SENIOR

HIGH SCHOOL

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Quarter 3 – Module 9
Understanding t-Distribution

i
 Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Week 9: Understanding t-Distribution

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Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jericho F. Austria, Bernadette Joy V. Garcia
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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Statistics &
Probability
Quarter 3 – Week 9:
Illustrating the t-Distribution and
Identifying Percentiles Using the T-Table

iii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Illustrating the t-Distribution and Identifying Percentiles using the
T-Table!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints
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This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
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encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Illustrating the t-Distribution and Identifying Percentiles using
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What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

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introduced to you in various ways such as a
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What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

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skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

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what you learned from the lesson.

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 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need To Know

Module 9 was carefully crafted according to your needs. It is here to help

you understand the key concepts in using t-Distribution as a means of
estimating population mean and population proportion.

This module is aligned with the most essential learning competencies,

namely:
1. Illustrates the t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-2).
2. Identifies percentiles using the t-table (M11/12SP-IIIg-5).
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate the t-distribution
2. Identify the percentiles using the t-table

What I Know

Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. In the absence of the population variance and/or if the sample size is small,
which sampling distribution is being used?
A. Chi distribution C. t-distribution
B. Z-distribution D. P distribution

2. Who developed the t-distribution in 1908?

A. William S. Gosset C. Ronald A. Fisher
B. Wilhem G. Student D. A student from Gosset Academy

3. When do we say that the sample size is sufficiently large?

A. When it is greater than or equal to 10
B. When it is greater than or equal to 20
C. When it is greater than or equal to 30
D. When it is greater than or equal to 40

4. In student’s t-distribution, if the sample size is 25, what is the degree of

freedom?
A. 5 C. 25
B. 24 D. 26

5. How does t-distribution differ from a normal distribution?

A. The t-distribution has a thicker tail.
B. The t-distribution has a higher peak.
C. The t-distribution is centered at 0.
D. The t-distribution is symmetric in the middle.
1
6. When do you use t-distribution instead of normal distribution?
A. When the sample size is less than 30
B. If the sample standard deviation is unknown
C. If the population standard deviation is known
D. When the sample size is greater than or equal to 30
!"#
7. In the estimation of a parameter using the t statistic ! , why did we replace
√#
the population standard deviation, 𝜎 by the sample standard deviation s?
A. Because the given sample size is small
B. Because 𝜎 and s differ by a very small amount
C. Because 𝜎 is unknown and s is a good estimator of 𝜎
D. Because 𝜎 is equal to s when we are estimating parameters

8. The t-distribution curve has thicker tails than the normal curve.
What does it imply?
A. The normal distribution has a greater mean than the t-distribution.
B. The t-distribution has lesser variability than the normal distribution.
C. The t-distribution has a greater chance for extreme values than the
normal distribution.
D. Estimation of the parameter using the z-distribution is more accurate
than using the t-distribution.

For numbers 9 to 11
The CEO of Flying Fire Corporation claims that an average flying fire light bulb
lasts 300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15 bulbs for testing. The
sampled bulbs last an average of 290 days, with a standard deviation of 50
days.

9. Identify the population mean.

A. 300 days C. 50 days
B. 290 days D. 15 bulbs

10. What is the number of degrees of freedom?

A. 299 C. 49
B. 289 D. 14

11. Compute for the variance of the t-distribution using the formula, 𝑣 /𝑣−2
where 𝑣 is the number of degrees of freedom.
A. 1.17 C. 1.04
B. 1.10 D. 1.01

12. Which property of t-distribution is also a property of normal distribution?

A. In t-distribution, the variance is always greater than 1.
B. In t-distribution, the standard deviation is always greater than 1.
C. The tails of the t-distribution curve are asymptotic to the horizontal
axis.
D. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the degrees of
freedom.

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13. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the t-distribution?
A. The variance of the t-distribution is equal to 1.
B. The t-distribution has thicker tails than the normal distribution.
C. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution tends to normal
distribution.
D. The exact shape of the t-distribution depends on the number of degrees
of freedom.

14. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the lowest peak?
A. The standard normal distribution
B. A t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom
C. A t-distribution with 15 degrees of freedom
D. A t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom

15. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the thickest
tails?
A. The standard normal distribution
B. A t-distribution with 21 degrees of freedom
C. A t-distribution with 19 degrees of freedom
D. A t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom

How do you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on the last part of this
module. If you obtain 100% or a perfect score, skip the module and
immediately move to the next module. But if you missed a point, please
proceed with the module as it will enrich your knowledge in t-distribution.

Lesson

1 Illustrating the t-Distribution

The t-distribution, also known as Student’s t-distribution is a probability

distribution that is used to estimate population parameters when the sample
size is small and/or when the population variance is unknown.

What’s In

Activity 1. True or False

Direction: Read and analyze the statements below. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct or FALSE if it states otherwise.
3
__________1. The z-distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and
standard deviation of 1.
__________2. The normal curve is bell-shaped.
__________3. The tails of the normal curve approach the vertical axis but never
touch is?
__________4. The mean is always greater than either the median or the mode.
__________5. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
__________6. The total area under the normal curve is always less than 1.
__________7. The mean, median and mode coincide at the center.
__________8. The width of the normal curve depends on the standard deviation
of the distribution.
__________9. Almost 99.7% of the distribution falls within three standard
deviations from the mean.
__________10. The left tail of the normal curve is flatter than its right tail.

Good, you are done! Now, you may check your work. Did you perform well in
remembering those terms

What’s New

Read the following concepts, which will be discussed later in What Is It.

According to the Central Limit Theorem, the sampling distribution of a

statistic (like a sample mean, ̅) will follow a normal distribution, as long as
the sample size (n) is sufficiently large. Therefore, when we know the standard
deviation of the population, we can compute a z-score and use the normal
distribution to evaluate probabilities with the sample mean.

But sample sizes are sometimes small, and often we do not know the standard
deviation of the population. When either of these problems occurs, the
solution is to use a different distribution. The t-distribution is a probability
distribution that is used to estimate population parameters when the sample
size is small (i.e. Sample size < 30) and/or when the population variance is
unknown. It was developed by William Sealy Gosset in 1908. He used the
pseudonym or pen name “Student” when he published his paper which
describes the distribution. That is why it is called “Student’s t-distribution”.
He worked at a brewery and was interested in the problems of small samples,
for example, the chemical properties of barley. In the problem he analyzed,
the sample size might be as low as three. Suppose you are about to draw a
random sample of n observations from a normally distributed population, you
%"&
previously learned that, 𝑧 = $ , where z is the z-score, 𝑥 is the sample mean,
√#
µ is the population mean, 𝜎 is the population standard deviation and n is the
sample size, have the standard normal distribution. (Note that if we are
standardizing a single observation, the value of n is 1. Hence, the formula
becomes z = x − 𝜇. You can use this concept to construct a confidence interval
for the population mean, µ. But in practice, you encounter a problem, and
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that problem is that you don’t know the value of the population standard
deviation, 𝜎. The standard deviation for the entire population is a parameter
and you don’t typically know its value, so you can’t use that in your formula.
If that happens, you could do the next best thing, instead of using the
“population” standard deviation, 𝜎; you are going to use your “sample”
%"&
standard deviation s, to estimate it. And instead of $ , you are going to have
√#
%"&
! where s is your sample standard deviation. You must take note of the
√#
change in the formula. The quantity 𝜎 is a constant but you don’t know its
value, so you used s which is a statistic and this statistic s has a sampling
distribution and its value would vary from sample to sample. And so, the
%"&
quantity ! would no longer have the standard normal distribution. This
√#
quantity is labeled as t because it has a t-distribution. When you are sampling
%"&
from a normally distributed population, the quantity 𝑡 = ! has the t-
√#
distribution with n-1 degrees of freedom. Note that the number of degrees of
freedom is one less than the sample size. So, if the sample size n is 25, the
number of degrees of freedom is 24. Similarly, at t distribution having 16
degrees of freedom, the sample size is 17. What does the t-distribution look
%"&
like? If you look at the statistic ! , it looks like a z-statistic which has
√#
standard normal distribution except that you replaced the population
standard deviation, 𝜎, by the sample standard deviation s. You are estimating
a parameter with a statistic, so there is a greater variability. Hence, your t-
distribution is going to look like the normal distribution except with greater
variance.

