Introduction Siemens

Introduction

Contents
1 ISDN Principles 3
1.1 Basic Access 12
1.2 Primary Rate Access 16
2 Internetwork Interfaces 19
2.1 Internetwork Interface from ISDN to the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN) 20
2.2 Internetwork Interface between ISDN and CSPDN / Telex Network 22
2.3 Internetwork Interface between ISDN and PSPDN 24
3 Application to ISDN of the 7-Layer Model 27

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 Siemens Introduction l

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Introduction Siemens

1 ISDN Principles

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 Siemens Introduction l

Communication means the exchange of information. The function of communications

technology is to facilitate communication between people.
The term communication can relate to various types of information. The following four
types of information can be differentiated:
⚫ voice,
⚫ text,
⚫ data,
⚫ image.

A number of different communications systems exists for each of these 4 information

types. However, each communications system supports one information type only.
However, the need to transmit more than one information type in a common
communications system exists.

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Introduction Siemens

Information types and communication systems

Information type Communications system
Voice Telephony
Text Telegraph
Teletypew riting (telex, teletex)
videotex
Data Data transfer
Image Facsimile

Fig. 1

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 Siemens Introduction l

⚫ Gentex network
An inner-postal-system network for transmitting telegrams
⚫ Telex network
A widespread public network used for telegraphing at a maximum transmission
rate of 50 characters per second (50 baud)
⚫ CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Network)
A public network able to transmit data at a rate between 200 and 64,000 bit/s. This
network is likewise used to transmit telexes (modern text transfer at 2400 bit/s).
The telex and CSPDN networks are linked in order to allow text transfer between
subscribers in the telex and teletex networks.
⚫ PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Network)
A public network used to transfer data at rates between 200 and 64,000 bit/s. The
videotex information centers are linked with the PSPDN, while the videotex
subscribers are located in the PSTN.
⚫ PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
A public network for transferring voice. This network also allows the transfer of
data or videotex by modem or facsimile group 2 and 3.

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Introduction Siemens

Voice, text, data, image

Transmission of voice, text, data, image

Telegram Telex Teletex Data Videotex Facsimile Telephony

Gentex Telex
CSPDN PSPDN PSTN
network network
packet - circuit-
circuit-switching
switching switching

Fig. 2 Current state

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 Siemens Introduction l

With the exception of the PSTN, all the networks shown in the figure below use digital
nodes and lines. The nodes and inter-node trunks in the PSTN may be either analog
or digital, but subscriber lines are always analog.

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Fig. 3 Conventional networks

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 Siemens Introduction l

The fundamental idea behind ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is to offer a
uniform network supporting all information types (basic services) of the conventional
telephone network as well as many of the information types handled by the existing
text and data networks.
The transmission routes have to be digital; otherwise the appropriate transmission
qualities and rates cannot be guaranteed. Thus, the abbreviation ISDN encompasses
the following functions:
Integrated: Stands for the incorporation in one network of several services
(information types), i.e. voice, text, data and images can be
transferred in a common network.
Services: Stands for the services offered, the basic transmission services
and the "enhanced services".
Digital: Stands for the digital transmission of all information at standardized
bit rates from subscriber to subscriber.
Network: The ISDN network is being built up on the basis of the existing
cabling with the objective of worldwide internetworking. To obtain
the transmission qualities required for ISDN, a new transmission
technique is required.
As implied already, the new (ISDN) network is not being created as a supplementary
network but instead uses the existing lines (subscriber lines and trunks) currently
employed for digital transmission. Furthermore, the signaling system
⚫ between exchanges, and
⚫ between exchange and subscriber terminal equipment.

has to be more efficient than that used for conventional communications system. The
systems specified by ITU-T are: common channel signaling system no. 7 (CCS7) and
digital subscriber signaling system no. 1 (DSS1).
An ISDN exchange is therefore a digital exchange that supports the signaling
systems CCS7 and DSS1. An ISDN trunk is a digital trunk operated with common
channel signaling system no. 7, while an ISDN subscriber line is a digital subscriber
line employing the DSS1 protocol.
However, ISDN exchanges continue to support analog subscribers, with all the
attributes (services) possible for them, as well as trunks operated on signaling
systems other than CCS7.
If equipped with the corresponding terminal equipment, ISDN subscribers connected
to the ISDN exchange have access to all services. Conventional non-ISDN terminal
equipments can be connected to the ISDN network with terminal equipment adapters
(TA). One ISDN subscriber can connect several (maximum 8) terminal equipments or
terminal equipment adapters simultaneously.

