Rasashastra

• रसनात् सर्वधातुनाां रस इतत अतभतधयते

जरारुकमृत्युनाशाय रस्यते र्ा रसो तमतः ॥ (र.र.स.)

Paarada is having quality to assimilate almost all the

dhatus so it is called rasa.

It is able to eradicate ageing, disease and death so it is

called rasa.

• शास्त्रां ज्योतत प्रकाशाथं दशवनां बुतधः आत्मनः॥ (चरक सांतहता)

Shaastra is a light to guide one who is in the path of

knowledge.
रसशास्त्र
• रस्यते इतत रसः तां अतधकृ त्य शास्त्रां रसशास्त्रम्
रस्यते इतत रसः तत् प्रततपादकां शास्त्रां रसशास्त्रम्॥ (र.र.स.)

Science which is dedicated to rasa i.e. paarada is called as

Rasashastra.

Rasashastra is a science dealing with

• Pre-process like Shodhana,

• Processes like Sanskaara, Maarana etc

• Therapeutic use.

• of Paarada; other Minerals & Metals

 Bhaishajya

व्युत्पतत
•भेषांरोगभयम् जयतत इतत भेषजम् ॥ (अमरकोश)
The substance, that removes the fear of disease is called
Bheshaja.

• तचककत्स्यतत रोगातिर्तवयतत र्ा तनयन्त्रयतत अनेन इतत भेषजम्॥

Whatever the substance used in eradicating or preventing
disease is called Bheshaja.

भेषजां नाम तत उपकरणाय उपकल्पते तभषजो॥ (चरक सांतहता)

 Kalpana
व्युत्पतत

• कल्पयन्त्ते व्यर्स्थाप्यन्त्ते प्रयोगाः अनेन इतत कल्पः॥

The process by which various formulations are prepared is called

Kalpana.

• कल्पनां पुनः शरीर उपयोगाथं प्रकल्पनां सांस्करणतमतत॥ (चक्रपाणी)

Specified procedures being carried out on drugs to make them

compatible, adaptable and palatable to body is called as Kalpana.

• कल्पः तर्तध तर्धाने सांस्कारे ॥ (अमरकोश)

• कल्पनां योजनम् इतत अथवः॥ (अरुणदत्त)

Bhaishajya Kalpana is a science dealing with

•Collection,

•Preparation and

•Therapeutic use of various herbal drugs.

Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana is Ayurvedic
pharmaceutical science dealing with

•Herbal,

•Mineral and

•Herbo-mineral preparation

with reference to their

•Collection,

•Pre-Processes,

•Processes and

•Therapeutic use.
 Importance of Bhaishajya Kalpana

• Which अांग of अष्ाांग आयुर्ेद ?????

• आयुर्द
े प्रयोजन -

आहार कल्पना – Urjaskar, Rogaghna, Apunarbhava

औषध कल्पना

• सातत्यात् स्र्ादु अभार्ात् र्ा पथ्यां द्वेषां आगतः

कल्पनातर्तर्धेः तः तप्रयत्र्ां गमयेत् पुनः॥

• अल्पस्यातप महाथवत्र्ां प्रभूतस्य अल्पकमवताम्

कु यावत् सांयोग तर्भाग काल सांस्कार युतितभः॥ (च.सां.)
•योगात् अतप तर्षां तीक्ष्णां उत्तमां भषजां भर्ेत्
भषजां च अतप दुयुविां तीक्ष्णां सांपद्यते तर्षां॥

• तत् एर् युिां भषज्यां यत् आरोग्याय् कल्पते॥ (च.सां.)

•बहुता तर योग्यत्र्ां अनेकतर्धकल्पना सांपतः च इतत चतुष्कः अयां द्रव्याणाां गुण उच्यते॥
(च.सां.)

• बहुकल्पां बहुगुणां सांपिां योग्यां औषधम्॥ (अ.ह्र.)

 Development of Bhaishajya Kalpana
Use of primary formulations i.e. Swarasa, Kalka, Kwatha, Hima, Phanta and
Churna since vedic period.

