]OD@HTV@

EH]JVHI GHQ_Q

FVJIGJ]IO_KJI@H

V Q F B H PH
P H I C G H V H T G . @ @ @ N H PH
PH ] _ V H

]OKF@KF@IC>
dr
dr.. Pui` Hrahi Q`hitur`, K.God (]od), Qp.H
dr. Hcoic Ehrh Hyu Hkoe`h
 

FHF @

]OIDHB_E_HI
 

Frjigjpioukji`h d`sofut nuch pioukji`h ejfuehr`s yh`tu suhtu porhdhichi phdh

phroig`k phru yhic torejghe`s`r yhic f`hshiyh koicoih` frjig`jeus dhi nuch koicoih`

hevojeus d`sog`thriyh.

Hicgh kjrthe`hs poiyhg`t frjigjpioukji`h khs`b dhehk hicgh yhic augup icc`, yhgi`
sofoshr 61,2% phdh fhy` dhi sofoshr 8?,?% phdh fhe`th.

]r`is`p dhr` poihthehgshihhi hdhehb poihichihi ghush doi`l dhr` frjigjpioukji`h.

]hdh dhshriyh, frjigjpioukji`h koruphghi poiyhg`t `ilogs` yhic f`sh d`aochb.

Frjigjpioukji`h hkjic Ab`edroi `i Dovoejp`ic Ajuitr`os. ADA W@itoriot[ 6=84. bp>//www.ada.cjv/ia`djd/dfkd/d`sohso`ilj/pioukab`eddovajuitZtbtk . D`hgsos phdh Ko` 6=68.
Gokoitor`hi Gosobhthi Vopufe`g @idjios`h. V`sot Gosobhthi Dhshr 6=81. 6=81. Gokoigos > Nhghrth.
 

FHF @@

EH]JVHI GHQ_Q
 

IHKH HH

NOI@Q GOEHK@I Ehg`-ehg`

@ _K_V 6 thbui 0 fuehi

HEHKHT Ne. Fjucoiv`ee, Goe. Fuk` Qhbhnh, P

Phps`
hps`
@DOIT@THQ
THICCHE KVQ 66 Ko` 6=68

]HQ@OI THICCHE F]E 60 Ko` 6=68

IJ VK 318413
 

GOE_BHI _T
_THKH
HKH

Qoshg ihlhs
@@ V@SHPHT ]OIPHG@T QOGHVHIC

]hs`oi dhthic go @CD VQ Fbhyhicghrh d`hithr jeob jrhic

HIHKIOQ@Q tuhiyh phdh thicche 66 Ko` 6=68 doichi goeubhi soshg ihlhs.
ihlhs.
• Tornhd` 1 bhr` sofoeuk KVQ

• Fhtug fordhbhg , p`eog, dhi dokhk 3 bhr` sofoeuk KVQ

• ]hs`oi dhg koichehk` gof`ruhi.
 
Fhtug fordhbhg, phs`oi d`ghthgi sue`t koicoeuhrghi dhbhg
3 bhr` QKVQ
]`eog soarot eoid`r foruph forwhrih pub, goithe, dhg hdh dhrhb.
]hs`oi sudhb
Dokhk koidhdhg sonhg fhru fhicui phc` doichi subu yhic dhg
koichehk` fhtug
p`eog dhi dokhk torugur.

Qoshg ihphs foruph ihphs aopht doichi tordhpht

 1 bhr` QKVQ aoguichi d`d`id`ic dhdh dhi dhg kokfh`g doichi
]hs`oi koichehk`
soshg porufhbhi pjs`s`.

Kuithb foruph s`sh khghihi doichi

vjeuko g`rh-g`rh µ coehs hquh.
Qhht d` @CD
]hs`oi d`ghthghi rowoe dhi sue`t dur.
]hs`oi sokpht
Khghi/k`iuk phs`oi forgurhic

GVJIJEJC@ kuithb 6x FHG dhi FHF d`ghthghi ijrkhe.

 

V@SHP
V@SHPHT ]OI
]OIPPHG@T DHB_
DHB_E_
E_

• ]hs`oi dhg porihb kok`e`g r`whyht goeubhi yhic shkh

sofoeukiyh.
• V`whyht poiyhg`t s`stok`g sopor b`portois`, DK, b`porgjeostorje
dhi poiyhg`t nhituic d`shicghe jeob `fu phs`oi.

@@

HIHKIOQ@Q V@SH
V@SHP
PHT ]OIPHG@T
] OIPHG@T GOE_HVC
GOE_HVCHH

• Goeuhrch phs`oi d`ghthghi dhg porihb koichehk` goeubhi yhic

shkh.
• V`whyht poiyhg`t kothfje`g, poiyhg`t nhituic, phru, c`inhe, rj`d,
heorc`, dhi goeh`ihi fhwhhi phdh goeuhrch eh`iiyh d`shicghe.
 
V@SHPHT ]OICJFHTHI
• Aolhdrjx`e s`rup
• ]hrhaothkje s`rup
• Aor`z`io s`rup

V@SHPHT ]V@FHD@, QJQ@HE, E@ICG_ICHI

@@ • Hihg go goduh dhr` duh forshudhrh

• Qobhr`-bhr` phs`oi d`hsub jeob hyhb dhi `fu ghiduic
phs`oi.

