table 2.2 bar schedule format
It. Loca Typ Shape (mm Le No. No. Tot Total length (m)
No tion e ) ngt of of al
h bars me no.
(m per mbe of Ø 8 10 12 14 16 20 24
) me r bars 6
mbe
r
Total length(m)
Weight(kg/m) .22 .39 .61 .88 1.2 1.5 2.4 3.5

2 5 7 8 09 79 67 5
Total weight(kg)
2021/2013 12
2021/2013
Reading working drawings
In office i also tried to read detail drawings of the building being constructed. It has a paramount
important in improving the skill of understanding the 3D of the structure and helps me to priory
know what to be constructed. This drawing includes architectural, structural, sanitary and electrical
drawings. Every construction activity is undertaken by referring to those drawings and the engineer
executes and controls the whole work based on them.
2.3.1.2 Site work

Site work comprises the major task in building construction. It includes all activities that tend
towards constructing building components. Before start of a building work, one should properly
plan its lay out and decide on the specification for each major items of work so that the cost of
construction can be kept within the estimated value. The first work to be taken before the actual
construction of the building is checking the dimensions of its boundaries as soon as the site is made
available for construction. Generally, site work ranges from setting out to finishing work, painting.
I see only super structure because when i reach the site they are working on SB+G+3
2.3.2 Construction Materials

Construction Materials: construction materials are the primary need for any construction.
Scarcities in the supply of this material have a great effect in the process of the construction and
also the quality of the materials used must be tested in the laboratory and approved by the
consultant.
CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement is most widely used cement in the construction of my site and it is
suitable hydraulic cement. It is a fine powder used to create bond and strength when used in
concrete or mortar. Mostly it is found in market with a size of 50 kg bag pack and it is a hydrophilic
material which means it attracts water and changes to a hard stone for this reason storing of cement
needs a special care. In my site there is a store house to keep the cement dry. Usually they put flat
wood on the ground in order to avoid the moisture arising from the ground.
2021/2013 13
2021/2013
Coarse aggregate
Aggregates are important constituents in concrete they generally occupy 65- 75% of the volume
of concrete hence due consideration should be given in their selection and proportion. In choosing
aggregate for in a particular concrete attention should be given to Strength and durability. The
aggregate used on the site is a product of national cement plc. Transported from dire dawa it has
basaltic nature with grain size of 1-4 cm.
Figure 2.1 Course Aggregate
Fine aggregate
Shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass through a screen
of 5mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications, clean and free from dust, dirt and
organic matter.
 In our site Types of Sand that used are River Sand
Figure 2.2 Fine Aggregate (Sand)
2021/2013 14
2021/2013
Water
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction

with cement. A popular yard stick to the suitability of water for mixing concrete is that
 If water is fit for drinking, then it fit for making concrete
 It should be free from impurities such as suspended solids, silt, clay, acids, alkalis,
organic matters and dissolved salts.
Tests by the sense of smell, sight should reveal such impurities; however, water of doubtful quality
should be submitted for laboratory analysis and test.
STONE
There are different kinds of stones in the process of construction in project the most widely used
are
 As the masonry wall (trachytic stone)

 As an aggregate for concrete (crushed basaltic rock)
 As hard core for the ground slab (basaltic rock)
Supervision for construction materials
1. Sufficiency for different size of aggregates piled separately

2. Prevention of intermingling aggregates with adjacent material
3. Provision of adequate drainage for the piled aggregates for maintain uniform moisture
content
4. Fulfillment of quality test
5. Cement stored separately and protected from dampness due to weather or ground condition
6. Water protected from contamination.
2021/2013 15
2021/2013
2.3.3 Concrete work

Cement concrete is a multipurpose material made up of four ingredients: cement, sand, coarse
aggregate and water. Concrete work includes batching and mixing of concrete materials, placing
of concrete, compaction and curing of concrete. Since the entire site work is related with the
concrete work, i tried to know prior about concrete and its preparation along with the casting
process. During this time, i understood so many things and i put them forth as the following.
Batching
Prior to the mixing of ingredient, it is essential to measure the materials accurately to ensure the right
proportions. The concrete may be batched either by weight or by volume. Even though batching by
weight is preferable for its simplicity and convenience, volume batching was being used at my
construction site. But cement is always measured by weight; one bag of cement is 50kg and it is taken
as 35lit for relative proportioning.
The following relations show the grade of concrete with their relevant ratios and dimension of the
boxes used for the volume bathing.
Concrete class ratio box dimension
 C-5 1:4:6 20*40*50