Formulas to remember:
%"&
1. 𝑧 = $ = z-distribution
√#
%"&
2. 𝑡 = ! = t-distribution
√#
3. 𝑛 − 1 = degrees of freedom

What Is It

To help you understand better, here are some important reminders you have
to take note.
Properties of t-distribution

The t-distribution has the following properties:

1. The t-distribution is symmetrical about 0. That means if you draw a

segment from the peak of the curve down to the 0 mark on the horizontal
axis, the curve is divided into two equal parts or areas. The t- scores on
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 the horizontal axis will be divided also with half of the t-scores being
positive and half negative.

2. The t-distribution is bell-shaped like the normal distribution but has

heavier tails. That means it is more prone to producing values that fall far
from the mean. The tails are asymptotic to the horizontal axis. (Each tail
approaches the horizontal axis but never touches it.)
3. The mean, median, and mode of the t-distribution are all equal to zero.

4. The variance is always greater than 1. It is equal to v/v−2 where v is the

number of degrees of freedom. As the degrees of freedom increases and
approaches infinity, the variance approaches 1. Using the formula, if the
number of degrees of freedom is 10, the variance is 10/10−2 = 10 /8 =
1.25

5. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution curve looks more

and more like the normal distribution. With infinite degrees of freedom, t
distribution is the same as the normal distribution.
6. The standard deviation of the t-distribution varies with the sample size. It
is always greater than 1. Unlike the normal distribution, which has a
standard deviation of 1.

7. The total area under a t-distribution curve is 1 or 100%. One can say that
the area under the t-distribution curve represents the probability or the
percentage associated with specific sets of t-values.

Let’s apply the formula using this example.

The CEO of a light bulb manufacturing company claims that an average

light bulb lasts 300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15 bulbs for
testing. The sampled bulbs last an average of 290 days, with a standard
deviation of 50 days. If the CEO’s claim were true, what is the probability
that 15 randomly selected bulbs would have an average life of no more
than 290 days?

%̅ "&
Formula: 𝑡 = !
√#
Where: t = t statistics
𝑥̅ = sample mean
𝜇 = population mean
s = standard deviation
n = sample size

%̅ "& ()*"+** ",*

Solution: 𝑡 = ! = %& = ,(.)*))./ = 0.7745966
√# √'%

6
 What’s More

Activity 2. “Oh, Is That for Real?”

Direction: Most of us hate fake news, fake information, and even fake friends.
We need to develop our ability to distinguish what is real from what is not.
Write “REAL” if the statement is true about the t-distribution and “FAKE” if
it’s not.

_________1. The t-distribution is used to estimate population parameters

when the sample size is small and/or the population variance is
unknown.
_________2. The mean, median and mode are all equal to zero.
_________3. The variance is equal to 1.
_________4. The t-distribution curve is bell-shaped.
_________5. The standard deviation is always greater than 1.
_________6. Half of the total area under the t-distribution curve is equal to 1.
_________7. The curve is symmetrical about its zero.
_________8. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the sample mean.
_________9. The tails of the t-distribution curve approach the horizontal axis
but never touch it.
_________10. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution curve
looks more and more like the normal distribution.

What I Have Learned

Activity 3. You Complete Me!

Direction: Fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase to complete each
sentence.

