JH\ITHE \AEBH@QJQHE

]RAGK (]R AJASH]K GKIOHTB KECHTO)

IJA@ 6

Iothgi ]ribioh Hyu

(8>8<824<8<<42)

\ribi 6 ]8 Oaparhwhthe

MK hohbagio 6 Es. Fuehiby ] Tusthg, GE]

]RKOas [HT]K ]QGDHT DQOKRRKENNK

RH@QE HFHTHE 4<4</4<48

i
 OHRH \AENHERHT 

\uji bhe syuour oith phejhtohe hths oa `hbirht Hjjh` ]^R, ohraeh daroht rh`ght bhe
ohrueih-Eyh, ghoh paeujis bhpht gaeyajashiohe jhpirhe yhen darjubuj ‚ ]tagi ‚

\aeujis gaeyhbhri bhjhg paeyusuehe ghohjh` iei ghsi` dheyho tarbhpht oaourhenhe
 dhio taoeio paeujishe ghupue isieyh. @hj iei bi ohraeh oatardhthshe oaghgpuhe bhe
 paenath`uhe yhen bigijioi ija` paeujis. Qetuo itu, paeujis gaen`hrhpohe hbheyh shrhe bhe
oritiohe yhen sichteyh gagdhenue bhri pagdhmh nueh pardhiohe bi ghsh yhen hohe bhthen.
]adajugeyh, paeujis gaenumhpohe tarighohsi` oaphbh dhpho Es. Fuehiby ] Tusthg,
GE] sajhou pagdigdien hohbagio prhotao ONB, yhen tajh` gagdhetu,
gagdigdien sarth gagdariohe shrhe bagi oajhemhrhe bhjhg paeyusuehe ghohjh` iei.

]aginh Hjjh` ]^R gajigph`ohe rh`ght bhe ohrueih-Eyh uetuo oith saguh bhe

saginh hehjish hrtioaj iei darnueh dhni oith saguh. Hhgiie.

Duoittienni, Cadruhri 4<48

\aeujis
 ii

BHCRHT K]K

DHD K \AEBH@QJQHE

H. JHRHT DAJHOHEN ...................................................................................................... 8

D. TQGQ]HE GH]HJH@ ................................................................................................. 4
M. RQFQHE............................................................................................................... 4

DHD KK \AGDH@H]HE

H. \AENATRKHE ]RAGK ................................................................................................ =

D. CHORIT TA]KOI ]RAGK ........................................................................................ =
M. ARKIJINK ]RAGK .......................................................................................................... 1
B. \HRICK]KIJINK ........................................................................................................... 3

\ht`why………………………………………………………………………….. 3
A. GHEKCA]RH]K OJKEK] ]RAGK ................................................................................. 3
C. \AEHRHJHO]HEHHE ]RAGK ................................................................................. >
N. \AGATKO]HHE \AEQEFHEN .................................................................................. 8<

DHD KKK H]OA\ ]RAGK

H. \AENOHFKHE…………………………………………………………………… 8<
D. HEHJK]H BHRH ............................................................................................................. 8<

M. BKHNEI]H OA\ATH^HRHE ................................................................................... 83

B. KERATSAE]K .................................................................................................................... 4<
A. KG\JAGAERH]K .............................................................................................................. 4<
C. ASHJQH]K ........................................................................................................................ 48
N. ASKBHEMA DH]AB .......................................................................................................... 44

DHD KS \AEQRQ\

H. OA]KG\QJHE .............................................................................................................. 42
D. ]HTHE.......................................................................................................... 42
BHCRHT \Q]RHOH
 iii

DHD K
\AEBH@QJQHE
8. Jhthr dajhohen
\aeyhoit Fhetuen Oiriear (\FO) hbhjh` nhennuhe cuensi jhetuen yhen
bisadhdohe hoidht giiohrbiug oaourhenhe supjhi bhrh` ohraeh hbheyh sugdhthe hthu
 paeyagpithe pagduju` bhrh` oiriear (]hetisi., 4<8=). \aebarith \FO taruthgh
Kechro Giiohrb Hout (KGH) baenhe dardhnhi oigpjiohsi yhen tarjhbi hohe
gaeyadhdohe paeuruehe ouhjiths `ibup bhe darourheneyh oaghgpuhe uetuo
gajhouohe tunhs paoarjhhe hthu gaejhjheohe hoticiths sa`hri-`hri (Cht`iei, 4<88).
^@I gaeyadutohe phbh th`ue 4<<0, paeyhoit jhetuen isoagio garuphohe paeyadhd
uthgh oaghtihe bi bueih (84,0%) sabhenohe bi Kebieasih gaeagphti uruthe oa tinh.

Bhth bi Kebieasih gaeuejuoohe henoh oajhbihe \FO darbhshrohe bihneisis biotar

sadashr <,1 %, bhe darbhshrohe najhjh sadashr 8,1 % (BA\OA], 4<8=).
Gaeurut ]hetisi (4<8=), bhth pravhjaesi \FO darbhshrohe bihneisis biotar bi
Fhwh Raenh` sadashr <,1%, sabhenohe bhth darbhshrohe najhjh sadashr 8,2% bi gheh
 pravhjaesi tardashr tarbhpht bi Ohduphtae Ghnajhen 8,1%. Bi Oith ]urhohrth henoh
 pravhjaesi \FO yhen tarbihneisis hbhjh` <,> %. \aeienohthe ohbhr njuoish bhrh`
 phbh phsiae iechro giiohrb hout dar`uduenhe baenhe paeienohthe oiesaetrhsi hshg
jagho, rasistaesi iesujie bhe nhennuhe paennuehhe njuoish ija` giiohrbiug yhen
gaenhoidhtohe tarjhbieyh paeienohthe oiesugsi iosinae bhe hohe darpitaesi
gaenhoidhtohe tarjhbieyh parjuhshe isoagih itit jhetuen. Rarjhbieyh `iparnjioagih
 dar`uduenhe baenhe biscuensi aebitaj, iecjhghsi vhsoujhr, juhs iechro yhen tarjhbi
bhe biscuensi giorivhsoujhr. ]tras `iparnjioagih dar`uduenhe baenhe paeienohthe
iecjhghsi phbh gheusih (]hri, 4<84). @iparnjioagih hout phbh phsiae iechro giiohrb
sarien bijugphi.
]R Ajavhsi Giiohrb Kechro (]RAGK) theph riwhyht Bihdatas Gajjitus (BG)
yhen gaenhjhgi `iparnjioagih gagijioi parsaethsa sadashr 4<-41% (Vhrim` & Easti,
 4<<>). Gaoheisga tarjhbieyh stras `iparnjioagih shenht dar`uduenhe baenhe raspie
gathdijio tar`hbhp stras hthu iejury (trhugh), yhen garuphohe ietarhosi oigjaos
gajidhtohe dadarhph gabihtir, targhsuo sistag eaurijini, `irgie, bhe gassaenar
sitioie. Taspie sistagio bigheicasthsiohe sadhnhi paeienohthe miuetar-ranujhtiry
`irgies saparti oirtisij, apieacrie, bhe njuohnie, yhen hohe daroijhdurhsi bhjhg
ohsohba sitioie (Thgpaenhe & Hetiei, 4<<>). Bhjhg paeajitihe yhen bijhouohe ija`
Th`ght (4<8=), tarbhpht pardabhhe samhrh darghoeh hethrh ohbhr njuoish bhrh`

sawhotu yhen bipariosh shht ghsuo rugh` shoit. Bi gheh jadi` tienni phbh paebarith
]RAGK bidhebienohe baenhe Eie - ]R Ajavhsi Giiohrb Kechro (E]RAGK)