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Introduction Siemens

Fig. 4 ISDN

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 Siemens Introduction l

1.1 Basic Access

ITU-T has specified two ISDN subscriber access types:
⚫ the basic access for single lines and private branch exchanges, and
⚫ the primary rate access exclusively for private branch exchanges.

The basic access (BA) uses the existing two-wire copper line, which is terminated by
a network termination (NT) at the subscriber end. With suitable transmission
methods, the required overall bit rate of 160 kbit/s is possible in both directions. This
bit rate encompasses 2 user channels (basic channels, B channels) with 64 kbit/s
respectively and one signaling channel (delta channel, D channel) with 16 kbit/s. The
remaining 16 kbit/s capacity is used for synchronization.
The basic access with the 2B+D channel structure is used to connect one or more
terminal equipments. A single-terminal equipment configuration requires a point-to-
point connection, while a multiple-terminal equipment configuration requires a point-
to-multipoint connection.

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Introduction Siemens

SIEMENS

Exchange
EX
Network
termination 2-wire
NT

160 kbit/s
= 2 x 64 kbit/s + 16 kbit/s + 16 kbit/s
= 2 circuits + 1 sig. ch. + synchr.
= 2 B channels + 1 D channel + synchr.
= 2 x B64 + 1 x D16 + synchr.
= Basic [Rate] Access = BA

Fig. 5 Basic access

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 Siemens Introduction l

TE S0 NT UK0 Exchange

1 SIEMENS
ISDN
Network BA
termination
NT
2 B + B + D16
2-wire line
3
ISDN
TE TA subscriber
interface
Adapter
unit

a/b /X.25

4-wire bus

Fig. 6 Point-to-multipoint configuration

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Introduction Siemens

S0
TE NT2 NT1
UK0 Exchange
PBX
SIEMENS

ISDN
network
termination
BA 1
SIEMENS
NIXDORF
(2B + D16)

ISDN
private
branch
exchange UK0
ISDN
network ISDN-
termination
BA n subscriber
interface
SIEMENS
NIXDORF

(2B + D16)

Fig. 7 Point-to-point configuration

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 Siemens Introduction l

1.2 Primary Rate Access

The primary rate access (PA) uses a 4-wire line, i.e. two symmetrical wire pairs of an
audio-frequency cable, optical fiber or radio-relay link. In structure the PA
corresponds to the 30-channel basic system PCM30, meaning a transmission rate of
2048 kbit/s is possible in both directions. This bit rate encompasses 30 user channels
(B channels) with 64 kbit/s respectively, one 64-kbit/s signaling channel (D channel)
and one 64-kbit/s synchronization channel.
The primary rate access with the 30B+D channel structure is used for the point-to-
point connection of medium-size to large private branch exchanges.

PBX SIEMENS

4-wire

Network
termination
Exchange

2048 kbit/s
= 30 x 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s
= 30 payload ch. + 1 sig. ch. + synch.
= 30 B channels + 1 D channel + synch.
= 30 x B64 + 1 x D64 + synch
= Primary [Rate] Access = PA

Fig. 8 Primary rate access

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Introduction Siemens

S0
TE NT1
NT2 U Exchange
PBX SIEMENS

ISDN
network
termination PA1
for
PA
(30B + D64)
SIEMENS
NIXDORF

ISDN
private ISDN
branch subscriber
exchange U exchange

ISDN
network
termination PAn
SIEMENS
NIXDORF

for
PA
(30B + D64)

Fig. 9 Primary rate access

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2 Internetwork Interfaces

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 Siemens Introduction l

As ISDN cannot take the place of existing networks overnight, communication must
still be possible between subscribers to different networks who nevertheless use the
same services, e.g. telephone or data transmission. Such internetwork
communication requires internetwork interfaces between the existing
communications networks and ISDN. The following internetwork interfaces are
implemented.