1. The Student’s t-distribution is a probability distribution that is used

to estimate population parameters when the sample size is
____________ and/or when the_______________________ is unknown.
2. The t-distribution was developed by ___________________ in 1908.
3. Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution is ____________ -shaped,
symmetrical about ____________________ and has the total area under
its curve equal to ____________.
4. The t-distribution has tails that are asymptotic to the ____________ axis.
5. The mean, median and mode of t-distribution are equal to ___________.
6. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the number of ______.

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 7. The t-distribution has _____________ peak and _____________ tails than
the normal curve.
8. As the degrees of freedom increases, the t-distribution tends to the ___.
9. The variance and the standard deviation of the t-distribution is always
_____________ than 1.
10. To compute for the variance, use the formula ____________.

What I Can Do

Activity 4. Guess What!

Direction: Tell whether each of the following statements describes a t-
distribution, a normal distribution, or both.

______________1. The variance is equal to 1.

______________2. The probability distribution curve is bell-shaped.
______________3. The probability distribution curve symmetrical about zero.
______________4. The standard deviation is equal to 1.
______________5. The shape of the distribution curve depends on the
degrees of freedom
______________6. It has the total area under its curve equal to 1 or 100%.
______________7. It has lower peak and heavier tails.
______________8. Sample size is small and population variance is unknown.
______________9. It has tails that are asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
______________10. Its mean, median, and mode are equal to 0.

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Lesson
Identifying Percentiles Using
2 the T-Table

The t distribution table values are critical values of the t distribution. The
column header are the t distribution probabilities (alpha). The row names are
the degrees of freedom (df).

Student t table gives the probability that the absolute t value with a given
degrees of freedom lies above the tabulated value.

Example: with df=10, for t=2.228, the probability is alpha = 0.05

What’s In

Activity 1. Catch Me If You Can

Direction: Locate the following words inside the box.
1. VARIANCE
2. SYMMETRIC
3. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
4. BELL SHAPED
5. STANDARD DEVIATION

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Good, you are done! Now, you may check your work. Did you perform well in
remembering those terms? Let’s refresh your memory and define the following
terms.

1. VARIANCE - is the expectation of the squared deviation of a random

variable from its mean. In other words, it measures how far a set of
numbers is spread out from their average value.

2. SYMMETRIC- in statistics symmetric distribution is a type of

distribution where the left side of the distribution mirrors the right side.
A symmetric distribution is never a skewed distribution.

3. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION – is the most important probability

distribution in statistics because it fits many natural phenomena. It is
a probability function that describes how the values of a variable are
distributed.

4. BELL SHAPED – this also refers to normal distribution.

5. STANDARD DEVIATION – it is simply a measure of how spread-out

numbers are. Its symbol is 𝜎 (the Greek letter sigma.

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 What’s New

T-TABLE

Using the T-Table above answer the following sample problems.

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 What Is It

1. Find the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of a t distribution with 6 degrees

of freedom.

Step 1: Find 6 under the degrees of freedom (df) column and focus now
on the 6 degree of freedom line.

Step 2: In order to find the area to the right of 0.025. Look for the
appropriate column where you can find 0.025. The value that we need
is located where the two points will meet.

Therefore, the value that we’re looking for is 2.447. Note that the t-table
does not give any negative values of t and that’s because the t
distribution is symmetric about zero. But we can easily find values in
the left tail by relying on the symmetry about zero argument.
For example, if we wanted to find the value of t such that the area to
the left is 0.025, then the answer must be -2.447.

And so, we found the values that we need. The 97.5th percentile is
2.447 and the 2.5th percentile is -2.447.
12
2. What is the area to the right of 1.8 under a t distribution with 5 degrees
of freedom?

Step 1: We need to find the area to the right of 1.8 under a t distribution
with 5 degrees of freedom. Focus on the 5 degrees of freedom line. When
you walk along this line, we are not going to find 1.8 exactly. But you
will find two values that surround 1.8. It is important because the t
table tells us that the area to the right of 1.476 is 0.1 and the area to
the right of 2.015 is 0.05. The value of 1.8 falls in between these two
values.