HIHKIOQ@Q •
•
]hs`oi icche forshkh ghghg dhi jrhic tuh d` rukhb.
]okug`khi tokpht icche phs`oi d`ghthghi phdht
• Hyhb phs`oi koruphghi porjgjg hgl 

V@SHPHT ]OVQHE@IHI
• ]orshe`ihi ijrkhe porvhc`ihk phdh us`h gobhk`ehi
¸4= k`iccu.
• ]hs`oi ehb`r doichi fhituhi f`dhi dhi d`ghthghi
socorh koihic`s shht phs`oi fhru ehb`r.
 • FFE 61== crhk | ]FE i/h| EG i/h

V@SHP
V@SHPHT @K_I
@ K_I@QHQ
@QHQ@@
 

³FAC > 8 ghe`

³Bophs F > 1 ghe`
³B`F > 1 ghe`
³D]T > 1 ghe`
³]je`j > 4 ghe`
@@ ³Ahkphg > 8 ghe`

V@SHP
V@SHPHT I_T
I_TV@Q
V@Q@@
HIHKIOQ@Q
• HQ@ > kueh` = fuehi ‑ soghrhic lroguois` ji dokhid 
• Qusu ljrkueh > kueh` < fuehi ‑ soghrhic lroguois` ji dokhid 
• Fufur susu > kueh` < fuehi ‑ soghrhic lroguois` 6-1 ghe`/bhr`
• Ihs` k > kueh` 0 fuehi ‑ soghrhic lroguois` 6-1 ghe`/bhr`
• Khghihi dowhsh > sudhb
 

GOHDHHI _K_K TQQ

GOQHDHVHI Ajkpjs kois

@@@
IHD@ 81<x/koi`t rocueor, `s` augup

]OKOV@GQHH VOQ]@VHQ@ <=x/koi`t rocueor

I L@Q@G  TOK]. HGQ@EH 12,3½ A

QTH
QTHT_Q ]VOQOI
]VOQOITT TOGHIHI DHVHB -

QHT_VHQ@ JGQ@COI 22%  02% ihshe ahiueo 4epk

 

GO]HEH Ijrkjaophbhe`

KHTH Hiok`s -/-, `gtorus -/-, roogs pup`e +/+ `sjgjr

@@@ TBT Qogrot (+), ihlhs aup`ic b`duic (-), op`sthgs`s

op`sthgs`s (-)

TJIQ@E T8/T8, b`porok`s (-)

]OKOV@GQHH LHV@IC b`porok`s (-)

I L@Q@G  K_E_T e`dhb gjtjr (-), s`hijs`s (-), f`f`r gor`ic (-)

QTH
QTHT_Q COIOVH
COIOVHE@Q
E@Q EOBOV ]okfoshrhi goeoinhr (-)
 TBJVHR Q`kotr`s
 

AJV

@IQ]OGQ@ proajrd`he fuec`ic (-), `gtus gjrd`s dhg thkphg

@@@
]HE]HQ@ `atus ajrd`s dhg torhfh, guht hicght (-), tbr`ee (-)

H_QG_ETHQ@ Q8 Q6 ijrkhe rocuehr, kurkur (-)

]OKOV@GQHH ]_EKJ

I L@Q@G  @IQ]OGQ@ corhghi

corhghi d`id`ic dhdh s`kotr`s, rotrhgs`
rotrhgs` (+) sufajsthe

]HE]HQ@ corhghi
corhghi s`kotr`s
QTH
QTHT_Q COIOVH
COIOVHE@Q
E@Q

]OVG_Q@ suhrh sjijr +/+

H_QG_ETHQ@ suhrh ihlhs frjigjvos`gueor +/+, rbjig` +/+, wbooz`ic +/+

 

HFDJKOI

@IQ]OGQ@ D`stois` hfdjkoi ( - )

H_QG_ETHQ@ F`s`ic usus (+) ijrkhe

]OVG_Q@ T`kphi` (+) sb``ic dueeioss (-)

@@@
]HE]HQ@ Bophr, e`oi dhg hdh pokfoshrhi

]OKOV@GQHH
OGQTVOK@THQ Hgrhe bhicht
bhicht (+), s`hijs`s (-), odokh
o dokh (-), AVT 5 6 dog

I L@Q@G  G_E@T Gus khrkjrhth (-)

QTH
QTHT_Q COIOVH
COIOVHE@Q
E@Q
COI@THE@H E_HV Ehg`-ehg`
 

EHF

]hrhkotor Bhs`e Qhtuhi I`eh` Vokhrgs

Bokhtjejc` Vunughi

SFA 88.62 8=1E <.=-8=.? T`icc`

@@@ BCF 88.1 c/dE 8=.8-86.0

BAT 16.< % 16.=-44.=

]OKOV@GQHH ]ET ?31 8=1E 683-403 T`icc`

 IO_% ?0,? % 83-<=

I
]OI_INHIC
OJ % =.= % 8.=-?.= Voidhb
FH % =.6 % =.=-8.= Voidhb
EPK]B % 6=,4 % 6?.=-4=.= Voidhb
KJIJ% 80.0 % 6.=-2.=  

VFA 4.46 8=<E 1.6-?.6 T`icc`

 -
 

TBJVHR H]

@@@

]OKOV@GQHH

I
]OI_INHIC
Goshi >

Frjigjpioukji`h forht
]okfoshrhi
]okfoshrhi GCF por`b`ehr ghihi oa spos`g prjsos hgl :
 T`dhg thkphg ghrd`jkoche`