(4<1,0¸884,= vs 821¸;0,=? p7<,<<=). Bitiejhu bhri phticisiijini ]RAGK bhe

 E]RAGK, tarbhpht pardabhhe sugdhthe. Bi gheh phbh ]RAGK tarjhbi sugdhthe tithj
bi hrtari oiriear sabhenohe phbh E]RAGK `heyh tarjhbi sugdhthe sadhnihe. ]ajhie
sugdhthe tithj tarbhpht pujh pardabhhe bi gheh ohbhr Ghtrix Gathjjipritaiehsa-;
(GG\-;) bhe iecjhghsi yhen tarjhbi phbh ]RAGK jadi` tienni bidhebienohe baenhe
 E]RAGK. @hj tarsadut gaeyadhdohe stras `iparnjioagih sarien tarjhbi phbh paebarith
]RAGK theph riwhyht BG (]atiheti, 4<88). @hj ieijh` yhen gagitivhsi paeujis uetuo 
gajhouohe paeajitihe taethen pardabhhe ohbhr njuoish bhrh` phbh paebarith ]RAGK

bhe E]RAGK.
4. Tugushe Ghshjh`
h. Hph itu ]tagi 9
 d. Hph shjh chotir rasioi stagi 9
m. Dhnhighehoh` Atiijini ]tagi 9
b. Dhnhighehoh` \hticisiijini stagi 9
a. Hph shjh Gheicasthsi Ojieis ]tagi 9
c. Dhnhigheh \aehthjhoshehhe ]tagi 9
n. Hph \agarioshhe \aeuejhen stagi 9
`. Hsoap stagi
=. Rujuhe
h. Gaenath`ui hph itu ]tagi
 d. Gaenath`ui chotir rasioi stagi
 m. Gaenath`ui Dhnhighehoh` Atiijini ]tagi
b. Gaenata`ui Dhnhighehoh` \hticisiijini stagi
a. Gaenath`ui Hph shjh Gheicasthsi Ojieis ]tagi
c. Gaenath`ui Dhnhigheh \aehthjhoshehhe ]tagi
n. Gaenath`ui Hph \agarioshhe \aeuejhen stagi
`. Gaenath`ui Hsoap stagi

DHD KK

\AGDH@H]HE
H. BACKEK]K
]R Ajavhsi Giiohrb Kechro (]RAGK) hbhjh` rushoeyh dhnihe itit jhetuen samhrh
 pargheae hoidht iesucisiaesi hjirhe bhrh` oiriear ija` prisas banaearhtic ghupue bi
 paenhru`i ija` dheyho chotir baenhe bithebhi oaju`he eyari bhbh, paeienohthe aezig
 jhetuen bhe ]R ajavhsi phbh pagarioshhe AON. ]RAGK hbhjh` margie bhri pagduju`
bhrh` oiriear tartaetu yhen tarsugdht tithj sa`iennh hjirhe bhrh`eyh daehr-daehr
tar`aeti, itit jhetuen yhen bipaebhrh`i tibho bhpht eutrisi-iosinae bhe ghti.

D. CHORIT TK]KOI
Hbh buh chotir risioi tarjhbieyh iechro giiohrb hout yhitu 6

8. Chotir yhen tibho bhpht biudh` hthu tibho bhpht bigibiciohsi jhni.

h. Qsih

Gaeienohteyh usih sasairhen hohe gaeienohtohe risioi tarjhbieyh sarhenhe

iechro giiohrb hout. \aeienohthe ugur darpaenhru` phbh paeienohthe

taohehe bhrh` ohraeh gaeurueeyh cuensi irnhe tudu`, taruthgh jhetuen bhe
 pagduju` bhrh` sa`iennh gaguenoieohe tarjhbieyh `ipartaesi.82,81
  d. Faeis Oajhgie
\hbh jhoi-jhoi taohehe bhrh` thgphoeyh gujhi ehio hethrh usih =1 th`ue bhe
wheith phbh usih 1< th`ue, dihsheyh phbh wheith dajug tarjhbi ehio shgphi
satajh` gaeiphusa. Ehgue satajh` gaeiphusa risioi tarjhbieyh
sarhenhe
 jhetuen phbh wheith gaeienoht. @hj iei biohraehohe `irgie saos tastistarie,
astrinae, bhe prinastarie biduht bhri oijastarij. ]a`iennh jioh `irgie saos

 dar`aeti biduht ghoh hohe tarjhbi paeugpuohe oijastarij.

m. Naeatio  
\arhehe chotir naeatio tar`hbhp tigdujeyh sarhenhe iechro giiohrb hout
hbhjh` naeatio taohehe bhrh` tienni hthu bihdatas. ]ajhie itu oashghhe nhyh
`ibup oajuhrnh junh gaeaetuohe. Gishjeyh ghohe ghohehe yhen shgh bhe
 jioh irhen tuh garioio heho dihsheyh junh garioio.

4. Chotir yhen bhpht biudh` hthu bigibiciohsi

b. @ipartaesi

\aeienohthe taohehe bhrh` sistagio gaeienohtohe rasistaesi tar`hbhp

 pagigphhe bhrh` bhri vaetrioaj oiri, sa`iennh dadhe oarjh jhetuen darthgdh`.
]adhnhi hoidhteyh tarjhbi `ipartrici vaetrioaj uetuo gaeienohtohe oaouhthe
oietrhosi, `ipartrici oigpaeshsi gaeyadhdohe tarjhbieyh bijhthsi bhe phyh`
 jhetuen. Dijh pisas htarisojarisis tarjhbi, ghoh paeyabihhe iosinae uetuo
giiohrb darourhen. Riennieyh oadutu`he iosinae ohraeh `ipartrici jhrienhe
tibho sasuhi baenhe raebh`eyh ohbhr iosinae yhen tarsabih. @hj iei
gaeienohtohe oaguenoiehe tarjhbieyh henieh hthu iechro giiohrb hout.

a. Oijastarij Rienni
Rienoht oijastarij binijienohe buh ghmhg uesur yhitu JBJ ( Jiw-
baesity jipipritaie) bhe @BJ ( @in`-baesity jipipritaie). JBJ hbhjh`
oijastarij jh`ht yhen gaeagpaj bi biebien pagduju` bhrh` yhen hohe
gagdaetuo  cidrius mhp. Htarigh hbhjh` paeyadhd uthgh paeyhoit
jhetuen o`ususeyh ohraeh tardaetuoeyh hjirhe bhrh` bhjhg pagduju` bhrh`.
c. Idasiths
Idasiths gaeienohtohe risioi taroaeh paeyhoit jhetuen oiriear. ]aoithr 41-
2;% paeyhoit jhetuen oiriear bi eanhrh daroagdhen dar`uduenhe baenhe
 paeienohthe iebaos ghsh tudu` (KGR) Ivarwain`t baenhe KGR 541-=< on/g4 
bhe idasiths baenhe KGR 5 =< on/g4. Idasiths saetrhj hbhjh` idasiths baenhe
oajadi`he jagho darhbh bi hdbigae. Dihsheyh oahbhhe iei junh dar`uduenhe
baenhe oajhiehe gathdijio saparti paeiennihe ohbhr trinjisaribh, paeuruehe
@BJ, paeienohthe taohehe bhrh`, iecjhghsi sistagio, rasistaesi iesujie bhe
bihdatas gajjitus tipa KK.

n. Bihdatas Gajjitus
\aebarith bihdatas maebaruen gagijioi pravhjaesi, praghturiths, bhe
oaphrh`he htarisojarisis oiriear yhen jadi` tienni. Bihdatas gajitus
gaeniebuosi `iparoijastarijagih bhe samhrh darghoeh gaeienohtohe
oaguenoiehe tigdujeyh htarisojarisis. Bihdatas gajitus junh darohithe
baenhe prijicarhsi saj itit pijis bhjhg pagduju` bhrh` hrtari oiriear?
sietasis oijastarij, trinjisaribh, bhe ciscijipib? paeienohthe ohbhr JBJ-M? bhe
ohbhr @BJ-M yhen raebh`. Htarisojarisis bhpht gaeyadhdohe agdiji yhen

oagubihe gaeyugdht bhe tarjhbi isoagio phbh jhetuen, sa`iennh parcusi oa

itit jhetuen gaeurue. \hbh paebarith BG junh gaenhjhgi paeuruehe
 paennuehhe iesujie bhe paeienohthe njuoinaeasis, sa`iennh tarjhbi
`iparisgijhr sa`iennh hjirhe bhrh` jhgdht, ghoh parcusi itit jhetuen gaeurue
sa`iennh tarjhbi oanhnhjhe jhetuen bhjhg oietrhosi.