2.1 Internetwork Interface from ISDN to the Public

Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Obviously, subscribers to the ISDN network (ISDN subscribers) can and do
communicate with subscribers in the public telephone network. Indeed, the same
numbering scheme is used in either network. The internetwork interface can be
implemented at different points in the network at this case, and always entails
conversion into digital information of the analog information as well as conversion into
the appropriate common channel signaling (either DSS1 or CCS7 with ISDN User
Part) of the analog signaling.
Figure 10 on the next page shows the possible locations for the internetwork
interface.
In the first case  a terminal equipment in the PSTN (e.g. group 3 fax machine or an
analog telephone) is required to be connected to an ISDN access line. The
internetwork interface is implemented here by a terminal equipment adapter (TA a/b).
In the second case  an analog trunk is used as the link to the next exchange. Here
the internetwork interface is implemented by the exchange, which can service both
analog and digital trunks. The conversion of the different signaling methods is
performed in this exchange likewise.

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Introduction Siemens

Fig. 10 Internetwork interface to PSTN

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 Siemens Introduction l

2.2 Internetwork Interface between ISDN and CSPDN /

Telex Network
These internetwork interfaces are really transitions between networks with different
numbering schemes, signaling protocols and transmission rates. These transitions
are accomplished by the usage of a supplementary hardware unit, the interworking
support system. All calls between subscribers to the three networks must now be
routed over an interworking node of this type. Exactly how many interworking nodes
are necessary to provide the required network transitions depends on the network
structure of a specific country. The interworking node offers:
⚫ service conversion between Telex and Teletex, and
⚫ internetwork interface between ISDN and CSPDN and/or Telex networks.

The interworking also offers a range of supplementary services such as:

⚫ multi-address service or delayed transmission,
⚫ polling of Teletex messages stored in the interworking.

The functions listed can be called only by dialing a directory number (access code)
allowing access to such a interworking node and the required function. Following this
it is necessary to dial the directory number of the subscriber in accordance with the
network numbering scheme.
However, the ISDN subscriber always requires a suitable terminal in order to be able
to use these possibilities of communication with subscribers to the CSPDN or Telex
network.
As Figure 11 shows, data transfer in the CSPDN and ISDN is compatible. Similarly,
ISDN Teletex is compatible with the CSPDN Teletex and with Telex.
Furthermore, ISDN also supports the connection of the synchronous X.21 interface.
However, this requires a terminal adapter which converts the signaling and adapts
the transmission rate (from 200 to 64,000 bit/s).

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Introduction Siemens

Fig. 11 Internetwork interface ISDN-CSPDN/telex

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 Siemens Introduction l

2.3 Internetwork Interface between ISDN and PSPDN

An interworking unit at the interface to the packet-switched public data network
(PSPDN) allows ISDN subscribers to establish data connections with subscribers to
the PSPDN.
As an ISDN exchange can neither establish an X25 call nor perform the packet
switching required subsequently, such data connections require supplementary
nodes that carry out these functions. These nodes are termed packet handlers (PH).
The configuration shown in Figure 12 shows how the D channel and B channel of the
ISDN subscriber access the packet-switched network.
PSPDN terminals can be used as terminals in conjunction with a terminal adapter.
Here a distinction must be made between the following two adapter types: TA X.25B
for bit rates up to 64 kbit/s, and TA X.25D for bit rates up to 9.6 kbit/s. The TA X.25B
supports the packet-data transfer service in the B channel, while the TA X.25D
supports the packet-data transfer service in the D channel.
The ISDN line leads from the network termination (NT) to the ISDN exchange and
continues up to the packet handler (PH). The PH is located between ISDN and
PSPDN. Although logically assigned to the ISDN, the PH may physically be part of
the PSPDN.

Note:
If two X25 subscribers who are both connected to an ISDN exchange wish to
establish a packet-data connection, this connection still has to be routed via the PH,
as only the latter is able to perform the call setup and packet switching.