D@HCIJQ@Q
  Frjigjpioukji`h
GOVNH
]EHII@IC TOVH]@

J6 suicgup ?epk
@\LD D?% IhAe =,4?% - 4= tpk (k`grj)
THTH Fhatosyi ?== kc hp 86 nhk `itrhvoih
EHGQHIH Coithk`s`i 3?kc hp 64 nhk `itrhvoih
Hk`ijpb`e`i 8==kc dhehk 6=aa IhAe =.0% bhf`s dhehk 8 nhk  86
 nhk gokud`hi
gokud`hi <= kc/86 nhk dhehk IhAe =.0%
=.0% bhf`s dhehk 8 nhk
]hrhaothkje 8?=kc hp 2 nhk `itrhvoih
 Goeubhi ]okor`gshhi L`s`g D`hcijs`s Torhp`
 

Qoshg (+), G_> TTQ7 Gos>AK

fhtug (+), TT\> Hiahkhi @\LD D?% IhAe =,4?% - 4= tpk
p`eog (+),  BV> 84= x/koi`t chche ihlhs (k`grj)
kuithb (+),  VV> <= x/koi`t
dokhk ih`g  QF> 13,3 ¾A oa Fhatosyi ?==kc/86nhk/@\
turui  QpJ6 > 02% dci J6
lhao khsg ? epk  frjigjpio
Coithk`s`i 3?kc/64nhk/@\
Qthtus Coiorhe`s> ukji`h
Gopheh/Eobor> dfi
\@
Hk`ije`i <=kc/86nhk dek IhAe
Tbjrhgs>s`kotr`s,

rotrhgs` (+)
Ajr> Q8Q6`itorajsthe
rocueor, =.0% bhf`s dhehk 8 nhk
kurkur (-) ]hrhaothkje
]hrhaothkje 8?=kc/ 2nhk/ @\
LJEEJS _] ]uekj> vos +/+, rb +/+,
wb -/- Vhi`d`io 8=kc/86 nhk/@\
Hfdjkoi>d`stois` (-), F_
(+) I
]uyor fhtug 1x8 puev
61/?/6=68 Ogstrok`ths>
bhicht (+) AVT 56dt
hgrhe
]VJ @A_

 
 Goeubhi ]okor`gshhi L`s`g D`hcijs`s Torhp`
 
Qoshg G_> TTQ7 Gos>AK
@\LD D?% IhAe =,4?% - 4= tpk
Hiahkhi
forgurhic, TT\>
fhtug (+),  BV> 86= x/koi`t chche ihlhs (k`grj)
p`eog (+),  VV> 4= x/koi`t
 QF> 13,3 ¾A oa Fhatosyi ?==kc/86nhk/@\
dokhk (-)  QpJ6 > 00% dci J6  frjigjpiou
lhao khsg ? epk Coithk`s`i 3?kc/64nhk/@\
Qthtus Coiorhe`s> kji`h
Gopheh/Eobor> dfi
Hk`ije`i <=kc/86nhk dek IhAe
Tbjrhgs> s`kotr`s,
\@ rotrhgs` (+) `itorajsthe =.0% bhf`s dhehk 8 nhk
Ajr>
kurkur Q8Q6
(-) rocueor,
]hrhaothkje
]hrhaothkje 8?=kc/ 2nhk/
2n hk/ @\
]uekj> vos +/+, rb +/+,
LJEEJS _] wb -/-
Hfdjkoi>d`stois` (-), F_
Vhi`d`io 8=kc/86 nhk/@\
(+) I
]uyor fhtug 1x8 puev
Ogstrok`ths> hgrhe

64/?/6=68 bhicht (+) AVT 56dt Iofue ajkf`voit 8 rospue + IhAe

=,0% 6,?aa/ 2 nhk

J6 lhao khsg ?epk

 
 Goeubhi ]okor`gshhi L`s`g D`hcijs`s Torhp`
 
Qoshg G_> TTQ7 Gos>AK
Hiahkhi @\LD D?% IhAe =,4?% - 6= tpk
forgurhic, TT\>
fhtug (+),  BV> 862 x/koi`t chche ihlhs (k`grj)
p`eog (-),  VV> 16 x/koi`t
dokhk (-),  QF> 1<,0 ¾A oa
kuithb (-)   QpJ6 > 02% dci J6 Aoljthx`ko ?==kc/86nhk/@\
Aoljthx`ko
ihshe ahiueo 8 epk  frjigjpiou
Coithk`s`i 3?kc/64nhk/@\
Qthtus Coiorhe`s> kji`h
Gopheh/Eobor> dfi
Hk`ije`i <=kc/86nhk dek IhAe
Tbjrhgs> s`kotr`s,
\@ rotrhgs` (+) `itorajsthe =.0% bhf`s dhehk 8 nhk
Ajr>
kurkur Q8Q6
(-) rocueor,
]hrhaothkje
]hrhaothkje 8?=kc/ 2nhk/ @\
]uekj> vos +/+, rb +/+,
LJEEJS _] wb -/-
Hfdjkoi>d`stois` (-), F_
Vhi`d`io 8=kc/86 nhk/@\
(+) I
]uyor fhtug 1x8 puev
Ogstrok`ths> hgrhe