 C-20 ___________1:2:3________20:40:50
 C-25 1:2:3 18*40*50

 C-30 1:2:3 16*40*50
Mixing of concrete
During batching it is essential to select suitable ingredients of concrete and proportioning their relative
quantities with the object of getting as economically as possible concrete of certain minimum
properties such as strength, durability and workability.
Variable factors that should be considered in specifying concrete mix are: water cement ratio,
cement aggregate ratio, gradation of aggregate and workability of fresh concrete. One common
2021/2013 16
2021/2013
practice of expressing the proportions of the granular materials in concrete mix is by ratio of
cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, with cement considered as unity. Except lean
concrete all of the works on my site have being performed by C-25 quality concrete and the
specified gradients ratio that was intended to produce this grade of concrete is 1:2:3, with minimum
cement content of 360kg per meter cubic of concrete. While for lean concrete(C-5), the ratio is
1:3:6, with minimum cement content of 150kg.
The ingredients of concrete are mixed thoroughly such that they are uniformly distributed in the
concrete mass and shall produce a workable and consistent mix. Since the site constitutes large
construction works and hence it required good quality of concrete, they were using machine mixing
method. All the ingredients including water are put according their ratio in to the mixing drum,
mixer, which is rotating. The drum is rotated for 2 to 3 minutes to mix one batch of concrete and
then the mix is taken out of the drum and immediately transported to the place where it will be
casted. The quick transportation of concrete is essential such that the concrete is placed and
compacted before the initial set of cement starts.
Placing of concrete
It refers to casting of the concrete on its final position and thus ensures proper distribution of
concrete in the structure. Concrete must be placed in position as soon after mixing as possible and
before too stiff to work. The important points to be noted in placing concrete are the following:
 Inside of form work should be inspected

 Check for the proper positioning of spacers and reinforcement
 There should be no segregation of concrete when it is placed
 It should be thoroughly compacted in position in layers
 Expansion joints should be recognized if any
Compaction of concrete
In this process effort are only directed to reduce the voids in the compacted concrete. During
vibrator and immediately after, depositing concrete shall be compacted means of mechanical
vibration. Vibrators produce vibrations and transmitted to concrete make it to flow and affect
compaction. Over vibration should not be allowed as otherwise course aggregate particles will
2021/2013 17
2021/2013
get concentrated at the lower layer and only mortar will be left at the top surface. Vibrator is also
known as needle pocket or immersion vibrator. It consists of a power unit and a long flexible
tube at the end of which vibrating head is attached whenever compaction is done. The vibrating
head is inserting in concrete. This is very use full for compaction of concrete work
Curing of concrete
After placing concrete in position, it should remain protected for sufficient time to become durable
and strong. Concrete shall be protected from premature drying and excessively hot temperatures
for max. 28 days from the date of casting. The concrete surface shall be kept continuously wet by
application of water for at least 7 days to maintain constant temperature and thus regulate its heat
of hydration. Where the temperature is excessively high the surface of concrete shall be covered
with absorptive mat, fabric or sand continuously kept wet or the application of other moisture
retaining covering as approved by the Engineer. The watering of concrete shall continue until the
concrete has achieved its designed strength. Proper curing of concrete has a prominent use such
as: -
 Increase impermeability and durability of concrete

 Reduces shrinkage and thus cracking
 Increase resistance to abrasion
 Gives a hard dense surface and so prevent cracking and dusting
Lean concrete: is a C-5 quality concrete which is laid under footing pads, grade beams and
masonry walls. Lean concrete is mainly laid for the following purposes: -
 To protect the structural concrete from damage usually caused by dust

 To form working platform for the over laying structural concrete
 To compensate the difference in levels during earth work and thus to maintain
leveled surface for placing spacers and reinforcement
 In some cases, to protect the upward seepage of water in masonry wall
One should notice that lean concrete has no structural function a part from the above
mentioned uses. Most commonly a lean concrete of 5cm thickness is used for its requirement
2021/2013 18
2021/2013
Supervision for concrete work
 size of gauging box for measuring aggregate

 required duration to mix the cement and aggregate thoroughly/check
manufacturers instruction of the mixer
 loading capacity of the mixer
 cleanliness of the mixer
 availability of aggregate, cement and equipment for production of the required
volume of concrete
 aware of mix proportion
 check maximum size of aggregate allowed in the mix
 moisture content of aggregates
 temperature of aggregate
 check slump and water/cement ratio of freshly mixed concrete
 workability of concrete for insuring proper placing and handling of concrete
without segregation /low, medium, high/
3.3.4 Reinforcement
Setting of reinforcement
Reinforcement steel is buried in concrete to keep them from cracking & breaking this
reinforcing steel must be set in different forms before the concrete is placed.
Reinforcement steel is placed a dry place to prevent steel from rust.
Fig: 2.3 setting of reinforcement bar
2021/2013 19
2021/2013
Preparing reinforcing steel
As per the design, as shown in the plan, the size of bars and spacing of the bars to be placed in the
concrete are known. The supervisor gives a copy of the engineers plans to the bar bender, who
prepare the reinforcement.
When the bar bender receives the plan, the bar schedule showing nothing but lengths, sites and
bending needed for all the reinforcing bars in the construction for a given footing pad, foundation
column, beam column, stair and slab. The bar bender then cut and bend the steel rod as the
requirement.
Placing of reinforcement
As required for the construction of footing pad, foundation column, beams column, stair and slab,
when all of the reinforcing bars have been cut to the right length and have been bent, then the main
beam and column reinforcements tied with stirrups of diameter 6mm bars by tying wire.
Reinforcing steel is placed in position in the concrete form by workers (bar