`. Garioio  
Garioio gaeienohtohe risioi taroaeh paeyhoit jhetuen oiriear sadashr 1<%.
]airhen parioio phsic gagpueyhi risioi taroaeh iechro giiohrb. Ohebuenhe
eioitie bhjhg rioio bhpht gaennhenu sistag shrhc sigphtis baenhe
hoidht gaeienohteyh oadutu`he iosinae giiohrb. Eioitie junh
garhenshen
 pajaphshe hbraehjie, gaeienohteyh craouaesi baeyut jhetuen, taohehe bhrh`,
sarth gaeyadhdohe nhennuhe irhgh jhetuen. Ohrdie gieiosibh gaeyadhdohe
 bashturhsi `aginjidie, gaeurueohe jhensuen parsabihhe iosinae uetuo 
 jhrienhe bisajuru` tudu` targhsuo giiohrb. @hj iei junh gaeyadhdohe
gagparmapht pagdaetuohe htarisojarisis. Eioitie, MI bhe dh`he-dh`he jhie
bhjhg rioio junh tarduoti garusho aebitaj pagduju` bhrh`
bhe gagpargubh` tigdujeyh paennugphjhe bhrh`.

i. \sioisisihj
Chotir psioisisihj saparti paeienohthe strass oarjh, raebh`eyh buouenhe
sisihj, parsiehjiths yhen tibho sigphtis, hexiaths bhe baprasi samhrh oiesistae
gaeienohtohe risioi taroaeh htarisojarisis.

M. ARKIJINK
]RAGK tarjhbi jioh trigdus hrtari oiriear tarjhbi samhrh mapht phbh jiohsi iejuri
vhsmujhr, bigheh iejuri iei bimatusohe ija` chotir saparti garioio, `ipartaesi bhe
hougujhsi jipib.
□ \aeyagpithe hrtari oiriear eiesojarijio 
□ \aeyagpithe htaririsojaritio 
□ Rrigdus
□ \jho htarisojaritio 
□ Jhgdhteyh hjirhe bhrh` bibharh` pjho hthu ija` visarhsi pjho 
□ \aeienohthe oadutu`he iosinae giiohrbiug
□ \aeuruehe bhrh` oiriear gajhjui yhen gaeyagpit

□ \aeyagpithe hrtari ija` parjhgdhthe jhetuen sajhgh tibur 

□ ]phsga itit sangaethj phbh hrtari oajhen itit.
 3

^IM

garioio Dlio pada artari

Hloi`il @ipartaesi
oiriear jaetuen
Mienaeital

Eie
]tagİ Dlio sadaniae Dlio tital ]RAGK

HJKTHE BHTH@ OITIEAT GAEQTQE Ksoagia giioard

 D8 Draat`ien D4 Dliid D= Draie D2 Dladdar D1 diwal D3 Diea

Hlirae dara` oa Adaga dae daenoao Gatadilisga aeaarid Hlirae dara` oa Eyari Naennuae cuensi vaetrioal
paru tarnaennu saoitar giioard niejal gaeurue

Gual, gueta`
Hs. Jaotat
Falur `aetarae listrio \aeurueae alirae dara`
]uplai I4 tidao \riduosi uriea gaeurue
tarnaennu
saigdaen daenae oadutu`ae tudu` Heiraosia
Gaeyaetu` ujuen sarac 
rasaptir Mura` jaetuen gaeurue
Sil. \lasga
\igpa jaetuen tidao GO 6 Basit 
taroiirdieasi Eutrisi
Gaeienoateya Eyari dada
]uplai I4 oa jar.
oadutu`ae I4 Hlirae dalio vaea
Gaeurue
Siluga
saouemup turue GO 6 Eyari Hout
Dadae jaetuen
Raoipeua Oalaga`ae

GO 6 \aeuruehe
iecaro galuas
GO 6 \ijh ehchs murh` jhetuen 8 GO 6 Ketijarhesi Hotiths
Ribho acaotic
Itit raenoa oaouaenae I4 dae HR\

B. \HRICK]KIJINK

• ]RAGK ugugeyh tarjhbi jioh hjirhe bhrh` oiriear gaeurue samhrh gaebhbho satajh` iojusi
t`rigdus phbh pjho htarisojaritio yhen subh` hbh sadajugeyh. ]taeisis hrtari oiriear barhjht
tienni yhen daroagdhen samhrh jhgdht dihsheyh tibho gagimu ]RAGK ohraeh daroagdheneyh
 dheyho oijhtarhj saphejhen whotu. ]RAGK tarjhbi jioh trigdus hrtari oiriear tarjhbi samhrh mapht
 phbh jiohsi iejuri vhsmujhr. \hbh sadhnihe dashr ohsus, iechro tarjhbi jioh pjho htarisojarisis
gaenhjhgi cisur, ruptura hthu ujsarhsi bhe jioh oiebisi jimhj hthu sistagio
gagimu trigdinaeasis, sa`iennh tarjhbi t`rigdus gurhj phbh jiohsi ruptura yhen
gaenhoidhtohe iojusi hrtari oiriear. \aeajitihe `istijiny gaeuejuoohe pjho oiriear maebaauen
gaenhjhgi ruptura jioh gagpueyhi vidrius mhp yhen tipis bhe ietieyh ohyh jipib (jipib rim`
mira).

• Kechro Giiohrb yhen bisadhdohe trigdus hrtari oiriear bhpht gaenaehi aebiohrbiug shgphi
apiohrbiug,bisadut iechro trhesgurhj, ehgue dish junh `heyh gaenaehi
bharh`

sudaebiohrbihj,bisadut iechro sudaebiohrbihj. ]atajh` 4< gaeit tarjhbieyh sugdhthe,iechro subh`

bhpht tarjhbi phbh sudaebiohrbiug,bhe dijh darjhejut tarus rhth-rhth bhjhg 2 jhg tajh` tarjhbi
iechro trhesgurhj. Oarushohe giiohrb iei bhri aebiohrbiug oa apiohrbiug gaejhbi oigpjit bhe
iravarsidaj bhjhg =-2 jhg. Gasoipue eaorisis giiohrb subh` oigpjit,prisas ragibajien giiohrb
yhen gaenhjhgi iejury tarus darjhejut shgphi dadarhph giennu hthu dujhe ohraeh bharh` iechro 
gajuhs bhe bharh` eie iechro gaenhjhgi bijhthsi.

A. GHEKCA]RH]K OJKEK]

h. Oaju`he uthgh ojhsio 6 eyari bhbh saetrhj yhen darht , saparti rhsh tardhohr, bitiebi` daebh
darht, saparti bitusuo, rhsh biparhs, bipajietir, tartaohe yhen darjhensuen ≡ 4< gaeit, tibho
darourhen
baenhe pagdarihe eitrht, najhjh yhen gaeyarthi 6 daroarienht, pumht bhe guhj, sujit darehphs,
maghs, bhe jaghs.
 d. Eyari gagdhio hthu gaen`ijhen baenhe istirh`ht hthu idht eitrht.
m. Oajhiehe jhie6 bi hethrheyh htrigh, `aeti jhetuen hthu nhnhj jhetuen hout.
b. Dish htipio6
✓ \hbh gheujh6 dish oijhps hthu dienuen.
✓ \hbh phsiae bihdatas6 parduruohe sthtus gathdijio hthu hthu nhnhj jhetuen dish theph bisarthi
e yari bhbh.

C. OIG\JKOH]K
Hbhpue oigpjiohsi yhen tarjhbi phbh phsiae ]RAGK, hbhjh`6
8) Biscuensi vaetrioujar
]atajh` ]RAGK, vaetrioaj oiri hohe gaenhjhgi parudh`he sarihj bhjhgdaetuo, uourhe, bhe
oatadhjhe phbh sangae yhen gaenhjhgi iechro bhe eie iechro. \risas ieibisadut ragibajien
3

vaetioujar bhe ugugeyh gaebh`ujui daroagdheneyh nhnhj jhetuen samhrh ojieis bhjhg
`ituenhe dujhe hthu th`ue phsmh iechro. ]anarh satajh` iechro vaetrioaj oiri gaenhjhgi
bijhthsi.]amhrh hout, `hsij iei darhshj bhri aosphesi iechro hj ? sjipphna sarht itit, bisrupsi saj

giiohrbihj eirghj bhe `ijheneyh jhrienhe bhjhg zieh eaoritio.