Therefore, the table tells us that the area to the right of 1.8 under a t-
distribution with 5 degrees of freedom lies somewhere between 0.05
and 0.10.

3. For a study involving one population and a sample size of 18

(assuming you have a t-distribution), what row of the t-table will you
use to find the right-tail (“greater than”) probability affiliated with the
study results.

Answer: df = 17

• The study involving one population and a sample size of 18 has n –

1 = 18 – 1 = 17.

4. For a study involving a paired design with a total of 44 observations,

with the results assuming a t-distribution, what row of the table will
you use to find the probability affiliated with the study results?

Answer: df = 21

• A paired design with 44 total observations has 22 pairs. The degrees

of freedom is one less than the number of pairs: n – 1 = 22 – 1 = 21.

13
 What’s More

Activity 2. Try It for Yourself!

Direction: Answer these problems on your own. You may follow the steps above
to help you get the right solution. Make use of the t table found on page 17.

1. A t-value of 2.35, from the t-distribution with 14 degrees of freedom, has

an upper-tail (“greater than”) probability between which two values on the
t-table?

*Refer to example number 2 in What Is It to get the answer.

2. Find the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of a t distribution with 5 degrees of

freedom.

*Refer to example number 1 in What Is It to get the answer.

3. Find the 10th and 90th percentiles of a t distribution with 5 degrees of

freedom.

*Refer to example number 1 in What Is It to get the answer.

4. For a study involving a paired design with a total of 22 observations, with

the results assuming a t-distribution, what row of the t-table will you use
to find the probability affiliated with the study results?

*Refer to example number 3 in What Is It to get the answer.

5. For a study involving one population and a sample size of 15, what row in
the t-table will you use to find the probability affiliated with the study
results?

*Refer to example number 4 in What Is It to get the answer.

What I Have Learned

Activity 3. One Liners!

Direction: Fill in the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.

1. The left most part of the t-table is called _______________.

2. The formula for the degrees of freedom is _______________.

14
3. We use the _______________ to find the equivalent values on the left.

4. The df of a matched-pairs is one less than the number of _______________.

5. The df of a study involving one population is one less than the ___________.

What I Can Do

Activity 4. Practice Makes Perfect!

Direction: Give what is being asked in every item.

1. If you use the 10th row of the t-table to find the probability affiliated with
the study results, what is the total number of observations in a study
involving a paired design?

2. If you use the 14th row of the t-table to find the probability affiliated with
the study results, what is the total number of observations in a study
involving one population?

Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. In the absence of the population variance and/or if the sample size is small,
which sampling distribution is being used?
A. Chi distribution C. t-distribution
B. Z-distribution D. P distribution

2. Who developed the t-distribution in 1908?

A. William S. Gosset C. Ronald A. Fisher
B. Wilhem G. Student D. A student from Gosset Academy

3. When do we say that the sample size is sufficiently large?

A. When it is greater than or equal to 10
B. When it is greater than or equal to 20
C. When it is greater than or equal to 30
D. When it is greater than or equal to 40

4. In student’s t-distribution, if the sample size is 25, what is the degree of

freedom?
A. 5 C. 25
B. 24 D. 26

15
5. How does t-distribution differ from a normal distribution?
A. The t-distribution has a thicker tail.
B. The t-distribution has a higher peak.
C. The t-distribution is centered at 0.
D. The t-distribution is symmetric in the middle.