benders). As the main beam & column bars have been produced before it should
place in position carefully. And for slab after cut of right length the reinforcement
is place on the prepared form work and bend as necessary and fix with beams as per
the design the bottom & top reinforcement (negative & positive reinforcement).
2.3.5 Formwork
It is a temporary structural element which supports and molds slabs, beams, footings and other
structural members in casting concrete. It shall be designed and erected to safely support, vertical
and lateral loads that might be applied until such load can be supported by the concrete structure.
One should always remember that these works should be constructed in such a way that removal
of formwork can be done easily as planned. Most common materials used for temporary works,
formworks, are timber, plywood and steel. The period of removal for vertical formworks such as
columns and footings is 16 hrs. Or lesser and for horizontal members such as beams and slabs is
less 21days.
2021/2013 20
2021/2013
Requirements of formworks: -
 formwork should be coated with form oil to prevent adhesion of concrete such that it
allows easy stripping
 should be fixed in position and stiff enough to resist the pressure and weight during
casting and in other cases
 It should be rigid enough to retain the shape without excessive deformation
Formwork must be easily removable
The construction procedure to erect vertical column form work is as follows
 Check the centering (eccentricity) of previous column head to column form

 Column yokes (cratury) are placed immediately after the slab cast, and helps to
keep the column form straight and strong.
 Column forms are then placed in the yokes after already prepared column
reinforcement is placed on four sides and these should erect straight and
supported very well.
 Finally check before casting by plumbing bob or i were using stone in place of it
to check verticality of the column.
Stripping time: in normal circumstances (generally where the temperature is above 20 0C) and
where ordinary cement is used, forms may be struck after expiry of the following periods.
- Vertical form work for columns ……………………….24 hours

- Soffit from work to slab………………………………...21 days
- Props to slabs……………………………………………14 days
- Soffit formwork to beams……………………………….21days
- Props to beams …………………………………………..14 days
2021/2013 21
2021/2013
Fig 2.4 formwork for column
2.4 Super structure work

The portion of a building that extends above the ground level outside it is called the super structure.
The structural components that are mainly grouped in to super structure are beams, elevation
columns, slabs, stairs and all their finishing works.
2.4.1 Beam
A building member used to carry and transfer loads to the consecutive columns and used as a
confining element for the slab. As that of grade beams, supper structure beams are subjected to
moments and shear loads. Detail provision and reinforcement are provided as that of grade beams.
But the difference is it does not have contact with the ground and thus the construction needs
bottom formwork (soffit) and props for casting. When the slab and beams are to be made of the
same concrete quality they are casted monolithically and the beams are designed as T-beam and
L-beam. On my site all beams are of a rectangular dimension and fixed ended.
2.4.2 Elevation Column

It is used for carrying and transferring every loads coming from roofs, slabs and beams to the
foundation. There are different shapes of columns; however, at our project site rectangular and
circular shaped columns were used. As i noticed circular columns were not reasonably
incorporated for their greater load bearing, but they were situated on places where partition walls
do not exist and on spaces where offices and halls present, as they are aesthetically pleasing than
rectangular columns.
2021/2013 22
2021/2013
Any building structure loads increase as i go down to the ground and so bottom structural members
are properly configured that they carry all super structural loads above it and transfer safely to the
foundation. Hence the sections of columns in upper stories are reduced as they have to carry lesser
loads. But center lines of columns must coincide accurately for various columns of different stores.
The steel reinforcement from the column in the lower story is bent such that they are
accommodated in the column of the top floor.
Figure 2.5 elevation columns
Methodology: for beams and columns: -
 Both longitudinal bars and stirrups are provided according to their spacing
 Spacers are tied with bars and then formwork is constructed for the member
 Its verticality is checked with plumb bob
 Concrete is poured into formwork and vibrated around rod reinforcement
 Formworks are removed after expiry of their period and the concrete surface is watered
until it sufficiently cures
2.4.3 Slab
Slab is a structural part of the building having plate shape and used to cover the distance between
beams and possibly columns. Generally, slabs are constructed monolithically with beams and
concreted in one operation for the full depth. The top surface of the slab is kept rough to create a
proper bond with any type of floor finish desired. At our project site they used solid slab.
2021/2013 23
2021/2013
1) Solid slab: it was constructed from a concrete quality C-25 and its reinforcement details
were the same to those of beams. The bottom reinforcement is continuous over the entire
span and top reinforcement is provided at the support section to take up the tensile forces.
The designed solid slabs were for two panels and they are the panels where toilets and
water closets present. Since solid slabs have a greater concrete depth, they are meant for
their greater prevention of water percolation a part from its structural function.
Methodology: for solid slab: -
• Supporting system is constructed and formwork is laid with panels and checked entirely
for not being pierced
• Reinforcements are provided according to their details and spacers are placed between
panels and reinforcement bars
• All fixtures such as sanitary, electrical and water pipes are positioned and installed
according to their drawings
• Concrete is casted properly while fulfilling its requirements
Figure 2.6 G+3 slab reinforcement and casting of concrete
2.4.4 Shear wall