]ajhejuteyh, tarjhbi pujh paghejhenhe sangae eieiechro, gaenhoidhtohe paeipishe
yhen bibisprisiiehj bhe ajienhsi zieh iechro. \agdashrhe ruhen jhetuen samhrh oasajuru`he
yhen tarjhbi biohitohe uourhe bhe jiohsi iechro, baenhe bijhthsi tarsadhr phsmh iechro phbh
hpaos vaetioraj oiri yhen yhen gaenhoidhtohe paeuruehe `agibiehgio yhen eyhth, jadi`
sarien tarjhbi nhnhj jhetuen bhe prineisis jadi` duruo. \rinrasiviths bijhthsi bhe
oiesaouaesi ojieiseyh bhpht bi`hgdht baenhe tarhpi ie`iditir HMA bhe vhsibijhtir
jhie. \hbh phsiae baenhe crhosi ajaosi : 2< % theph gaji`ht hbh tibhoeyh nhnhj jhetuen,
ie`iditir HMA `hrus

bidariohe.
4) Nhennuhe `agibiehgio 
Nhnhj pagigphhe ( puugp chijura ) garuphohe paeyadhd uthgh oaghtihe bi rugh` shoit
 phbh ]RAGK. \arjuhshhe eaorisis isoagih gagpueyhi oirajhsi yhen dhio baenhe tienoht
nhnhj pigph bhe girthjiths, dhio phbh hwhj ( 8< `hri iechro ) bhe sasubh`eyh. Rhebh ojieis
yhen sarien bijugphi hbhjh` rieo`i dhsh` bi phru bhe dueyi jhetuen ]= bhe ]2 nhjjip. \hbh
 pagarioshhe rietnae bijugphi oienasti phru.
h. Nhnhj jhetuen
 d. ]yio ohrbiinaeio 
m. \arjuhshe KG
 b. Agdiji sitagio/pijgiehj
a. \ariohrbihtis
c. Tuptur  
n. Saetrioraj
`. Itit phpijhr 
i. Oajhiehe sapthj vaetrioaj
 j. Biscuensi ohtup
o. Heaurisgh vaetrioaj
j. ]iebrigh iechro phsmhgiiohrbihs

N. \AEHRHJHO]HEHHE
h. ]yio ohrbiinaeatio 
\aehthjhosheh syio ohrbiinaeatio6
- Rarhpi I4, Fioh taohehe bhrh` sistijio :>< gg@n bhe tarbhpht thebh syio
bidariohe eirapieacrie.

>

- Fioh taohehe bhrh` sistijio :;< gg@n bhe tarbhpht thebh syio bidariohe biphgie bisis 1-
81 un/onDD/gaeit.

- Fioh taohehe bhrh` sistijio :;< gg@n ehgue tibho tarbhpht thebh syio bidariohe
biduthgie bisis 4-4< un/onDD/gaeit.
- Tavhsoujhrishsi hrtari oiriear sanarh, dhio \MK hthu MHDN, biraoigaebhsiohe phbh phsiae
:>1 th`ue baenhe ajavhsi ]R hthu JDDD yhen gaenhjhgi syio bhjhg =3 jhg KGH bhe ibahj
uetuo ravhsoujhrishsi yhen bhpht bioarjhohe bhjhg 80 jhg syio, oamuhji jioh tarbhpht
oietrhiebiohsi hthu tibho ibahj baenhe tiebhohe ievhsic.
- Rarhpi trigdijitio yhen bidariohe phbh phsiae ]RAGK baenhe syio ohrbiinaeio yhen
tho  ibahj baenhe trhpi ievhsic bhe tibho gagpuyhi oietrhiebiohsi trigdijisis.
- Ketrh hirtim dhjji pugp (KHD\) biraoigaebhsiohe phsiae ]RAGK baenhe syio
ohrbiinaeio  yhen tibho gagdhio baenhe sanarh bhenhe tarhpi chrghoijinis, dijh shrheh
tarsabih.
 d. Kechro Saetrioaj Ohehe
Kechro vaetrioaj ohehe samhri ojieis gaeyadhdohe thebh najhjh vaetrioaj ohehe yhen darht
(bistaesi vaeh junujhris, thebh oussghuj s, `aphtiganhji) hthu thebh `ipitaesi. \aehthjhosheh
iechro vaetrioaj ohehe6
- \arth`heohe prajihb vaetrioaj ohehe.
 - Jihbien vijuga (iecus EhMJ <,; %) 8-4 jitar mhi drhe jhg K sajhejuteyh 4<<gj/jhg (tarnat
htriug ohehe 58< gg@n (8=,3mg@4<).
- @iebhri paennuehhe eitrht hthu biuratio.

- \arth`heohe sieoriei H-S bhe drhbiohrbihj `hrus bioiraosi. \hmu jhetuen saouaesihj H-S
 phbh djio jhetuen barhjht tienni sigtightio yhen tibho rapie baenhe htripie.

- Bidariohe ieitripio jioh murh` jhetuen tibho gaeienoht satajh` jihbien vijuga.

- Ourheni hctarjihb vaetrioaj ohehe sasuhi baenhe biscuensi vaetrioaj oiri.

- \igph dhjie ietrh-hirtio.

- Shsijibhtir hrtari (eitripispib, `ibrhjhzie)

- \aen`hgdht HMA

- Tapircusi

- Idht trigdijitio 

- \armutheaius miriehri ietarvaetiie (\MK) prigar 

- Miriehry hrtaru dyphss nrhct (NHDN) (phbh phsiae tartaetu baenhe paeyhoit gujtivasaj).

m. Rhoiohrbih bhe Sidrijhsi Saetrioaj

Bhjhg 42 jhg parthgh ]RAGK, thoiohrbih bhe vidrijhsi vaetrioujhr bhpht tarjhbi thgph thebh
 dh`hyh hribgih sadajugeyh. \aehthjhosheh Rhoiohrbih vadtrioaj6

- Rhoiohrbih vadtrioaj (SR) pijigirvio yhen gaeathp (jadi` bhri =< batio
hthu gaeyadhdohe oijhps `agibiehgio) `hrus bitarhpi baenhe BM s`imo
uesyem`irieizar  gaennuehohe aearni hwhj 4<< j? jioh nhnhj `hrus bidariohe s`imo
oabuh 4<<-=<< F?, bhe
 jioh parju s`imo oatinh =3<F.
- Rhoiohrbih vadtrioaj (SR) gieigircio, gaeathp yhen biiouti baenhe henieh , abagh
 phru bhe `ipitaesi (taohehe bhrh`:;< gg@n ) `hrus birathpi baenhe s`imo 
syem`irieizab aearni hwhj 8<< F. Aearni bhpht bitienohtohe jioh bisis hwhj nhnhj.
- Rhoiohrbih vadtrioaj (SR) gieigircio yhen tibho bisarthei henieh, abagh phru bhe
`ipitaesi (taohehe bhrh`:;< gg@n) bitarhpi shjh` shtu ranigae dariout6
i. Jibiohie6 dijus 8-8-1g`/on. Dijius thgdh`he <,1-<,>1gn/on tihp 1-8<
gaeit shgphi bisis jibien tithj ghosighj = gn/on. Oagubihe jihbien
sajhejuteyh baenhe iecus 4-2 gn/ gaeit(=<-1< un/jn/gaeit).
ii. Bisipirhgib6 dijus 8-4 gn/on bhjhg 1-8< gaeit, bijhejutohe bisis
pagaji`hrhhe 8 gn/on/jhg.
 iii. Hgiibhrie6 81<gn iecus sajhgh 1-8< gaeit hthu 1 gj/onDD 4<-3<
gaeit, bijhejutohe iecus tathp 8 gn/gaeit sajhgh 3 jhg bhe oagubihe iecus
pagaji`hrhhe
<,1 gn/gaeit.
iv. Ohrbiivarsi ajaotrio syem`irieizab bigujhi bisis 1< F ( heasthsi sadajugeyh).

b. \aehthjhosheh cidrijhsi Saetrioaj

- Cidrijhsi vaetrioaj hthu thoiohrbih vaetrioaj pujsajass bidariohe tarhpi BM
s`imo  uesyem`irieizab baenhe aearni hwhj 4<< F jioh tho dar`hsij `hrus bidariohe s`imo
oabuh 4<< shgphi =<< F bhe jioh parju s`imo oatinh =3< F ( ojhs K)
- Cidrijhsi vaetrioaj hthu thoiohrbih vaetrioaj pujsajass yhen racrhosi tar`hbhp s`imo
ajaotrio  bidarioh tarhpi hgiibhrie =<< gn hthu 1/on. KS dijus bijhejutohe
paenujhenhe s`imo  uesyem`irieizab. (ojhs Kih)

DHD KKK
H]Q@HE OA\ATH^HRHE NHBHT 

2.8 \aenohjihe
h. \aenohjihe sadajug phsiae bhthen ( \ra Hrrivhj )
8) Kbaetiths phsiae
Kbaetiths ojiae gajiputi 6 ehgh, ugur, jaeis oajhgie, paebibiohe, paoarjhhe, hnhgh,
suou/dhensh, thennhj ghsuo rugh` shoit, thennhj paenohjihe, bihneish gabis, eigir GT
bhe hjhght.

