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Masonry Introduction
■ It may also be defined as construction of building units bounded together with
mortar. The selection of the type of material (i.e. brick or stone etc) for the masonry
is made keeping in view the requirement of strength, water proofing, thermal
insulation ,fire resistance, durability and economy.
■ Masonry may defined as the construction of building units bonded tougher with
mortar.

MASONRY Functions of Masonry

■ Supporting Loads
■ Subdividing Space
■ Thermal Insulation
■ Acoustic Insulation
■ Fire Resistance

Types of Masonry Brick Masonry

1. Brick masonry 1. Brick masonry
2. Stone masonry 2. Stone masonry
3. Composite masonry 3. Composite masonry
4. Hollow concrete block masonry 4. Hollow concrete block masonry
5. Cavity walls 5. Cavity walls
6. Lintel & Arches 6. Lintel & Arches
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Illustration of Important Terms Illustration of Important Terms

Header: A header is a full stone unit or brick is so laid that Course: A course is a horizontal layer of
its length is perpendicular to the face of the wall. The masonry unit in stone masonry or brick
longest length of a header lies at right angles to the face of masonry.
the work. In case of stone masonry header is sometimes
Header Course: A course of brickwork only
known as Through Stone.
headers on the exposed face of the wall is
Stretcher: A stretcher is a full stone unit or brick which is so known as header course or heading course.
laid that its length is along or parallel to the face of the wall.
Stretcher Course: A course of brick work
The longest length of stretcher lies parallel to the face of the
showing stretchers on the exposed face of the
face of the work.
wall is known as the stretcher or stretching
FROG: A perforation or hole on the longer face of a brick course.
made with the object of forming an indentation for the
mortar. This hollow depression also reduces the weight and Bed: This is the lower surface of a brick or
makes it easier to handle. The depth of the frog is usually stone in each course. This is the surface of
between 10 to 20 mm. Frogged bricks should lay with the stone or brick perpendicular to the line of
frog upward and fill up with mortar. The reason is to obtain pressure.
higher strength, stability, and sound insulation.

Illustration of Important Terms Illustration of Important Terms

Bond: Bond is a term in masonry applied to the over lapping of bricks or stones in Facing: The material used in the face of the wall is known as facing
alternate courses, so that no continuous vertical joints are formed and the individual
Backing: The material used in the face of the wall is known as BAcking
units are tied together.
Hearting: The inner portion of the wall between the facing and backing is known as the
Quoins: The exterior angle or corner of a wall is known as Quoin. The stones or bricks
hearting
forming the quoins are known as stone quoins or quoin bricks.
Side: It is the surface forming the boundary of bricks or stones in a direction transverse
If the quoin is laid in such a manner that its width is parallel to the face of the wall, it is
to the face or bed.
known as Quoin Header.
Joint: The junction of adjacent units of bricks or stones is known as joint.
If the quoin is laid parallel to the face of the wall it is known as Quilon Stretcher. Quoin
stones are selected sound and large and their beds are properly dressed. Joints parallel to the bed of bricks or stones is known as bed joint.
Face: It is the surface of the wall exposed to the weather Joints perpendicular to the face of the wall is known as Cross joint or vertical joints
Back: The inner surface of the wall which is not exposed to weather is termed as Back
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Illustration of Important Terms Illustration of Important Terms

Toothing: These are bricks left projecting in alternate courses for the puposes og
bonding future masonry work.
Prepend: It is that vertical Joint on the face of the wall, which lies directly above the
vertical joints in alternate courses.
Closer: It is the portion of brick cut in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut.
Queen Closer: It is the portion of a brick obtained by cutting a brick lengthwise into two
portions. A queen closer