6?/?/6=68 bhicht (+) AVT 56dt Iofue ajkf`voit 8 rospue + IhAe

=,0% 6,?aa/ 2 nhk

J6 ihshe ahiueo 8epk

 
 Goeubhi ]okor`gshhi L`s`g D`hcijs`s Torhp`
 
Qoshg G_> TTQ7 Gos>AK
Frjigjpiou @\LD D?% IhAe =,4?% - 6= tpk
forgurhic, TT\>
fhtug (+),  BV> 88< x/koi`t kji`h (k`grj)
p`eog (-),  VV> 62 x/koi`t
dokhk (-),  QF> 1<,3 ¾A
kuithb (-)   QpJ6 > 00% dci J6 Aoljthx`ko ?==kc
Aoljthx`ko ?==kc/86nhk/@\
/86nhk/@\
ihshe ahiueo 8 epk Coithk`s`i 3?kc/64nhk/@\
Qthtus Coiorhe`s>
Gopheh/Eobor> dfi
Hk`ije`i <=kc/86nhk dek IhAe
Tbjrhgs> s`kotr`s,
\@ rotrhgs` (+) `itorajsthe =.0% bhf`s dhehk 8 nhk
Ajr>
kurkur Q8Q6
(-) rocueor,
]hrhaothkje
]hrhaothkje 8?=kc/ 2nhk/ @\
]uekj> vos +/+, rb +/+,
LJEEJS _] wb -/-
Hfdjkoi>d`stois` (-), F_
Vhi`d`io 8=kc/86 nhk/@\
(+) I
]uyor fhtug 1x8 puev
Ogstrok`ths> hgrhe

6</?/6=68 bhicht (+) AVT 56dt Iofue ajkf`voit 8 rospue + IhAe

=,0% 6,?aa/ 2 nhk

]`idhb ruhic rhwht hihg

 Goeubhi ]okor`gshhi L`s`g D`hcijs`s Torhp`
 

fhtug (+), G_> TTQ7 Gos>AK

soshg(-), TT\> Frjigjpiou @\LD D?% IhAe =,4?% - 6= tpk
p`eog(-),  BV> 8== x/koi`t kji`h (k`grj)
dokhk(-),  VV> 64 x/koi`t
kuithb (-)  QF> 1<,< ¾A Aoljthx`ko
Aoljthx`ko ?==kc
?==kc/86nhk/@\
/86nhk/@\
 QpJ6 > 00% rjjk h`r
Qthtus Coiorhe`s> ]uyor fhtug 1x8 puev
Gopheh/Eobor> dfi
Tbjrhgs> s`kotr`s,
\@
Or`trjk`s`i 1x 1,1ke
rotrhgs` (+) `itorajsthe

Ajr>
kurkur Q8Q6
(-) rocueor, \oatryi 1x6,?ke
]uekj> vos +/+, rb +/-,
Iofue ajkf`voit 8 rospue + IhAe
LJEEJS _] wb -/-
Hfdjkoi>d`stois` (-), F_ =,0% 6,?aa/ 2 nhk
(+) I
Ogstrok`ths> hgrhe
 
63/?/6=68 bhicht (+) AVT 56dt
 Goeubhi ]okor`gshhi L`s`g D`hcijs`s Torhp`
 

fhtug (+) G_> TTQ7 Gos>AK

forgurhic TT\> Frjigjpiou @\LD D?% IhAe =,4?% - 6= tpk
 BV> 8== x/koi`t kji`h (k`grj)
 VV> 64 x/koi`t
 QF> 1<,< ¾A Aoljthx`ko
Aoljthx`ko ?==kc
?==kc/86nhk/@\
/86nhk/@\
 QpJ6 > 00% rjjk h`r
Qthtus Coiorhe`s> ]uyor fhtug 1x8 puev
Gopheh/Eobor> dfi
Tbjrhgs> s`kotr`s,
\@
Or`trjk`s`i 1x 1,1ke
rotrhgs` (+) `itorajsthe

Ajr>
kurkur Q8Q6
(-) rocueor, \oatryi 1x6,?ke
]uekj> vos +/+, rb +/-,
Iofue ajkf`voit 8 rospue + IhAe
LJEEJS _] wb -/-
Hfdjkoi>d`stois` (-), F_ =,0% 6,?aa/ 2 nhk
(+) I
Ogstrok`ths> hgrhe
 
62/?/6=68 bhicht (+) AVT 56dt
 Goeubhi ]okor`gshhi L`s`g D`hcijs`s Torhp`
 

fhtug (+) G_> TTQ7 Gos>AK

forgurhic TT\> Frjigjpiou ]hso`i F]E, doichi jfht puehic >
 BV> 02 x/koi`t kji`h
 VV> 64 x/koi`t
]uyor fhtug 1x8 puev
 QF> 1<,< ¾A
 QpJ6 > 00% rjjk h`r Or`trjk`s`i 1x 1,1ke
Qthtus Coiorhe`s>
Gopheh/Eobor> dfi \oatryi 1x6,?ke
Tbjrhgs> s`kotr`s,
\@ rotrhgs` (+) `itorajsthe

Ajr>
kurkur Q8Q6
(-) rocueor,
]uekj> vos +/+, rb +/-,
LJEEJS _] wb -/-
Hfdjkoi>d`stois` (-), F_
(+) I
Ogstrok`ths> hgrhe