Is a reinforced concrete wall which is designed to bear load and used as a restraining media. The
plan distribution of the wall should be such that the building is torsionally, as well as flexural stiff.
The reinforcement for shear wall is provided in both directions that it can safely resist lateral and
vertical loads. And the reinforcements are extended from the foundation to the most top part of the
shear wall. At our project site shear walls were constructed for the semi-basement as a retaining
2021/2013 24
2021/2013
wall to prevent seepage and to bear lateral loads that comes from backfilled material and for the
corners of the building columns as an additional core. And also used for an aesthetical purpose.
Figure 2.7 shear wall reinforcement and formwork
2.4.5 Stairs
Stairs are the commonly used means of vertical transportation in buildings. For building up to three
floors, only stairs are usually provided but for buildings more than three floors, both electrical lifts
and stairs are to be provided. On our project site the building being educational and G+4, it is
provided with stair. The stair case is doglegged type half turn stairs and it is provided with main
longitudinal bars bedded into the slab and transverse reinforcements tied with main bars. The stair
case was made of reinforced concrete quality of C-25. The common terms used in stairs are tread,
riser, flight, pitch or slope and soffit. Generally, it is very important that we should not change the
dimensions of tread and rises from the start to finish of the stairs.
2021/2013 25
2021/2013
Stair construction procedure
 Form works (panels) were constructed. The level, cleanness & smoothness of the form
work were also checked.
 The reinforcement was placed & the diameter, number, length shape & bending
dimension of main bars are checked according with the drawing.
 The bars & form work is checked before casting.
 Both the slab & the stair is casted monolithically.
 The form works were removed after 21 days
Figure 2.8 Stair case
Note that all supervision works and checks to be done for super structure are the same to sub
structure and all are done according to the quality requirements of each items of work.
2.4.6 Masonry works

Masonry work is a complex of processes that includes, in addition to the basic processes (the laying
of brick or other stone in mortar, the delivery and laying out of the stone, and the smoothing of the
mortar), related auxiliary processes (the erection of scaffolding and trestles and preparation of the
materials at the construction site).
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by
mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry
2021/2013 26
2021/2013
construction are brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block,
glass block, stucco, and tile. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However,
the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units
are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the overall masonry construction.
2.4.6.1 Productions of HCB block

In our site three different hollow concrete blocks (HCB) are used. Depending on it shape and size
and also based on its position of structural components.
These are:-
 20*40*20cm3 width length and depth respectively

The above block are used for main wall, partition wall and toilet and shower respectively. In the
site the ingredient of HCB were cement, sand, zero size aggregate, white soil, komiche and water.
This overall mixing ratio were 1:2:2:2:6 respectively and water is added simply by judgment
means that for 50kg of cement they were used two wooden box of sand, two zero size aggregate
and two white soil with standard box size of 20*40*50cm and six wooden box of 25*25*40cm.
2021/2013 27
2021/2013
Figure 2.9 masonry work on HCB
2.4.6 Finishing works

Plastering works; -plastering is works after chases for service or the surface of internet power
supply have been cute, the service of installed and chases made good.
~ One the site activities I had observed continuously throughout my two month stay is plastering.
~ Plastering is the process of covering various surfaces of structure with plastic materials such as
cement mortar, lime mortar or composite mortar, to obtain an even smooth, regular, clean and
durable surface. Provide base for receiving other decorative finishes like painting.
Plastering is carried out in three coats:
1. First coat is held on directly on the HBCs or chiseled exposed beam and column to some
millimeter and have a rough surface prepare for the second coat. The mortar to be used for this
first coat has a mix ratio of 1:3.
2. the second coat locally called "mullet" is done by first doing fasha which is two nail is nailed at
the same level and a tread is tied on each nail keeping the same horizontal level and a plum bob is
thrown around 40cm above the ground level another fasha is done from these references the rest
part of the wall is plastered. The mortar to be used this first coat has a mix ratio of 1:2.
3. The third coat is usually done as the finishing work start and is different from the first and second
as it is gypsum used rather than mortar. If done properly it would provide the perfect base for the
finishing paint.
2021/2013 28
2021/2013
Figure 2.10 finishing and plastering
2.5 My performance on work tasks