Illustration of Important Terms Illustration of Important Terms

Bevelled Closer: It is the special form of King Closer in which the whole length of the brick is beveled in ■ Bat: It is the portion of the brick cut across the width. A bat is smaller in length that a full brick
such a way that half width is maintained at one end and full width is obtained at the other end.
■ It the length is equal to half the length of full brick it is known as Half Bat.
Mitered Closer: It is a brick whose one end is cut splayed or mitered for full width. The angle of splay is
■ A three Quarter bat is the one having its length equal to three quarters of the length of a full
45 to 60 degree. One longer face of the mitered closer is of full length of the brick while the other
brick.
longer face is smaller in length.
■ If a Bat has its width Bevelled, it is known as Bevelled bat.
King Closer: It is the portion of a brick is so cut that width of one of its end is half that of a full brick,
while at the other end is equal to the full width. It is thus obtained by cutting off triangular piece
between the center of one end and the center of the other side.
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Brick Masonry Rules for Bonding in Brickwork

Materials Used in Brick Masonary : For getting good bond, the following rules should be observed.
■ Bricks ■ RULE-1: The bricks should be of uniform size. The length of the brick should be twice its width
plus one joint, so that uniform lap is obtained. Good bond is not possible if lap is non-uniform.
■ Mortar (Cement, Line, Mud, Cement +Lime, Lime+Surkhi)
■ RULE-2: The amount of lap should be minimum ¼ brick length along the length of the wall and ½
Strength of brick masonry depends on – brick length across the thickness of the wall.
1. Quality and strength of bricks ■ RULE-3: Avoid using brick bats unless it is necessary or required in special locations.
2. Type of mortar used ■ RULE-4: In alternate courses, the center line of header should coincide with the center line of the
stretcher, in the course below or above it.
3. The method of bonding adopted
■ RULE-5: The vertical joints in the alternate courses should be along the same vertical axis.
■ RULE-6: The stretcher should be used only in the facing; they should not be used in the hearting.
Hearting should be done in headers only.
■ RULE-7: It is preferable to provide every sixth course as a header course on both the sides of the
wall.
■ RULE-8: Use of raked and other joints that provide horizontal water tables should be avoided.
Concave and weathered joints should be provided.

Types of Bricks used in Masonry Need of Bonds in Brickwork

■ Types of bricks used in masonry work – ■ Bonds in brick-work: on account of their uniform size and shape, the bricks can be
rise to different types of bonds.
1. Traditional bricks –
■ Bonding is essential because it
Length – 20 to 25 cm, Width – 10 to 13 cm, Height – 5 to 7.5 cm
– eliminates continuous vertical joints both in the body as well as in the face of
common size – 23cm × 11.4cm × 7.6cm the wall
2. Modular bricks – – imparts strength to the masonry
normal size – 20 × 10 × 10 cm ■ Defective arrangement of bricks reduces the strength and durability of the structure
actual size – 19 × 9 × 9 cm ■ A wall having continuous vertical joints does not act as a homogeneous mass to
distribute the superimposed load.
■ Bangladesh – 9.5 × 4.5 × 2.75 in
with mortar – 10 × 5 × 3 in
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Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry

English bond
■ Commonly adopted types are:
1. English bond
■ Heading course should never start with a queen closer
2. Flemish bond - (1) single flemish bond (2) double flemish bond
■ In stretcher course, the stretchers should have a
■ Other types of bonds are:
minimum lap of ¼ their length over the header
1. Heading bond
■ 1, 2 or 3 brick thick walls (i.e., even number of half
2. Stretching bond
brick) present the same appearance on the both sides
3. Garden wall bond – (1)english garden wall bond (2) flemish garden wall bond
■ For odd number of half brick, same course will show
4. Raking bond – (1) herring-bone bond (2) diagonal bond (3) zig-zag bond stretcher on one face and header on the other
6. Dutch bond
■ In thick walls, the middle portion is entirely filled with
7. English cross bond header
8. Silver lock's bond

English Bonds
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Flemish bond 1.
■
Double flemish bond:
Each course presents the same appearance both in the face and
back of the wall
1. Single flemish bond: ■ Every course consists of headers and stretchers alternately
■ Combination of english and flemish bond ■ Best suited for consideration of economy and appearance
■ This type of bonding is comparatively weaker than english bond
■ In a course, facing is flemish and backing is
english
■ Cannot be adopted in walls having thickness less
than one and half brick
■ Provided for the attractive appearance of the
flemish bond