Benefits –
•Instant preparation
•Easy to prepare
•No need of machineries
•Used as first aid treatment

Limitations –
•Shelf-life
•Palatability
•Non-availability of fresh drugs
•Only water soluble contents are being extracted
•Higher dose
Development of secondary formulations

Vati –

•Palatability - easy to administer as compare to churna.

•Dose fixation.

•Easy to transport.

Avaleha –

•Palatability – taste is excellent due to use of sugar.

•Shelf life – sugar act as self preservative .

•Bio-availability enhances due to prakshep dravyas.

•Nutritional value.
Sneha –

•Easy to administer as it is liquid formulation.

•Lipid soluble active principles are being extracted.

•Longer shelf life.

•Nutritional value.

•Qualities of ghrita and taila are being incorporated.

Sandhan kalpana –

•Easy to administer as it is liquid formulation

•Alcohol soluble active principles are being extracted

•Longer shelf life

•Quicker action in lower dose

Other kalpanas like Kshira Paaka, Arka, Pathya Kalpana, Kshaara, Ghana etc.

Lepa, Malhar, Varti etc for external application

 Development of Rasashastra

•Origin - Dhaatu vaada & Deha vaada for pinda sthairya

•Paarada sanskaara.

•Paarada can cure all disease when sanskrut with gandhaka.

•Development of kalpanas - Kajjali, Parpati, Pottali, Kupipakva Rasayana.

•Shodhana and Maarana methods of other mineral drugs.

•Individual use of all these drugs.

•Used with herbal drugs to make them potent - Kharaliya Rasayana

 Importance of Rasashastra

अल्पमार उपयोतगत्र्ात् अरुचेः अप्रसांगतः

तिप्रां आरोग्यदातयत्र्ात् औषधेभ्यो अतधको रसः॥ (र.सा.सां.)

न दोषाणाां न दूष्याणाां न च पुांसाां परीिणम्

न देशस्य न कालस्य कायं रस तचककतत्सते & other Shlok

•Lower dose
•Quicker action
•Palatability
•Shelf life
•Enhancing potency of herbal drugs so it can be used in lower dose
•Can cure asaadhya vyadhis also
 Concept of Aushadh & Bhaishaj

• भेषरां ोगभयम् जयतत इतत भेषजम् ॥ (अमरकोश)

• तचककत्स्यतत रोगातिर्तवयतत र्ा तनयन्त्रयतत अनेन इतत भेषजम्॥

• भेषजां नाम तत उपकरणाय उपकल्पते तभषजो॥ (चरक सांतहता)

• योगात् अतप तर्षां तीक्ष्णां उत्तमां भषजां भर्ेत्

भेषजां च अतप दुयुविां तीक्ष्णां सांपद्यते तर्षां॥

• तत् एर् युिां भषज्यां यत् आरोग्याय् कल्पते॥ (च.सां.)

• ओषो नाम रसः सो अस्याां धीयते यत् तत् ओषतधः
ओषात् आरोग्यां आद्यते तस्मात् ओषतधः ओषधः॥

• बहुकल्पां बहुगुणां सांपिां योग्यां औषधम्॥ (अ.ह्र.)

• यथा तर्षां यथा शस्त्रां यथा अतनः अशतनः यथा तथा औषधां अतर्ज्ञातां तर्ज्ञातां अमृतां यथा॥

• औषधां तह अनतभज्ञातां नामरुपगुणः तरतभः तर्ज्ञातां च अतप दुयुविां अनथावय उपपद्यते ॥

• Aushadh – Shodhan, Shaman (A.H.)

• Aushadh Varga – Lavan, Kshaar, Triphala, Trikatu, Chaturjat, Panchkol,

Panch-Panchmoola etc Raw Material (A.H.)
• तचककतत्सतां व्यातधहरां पथ्यां साधनां औषधम्
प्रायतितां प्रशमनां प्रकृ ततस्थापनां तहतम्
तर्द्यात् भेषज नामातन…

• भेषज are of two types – प्रायः स्र्स्थस्य उजवस्कर – र्ृष्य, रसायन - आहार
आतुरस्य रोगनुत् – प्रायः रोगानाां प्रशमे - औषध
प्रायः शब्दो तर्शेषाथो तह उभयां तह उभयाथवकृत्

• All Dravya in the universe are considered as an Aushadh (A.H.)