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Introduction Siemens

SIEMENS
B D
TA NT
X.25B
X.25

SIEMENS
NIXDORF

ISDN
TA exchange
X.25D
X.25

SIEMENS

Packet
Handler
(PH)
X.25
PSPDN
exchange
SIEMENS
NIXDORF

X.25

Fig. 12 Internetwork interface ISDN-PSPDN

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3 Application to ISDN of the 7-Layer Model

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 Siemens Introduction l

The OSI 7-layer model was specified by the International Standards Organization
(ISO) to describe the communication between two processors (computers). However,
the model can also be applied to other communication modes (e.g. the setup of
telephone calls). The model describes protocols and interfaces.
The interface between exchange and subscriber is described by the DSS1 protocol
DSS1 (Digital Subscriber Signaling System No. 1), which was specified by ITU-T and
is based on the OSI 7-layer model. However, the DSS1 supports only the functions of
Layers 1 to 3.

Layer model for the B channel

For the exchange of user information via the B channel, circuit-switching
communications networks provide only a Layer 1 connection between two terminals.
The exchanges involved switch transparent Layer 1 connections through their
switching networks according to the signaling information received. The functions of
the remaining layers 2 to 7 are implemented in the terminals in accordance with the
service implemented in the given case. Thus, the functions have end-to-end
significance only.

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Introduction Siemens

ISDN
Terminal Terminal
equipment Layer Layer equipment

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4
CCITT
Recommen-
dation 3 SIEMENS SIEMENS
3
I.430 (basic
EX EX
access) Layer
2 Layer 2
or I.431
(primary rate
access) 1 1 1 1

B-channel B-channel

Fig. 13 Protocol architecture for transfer of user information in the B-channel

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 Siemens Introduction l

Layer model for the D channel

ITU-T has specified the Layers 2 to 3 for the protected transmission of signaling in
the D channel. Figure 15 below shows the distribution of the layers for signal
exchange between two terminal equipments.

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Introduction Siemens

ISDN
Terminal Terminal
equipment equipment

SIEMENS SIEMENS

CCITT recom-
mendations EX EX
Layer Layer Layer Layer
Q.930/I.450 and
Q.931/I.451 3 3 3 3
Q.920/I.440 and
Q.921/I.441 2 2 2 2
I.430
(basic access) 1 1 1 1
or I.431
(primary rate
D channel D channel
access)

DSS1

Fig. 14 Protocol architecture for the transmission of signaling information in the D- channel

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 Siemens Introduction l

The functions of the layers are as follow:

Layer 1 (physical layer)

Layer 1 of the DSS1 describes the physical and electrical attributes of the
transmission link. This includes the definition of the activation and deactivation of the
link and the multiplexing and demultiplexing function (i.e. assignment of the bits to the
appropriate channels (bit synchronization). With this the Layer 1 offers a
synchronized link that can be used to transmit messages of the Layers 2 and 3.

Layer 2 (data link layer)

The Layer 2 connection must be established before the exchange of Layer 3
messages can begin. This connection is known as the Data Link Connection. Layer 2
allows several data link connections to be established for the D channel, and is also
responsible for flow control . Layer 2 guarantees error-free message transmission;
this function includes error detection and correction.
The points at which Layer 2 offers its services to Layer 3 are known as Service
Access Points. These points are identified by Service Access Point Identifiers (SAPI).
The terminal having to be addressed is identified by the Terminal Endpoint Identifier
(TEI). The TEI allows transmitted messages to be sent to a specific terminal.
Two operating modes are defined for Layer 2 (data link layer). One mode (protected
transmission) operates with numbered messages (numbered frames) which must be
acknowledged. A frame determined to be faulty or missing will be retransmitted. The
other operating mode (unprotected transmission) operates with unnumbered
messages, meaning message loss or transmission errors cannot be detected.

Layer 3 (network layer)

Layer 3 is responsible for controlling the call setup and cleardown. This function
includes both the basic call as well as the control of supplementary subscriber
features. Layer 3 generates the messages necessary for its control task and passes
them to Layer 2 for transportation. At the receiving end Layer 3 is capable of
interpreting the corresponding messages.

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Terminal equipment Exchange

Layer Layer

3 Network layer Layer 3 protocol Network layer 3

entity (logical connection) entity

„Service „Service
primitives“ primitives“

2 Data link layer Layer 2 protocol Data link layer 2

entity (logical connection) entity

„Service „Service
primitives“ primitives“

Layer 1 protocol
1 Physical layer Physical layer 1
entity entity

D channel

Fig. 15 Layers 1-3

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