From the very beginning and start of my internship program, I am ready to know all the practical
aspects that i thought i should know. It is a part of the student, practitioner, to have a great interest
and ready to know about works performed on the site and to have interest towards asking engineers
and formans on the ambiguities and unclear ideas. But i sincerely assure that i had a quality of
observing and inspecting works that were executed on the site and asking experts on the issues that
i should know. All days our site resident engineer, asked some ideas, questions and if i have any
question that remained unclear for me. His great enthusiasm in following my performance made
me to generate ideas and carefully inspect all things conducted on the site and in office.
2.6 Major challenges and problems encountered

Every activity has got its own problems while striving to achieve the works at hand. In a
construction industry there are many problems that arise while performing the tasks and needs a
solution in order to proceed in executing. During the course of the two-month internship program
at the company, it is expected that i faced some sort of difficulties. Indeed, i was challenged to
some extent. These challenges were not due to my lack of initiation towards performing the task i
was given instead it was simply a matter of experience in the field. And that was something that
could be solved by continually engaging one’s self to the activities in the course of time. Beside
all the challenges that i have faced, some of them are dangerous and threaten to my life. Among
this the new worldly occurred plague disaster of the epidemic corona virus (COVID-19) disease
is the first one. This virus is making the whole world suffers from its damage still now and also
2021/2013 29
2021/2013
forced us to withdraw our internship program for few months and even if i tried to manage starting
it again the working environment were difficult to do given task and moving around as you like.
 Communication challenges (typical words used at the site)

 Understanding of rebar arrangement for some special structural elements such as stair
 Communication with site staff members because they are so busy at their daily task
 problems after the task has been conducted such as segregation
 Shortage of working drawing like structural drawing and some other detail
 Weather condition of the site
 Shortage of experience in some part work of the site
 Under satisfactory answer for my answers from the contractor side
 Unavailability of safety and first aid material
2.7 Measures to overcome the challenges

 Communication challenges: the very first challenge that i faced was adapting the words and
language that have been used by the masons, Forman and carpenters for deferent structural
parts and construction works and tools. These words were totally new for me and most of
them were Italian and sound similar. For this reason, it was confusing and hard to memorize
these words in the first few weeks of the internship period. But by repeatedly asking and
trying to memorize them, i learned the words and as time progresses i was able to understand
their meaning and start responding to the queries raised rounding this word. Of these words
some of them are the following: -
 Hard core............ Kiskasa..............It’s a material under the ground slab.
 Stirrup................ Staffa ...............Shear resistance members of columns, beams and shears

walls.
 Plumb bob......... Tumbi ...............It used for checking verticality of structural members.
 Footing pad bars... Grilla............. Reinforcement bar mesh under footing pad
 Bottom soffit........ Fando ..............Is used as a formwork for beams and slabs at the bottom.
 Side board.......... Sponda...........Aims as a formwork for beams and slabs on vertical sides.
2021/2013 30
2021/2013
 Brace ...................kisit............Support a vertical side formwork of a beam and column panel

diagonally.
 Scaffolding......... Fonte.............Used as a support of formworks of a slab and beam at the
bottom.
 Tee...................... Christy .............Supports a formwork of a beam.
 Profile.................. Modingo..............Used for setting out works.
 String................... Sibago ...............Used to maintain alignment.
 Yoke .....................Karabat ............Used to fix the form works together in their position.
Segregation problems: once after the concrete is placed in to the formwork, one cannot easily
detect the occurrence of segregation, instead the happening of segregation is seen after the
formwork is removed off. This is the major and foremost problem that is encountered after the
concrete is placed. It is a separation of coarse aggregates from the concrete mass and is caused by:
 Uncontrolled pumping or falling
 Placing under waters
 Placing concrete in heavily reinforced members
 Poor vibration
Precautions to control segregation:
 Careful handling, placing, and consolidation of concrete.

 Placing concrete near its final position, instead of falling from greatest heights.
 Uniform vibration and careful consolidation specially around edges of formwork
Figure 2.11 Segregation of column
2021/2013 31
2021/2013
CHAPTER THREE
3. Overall benefits gained from the internship
3.1 Improving practical skills
Since the field of civil engineering mostly comprises of field activities, the one who take an
internship program on the site is expected to come up with a tremendous practical skill. One thing
that needs to be pointed out when discussing improving practical skills is that i got to learn how to
associate myself with professionals who had a lot to offer in the field. Being able to easily
communicate and understand each other with supervisors greatly improves one’s practical skill.
I would like to list the practical skills i gained from the internship program as the following:
 Supervision of construction materials such as cement, aggregate, sand and etc.
 The methods and steps of how structural members are erected
 Problem solving skills when it encountered
 Able to inspect and understand things that remained vague during our theoretical lessons
 Improved my ability of understanding and reading working drawings etc.
 The methods and steps of how structural members are erected
 Problem solving skills when it encountered.
Generally this internship program let us to assume ourselves as a potentially responsible workman
for a particular work that i were assigned whether from the contractor side or consulting company
to charge my responsibility independently and confidently. And it also got me with construction
methodologies and expression of ideas towards problem solving.
3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge

It is obvious that theoretical lessons have a considerable difference fm practical ones when they
are seen from different perspectives. Of course it is very essential that one should know the
theoretical aspects prior to going for practice on site, as one should have something to relate with
what he is seeing on the site. As such i found the internship very important in upgrading theoretical
knowledge that i grasped during my past stay in the university. One can not hesitate in attesting
how much he has related and upgraded his theoretical knowledge with the relevant things that are
conducted on the site. There were brand new ideas that i never got the chance to know about when
attending regular classes. The internship experience didn’t totally bring brand new ideas to the
2021/2013 32
2021/2013
table or in theory; instead it helped in improving the already available ways and ideas of problem
solving skills to a great level.
Generally, an internship program is the system by which the students can observe the practical real
world and relate it with the theoretical lessons. Being attended this program effectively, i made
clear on issues that were remaining unclear and i were vague of. I can also assure internship’s
paramount important in providing a brand new ideas that i were not familiar with before and ideas
that are proven quite helpful when it comes to solving practical problems. But what worth
mentioning is some of the courses have a premier position in contributing for the success of the
internship program and ease in understanding the tasks conducted on the site. Of such courses
include: -construction material, structural courses and foundation courses.
3.3 Improving team playing skill

During my internship period my site supervisor shared information and knowledge for me and
often asked what i had been experiencing and understanding on the site. Fortunately students on
our site from different university, and responded him according to our understanding and feeling.
Such group questions and our sharing of experiences to each other have helped us to improve team
playing skill. Here also, In construction project problems often arise with different reason, i have
seen some technical problem encountered during executing a particular item of work and design
defaults, at his time they let us involved in the problem solving procedure and we also put our
effort proudly without any fear. There also dispute arises between the contractor and consultant
and their problem solving techniques and their discussions with the concerned bodies have put
some skills for us.
Generally, team playing skill in internship allowed us
 To learn from other, sharing ideas and motivating

 Have more ideas
 Makes work easily for the team playing
 Have good communication
 To listening the question and concerns the other ideas
2021/2013 33
2021/2013
3.4 Improving leadership skill

The skill of leadership is the ability to guide, control and monitor peers and colleagues that are
taking part in a given activity may it be in the office or at construction sites. Honestly speaking,
getting into the internship program, I never expected to order or boss around anyone who obviously
has a greater working experience than me. Instead i hope to witness a quality of leadership skill
from my supervisors and that was what i observed. I could say i learned how to handle tricky
situations that may escalate into an unwanted stage. I were through all the ways whenever the
consultant engineer, my supervisor, handles the problems and directs and controls the quality of
all works conducted on the site.
Of course it is not always that such situations arise but since the work is done by professionals
who after all are human beings, it is expected to see some altercations. And as a leader, one needs
to learn how to handle and resolve such cases without too many negative consequences. Plus,
controlling the overall activities taking place on a construction site by itself is a big leadership
quality that needs to be encouraged. Thanks to my supervisor and employers, i were able to observe
and witness a great leadership quality and were able to take some points on how to develop my
own leadership qualities after all and in the near future.
Although i were hosted by the consulting company, the leadership skill i were been developing is
not solely from my supervisor but i had been observing the leading ways from the contractor side.
The site engineers who controls and executes the overall work shall have a good leadership skill
and it has been also an area for us where i were able to see what the leadership is and how it should
be. And accordingly, good leadership greatly contributes for the overall healthy construction
environment and for retaining the workers and employees on their working position and thus for
success of the project while meeting both its quality and completion period.
3.5 Work ethics related issues

The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one’s behaviour towards
appreciating the process of work flow and performing rather well on the job so that this work flow
will not be jeopardized in the long run. During my internship program, i could say that i have
managed to do my side of the job description with a high spirit and enthusiasm so that there was a
smooth flow of activities both in the office and on construction site.Work ethics involve such
characteristics as honesty and accountability.
2021/2013 34
2021/2013
Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be raised when talking about work ethics and on
my side i tried to meet this criterion by attending to my working station in time so that there will
not be any delay on the activities planned for that day. The behaviour that one shows towards his
peers and colleagues is also one manifestation of the concept of work ethics. Personally, i always
respected and gave priority the employers of the company.
Elements of work ethics that worth mentioning are: -punctuality, honesty, reliability, office
discipline, corporation and responsibility.
Generally, i am student should follow the rules and regulations set by the company and avoid
complaining any work load, activity or assignment that may arise on the site or office. It is a
pleasure of supervisors if i have a good work ethics and i am responsible for any given tasks. Since
the aim of internship is to let students know the outside environment pertinent to their field, which
includes of such the above dealt qualities, i were with the great interest that i tried to meet my
responsibilities and work ethics that i supposed to be based on my wisdom.
3.6 Entrepreneurship skill