• यरातिताः कमवगण
ु ाः कारणां समर्ातय यत् तत् द्र्व्व्यम्॥
• द्रव्य types – शमन, कोपन, स्र्स्थतहत (A.H.)
दोषप्रशमन, धातुप्रदूषण, स्र्स्थर्ृतौ मतां (च.सां.)

• बहुता तर योग्यत्र्ां अनेकतर्धकल्पना सांपतः च इतत चतुष्कः अयां द्रव्याणाां गुण

उच्यते॥ (च.सां.)

four types of dravyas in च. सू. १–

• फलः र्नस्पतत – having only fruits
• पुष्पः र्ानस्पत्य फलः अतप – having fruits and flowers
• ओषध्यः फलपाकान्त्ताः – its life ends on ripening of fruits (annual plants
i.e. धान्त्य)
• प्रतानः र्ीरुधः स्मृताः – identified by tendrils (तांतु of climbers by which it
climbs).
 Sankaara
सांस्कारो तह गुणाांतराधानम् उच्यते॥ (च.तर्.१/२१-२२)

ते गुणाः
20 गुण
•तोय सतिकषव
Guru – Laghu
•अतन सतिकषव
Mand – Tiksna
•शौच Hima – Ushna
•मन्त्थ Snigdha – Ruksha
•देश ShlakshNa – Khar
•काल Saandra – Drava

•र्ासन Mrudu – KaThin

Sthir – Sar
•भार्ना
Sukshm - Sthool
•कालप्रकषव
Vishad - Pichchhil
•भाजनाकदतभः अधीयन्त्त॥
े
Toya sannikarsha – reaction with water or liquid

•Solvent media for water soluble extractives

•Base in sandhan kalpana and in avaleha for syrup formation

•Binding agent in vati

•Water solube physical impurities removed

•Kathina drugs converted in Mridu form leads to easy extraction

•Example - Kalka, Kwatha, Hima, Phanta, Vati, Avaleha, Sneha, Sandhana

Kalpana, Pathya Kalpana, Kshira Paaka etc.

Agni sannikarsha – reaction by heating - chemical

•Guru drugs converted in laghu form leads for easy assimilation

•Fasten extraction process

•Evaporation of volatile impurities

• To obtain CDC (Chief Desired Characters) of many formulations

•Converted in assimilable form to body by particular compound formation

•Kwatha, Phanta, Avaleha, Sneha, Arishta, Pathya Kalpana, Kshira Paaka,

Bhasma, Parpati, Pottali, Kupipakva Rasayana etc.

Shaucha – cleaning or washing with water

Physical impurities removed.

Kind of pre-operative process.

Mantha – to churn, to stir, to mix or to shake well

•Guru drugs converted in laghu form leads to easy assimilation

•Particle size reduction

•Takra, Kharjur Manth, Chinchaa Paanak, Shatdhauta Ghrita.

Desha – Site for collection of raw material, procedure, storage.

Particular environmental conditions like Temperature, Humidity etc.

Kaala – Time of collection, process, aushadha sevana kaala (KshaNaadi

Vyadhi Avastha cha Kaalo Bheshaj Yogakrut)

Sandhan kalpana should be prepared in summer or winter.

Bhaavana – Levigation

Process in which the material is completely submerged with the liquid media

and triturated till complete absorption of liquid into the powder.

BHAVANA :

यत् चूर्णणतस्य धात्र्ादेः द्रर्ः सांपेष्य शोषणम्

भार्नां तत् मतां तर्नः भार्ना च तनगद्यते ॥

Objectives :

• To bring minute particles of the material in contact with the liquid.

• Absorption of properties of the media to the material.