Kbaetiths paehennuen jhwhd gajiputi 6 ehgh, ugur, paoarjhhe, hnhgh, paebibiohe,

suou/dhensh, hjhght, `uduenhe baenhe ojiae.
4) Rhebh-thebh vithj
  NM] 6 migpis gaetis / NM] 81
 RB 6≡ 82</;< gg@n

GH\ 7 Raohehe Bhrh` ]istijio + 4 (Raohehe Bhrh` Bihstijio)

=

• TT 6 =4 x/i

•  Ehbi 6 814 x/K

• ]u`u 6 => M

• ]hturhsi I4 6 ;< %

• MTR 6 : = batio 

• Oasaigdhenhe mhirhe bhe ajaotrijit 6

Hsibisis Taspirhtirio 6 \hMI4 5 1< gg@n, (p@ : >,=1)

Hjohjisis Taspirhtirio6 \hMI4 : =< gg@n, (p@ 5 >,21)
=) Hjht dhetu ievhsic 
-

\agdarihe ghneasiug sujcht

d. \aenohjihe ]anarh (Xuimo Hssassgaet)

8. paenohjihe prigar
h. Hirwhy
-  Ehphs thgdh`he rieo`i, dueyi ehchs oraorajs (+),
- Fhjhe ehphs tibho phtae (idstruosi abagh/sputug)
d. Draht`ien
- \hsiae sasho ehchs
- Rhoiepeah
-  Ehchs bhenohj
8<

- TT =4 x/i,
- ]hturhsi I4 ;<%
- \arehphshe mupien `ibuen (+)
- \aennuehhe itit hosasiris parehchshe (+)
- Hbheyh siheisis
m. Mirmujhtiie
- RB 6 ≡82</;<gg@n.
 -  E6 814 x/i

-
MTR : = batio.
-
Oujit phsiae tarhdh phehs.
b. Bishdijity
- raspie phsiae dhio (hjart)
-  oashbhrhe migpis gaetis

- NM] 6 81 (A2,S1,G3)
-  pupij isioir 
- racjaos tar`hbhp mh`hy dhio.
a. Axpisura
- tibho tarbhpht baicrigiths
- tibho tarbhpht mietusiie
- tibho tarbhpht Hdrhsi

- tibho tarbhpht paeatrhsi

- tarbhpht ubaga phbh aotragiths dhwh` bhe hdbigae

4. paenohjihe samiebhry
survay saouebar junh h`rus bijhouohe yhen gajiputi dadarhph pagarioshhe satajh` paenohjihe
uthh sajashi bijhouohe, survay saouebar bijhouohe etuo gajaenohpi bhth bhth yhen biparjuohe,
bihethrheyh gajiputi 6
h. riwhyht ]HG\JA
riwhyht ]HG\JA yhen dish bibhphtohe bhri phsiae bhe oajuhrnh ( Agarnaemy Eursien 
 Hssimihtiie, 4<<>) 6
] 6 sine & sygptigp 6
H 6 Hjarni 6 (hbhoh` hjarni phbh phsiae ,saparti idht-idhthe `ardhj)
G 6 Gabiohsi/idht-idhthe ? (idht-idhthe yhen bigieug saparti
sabhen gaejhjhei paenidhthe `ipartaesi, BG, hthu paeyhjh`nuehhe idht)
\6 \hrtiaet gabimhj `istiry (riwhyht gabis phsiae saparti paeyhoit
yhen pareh` bibarith, idhteyh hph, darhph bisiseyh,
paennuehhe idht-idht `ardhj)
88

J 6 jhst gahj (idht hthu ghohehe yhen dhru shjh bioigsugs,

bioigsugsi dadarph jhg sadajug oajhbihe)
A 6 Avaets 6 `hj-`hj yhen darshenouthe baenhe sadhd oajhbihe
Sithj sine 6
   RB 6 82</;< Gg`n
TT 6 =4 x/i
 Ehbi 6 814 x/K
]u`u 6 => M
m. \aenohjihe jaenohp ( Migpra`aesiva Hssassgaet )
8) oaju`he uthgh
Oaju`he uthgh yhen phjien sarien gaejhbi hjhshe phsiae uetuo gagieth
partijienhe oasa`hthe, gajiputi6 byspeah, oajagh`he cisio, bhe abagh sistagio, hbheyh
najhjh-najhjh oienasti vhsoujhr pujgiehj hbhjh` byspeah, irtipeah, byspeah eimturehj
phriosighj, dhtuo, bhe abagh pujgiehj hout
4) Tiwhyht oasa`hthe
h. Tiwhyht ghsuo. Darhph jhg sasho sadajug ghsuo T]? Iesat 84 jhg
 d. Tiwhyht oasa`hthe shht iei oaju`he phsiae, saparti6

• ]asho 

• Qbagh

  Eyari bhbh
m. Tiwhyht oasa`hthe oajuhrnh6 theyhohe phbh henith oajuhrnheyh hbhoh`
hennith oajuhrnheyh yhen gaenhjhgi paeyhoit yhen shgh baenhe phsiae shht iei. ]arth
riwhyht
 paeyhoit jhieeyh saparti6

• Bhrh` tienni

• Bihdatas

• \aeyhoit jhetuen
b. Tiwhyht oasa`hthe ghsh jhju6 theyhohe phbh phsiae hphoh` pareh` gaenhjhgi
paeyhoit yhen shgh baenhe yhen bihjhgi shht iei hthu paeyhoit jhie saparti6

• Tiwhyht hsgh

• Bihdatas

• ]trioa

• Nhstritis

• Hjarni

a. Tiwhyht sisihj

84
 Tiwhyht simihj phbh phsiae stagi dihsheyh hbhjh` darourheneyh hotiviths hthu dh`ohe
shgphi dar`aeti darhotiviths uetuo paenidhthe. ]a`iennh tarjhbieyh parudh`he
parhe bhjhg oajuhrnh. \arudh`he parhe yhen tarjhbi gaeyadhdohe parudh`he ciehemihj
yhen tarjhbi phbh oajuhrnh bhe junh thbieyh sarien darijh`rhnh oiei `hrus dardhrien bi
Tugh`
]hoit
c. Tiwhyht psioisisihj
Oanajish`he bhe oamaghshe tarjhbi hoidht nhennuhe iosinaehsi jhrienhe, strass hoidht
oashoithe darehchs bhe paenath`uhe dh`wh jhetuen tibho darcuensi baenhe dhio.
\aeuruehe jadi` jhejut bhri murh` jhetuen bhpht bisarthi iesigeih hthu oadienuenhe.
n. Tiwhyht spirituhj
Oadutu`he ]pirituhj garuphohe oadutu`he bhshr yhen bidutu`ohe ija` satihp gheusih,
hphdijh sasairhen bhjhg oahbhhe shoit ghoh `uduenhe baenhe tu`heeyh saghoie baoht.
Hspao spirituhj bhpht gagdhetu gagdhenoitohe saghenht phsiae bhjhg
prisas
 paeyagdu`he (M`arjy boo, 4<<0). \hbh dadarhph phsiae baenhe nhennuhe M@C garaoh
gaenhjhgi oipien ghjhbhptiva . mieti` bhri oipien tarsadut hbhjh` oatioh phsiae tarsadut
tibho dish gaearigh paeyhoiteyh bhe gaeyhjh`ohe Ru`he hohe paeyhoit yhen
bibarith sa`iennh theph shbhr garaoh gaejhu`i shen \aemipth. Bhjhg gaenhthsi ghshjh`
spirituhj yhen bihjhgi phsiae M@C o`ususeyh uetuo gaenurheni tienoht baprasi ghoh
paebaohthe rajiniius baenhe mhrh darzioir, darbih sasuhi baenhe oayhoiehe
ghsien-ghsien bhe gajhouohe s`ijht gasoipue baenhe dardhrien (Citrihei,4<81).
=. \agarioshhe cisio 
Oaphjh 6 Gasisap`hj, rhgdut `ithg, tibho rietio bhe darsi`

Ghth 6 Maouen, oiejuentivh pumht, smjarh tibho iotario 

@ibuen 6 Darsi`, tibho hbh bism`hrna, tho hbh ehchs mupien `ibuen.

Gujut 6 Darsi`, guoish didir oarien, siheisis.