Building construction work requires the series execution of the licensed engineers and architects,
because the design of each structure requires deep study before taking action on the site.
However, sometimes unsuitable condition may occur, entrepreneurs has the ability to get the
solution. On the site engineers or any worker should be able to create the method of correcting
the errors.
Among entrepreneur’s traits (characters):-
 Able to take calculated risk
 Respond positively to challenges
 Flexible& able to adopt new technologies
 Self-confidence and optimist
 Knowledge of market
2021/2013 35
2021/2013
3.7 Improving interpersonal communication skill

The communications systems within the building design and construction enterprise has taken on
a large role in the achievement of profitability and efficiency. A basic understanding of
communication systems is beneficial to all building professionals and trades, as they all play a part
in the success of the construction. By interpersonal communication is to mean one’s ability to
easily engage itself in a discussion with a professional manner and able to gain something useful
out of it. Of course it was not as easy as it sounds at first but through the course of time and with
a great deal of help from professionals around our, i were able to improve what is proven to be one
of the most important skills, if not the one, but one wants to succeed in the line of profession.
Project that i have been involved has got different people with different back ground.
They are varying in educational level, work experience and work position. Since the aim of the
project is to accomplish the work in good way, i just try to have good communicative skills with
people around. As i tried to know some things that are strange to me on the site, i would ask those
nearby to me and whom i supposed they know. In turn, besides understanding the ambiguities and
vague, i were developing the communication ways and interpersonal communications. What i
literally can say is interpersonal communication skills are not so developed intentionally and been
recognizing, but its improvement depends on the student’s or on the ones eagerness and interest to
know things from those experts or any concerned professional. What also i could assure was site
engineers, supervisors and office engineers are easier to ask them than university teachers. As such
the internship program was being an ideal place where i greatly developed my interpersonal
communication skill.
Generally, for any person communication is an important way of learning, which can be defined
formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills and sharing what i know.
Cool communication is important in the real constructions world and it can appear indifferent
forms as speaking, writing, and listening.
2021/2013 36
2021/2013
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Conclusion and recommendation
4.1 Conclusion
I am in the position now to attest how the overall internship program has contributed in owing
knowledge and in introducing the students prior in to the outside engineering environment by
which most of the students will be intervened by the near future. It has been an ideal place and
program for us to freshly and keenly grasp site experiences, upgrade theoretical knowledge and to
widen my perspective from many angles when design and construction of structures are issues at
hand. It has been also an exciting event especially for those who had stressed too much during
their university stay, meanwhile here was the place where you recall and relate the theoretical
knowledge that u possess and discuss with many experienced professionals, engineers.
There was a gap between the knowledge which i know in the class with the outside environment
that means the working environment in site know this gap is narrowed in the internship program.
I got practical work experiences and benefits after i attend in to Harari Housing Development and
Government construction Agency office Administration building project.
2021/2013 37
2021/2013
4.2 Recommendation
Universities and the company are providing good opportunities for students in this internship
program. But in both side there is problem. So i would like to recommend both of them to do
better.
4.2.1 Recommendation for the company

Harari Housing Development and Government construction Agency is providing good
opportunities for the university students in this internship program. During my internship time
i have observed some problems but i would like to recommend some of them.
 Since bars are the main input of reinforced concrete i should give great care for the bars
to prevent it from corrosion.
 They should organize their construction material in good condition. Sometimes they place
formworks and metal scaffolding in inappropriate area that means exposed to corrosion.
 On the mix concrete the ratio of cement, sand, aggregate and addition of water are high
sometimes doesn’t properly done based on the needs design provided. Accordingly, the
consultant and site engineer should test the strength of the mix before cast.
 In most concrete work, labors do not give consideration on segregation and mortar laws,
there by the contractor must give grade consideration and control every works.
 Most of site worker, particularly site engineers and daily laborers do not have safety closes
like safety shoes, helpmates, etc. to protect them from sudden injuries. Due to this
problem, they are exposed to different injuries while working. Therefore, we recommend
the company to arrange safety tools for site workers.
 The company reuses some materials such as wood and nails which have economically
important to the company. However, reuses of such staff have difficulty for workers and
delays the works.
2021/2013 38
2021/2013
4.2.2 Recommendation for the university