• Transformation of the coarse powder to finer state.

• To prepare the material for further processing as in shodhana.

• Leads to unique and suitable physico-chemical changes.

• To potentiate the efficacy of the material as in Amalaki Rasayana.

Amount of liquid media : यार्त् चूर्णणतां द्रव्यां आद्रवताां व्रजेत्

Gravimetrically equal to the amount of material to be levigated.

Volumetrically so much, that the material can be immersed completely.

Procedures : Levigation method, Soaking method

• In case decoction used, eight times water should be added to the drug and

should be reduced to one eighth by boiling.

Chief desired characters :

•Desired shape can be given to the material after levigation.

•It will turn into flat shape, if pressed between finger tips.

•It will be soft in touch.

सुभातर्त – तचतपटीभूय चूणवताम्, मादवर्युि

दुभावतर्त – सहसादीणवम,् खरस्पशव, न कोमल

Changes during Bhavana process :

Physical changes :

Reduction in hardness : By continuous grinding the hard material become soft

in consistency.

Increase in weight : The organic and inorganic contents of the media are
impregnated in the material causing gain in weight.

Particle size reduction : By continuous and repeated rubbing action between

two surfaces helps in reduction in particle size.

Binding agent : In Kharaliya Rasayana during Bhavana liquid media acts as a

binding agent.

Trace elements supplement : Every liquid media contains some inorganic

substances. In Bhasma preparation the organic components are burnt but the
inorganic contents transfer to the Bhasma and act as trace elements.
Chemical changes :
Chemical reaction : because of heat produced during levigation and samyoga
sanskaara of material and media.

Formation of desired compound : In Marana process, liquid media during

grinding may helps in chemical reaction between two.
e.g. During Bhavana , silver (Ag) reacts with sulphur (S) to form Ag2S.

Biological changes :
• Reduction in the particle size helps in absorption and increase bioavailability.

• Induction of trace elements helps in many physiological processes.

• Formation of desired compound increases the therapeutic efficacy.

• Organic components of the liquid media are transferred to the material to

make it organo-metallic or organo-mineral compounds, which are favourable
to the body.
Vaasana – Flavouring
Increases Palatability and Bio-availabbility.

Kaala prakarsha – Duration of time

•3/6 hours Swedana, 1/2 days Bhaavana, duration of Sneha paaka acc. to
media
•Shelf-life
•Asava-Arishta preparation.

Bhaajana - Vessel for collection, process, storage

Should be non-reactive, Heat stable, unbreakable.
e.g. Sandhaan Kalpana, Sudha varga dravya, Paarada etc.
 Basic principles of
Bhaishajya Kalpana

Paribhaasha
Maana Paribhasha
Collection
Anukta Grahan Niyam – Aushadh Naamkaran
 Sanskaara
Anupaana
Maatra
Bhaishajya Kaala
Shelf-life
 Paribhaasha

अव्यि अनुि लेशोि सांकदग्धाथव प्रकातशका॥

Paribhaasha helps to understand things which are not

described or incompletely described; hidden
principles and controversial theories in literature.

Hidden principles
Reading between the lines
Elaboration
Controversial theories
तरफळा – हररतकी, तबतभतकी, आमलकी

तरकटु – शुांठी, मररच, तपप्पली

तरजात – त्र्क् , एला, पर

चतुजावत – त्र्क् , एला, पर, नागके शर

तरमद – तर्डांग, नागर, मुस्ता

चतुर्स्नह
े – घृत, तल, र्सा, मज्जा

दशमूल – तबल्र्, अतनमन्त्थ, श्योनाक् , पाटला, गम्भारी

शालपणी, पृष्णपणी, बृहती. कां टकारी, गोिुर

पांचकोल् – तपप्पली, तपप्पलीमूल, चव्य, तचरक, शुांठी

पांचलर्ण – सैंधर्, सौर्चवल, तबड, रोमक, सामुद्र
षटलर्ण - सैंधर्, सौर्चवल, तबड, रोमक, सामुद्र, चुतल्लकालर्ण

Saidhav – Found in punjab near sindhu river

Sauvarchal - Swarji Kshaara + 8 times water. Add Q.S. Saindhav in this

mixture and fill the liquid in earthern pot. Then heated till
water evaporated

Bid Lavan – Romak Lavan + Amalaki Churna, kept in earthern pot and
heated till color of pot becomes red hot

Romak - Prepared from water of Saambhar Lake (Rajasthan).