60/?/6=68 bhicht (+) AVT 56dt

 

FHF @@@

T@INH_HI
]_QTHGH
 

DOL@I@Q@

Frjigjpioukji`h koruphghi `ilogs` hthu porhdhichi

`ihkhs` sheurhi porihlhshi yhic tornhd` phdh

frjigus shkph` doichi hevojeus phru yhic d`sofhfghi
jeob forkhahk-khahk ojejc` sopor fhgtor`, v`rus,

dhi nhkur
 Vhbhnjo Ihs I, Fhkfhic Qupr`yhtij, Dhrkhwhi Fud` Qotyhitj. Fugu Hnhr Vosp`rjejc` Hihg. Od`s` ]orthkh. Nhghrth > Fhdhi ]oiorf`t @DH@. 6=8=. Bhe > 111-143.

O]@DOK@JEJC@

V`sgosdhs 6=81  por`jd provheoiao pioukji`h fhe`th 82,?‽

Goejkpjg us`h fhe`th doichi `is`doi pioukji`h fhe`th toricc`
Hicgh kjrthe`ths > fhy` 61,2% dhi fhe`th 8?,?%.
 Fhdhi ]oioe`t`hi dhi ]oicokfhichi Gosobhthi Gokoitor`hi Gosobhthi V@. V`sot Gosobhthi Dhshr 6=81. Gokoigos V@. 6=81. b. 8=-8?.

]HTJL@Q@JEJC@
 

poiuruihi rospji `kui dhi porhdhichi

Bophshs` goehfu  soe-soe dhrhb pub koicgjeji`shs` sob`icch d`ihkhghi sofhch` sthd`uk
dhorhb phru yhic tor`ilogs`. Oidhphi fr`i torhgukuehs`
torhgukuehs` rosjeus`.
d` soeurub dhorhb yhic aodorh dhi tornhd` lhcjs`tjs`s s`sh-
s`sh soe.
Qthd`uk @\
(3 ‑ 86 bhr`)
Qthd`uk @@@ (1
 ‑ 2 bhr`)

Qthd`uk @@ Bophshs` korhb  ejfus phdht ghroih poiukpughi eougjs`t,

(42 nhk
for`gutiyh) or`trjs`t dhi ah`rhi sob`icch whrih phru koinhd` korhb dhi
phdh porhfhhi torhsh sopor bophr. Hdh Qoshg.

Qthd`uk @
(4 ‑ 86 nhk ]oeophshi kod`htjr-kod`htjr `ihkhs`  b`porok`h  dhi
porthkh/ poi`icghthi porkohf`e`ths ghp`eor phru  ogsudht pehskh go
poi`icghthi
Gjicosl) `itorsuk  odokh
 8.Qotyhitj, DF, dgg. ]ioukji`h. Dhehk > ]odjkhi ]oehyhihi Kod`s @ghthi Djgtor Hihg @idjios`h. @DH@. 6==0. b. 6?=-
6.Oiccrhnh Kjsos Q`e`tjich. Frjigjpioukji`h. 6=81. Bhe >8-82

KHI@LOQTHQ@ GE@I@Q

Quhrh ihphs yhic koeokhb,

THIDH @ILOGQ@ QHE. IH]HQ HTHQ frjig`he hthu frjigjvos`gueor,
=8 =4
Dokhk, fhtug, p`eog rbjig` , wbooz`ic dhpht tordoichr
.
 Sjrg phdh husgueths`.
jl Frohtb`ic (SjF)  
poiccuihhi jtjt porihphshi, abost
Q`hijs`s, h`r buicor ( rhsh
rhsh `ic`i
`idrhw`ic (rotrhgs`), ihphs aup`ic .
=6 =? koihr`g ihphs phinhic torus-
b`duic)
koiorus)
 Thg`piou, d`spiou
Khi`losths` iji spos`g> shg`t
• @ilhit  Cruiic gopheh, `r`thfoe, kheh`so, ihlsu
=1 =<
• Bohd ijdd`ic khghi koiurui , goeubhi
she.aorih, coe`shb, dee
• Hihg 9 foshr> iyor` dhdh
 8.Qotyhitj, DF, dgg. ]ioukji`h. Dhehk > ]odjkhi ]oehyhihi Kod`s @ghthi Djgtor Hihg @idjios`h. @DH@. 6==0. b. 6?= 6?4
6.Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Vov`sod SBJ Aehss`ahji hid Trohtkoit jl Ab`edbjjd ]ioukji`h ht Bohetb Lha`e`os. Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Qw`tzorehid. 6=84.
1.Qh`d, K. ]ioukji`h. Dhehk > Fugu Hnhr Vosp`rjejc` Hihg Od`s` ]orthkh. Nhghrth > Fhdhi ]oiorf`t @DH@ 6==2. b. 1?=-1<4.
4.Oiccrhnh Kjsos Q`e`tjich. Frjigjpioukji`h. 6=81. Bhe >8-82

GEHQ@L@GHQ@
Fughi ]ioukji`h
• Dokhk dhi fhtug thiph thidh dhi conheh pioukji`h.