Rajienh 6 ]igatris, darsi`, tibho hbh sarugae.

Ja`ar 6 Bistaesi vaeh junujhris

Bhbh 6 ]igatris, hbh ratrhosi itit bhbh, paenagdhenhe bhbh sigatris.

Fhetuen 6 Raohehe bhrh` gaeienoht/gaeurue, hritgih, siheisis, eyari bhbh

\hru- \hru 6 Byspeah, irt`ipeah, thoipeah, dhtuo, ratrhosi biebien bhbh, riem`i,
w`aazien
8=
 Hdbigae 6 Hsitas, eyari taohe, `aphtiganhji

Aotragiths 6 Eirghj, tibho siheisis/siheisis, ohpijary racijj tiga : = batio, tibho hbh
iabag, aostragiths dhwh` gaenhjhgi oajagh`he

Oujit 6 Oujit thgpho sabioit oarien, shwi ghthen bhe, turnir oujit dhio.

Naeathjih 6 Ribho tarphshen ohtatar (riwhyht D\@)

2. \agarioshhe bihneistio
\agarioshhe \aeuejhen yhen bhpht bijhouohe phbh phsiae baenhe ohsus nhnhj jhetuen
oienastiva bi hethrheyh sadhnhi dariout 6
8. Ajaotriohrbiinrhg 6 @iparhtripi htrihj hthu vaetrioujar, paeyigphenhe
hosis, isoagih, bishritgih, thoiohrbih, cidrijhsi htrihj.
4. Qji strass 6 Garuphohe pagarioshhe eie-ievhsic yhen dartujuhe
uetuo  gaeaetuohe oaguenoiehe isoagih hthu iecaosi yhen tarjhbi
sadajuggeyh.

=. Aoiohrbiinrhci
i. Aoiohrbiinrhci gibaj G (darnueh uetuo
gaenavhjuhsi vijuga dhjio bhe oajhiehe raniiehj, gibaj G
phjien sarien bihphohi bhe bitheyhohe darshgh AON)
ii. Aoiohrbiinrhci buh bigaesi (MR smhe)
iii. Aoiohrbiinrhci bipijar (gagdariohe paemitrhhe bhe
 paebaohthe trhesasichnahj tar`hbhp jhetuen)
 d. Ohtarishsi jhetuen
m. Thbiinrhci bhbh 6 Bhpht gaeuejuoohe pagdashrhe jhetuen.
Dhyhenhe gaemargieohe bijhthsi hthu `ipartripi dijio, hthu parudh`he
bhjhg pagduju` bhrh` hdeirghj
b. Ajaotrijit 6 Guenoie darudhe ohraeh parpiebh`he
mhirhe/paeuruehe cuensi niejhj tarhpi biuratio
a. Iosigatriehbi 6 ]hturhsi iosinae guenoie raebh` taruthgh jioh nhnhj
 jhetuen oienastic hout gaejhbi orieis.
c. Hehjish nhs bhrh`
n. Djiib uraug eitrinae (DQE) bhe orahtieie 6 \aeienohthe
DQE gaeuejuoohe paeuruehe cuensi niejhj. Oaehiohe dhio DQE bhe
orahtieie garuphohe iebiohsi
`. \agarioshhe tiriib
 82

b. \aenohjihe daroajhejuthe (ie niie hsshsgaet)

Oietieuiths gieitirien oiebisi phsiae saihp 8-4 jhg phbh shht orittis, sajhejuteyh sasuhi baenhe
oiebisi phsiae, cious paenohjihe phbh phsiae baenhe nhnhj jhetuen yhitu 6

8) \arehchshe 6 Husoujthsi phbh ietarvhj yhen sarien uetuo gaeaetuohe hbh hthu tibhoeyh
orhojas bhe gaeni, mhtht craouaesi bhe oabhjhghe darehchs.
4) Fhetuen 6 Husoujthsi uetuo gaenath`ui hbheyh dueyi disien jhetuen ]= bhe ]2, oaguenoiehe
mhrh pagigphhe subh` gujhi nhnhj.

=) Rienoht oashbhrhe 6 Ohji tienoht oashbhrhe, hbhoh` paeuruehe oashbhrhe.    \aricar 6

Ohji hbhoh` siheisis paricar.
2) Ohji dhnihe tudu` phsiae yhen gaenhjhgi abagh bapaebae bhe `aphr uetuo gaenath`ui
racjao `aphtijunujhr (T@F) bhe bistaesi vaeh junujhris (BSF).
 81

2.4. Bihneish Oaparhwhthe

ei Bihneish Rujuhe b he o ritarih ` hsij ietarvaesi

oaparhwhthe
8 \aeuruehe murh` Rujuhe 6 \arhwhthe jhetuen
 jhetuen d.b jhjur ]atajh` bijhouohe Idsarvhsi
`hethrhe jistrio tiebhohe oaparhwhthe satajh` …. - Kbaeticiohsi thebh/najhjh priga
tarnhennu P 42 jhg, ghoh bi`hrhpohe  paeuruehe murh` jhetuen (gajiput
oahbaouhthe byspeah, oajajh`he, abagh,
 jhetuen gagigph bhrh` it`ipeah
uetuo 
gagaeu`i oadutu`he gathdijisga  phrixysghj eimturehj byspeah
tudu`.  paeienohthe MS\)
Aospathsi 6 - Kbaeticiohsi thebh/najhjh
Gaeienoht saoueba

Oritarih @hsij 6  paeuruehe murh` jhetuen (gajiput

- Oaouhthe ehbi paricar 6 2
- Rhoiohrbih 6 2 - Jajh` 6 2
- Bistaesi vaeh junujhris 6 2
- Bispeah 6 2 - Ijinurih 6 2
- \umht/siheisis 6 2
- It`ipah 6 2
- Dhtuo 6 2
 paeienohthe darht dhbhe, `aphtiganhjy
bistaesi vaeh junujhris, phjpithsi, rieo`
 dhsh`, ijinurih, dhtuo, oujit
pumht) Gieitir taohehe bhrh`
- Gieitir iethoa bhe iutput mhirhe
- Gieitir darht dhbhe satihp `hri
phb whotu yhen shgh

- ]uhrh Fhetuen ]= 6 2 - Gieitir shturhsi i4

- ]uhrh Fhetuen ]2 6 2 - Gieitir oaju`he eyari bhb

- Raohehe Bhrh` 6 2 - Gieitir AON 84 shbhphe

- Gieitir hritgih
- Gieitir eijhi jhdirhtiriug jhetuen
- Gieitir cuensi hjht phmu jhetuen
- \ariosh Raohehe Bhrh` bhe Craouaes
  Ehbi sadajug bhe sasubh` gajhouoh
hotiviths
- \ariosh Raohehe Bhrh` bhe Craouaes
 Ehbi sadajug pagdarihe idht
Riebhohe 6
- \isisiohe phsiae sagi ciwjar

hth ciwjar baenhe ohoi oa dhwh`

hth
 pisisi eyhghe

83

- Dariohe biat jhetuen yhen sasuhi

- Chsijithsi oajuhrnh phsiae bhe

oajuhrn uetuo gibiciohsi nhyh

`ibup sa`ht Dariohe
tarhpi rajhoshsiuetu gaenurheni
strass, jioh parju - Darioh buouenhe
agisiiehj bhe spirituhj
- Dariohe iosinae uetu
gagparth`heohe shturhsi iosina
5;2% Abuohsi 6
- Hejurohe darhotiviths cisio sasuh
tijarhesi
- Hejurohe darhotiviths cisio samhr
 darth`hp
- Hejurohe dar`aeti garioio
- Hjhrohe phsiae bhe oajuhrn
gaenuour darht dhbhe `hrihe
- Hjhrohe phsiae bhe oajuhrn
gaenuour iethoa bhe iutput
mhirh
`hrihe
Oijhdirhsi 6
 - Oijhdirhsi pagdarihe hetihritgih, jio 
 parju
- Tujuo oa prinrhg ra`hdijithsi jhetuen
4 \ijh ehphs tibho   ]atajh` bijhouohe tiebhohe Ghehjagae Fhjhe Ehchs
 acaotic d.b thoipeua oaparhwhthe sajhgh … x 42 jhg Idsarvhsi 6
ghoh bi`hrhpohe gagdariohe - Gieitir pijh ehchs (craouaesi
vaetijhsi yhen hbaouht oabhjhghe, ush`h ehchs) -
Aospathsi 6 Gagdhio Gieiti
Oritarih @hsij 6  dueyi ehchs thgdh`he
- Bispeah 6 2 - Gieitir sputug
- Craouaesi ehchs 6 2 Riebhohe6
- Oabhjhghe ehchs 6 2 - \arth`heohe oaphtaehe jhjhe ehch
baenhe `ahb-tijt bhe m`ie-jict
- \isisiohe sagi ciwjar hthu ciwjar
- Dariohe gieughe `henht