Previously it was procured from Rome river. So, it is
callled Saambhar /Romak.
Chullika lavan - Navsadar
िारद्वय – यर्िार, स्र्र्णजकािार
िाररय – यर्िार, स्र्र्णजकािार, टांकणिार

िारपांचक – यर्िार, स्र्र्णजकािार, मुष्किार, पलाशिार, ततलिार

िाराष्क – यर्िार, स्र्र्णजकािार, पलाशिार, ततलिार, र्स्नुतहिार, चचचािार,

अपामागविार, अकव िार

Swarji Kshaara – Kshaara obtained from Kantakaari plant by general

method (Rasa Tarangini).
Prepared from Laano named plant found in punjab and it
should be dissolved in water and filtered 7 times through
cotton cloth according to Vd. Harishankar Sharma.

• िाराः सर्े मलां हन्त्युः अम्लां शोधन जारणम्

मान्त्द्यां तर्षातण तनघ्नतन्त्त र्स्नग्ध्यां र्स्नेहाः प्रकु र्वत॥
े
अम्ल र्गव – जतम्बर, तनम्बुक, बीजपूरक, अम्लर्ेतस, अतम्लका, नारां ग, दातडम, र्ृिाम्ल, चाांगरे ी,
चणकाम्ल, ककव न्त्धु, करमदव, चुकक्रका.
अम्लपांचक –जतम्बर, तनम्बुक, मातुलग
ुां , अम्लर्ेतस, नारां ग.

द्रार्कगण – गुड, गुांजा, गुग्गुलु , मधु, सर्णप, टांकण

शोधनगण – काच, टांकण, तशप्रा(शुति)

मधुररय – घृत, गुड, मातिक

पांचमृततका – र्ल्मीकमृततका, इतष्का, गररक, लर्ण, भस्म

पांचामृत – गव्य िीर-दतध-घृत, मातिक, शकव रा

रि र्गव – कु सुम्भ, खकदर, लािा, मांतजष्ठा, रिचन्त्दन, अिीर्, बन्त्धुजीर्, कपूवरगतन्त्धनी, मातिक
 Maana Paribhasha

• मीयते अनेन इतत मानम ् (अमरकोश)

• न मानेन तर्ना युति द्रव्याणाां जायते क्वतचत्

अतः प्रयोगकायावथां मानां अर उच्यते मया॥ (शा.सां.)

• दोषाकदमानज्ञान आयत्र्ात् कक्रयायाः

न तह अमानज्ञो दोषादीनाां तभषक् व्यातधतनग्रह समथो भर्तत (च.सां.)

पौतर् तुलया - Weight,

द्रुर्य कु डर्ाकदतभ - Volume,

पाय्य हस्ताकदतभ - Length

चबदु – प्रदेतशनी अांगुली पर्वद्व्यान् मनसमुद्ध्रुतात्

यार्त् पततत असौ चबदु…….

८ चबदु – शाण अंगऱ

ु – अष्टयवमध्या*
ववतस्तत – १२ अंगऱ
ु
३२ चबदु – शुति
अरस्नन – २२ अंगऱ
ु
२ शुति – पातण शुति
हतत – २४ अंगुऱ
व्याम – ४ हतत

*अष्टयवमध्या - length of a thread which is passed through 8 yava

 काचलगां मागधां च इतत तद्वतर्धां मानां उच्यते. काचलगात् मागधां िेष्ठां मानां मानतर्दो तर्दुः॥ ( शा.सां.)
MAAGADH MAANA ऩयााय Modern