6. When do you use t-distribution instead of normal distribution?

A. When the sample size is less than 30
B. If the sample standard deviation is unknown
C. If the population standard deviation is known
D. When the sample size is greater than or equal to 30
!"#
7. In the estimation of a parameter using the t statistic ! , why did we replace
√#
the population standard deviation, 𝜎 by the sample standard deviation s?
A. Because the given sample size is small
B. Because 𝜎 and s differ by a very small amount
C. Because 𝜎 is unknown and s is a good estimator of 𝜎
D. Because 𝜎 is equal to s when we are estimating parameters

8. The t-distribution curve has thicker tails than the normal curve.
What does it imply?
A. The normal distribution has a greater mean than the t-distribution.
B. The t-distribution has lesser variability than the normal distribution.
C. The t-distribution has a greater chance for extreme values than the
normal distribution.
D. Estimation of the parameter using the z-distribution is more accurate
than using the t-distribution.

For numbers 9 to 11

The CEO of Flying Fire Corporation claims that an average flying fire light bulb
lasts 300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15 bulbs for testing. The
sampled bulbs last an average of 290 days, with a standard deviation of 50
days.

9. Identify the population mean.

A. 300 days C. 50 days
B. 290 days D. 15 bulbs

10. What is the number of degrees of freedom?

A. 299 C. 49
B. 289 D. 14

11. Compute for the variance of the t-distribution using the formula, 𝑣 /𝑣−2
where 𝑣 is the number of degrees of freedom.
A. 1.17 C. 1.04
B. 1.10 D. 1.01

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12. Which property of t-distribution is also a property of normal distribution?
A. In t-distribution, the variance is always greater than 1.
B. In t-distribution, the standard deviation is always greater than 1.
C. The tails of the t-distribution curve are asymptotic to the horizontal
axis.
D. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the degrees of
freedom.

13. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the t-distribution?
A. The variance of the t-distribution is equal to 1.
B. The t-distribution has thicker tails than the normal distribution.
C. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution tends to normal
distribution.
D. The exact shape of the t-distribution depends on the number of degrees
of freedom.

14. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the lowest peak?
A. The standard normal distribution
B. A t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom
C. A t-distribution with 15 degrees of freedom
D. A t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom

15. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the thickest
tails?
A. The standard normal distribution
B. A t-distribution with 21 degrees of freedom
C. A t-distribution with 19 degrees of freedom
D. A t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom

Additional Activities

Activity 5. Unboxing of Ideas!

Direction: Write down what is being asked inside the box.

DEFINITION OF T- PROPERTIES OF T-
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION

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 Answer Key

What I Know:
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. C
13. A
14. D
15. C

Activity 1. True or False

1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE
6. FALSE
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. TRUE
10. FALSE

Activity 2. Oh, Is That for Real?

1. REAL
2. REAL
3. FAKE
4. REAL
5. REAL
6. FAKE
7. REAL
8. FAKE
9. REAL
10. REAL

Activity 3. You Complete Me!

1. Small, population variance/standard
2. William S. Gosset
3. Bell, zero, 1
4. Horizontal axis
5. Zero
6. Degrees of Freedom
7. Lower, thicker
8. Normal distribution
9. Greater
10. v/v-2

Activity 4. Guess What!

1. Normal distribution
2. Both
3. Both
4. Normal distribution
5. T-distribution
6. Both
7. T-distribution
8. T-distribution
9. Both
10. Both

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Activity 1. Catch Me If You Can

Activity 2. Try It for Yourself!

1. 0.025 & 0.01
2. 2.571 & -2.571
3. 1.476 & -1.476
4. 10
5. 14

Activity 3. One Liners

1. Degrees of Freedom or df
2. df=n-1
3. T-table
4. Pairs
5. Sample size

Activity 4. Practice Makes Perfect!

1. 22
2. 15

Activity 5. Unboxing of Ideas!

Answers may vary.

Assessment:
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. C
13. A
14. D
15. C

References:
A. Printed Materials
Mercado, Jesus P. et al., Next Century Mathematics Statistics and Probability-2016, Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.
Mateo, Efren B. et al, Statistics and Probability-2016, Rex Book Store

B. Electronic Sources

https://www.cliffnotes.com/study-guides/statistics/sampling
https://www.investopedia.com
https://www.slideshare.net

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