- Jhouohe cisiitarhpi bhbh, jioh parju

- Oajuhrohe sugdhthe daebh phbh

8>

baenhe cirmap
- Dariohe iosinae

 Abuohsi 6
- Hejurohe hsuphe mhirhe
4<<<gj/`hri
 jioh tibho oietrhiebiohsi
- Hjhrohe taoeio dhtuo acaotic

Oijhdirhsi 6
- Oijhdirhsi pagdarih
 drieoibijhtir,aopaotirhe, guoijitio
 jioh parju
=  Eyari hout d.b eyari satajh` bijhouohe tiebhohe - Garienis 6 2

- Najish` 6 2 - Oasujithe tibur 6 2

bhbh oaparhwhthe sajhgh …. P 42 jhg,
bi`hrhpohe bhpht garienheohe rhsh

eyari yhen
birhshohe Aospathsi
6 Gaeurue Oritarih
@hsij 6
- Oaju`he eyari 6 2
Ghehjagae Eyari

Idsarvhsi6
- Kbaeticiohsi jiohsi,
ohrhotaristio, burhsi
craouaesi, ouhjiths,
ietaesiths eyari
- Kbaeticiohsi sohjh eyari
- Kbaeticiohsi raspie eyari
eie vardhj
- Gieitir

oadar`hsijhe tarhp
oigpjagaetar yhen
subh` bidariohe Gieitir
acao shgpien
paennuehh hehjnatio
Rarhupatio 6
 - Dariohe taoeio eie chrghoijinis uetu
gaenurheni rhsh eyari
- mietrij jienouenhe yhen
gagpardarh rhsh eyari - chsijithsi
istirh`ht bhe tibur 
Abuohsi 6
- Fajhsohe paeyadhd, pariiba, bhe pagim
eyari
- Fajhsohe strhtani garabhohe eyari
Hejurohe gagieitir eyari
samhr ghebiri
- Hejurohe gaennuehohe hehjnati
samhrh tapht
- Hjhrohe taoeio eiechrghoijinis uetu
gaenurheni rhsh eyari
2 Ketijarhesi hotiviths ]atajh bijhouohe tiebhohe Ghehjagae Aearni

80

 d.b oajagh`he oaparhwhthe sajhgh …. P 42 jhg  Idsarvhsi 6

ghoh bi`hrhpohe bhpht gajhouohe - Kbaeticiohsi nhennuhe cuensi tudu` yhe

hotiviths gaenhoidhtohe oajajh`he

Aospathsi 6 Gaeienoht - Gieitir oajajh`he cisio bhe agisiiehj
 Oritarih @hsij 6  ” Gieitir pijh bhe jhg tibur
- Craouaesi ehbi 6 2 Rarhupatio 6
- Oaju`he jajh` 6 2 - ]abihohe jienouenhe eyhghe bh
-  Bispeah shht hotiviths 6 2 raebh` stigujus
- Jhouohe jhti`he raethen narho
phsi hthu hotic

Dariohe hotiviths bistrhosi yhe

gaeaehenohe
- Chsijithsi bubuo bi sisi tagpht tibur
Abuohsi 6
- Hejurohe tirh` dhrien
- Hejurohe gajhouohe hotiviths samhr 
 darth`hp
 - Hejurohe gaen`udueni parhwht jio
oajajh`he tibho darourhen
- Hjhrohe strhtani oipien uetu
gaenurheni oajajh`he
1 Bacisit eutrisi d.b ]atajh bijhouohe Ghehjagae Eutrisi
heiraosih tiebhohe oaparhwhthe sajhgh …. Idsarvhsi 6
P 42 jhg ghoh bi`hrhpohe bhpht - Kbaeticiohsi sthtus eutrisi
gajhouohe hotiviths - Kbaeticiohsi hjarni bhe ietijarhesi
Aospathsi 6 Gaeienoht ghohehe
 Oritarih @hsij 6 - Kbaeticiohsi parjueyh paennuehhe

- \irsi ghohehe yhen sajhen ehsinhstrim

bi`hdisoh 6 2
- Darht dhbhe hthu KGR 6 2
-  Ehcsu ghohehe 6 2
- \arhshhe mapht oaeyhen 6 2
ghohe ,
- Gieitir hsuphe ghohehe
- Gieitir darht dhbhe
Rarhpautio 6
- Jhouohe irhj `yniaea sadajug
 Fioh parju
- ]hjiohe ghohehe samhrh gaehrio bhe
su`u yhen sasuhi

@aetiohe pagdarihe ghohehe

8;

gajhjui sajhen ehsinhstrim jioh

hsuphe irhj bhpht bitijarhesi

Abuohsi 6
- Hejurohe pisisi bubuo, jioh ghgpu
- Hjhrohe biat yhen biprinrhgohe
Oijhdirhsi 6
- Oijhdirhsi baenhe h`ji nizi uetuo
gaeaetuohe jugjh` ohjiri bhe jaeis
eutriae yhen bidutu`ohe
\rigisi Darht Dhbhe
Idsarvhsi
- Kbaeticiohsi oaguenoiehe paeyadhd
DD ourhen
 - Gieitir hbheyh guhj bhe gueth`
Rarhpautio 
- ]abihohe ghohehe yhen tapht sasuhi
oiebisi phsiae
- Dariohe pujihe oaphbh phsiae uetuo
 paeienohthe yhen bimhphi
Abuohsi
- Fajhsohe jaeis ghohehe yn darniz
tienni, tarjhenohu

=.8 igpjagaethsi
Kgpjagaethsi garuphohe th`hp oa agpht bhri prisas oaparhwhthe yhen bigujhi satajh`
 parhwht gaeyusue raemheh oaparhwhthe (\ittar & \arry, 4<8<).

 Kgpjagaethsi oaparhwhthe hbhjh` sarhenohihe oanihthe yhen bijhouohe ija` parhwht uetuo 
gagdhetu phsiae bhri ghshjh` sthtus oasa`hthe yhen bi`hbhpi oasthtus oasa`hthe yhen dhio yhen
gaennhgdhrohe oritarih `hsij yhen bi`hrhpohe. \risas pajhoshehhe igpjagaethsi `hrus
darpusht oaphbh oadutu`he phsiae, chotir-chotir jhie yhen gagpaenhru`i oadutu`he oaparhwhthe,
strhtani igpjagaethsi oaparhwhthe, bhe oanihthe oigueiohsi (Biehrti & Guryheti, 4<8>).
=.4 avhjuhsi
Avhjuhsi yhen bi`hrhpohe bhri ietarvaesi yhen bisadutohe bi hths gaenhmu phbh oritarih `hsij
 phbh paraemhehhe tiebhohe oaparhwhthe, yhitu6 satajh` bijhouohe hsu`he oaparhwhthe sajhgh =x 42

 jhg yhitu pijh ehchs acaotic, bithebhi baenhe tibho sasho ehchs, raspirhtiie rhta bhjhg dhths eirghj
(83-4< ohji par gaeit), raspie dhtuo darourhen, irhgh ehphs tarhtur, tibho tarbhpht paennuehht
4<

thgdh`he itit dhetu parehphshe, tibho tarbhpht suhrh ehphs thgdh`he thebh-thebh vithj bhjhg dhths
eirghj. Avhjusi bitujis bi bhjhg jagdhr avhjusi baenhe cirght ]IH\.
] (sudjaotic) darisi taethen oaju`he sudyaotic phsiae satajh` bijhouohe tiebhohe pagdarihe
iosinae, oaju`he sasho ehphs oatioh istirh`ht hthu darhoticiths, I (Idjaotic) darisi `hsij paenuourhe
(craouaesi parehphshe, irhgh parehphshe, oabhjhghe parehphshe, craouaesi ehbi, ouhjiths ehbi, irhgh
ehbi, thebh-thebh vithj, bhe `hsij idsarvhsi taethen oiebisi phsiae gajiputi (iespaosi, husoujthsi,
 phjphsi, bhe parousi). Kespaosi 6 dhtuo, oabhjhghe ehphs, paennuehhe itit dhetu parehphshe, whreh
oujit, gagdrhea guoish, oashbhrhe, parnarhohe biebien bhbh, oaphtaehe jhjhe ehchs, parehphshe
mupien `ibun, parehphshe didir, siheisis. Husoujthsi 6 dueyi phru, w`aazien, riem`i, mrhmojas. \hjphsi
6 eyari bhbh, abagh, baeyut ehbi. \arousi 6 sieir, `iparsieir, paoho. ]ajhie itu, junh bitujis
 oaphtaehe oheuj ehshj bhe oamaphthe hjirhe. H (hehjisis) gagdhebienohe hethrh iecirghsi
44 sudjaotic bhe idjaotic baenhe tujuhe bhe oritarih `hsij. ]abhenohe \ (\jheeien) darisi raemheh
tiebho  jhejut satajh` bijhouohe avhjuhsi tiebhohe. 