३० ऩरमाणु त्रसरे णु वंशी

६ वंशी मररचि

६ मररचि रास्िका
(सषाऩ भेद)
३ रास्िका सषाऩ (गौर
सषाऩ)
८ सषाऩ यव

४ यव गुंिा रस्नत 125 mg

६ रस्नत माष हे मधान्यक 1 gm

४ माष शाण धरण, टं क

२ शाण कोऱ ऺुद्रक् , वटक, द्रं ऺण 6 gm

२ कोऱ कषा ऩाणणमातनका, ऩाणणतऱ, ककंचिनऩाणण, करमध्य, अऺ, वऩि,ु ततन्दक ु , 12 gm

बिडाऱऩदक, षोडशशका (१६ माषा), हं सऩद, सुवणा, कवऱग्रह, उदम्
ु िर

२ कषा शुस्तत अधाऩऱ, अष्टशमका (८ शाण) 24 gm

 Maagadh Maana ऩयााय Modern

२ शुस्तत ऩऱ मस्ु ष्ट (नख अन्त् मुस्ष्ट), आम्र, ितुचथाका (४ कषा), प्रकुञ्ि, 48 gm
षोडशी (१६ शाण), बिल्व
२ ऩऱ प्रसतृ त प्रसत
ृ (प्रसाररत अंगशु ऱ करतऱ) 96 gm

२ प्रसत
ृ अंिशऱ (करद्वय कुडव, अधाशराव, अष्टमान 192 gm
शमशऱत
संऩुटाकार)
२ कुडव शराव मातनका, अष्टऩऱ 384 gm

२ शराव प्रतथ 768 gm

४ प्रतथ आढक भािन, कंसऩात्र, ितु्षस्ष्टऩऱ 3.072 kg

४ आढक द्रोण कऱश, नल्वण, उमाण, उन्मान, घट, राशश 12.288 kg

२ द्रोण शूऩा कंु भ, ितु्षस्ष्टशराव 24.576 kg

२ शूऩा द्रोणी वाही, गोणी 49.152 kg

४ द्रोणी खारी ४०६० ऩऱ 196.61 kg

2000 Pala = 1 Bhaar = 96 Kg

100 Pala = 1 Tulaa = 4.8 Kg

Kudava – मत
ृ ् वऺ
ृ वेणु ऱोहादे ् भाण्डं यनितुगऱ
ुा म ्
ववततीणं ि तथा उच्िं तन्मानं कुडवं वदे त ्

weight or volume of material which is filled in a vessel having height and internal
diameter of 4 angula. Vessel could be prepared of bamboo, wood, metal etc.

माष टांक अि तबल्र्ातन कु डर्ः प्रस्थां आढकम्

रातशः गोणी खाररक इतत यथोत्तर चतुगण ुव ाः॥

गुांजाकद मानमारभ्य यार्त् कु डर्तस्थततः

द्रर्ाद्रवशष्ु कद्रव्याणाां तार्त् मानां समां मतम्॥ Included in General Principles

प्रस्थाकद मानमारभ्य तद्वगुणां तत् द्रर्ाद्रवयोः

मानां तथा तुलायाः च तद्वगुणां न क्वतचत् स्मृतम्॥
कशऱयग
ु े नरस्तथतत - मन्दास्नन, ह्रतव, हीनसनव अत् काशऱंग मान – तत ् योनय मात्रा अथे