Universities are providing good opportunities for students in this internship program. But i would
like to recommend Madda Walabu University Institute of Technology Department of Civil
engineering to do the following during the whole academic session for effectiveness of internship
program.
 Field trips and Practical observations should be arranged more often in accordance with
the theoretical class. Which is very helpful to easily understanding of the theoretical
courses given in the class and also it makes the teaching learning more practical rather
than theoretical this make the students full confidential and good professional in the field
of study.
 The university should have close and strong communication with the hosting
organization to supervise the students on the internship period.
 The pocket money given to us is insufficient b/c of the market condition and it not given
for the students by the scheduled period it must be given a care.
2021/2013 39
2021/2013
Reference
 Company brochure and documents containing detailed explanation of the organizational
structure.
 Company profile and stuffing documents
 Construction management books
 Building construction book by P.C. Varghese
 Quantity surveying and specification handouts
 Building design and construction handbook
2021/2013 40
2021/2013
Appendix
C-5: a compressive strength of 5MPa for a concrete
C-25: a compressive strength of 25MPa for a concrete
Ø6: a reinforcement bar of diameter 6mm
c/c: centre to centre spacing
Some of site language words are the following: -
 Hard core............ Kiskasa..............It’s a material under the ground slab.
 Stirrup................ Staffa ...............Shear resistance members of columns, beams and shears

walls.
 Plumb bob......... Tumbi ...............It used for checking verticality of structural members.
 Footing pad bars... Grilla............. Reinforcement bar mesh under footing pad
 Bottom soffit........ Fando ..............Is used as a formwork for beams and slabs at the bottom.
 Side board.......... Sponda...........Aims as a formwork for beams and slabs on vertical sides.
 Brace ...................kisit............Support a vertical side formwork of a beam and column panel

diagonally.
 Scaffolding......... Fonte.............Used as a support of formworks of a slab and beam at the
bottom.
 Tee...................... Christy .............Supports a formwork of a beam.
 Profile.................. Modingo..............Used for setting out works.
 String................... Sibago ...............Used to maintain alignment.
 Yoke .....................Karabat ............Used to fix the form works together in their position.
2021/2013 41

Rio Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rio Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING

HOSTING COMPONY: HARARI HOUSING DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNMENT

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON:

THE NURSING SCHOOL TEACHING COMPLEX PROJECT BY HARARI HEALTH

Academic Year: 2013/2021

Advisor: MOHAMMAD AMAN

Submission Date: 09/07/2013

BALE ROBE, ETHIOPIA

Declaration of the student and approval of supervisor & mentors

NAME IDNO. SIGNATURE

1. RIYAD MOHAMMED KALIFA cesr/0631 /09

2.4.2 Elevation Column ...................................................................................................................... 22

Table 2.1 take of sheet format…………………………………………………………11

Table 2.2 bar schedule format………………………………………………………….12

Figure 2.0 work flow in the section ………………………………………………………..….. 7

Figure 2.1 Course Aggregate……………………………………………………………….….14

Figure 2.2 Fine Aggregate (Sand)……………………………………….…………………......15

Figure 2.3 setting of reinforcement bar……………………………………………………...…20

Figure 2.4 formwork for column………………………………………………………….........22

Figure 2.5 elevation columns……………………………………………………………..........23

Figure 2.6 G+3 slab reinforcement and casting of concrete……………………….….….……25

Figure 2.7 shear wall reinforcement and formwork……………………………………...…….25

Figure 2.8 Stair case……………………………………………………………………………26

Figure 2.9 masonry work on HCB…………………………………………………………….27

Figure 2.10 finishing and plastering…………………………………………………………....28

Figure 2.11 Segregation of column…………………………………………………………….31

C-20: - Compressive Strength of 20MPa of concrete

C-25: - Compressive Strength of 25MPa of concrete

C-30: - Compressive Strength of 30MPa of concrete

HHDGCA: - Harari Housing Development & Government Construction Agency

GC: - Gregorian calendar

Kg/m3: - Kilogram Per meter cub

MPa: - Mega Pascal

OPC: - Ordinary Portland cement

UDO: - Urban Development Office

UIL: - University Industry Linkage

1.1 General Over View

1.2 Background of Hosting Company

Total Cost of the Project

Harari Housing Development and Government construction Agency (HHDGCA) generally is a

1.2.1 The strategy of Housing Development Project Office encompasses;

1.2.2 Objective of Housing Development Project Office

Figure 1-1 organization flow chart

1.2.3 Vision of Housing Development Project Office

1.2.4 Goals of Housing Development Project Office

1.2.5 Main products and services of Housing Development Project Office

1.2.6 Main customers or the end users of its products or services

 Investor and diaspora

 Micro and small scale enterprises

 Construction material providers and others

2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIENCES

2.1 How i get into the company

2.2 Section of the company i have been working

2.2.1 The work flow in the section

Design and supervision team

Fig 2.0 work flow in the section

Administration of construction contracts requires an intimate knowledge of the relationship of the

2) Design and supervision team

The main duties of resident engineers are as listed below: -

2. Quantity and cost control

3. Working schedule control.

 C-5 1:4:6 204050

 C-25 1:2:3 184050

 204020cm3 width length and depth respectively