Flemish Bonds Flemish bond

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Comparative merits and demerits of English Other types of bonds

and Flemish bonds
■ Stretching (running) bond:
1. For walls thicker than 1.5 brick, English bond - all bricks are laid as stretchers
is stronger than Flemish bond. - bond is used for half brick wall only
2. Flemish bond renders the appearance of the - commonly adopted in the construction of half
brick of partition wall.
face work more attractive.
■ Heading bond:
3. Flemish bond is slightly economical as a
number of bats can be used. - bricks are laid as headers on the faces.
- overlap is done by a three-quarter bat in each
4. The adoption of Flemish bond requires good alternate course.
workmanship and careful supervision.
- mainly used for footings because of better
transverse distribution of loads.

Heading and Stretching bonds

Heading bond Stretching bond

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■ Garden-wall bond: English and Flemish garden-wall bonds

- suitable for one brick thick wall

- bond is not so strong, therefore, restricted
to walls which are not subjected to large
stresses.
1. English garden walls:
- brick arrangement similar to English bond
- usually one course of header and three
course of stretchers
- QC is placed next to quoin header of the
heading course to give the necessary lap.

English garden wall Flemish garden wall 2. Flemish garden wall:

- composed of one header and 3/5 stretchers
in series throughout the length.
- each alternate course contains a 3/4th bat
placed next to quoin header and a header is
laid over the middle of each central stretcher.
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■ Raking bond: Raking and Herring bone bonds

- bricks are laid at any angle other than 0 or 90 degrees
- arrangement helps to increase longitudinal stability of thick
walls.
1. Herring bone bond:
- suited for very thick walls – not less than 4 brick thick
- bricks are laid at 45 degree in two directions from centre
- commonly used for brick paving

2. Diagonal bonds: ■ English cross bond:

- bricks are inclined in one direction only
- angle of inclination is so selected that there is a minimum
cutting of the bricks
- best suited for walls which are 2 to 4 brick thick
3. Zig-zag bonds:
- similar to herringbone bond
- bricks are laid in a zig-zag fashion
- commonly adopted in brick paved flooring
- similar to English bond
- QC are introduced next to quoin header
- each alternate stretching course has header next to quoin
stretcher
- sufficiently strong and bears good elevation
■ Dutch bond:
- modification of English cross bond
- each stretching course starts at the quoin with a ¾ bat
and every alternate stretching course has header placed
next to the ¾ bat provided at the quoin
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Dutch and English cross bonds ■ Silverlock’s bond:

- headers and stretchers are laid in alternate courses
- economical but weak in strength recommended for
garden or partition wall
Dutch bond English cross bond

Tools for brick-layer Retaining wall and Breast wall

■ Hammer ■ Retaining wall:

■ Line and pin 1. Wall built to resist the pressure of liquid, earth filling, sand or other
granular material filled behind it after it is built
■ Brick axe 2. It is commonly required in the construction of hill roads, masonry dams,
■ Plumb rule abutments, and wing walls of bridges and so on
■ Breast wall:
■ Spirit level
1. It is constructed to protect the slippage of naturally slopping ground
■ Mason’s square
2. Stone walls are provided to protect the slopes of cutting in natural
■ Trowel ground from the action of weather
■ Two feet four fold rule 3. Section of wall depends upon the height of wall, nature of backing and
slope of cutting
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Conditions of Stability of Retaining walls

■ A satisfactory retaining wall must meet the following requirements:
1. The wall should be structurally capable of resisting the pressure applied to it
2. The section of the wall should be so proportioned that it will not overturn by the
lateral pressure
3. The wall should be safe from consideration of sliding
4. The weight of wall together with the force resulting from the earth pressure
action on it should not stress its foundation to a value greater than safe bearing
capacity of the soil on which it is found.
5. It is important to prevent accumulation of water behind a retaining wall. The
backing material should be suitably drained by providing weep holes
6. As far as possible long masonry walls should be provided