]ioukji`h
•
•
Dokhk dhi fhtug.
Thg`piou (fhths ehnu porihphshi sosuh` us`h) > _s`h 5 6
fuehi > ≯<= x/koi`t, _s`h 6 ‑ 86 fuehi> ≯?= x/koi`t, _s`h
8 ‑ ? thbui> ≯4= x/koi`t
• Husgueths` > rbjig` (+), suhrh ihlhs koiurui

]ioukji`h Forht
• Conheh pioukji`h d`thkfhb shehb shtu dhr` > Votrhgs`
d`id`ic dhdh (sufgjstho, `itorgjstho, suprhstorihe), ihphs
aup`ic b`duic, bohd
bohd ijdd`ic (koichicc
(koichiccughi
ughi gopheh,
cruit`ic, s`hijs`s, dob`drhs`, t`dhg f`sh k`iuk, kuithb,
totbhrc`, Gonhic, poiuruihi goshdhrhi
 Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Vov`sod SBJ Aehss`ahji hid Trohtkoit jl Ab`edbjjd ]ioukji`h ht Bohetb Lha`e`os. Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Qw`tzorehid. 6=84.

GEHQ@L@GHQ@

]ioukji`h
Ijsjgjk`he
(Bjsp`the-Haqu`rod
]ioukji`h)
]ioukji`h )
]ioukji`h phdh ]ioukji`h phdh hihg
hihg doichi r`whyht thiph r`whyht KVQ dhehk
KVQ dhehk 6 k`iccu 6k`iccu torhgb`r
torhgb`r, hthu ]hdh hihg yhic KVQ 542
 nhk
]hdh hihg yhic KVQ .
942 nhk d`khih shht ]ioukji`h
Gjkui`ths
KVQ dhg hdh conheh
rosp`rhs`
 Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Vov`sod SBJ Aehss`ahji hid Trohtkoit jl Ab`edbjjd ]ioukji`h ht Bohetb Lha`e`os. Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Qw`tzorehid. 6=84.
Qh`d, K. ]ioukji`h. Dhehk > Fugu Hnhr Vosp`rjejc` Hihg Od`s` ]orthkh. Nhghrth > Fhdhi ]oiorf`t @DH@ 6==2. b. 1?=-1<4.

GEHQ@L@GHQ@

]hdh shtu ]ioukji`h

sockoi/ejfus   Ejfhr`s
soguidor jeob goeh`ihi ]ioukji`h @itorst`s`he
frjigus, gochihshi,
hsp`rhs`  nhrhic phdh ]hdh nhr`ichi `itorst`s`he
hihg-hihg

]ioukji`h ]hdh frjig`jeus

Ejfuehr`s/ tork`ihe dhi
Frjigjpioukji` hevojeus d`
sog`thriyh
 Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Vov`sod SBJ Aehss`ahji hid Trohtkoit jl Ab`edbjjd ]ioukji`h ht Bohetb Lha`e`os. Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Qw`tzorehid. 6=84.
Qh`d, K. ]ioukji`h. Dhehk > Fugu Hnhr Vosp`rjejc` Hihg Od`s` ]orthkh. Nhghrth > Fhdhi ]oiorf`t @DH@ 6==2. b. 1?=-1<4.

D@HCIJQ@Q
 

Hihkios`s
• Hihkios`s goeubhi uthkh dhi d`nhfhrghi sosuh` fhs`a ljur , sharod
sovoi.. Goeubhi `ilogs` ukuk (dokhk, ihlsu khghi forgurhic, shg`t
sovoi
gopheh) dhi `ilogs` sheurhi ihphs (fhtug, soshg ihphs).

]okor`gshhi L`s`g
• Thidh-thidh v`the > thg`piou, dokhk. ]oklor`gshhi l`s`g ukuk dhi
dhdh > thidh d`stross ihphs, poi`icghthi vjghe lrok`tus, suhrh ihphs
thkfhbhi rbjig` fhshb bheus.

]okor`gshhi
]okor`gshhi ]oiuinhic
• ]okor`gshhi ehfjrhtjr`uk, rhd`jejc` dhi k`grjf`jejc`.
 Qotyhitj, DF, dgg. ]ioukji`h. Dhehk > ]odjkhi ]oehyhihi Kod`s @ghthi Djgtor Hihg @idjios`h. @DH@. 6==0. b. 6?=-6?4

]OKOV@GQHHI ]OI_INHIC
 

]okor`gshhi Ehfjrhtjr`uk
• Torchituic ot`jejc`. ]ioukji`h fhgtor`he >
eougjs`tjs`s (99soe ]KI), `ilogs` Abehkyd`h ghdhic
d`tokughi
k`gjpehskhojs`ijl`e`h,
> eougjs`t pioukji`h
ijrkhe hthuv`rus hthu
sod`g`t koi`icght.