48

DHD KS

ASKBAEMA

DH]AB

FQBQJ 6 Henoh Oadar`hsijhe Rarhpi Taparcusi phbh \hsiae ]R Ajavhsi Giiohrb Kechro 

paeujis Rujuhe Gatiba paeijithe @hsij paeajitihe duoti

 Argihti  dartujuhe uetuo Faeis paeajitihe ihjh` Bhri tithj >= phsiae ]RAGK bibhphtohe Furehj a-
4]thrry @. gaenath`ui basoriptic idsarvhsiiehj  phsiae darjaeis oajhgie jhoi-jhoi (04,4%) Mjieim
Thgpaenhe henoh baenhe paebaohthe jadi` dheyho bidhebienohe paragpuhe (aMj),
4Simtir C. oadar`hsijhe ratrispaotic. ]hgpaj (8>,0%). Oajigpio usih tardheyho ihjh` Sijuga 1,
C. Fisap` tarhpi raparcusi  paeajitihe ihjh` phsiae 53< th`ue? =;,<% uetuo tarhpi prighry \  Eigir 4,
 phbh phsiae ]RAGK yhen gaearigh MK bhe 2=,0% uetuo tarhpi cidrieijitio. Fuji-
]RAGK bi tarhpi raparcusi, birhwht ^hotu bijhouoheeyh tarhpi raparcusi Basagdar 
T]Q\ \ric. Br. bi T]Q\ \ric. Br. T. tardheyho baenhe whotu tarhpi 5;< gaeit 4<8>
T. B. Ohebiu B. Ohebiu Ghehbi uetuo tarhpi prighry \MK (0<,1%) bhe 5=<
Ghehbi pariiba  pariiba Fheuhri- gaeit (>1%) uetuo tarhpi cidrieijitio.
Fheuhri- Basagdar 4<83, yhen Henoh oadar`hsijhe tarhpi prighry \MK ;<
Basagdar 4<83 biparija` baenhe gaeit (;3,3%), bhe henoh oadar`hsijhe
taoeio  miesamutiva tarhpi cidrieijitio =< gaeit (>1%). Faeis
shgpjien hritgih raparcusi bitaguohe tardheyho
ihjh` hritgih vaetrioaj thoiohrbi (=2,3%).
Henoh oadar`hsijhe tarhpi raparcusi
(prighry \MK bhe cidrieijitio) phbh phsiae
]RAGK jadi` tienni jioh bijhouohe tapht
whotu sasuhi baenhe shshrhe tarhpi
iptighj.
FQBQJ 6 Rienoht Girthjiths Rarhpi Taparcusi \hbh \aebarith ]tagi Bi Tsub Br. ]iatigi ]urhdhyh

paeujis Rujuhe Gatiba paeijithe @hsij paeajitihe duoti

Heby Rujuhe bhri Gatiba shgpjien yhen \hsiae ]RAGK yhen gagparija` tarhpi Choujths
Het`iey  paeajitihe iei binuehohe hbhjh` tithj raparcusi dhio \MK ghupue cidrieijitio bi Oabiotarhe
\hruen8 , hbhjh` uetuo shgpjien, bigheh T]QB Br. ]iatigi ]urhdhyh phbh Qeivarsiths
\hujus gaenath`ui  jugjh` shgpaj yhen th`ue 4<8= sadashr 28% bhri tithj 418 Hirjhennh,
phsiae

J i da nn h g d h ip a ri a ` A G K. \ s i a e ]R A G K ] urh
D hg ii e c hr o h g p a j. B K sad a shr 4 0 % ( 4 ;p F hw
e 4 , rh e y hi t u 8 < 2 y h en g g p a r i ja ` dh yh ,
d h e n g i i ht y h e n h s ia ) , sa bh e n o h e R ig u r 
p s iae
o hr b
@arwheti4 hout baenhe biparija` oagubihe tarhpi cidrieijitio sadashr >0 % (>1 phsiae). Aghij6
ajavhsi sangae bihehjisis baenhe Hbhpue girthjiths phsiae ]RAGK baenhe heb8Ycouh
]R (]RAGK) gatiba sthtistio tarhpi raparcusi bi T]QB Br. ]iatigi Lyh`ii.mi
yhen basoriptic. ]urhdhyh phbh th`ue 4<8= yhitu 84 % (8= g
gagparija`  phsiae). Girthjiths baenhe \MK sadashr >
tarhpi raparcusi % (4 phsiae), sabhenohe tarhpi cidrieijitio
bi T]QB Br. sadashr 81% (88 phsiae).
]iatigi
]urhdhyh.
FQBQJ 6 Nhgdhrhe Chotir Tisioi bhe Ghehjagae Taparcusi \hsiae KGH-A]R bi Dhenshj Fhetuen T]Q\ Br.

G. Bjhgij \hbhen
paeujis Rujuhe Gatiba paeijithe @hsij paeajitihe duoti
]u`hyhtrh Rujuhe \aeajitihe iei darsicht @hsij paeajitihe iei gaeuejuoohe KGH- `ttp
ttp6//j
//jurehj.
\utrh8 , Aoh  paeajitihe iei basoriptic ratrispaotic. A]R baenhe ohrhotaristio raethen usih co.ueheb.hm.
44

Cit`rh Ajci 4hbhjh` uetuo\aeajitihe iei tardheyho 21-12 th`ue baenhe jaeis  
, Hcbhjgaenath`uibijhoshehohe phbh nhgdhrhe chotir Fheuhri
oajhgie
4<83-Ghrat
jhoi-jhoi.
risioi
Chotir
bhe4<83.
risioi]hgpaj
yhen phjien
paeajitihe
 dheyho bigijioi hbhjh` `ipartaesi bhe garioio. Ketarvaesi Oiriea
 ghehjagae hbhjh` sajuru` phsiae (KO\) garuphohe tarhpi yhen phjien sarien
raparcusi phsiae KGHA]R yhen bijhouohe baenhe whotu tiebhohe jadi`
KGH-A]R bi gagaeu`i oritarih bhri 84 jhg phsmh iechro 
 dhenshj jhetuen ieojusi bhe oagubihe
T]Q\ Br. G. bijhouohe paemhththe
Bjhgij \hbhen bhri dadarhph vhrihdaj
yhen bitajiti.

4=
 DHD S

\AEQRQ\

8. Oasigpujhe
]R Ajavhsi Giiohrb Kechro (]RAGK) hbhjh` rushoeyh dhnihe itit jhetuen samhrh
pargheae hoidht iesucisiaesi hjirhe bhrh` oiriear ija` prisas banaearhtic ghupue bi paenhru`i
ija` dheyho chotir baenhe bithebhi oaju`he eyari bhbh, paeienohthe aezig jhetuen bhe ]R
ajavhsi phbh

 pagarioshhe AON. ]RAGK hbhjh` margie bhri pagduju` bhrh` oiriear tartaetu yhen tarsugdht tithj
sa`iennh hjirhe bhrh`eyh daehr-daehr tar`aeti, itit jhetuen yhen bipaebhrh`i tibho bhpht eutrisi-
iosinae bhe ghti.
4. ]hrhe
Bi`hrhpohe ghohjh` yhen tajh` bisajashiohe dish gaehgdh` whwhshe uetuo gh`hsiswh ]8
Oaparhwhthe. Ghohjh` iei ghsi` dheyho oaourhnhe dhio itu tairi bhe hsu`he
oaparhwhtheeyh, gi`ie dariohe oritio bhe shrhe uetuo gaejhbiohe ghohjh` iei gaejhbi jadi`
dhio.
42