KAALINGA MAANA ऩयााय

१२ गौरसषाऩ यव

२ यव गुंिा

३ गुंिा वल्ऱ

७ or ८ गुंिा माष

४ माष शाण तनष्क, टं क

६ माष गद्याण

१० माष कषा

४ कषा ऩऱ १० शाण

४ ऩऱ कुडव

From Prastha – Same as Maagadh Maana

 Collection Time, Place, Method

How it should be – Time -

तर यातन शाखा, अतचरप्ररुढां पलाशां – र्षाव, र्सन्त्त

•कालजातातन मूलातन – ग्रीष्मे

•उपागतसांपण
ू प्र
व माण रस र्ीयव गन्त्धातन शीणवप्ररुढ पणाव – तशतशरे

•काल आतप अतन सतलल पर्न जन्त्तुतभः अनुपहत त्र्क् कन्त्द िीर – शरकद

•गन्त्ध र्णव रस स्पशव प्रभार्ातण प्रतत अग्रातण सार – हेमन्त्ते

•उदीच्याां कदतश तस्थतातन; पुष्प फल – यथा ऋतु

•शरकद अतखलकायावथं ग्राह्यां सरसां औषधम् ॥

तर्रे कर्मनाथं च र्सन्त्तान्त्ते समाहरे त॥
् (शा.सां.)
Place - Desha – Jangal, Aanup, SadharaN

•आनेया तर्न्त्ध्यशलाद्याः सौम्यो तहमतगररः मतः॥

• पांचमहाभूत अनुसार - Aakash, Vaayu, Agni, Jal, Prithvi

Contraindicated places
• र्तल्मक
•कु तत्सत
•आनूप
•अश्म
•स्मशान
•उषरमागवजाः॥
जन्त्त-ु र्तनन-तहम व्याप्ता न औषध्यः कायवतसतधदाः ॥
Method - गृतियात् तातन

•सुमनाः

•शुतचः

•प्रातः

•सुर्ासरे

•आकदत्यसांमख
ु ो

•मौनी

•नमस्कृ त्य

•तशर्ां ह्रकद

•साधारणधरा द्रव्यां गृतियात्

•उत्तरातितम्
अतत स्थूल जटा – त्र्क्
सूक्ष्म मूल – सकल (पांचाांग)

न्त्यग्रोधाकद – त्र्क् (र्ट – आम्र – प्लि – जम्बूक)

बीजकाकद – सार (तर्जयसार – खकदर – असन - बब्बूल)

तालीसाकद – पलाश (कु मारी – नागर्ल्ली - परशाक)

तरफलाकद – फल (तप्रयांगु – कां कोल – मदनफल )

धातक्याकद – पुष्प

र्स्नुह्याकद - िीर
 General Principles /
Anukta Grahan Niyam

• एकमतप औषधां योगे यतस्मन् यत् पुनः उच्यते

मानतो तद्वगुणां कायं तत् द्रव्यां तत्त्र्दर्णशतभः

• नर्ातन एर् तह योज्यातन द्रव्यातण अतखलकमवसु

तर्ना तर्डांगकृ ष्णाभ्याां गुडधान्त्याज्यमातिकः॥

नर् अभार्े - अनततक्रान्त्त र्त्सरम्

पुरातनत्र्ां - सांर्त्सरात् उपरर
• शुष्कां नर्ीनां यत् द्रव्यां योज्यां सकल कमवसु
आद्रं च तद्वगुणां युज्यात् एष सर्वर तनियः

• गुडुची कु टजो र्ासा कू ष्माांडः च शतार्री

अश्वगांधा सहचरी शतपुष्पा प्रसाररणी
प्रयोिव्या सदर् आद्राव तद्वगुणा नर् योजयेत्
र्ीयव उत्कृ ष्त्र्ात् तद्वगुणा न कायाव.....

• गुांजाकद मानमारभ्य यार्त् कु डर्तस्थततः

द्रर्ाद्रवशष्ु कद्रव्याणाां तार्त् मानां समां मतम्॥

• प्रस्थाकद मानमारभ्य तद्वगुणां तत् द्रर्ाद्रवयोः

मानां तथा तुलायाः च तद्वगुणां न क्वतचत् स्मृतम्॥
• योग नामकरण –
– यदौषधं तु प्रथमं यतय योगतय कथ्यते
तत ् नाम्ना एव स योगो हह कथ्यते अत्र ववतनश्िय्

• काले अनुिे प्रभातां स्यात् अांगे अनुिे जटा भर्ेत्

भागे अनुिे साम्यां स्यात् पारे अनुिे च मृण्मयम्॥
द्रर्े अनुिे जलां ग्राह्यां तले अनुिे ततलोद्भर्म्॥

• व्याधेयि
ुव ां यद्द्रव्यां गणोिमतप तत् त्यजेत्
अनुिमतप यत् युिां योजयेत् तर तत् बुधः
• चूणवर्स्नह
े ासर्ा लेहाः प्रायः चन्त्दनातन्त्र्ताः
कषायलेपयोः प्रायो युज्यते रिचन्त्दनम्॥ (शा.सां.)