]okor`gshhi Vhd`jejc`
• Chkfhrhi gjisje`dhs`
gjisje`dhs` phdh phroig`k phru,
`ietrht hevoje`, `ietrht phtaby, poi`icghthi
ajrhghi frjigjvhsgueor
frjigjvhsgueor..
 Oiccrhnh Kjsos Q`e`tjich. Frjigjpioukji`h. 6=81. Bhe >8-82

]OIHTHEHGQHIHHI
Torhp`  jx`coi

For`ghi jgs`coi phdh hihg doichi QhtJ6 5 0=%

HTH_

 Thidh >
-Q`hijs`s soitrhe
-
Gosue`thi k`iuk hg`fht soshg
-Kor`ib sohp ghe` forihphs
-Thr`ghi d`id`ic dhdh yhic forht
-]oiuruihi goshdhrhi
-
Lroguois` Ihphs 9 3= x/kit
 Oiccrhnh Kjsos Q`e`tjich. Frjigjpioukji`h. 6=81. Bhe >8-82
V`abhrd O. Fobrkhi, Vjfort K. Ge`ockhi, Ghroi N. Kjrodhito, Bhe F. Noisji. ]ioukji`h. Dhehk> Ioesji Ossoihes jl pod`htr`as. Od`s` ?. ]b`ehdoepb`h> Oesov`or @ia7 6==<. b. ?=1-?=0

]OIHTHEHGQHIHHI
 

 Hitf`jtgh
 Hitf`jtgh

Hkjgs`s`e`i 2=- Or`trjk`s`i 4=-<= Hkp`s`e`i ?= kc/gc @\ HF E`i` goduh >

8== kc/gcFF/bhr` hp < nhk Qor`hgsji (2=
kc/gcFF/bhr` d`fhc` 1-4 djs`s dhi Coithk`s`i 3.? kc/gc @K /@\
d`fhc` 6 djs`s kc/gc @\ hp 64 nhk soghe` sobhr`)

VHSHT NHEHI VHSHT @IH]

 Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Vov`sod SBJ Aehss`ahji hid Trohtkoit jl Ab`edbjjd ]ioukji`h ht Bohetb Lha`e`os. Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Qw`tzorehid. 6=84
Oiccrhnh Kjsos Q`e`tjich. Frjigjpioukji`h. 6=81. Bhe >8-82

]OIHTHEHGQHIHHI
 

Torhp` Quppjrtl

]hsghi phtois` Hip`rog n`gh

 nhehi ihphs dokhk icc`

N`gh d`dhphtghi koic` Hsuphi HQ@/jrhe n`gh

kokuicg`ighi
dhpht d`for`ghi
frjigjd`ehtjr N`gh dhg f`sh jrhe
for`ghi / ICT
 Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Vov`sod SBJ Aehss`ahji hid Trohtkoit jl Ab`edbjjd ]ioukji`h ht Bohetb Lha`e`os. Sjred Bohetb Jrchi`zhji. Qw`tzorehid. 6=84
Oiccrhnh Kjsos Q`e`tjich. Frjigjpioukji`h. 6=81. Bhe >8-82

GJK]E@GHQ@
GJK]E@GHQ@ & ]VJCIJQ@Q

Gjkpe`ghs` > olus` peourh, okpyokh, pioukjtjaoeeo, frjig`ogths`s, hfsos phru

]rjcijs`s > fh`g doichi porhwhthi jpkhe sosuh` ahush

 ]ioukji`h. Dhehk > @eku Gosobhthi Hihg 1. Fhc`hi @eku Gosobhthi Hihg Lhgueths Godjgtorhi _i`vors`ths @idjios`h7 802?. bhe. 8660-8614

FHF @\

]OKFHBHQHI
 

GHQ_Q TOJV@  HIHKIOQ@Q


Frjigjpioukji`h
 porhdhichi    pioukji`h
phdh phroig`k ejfuehr`s
phru yhic tornhd` suhtu
torejghe`s`r yhic
]hs`oi koruphghi hihg ehg`-ehg` forus`h 6
 f`hshiyh koicoih` frjig`jeus dhi nuch koicoih`
thbui 0 fuehi, doichi soshg ihlhs,fhtug hevojeus d`sog`thriyh.
fordhbhg, p`eog dhi dokhk. ]hs`oi dhg

koichehk` gof`ruhi Conheh ge`i`s   t`kfue f`hshiyh koidhdhg hithrh eh`i

fhtug, dokhk t`icc` torus koiorus, soshg , gof`ruhi
sog`thr kueut, koicc`c`e (phdh hihg), gonhic (phdh
 fhy`), dhi iyor` dhdh. Qoeh`i `tu, dhpht pueh t`kfue conheh
 poiuruihi ihlsu khghi.
 

GHQ_Q TOJV@
]okor`gshhi s`g 

Conheh ge`i`s yhic dhpht d`tokughi phdh

 pokor`gshhi l`s`g >
]hdh phs`oi `i` d`tokughi rbjig`
rbjig` dhi
 dhi • dokhk t`icc` (≯12,?=A),
wbooz`ic phdh
wbooz`ic  phdh goduh ehphic phru d`sorth` • thg`pioh,
hdhiyh rotrhgs`
rotrhgs`  sufajsthe
sufajsthe dhi
 dhi subu fhdhi • rotrhgs` (sufajsthe, `itorajsthe, suprhstorihe ),
),
torugur 12.3=A ihphs aup`ic b`duic,
• bohd ijd`ic,
• s`hijs`s,
• rbjig` dhi wbooz`ic
 

GHQ_Q TOJV@
]okor`gshhi ]oiuinhic

  ]hdh bhs`e ehf phs`oi d`dhpht ghb SFA yhic Frjigjpioukji`h fhgtor`he, dhpht d`tokughi
koi`icght yh`tu 88.62x8=1E eougjs`tjs`s doichi
eougjs`tjs`s  doichi prodjk`ihi soe ]KI.

]hdh ljtj tbjrhx thkphg -  Chkfhrhi

gjisje`dhs`   phdh phroig`k phru, `ietrht
gjisje`dhs` `ietrht  
hevoje`, `ietrht phtaby,
phtaby, poi`icghthi ajrhghi
frjigjvhsgueor
 

GHQ_Q TOJV@
THTHEHGQHIH

]hs`oi dhthic doichi VV > <=x/koi`t dhi QpJ6 22%, • Torhp` jgs`coi   Dhpht koiccuihghi ihshe ghiue 
gokud`hi d` @CD d`for`ghi J6 suicgup ?epk QpJ6
02% hthu suicgup  uitug koinhch shturhs` jgs`coi. N`gh
kuicg`i cuihghi jgs`coi yhic d`eokfhfghi.
Bhr` go4 porhwhthi J6 IQ 8 epk QpJ6 00%
Bhr` go< porhwhthi phs`oi sudhb dhg koiccuihghi
QpJ6 00% rjjk h`r
• Qthtus b`drhs`   thg`pioh dhi dokhk koi`icghtghi
]hdh 1 bhr` porthkh porhwhthi, phs`oi d`for`ghi torhp` gob`ehichi ah`rhi, dhi kokporphrhb dob`drhs`. N`gh
ah`rhi @\LD D?% IhAe =,4?% - 4= tpk (k`grj),
bhr` go4
go4 dhi sotorusiyh phs`oi d`for`ghi dhg tornhd` dob`drhs` dhpht d`for`ghi ah`rhi
 @\LD D?% IhAe =,4?% - 6= tpk (k`grj)
  rukhthi.
 

GHQ_Q TOJV@
THTHEHGQHIH

]oiht
]oihthehgshihhi
hehgshihhi phdh phs`oi `i` hdhehb • ]okfor`hi hif`jg p`e`bhi porthkh phdh
pokfor`hi hif`jg Fhatosyi (Hk`p`s`e`i
frjigjpioukji`h yh`tu hif`jg `itrhvoih
Quefhathk) ?== kc hp 86 nhk dhi Coithk`s`i
3?kc hp 64 nhk.
nhk. hkp`a`e`i 4= kc/gcFF/ghe` hp < nhk dhi
phdh bhr` rhwht go1 hif`jg phs`oi d`chi
dhr` Fhatosyi koinhd` Aoljth
Aoljthx`ko
x`ko ?==kc hp coithk`a`i 3,? kc/gcFF/ghe` hp 64 nhk.
nhk.
86 nhk ]`e`bhi goduh yh`tu aor`hx
aor`hxjio
jio 6?-?=
kc/gcFF/ghe` hp 86nhk.
86nhk.
 

GHQ_Q TOJV@
THTHEHGQHIH

Ththehgshih s`ktjkhs > Torhp` Q`ktjkhs

Hk`ije`i <=kc/86nhk dek IhAe =.0% bhf`s dhehk 8 nhk
]hrhaothkje
]hrhaothkje 8?=kc/ 2nhk/ @\
Vhi`d`io 8=kc/86 nhk/@\
]uyor fhtug 1x8 puev
Iofue ajkf`voit
ajkf`voit 8 rospue + IhAe =,0% 6,?aa/ 2 nhk
³
 Hip`rogh d`for`ghi f`eh tordhpht lofr`s.
³  Kugje`g/ ogspogtjrhis.
³  Higjivueshi7 dhpht d`porkfhicghi f`eh gonhic
³  Gjrgjstorj`d dhpht d`for`ghi phdh ghsus yhic
forht (gjisje`dhs` khs`l), htoeogths`s, @ietrhs` k`e`or
(doichi soshg dhi s`hijs`s).
 

FHF \

Q@K]_EHI
 

Frjigjpioukji`h yh`tu suhtu porhdhichi phdh phroig`k phru yhic

torejghe`s`r yhic f`hshiyh koicoih` frjig`jeus dhi nuch koicoih` hevojeus
d`sog`thriyh.

]oiochgghi d`hcijs`s frjigjpioukji`h yh`tu dhr` hihkios`s d`goeubghi

fhtug, dokhk icc`, soshg, pokor`gshhi s`g d`tokughi dokhk icc`

(≯12,?=A), thg`pioh, rotrhgs`, rbjig` dhi wbooz`ic dhpht tordoichr phdh

 H  I
husgueths`, sorth d`ehgughi nuch pokor`gshhi poiuinhic.
     ]  _  E
  K
 K
  Q  @
 

]oihthehgshhi frjigjpioukji`h forchituic phdh icght gophrhbhi

poiyhg`t. Frjig
Frjigjpioukji`h
jpioukji`h r`ichi dhpht
dhpht d`rhwht
d`rhwht nhehi doichi pokfor`hi
hif`ja dhi phdh frjigjpioukji`h forht foruph hif`jg `itrh
` itrhvoih,
voih,
jgs`coi, torhp` supjrl dhi s`ktjkhg

Doichi torhp` hdoguht, kjrthe`ths frjigjpioukji`h d`porg`rhghi dhpht koiahph`

gurhic dhr` 8%. Bhe torsofut forchituic gophdh ukur hihg, forhtiyh poiyhg`t dhi
poiyue`t yhic koiyorth`

 H  I
     ]  _  E
  K
 K
  Q  @
]OD@HTV@
 

EH]JVHI GHQ_Q

TOV@KH
GHQ@B
V Q F B H PH
P H I C G H V H T G . @ @ @ N H PH
PH ] _ V H