अर्लेहग्रहणेन - गुरटकाग्रहणां
कषाय – पांचतर्धकषाय कल्पना
प्राय - in general and not as rule because in एलाकद चूणव (used for
छर्ददतनग्रहण), रि चन्त्दन is used because its karma is छर्ददतजत्
Shelf-life औषधीनां काऱाततक्रमेण हीनाचधकगण
ु नवम ्

गुणहीनां भर्ेत् र्षावत् उध्र्ं तत् रुपां औषधम्

मासद्वयात् तथा चूणं हीनर्ीयवत्र्ां आप्नुयात्॥
हीनत्र्ां गुरटकालेहौ लभेते र्त्सरात् परम्
हीनाः स्युः घृततलाद्याः चतुमावसातधकात् तथा॥
औषध्यो लघुपाकाः स्युः तनर्ीयाव र्त्सरात् परम्
पुराणाः स्युः गुणः युिाः आसर्ाः धातर्ो रसाः॥ (शा.सां.)

पुराण – तचरकालतस्थत बहुसांर्त्सर उतषत

 Kalpana Classical Indian gazzette
Churna 2 months 2 years

Gutika 1 year 3 years

Avaleha 1 year 3 years

Ghrita 16 months 2 years

Taila 16 months 3 years

Aasav-Arishta infinite infinite

Dhaatu Bhasma, Rasa Kalpa infinite 10 years for

mandur and
lauha kalpa
Arka, Netrabindu 1 year
 Kalpana Classical Indian Gazzette

Swarna-Rajat-Lauha-Mandoora- Infinite

Abhraka-Godanti-Shankha Bhasma,
Kupipakva Rasayana,
Rasaushadhi,
Parpati, Pishti

Naaga-vanga-tamra Bhasma, 5 Years

Rasaushadhi Gutika, Guggulu, Drava,

Lavan, Kshaar, Hard Gelatine Capsule

Ghana Vati, Lepa, Malhara, Lepa Guti, 3 Years

Pravahi Kwatha, Liquid Orals, Soft

Gelatin Capsules
 Anupaana

• यथा तलां जले तिप्तां िणेन् एर् प्रसपवतत

अनुपानां बलात् अांगे तथा सपवतत भेषजम्॥ (शा.सां.)

• अनुपानां तहतां युिां तपवयतत आशु मानर्म्

सुखां पचयतत च आहारां आयुषे च बलाय च॥ (च.सां.)

Anu Paana / Saha Paana

Mostly liquid
Sometimes powder also
• To increase therapeutic efficacy of drug e.g. dashamoola kwatha with
yogaraj guggulu in vaata-vyadhi

• To reduce toxicity or side effect of drug e.g. milk with gandhak

formulations

• For easy digestion e.g. warm water with Sneha

• For easy absorption of drug e.g. Amalaki with Lauha preparation

• For particular action e.g. Honey with sitopaladi churna for kapha
chhedana

• Palatability e.g. Honey with Vaasa Swarasa

• Supportive action e.g. warm water with anuloman drugs

• According to dosha
 Maatra

•मारा काल आियो युति तसतधः युिौ प्रतततष्ठतः॥ (च.सां.)

• तस्थततः नातस्त एर् मारायाः कालां अतन र्यो बलम्

प्रकॄ चत दोष देशौ च द्रष््र्ा मारा प्रकल्पयेत॥
् (शा.सां.)

ह्रस्र्मारा – मन्त्दातन, हीनसत्र्ा, कलौ * that is why Kaaling Maan is mentioned

Aahar Maatra – Agnibala apekshini

Dravya apekshini

Aushadha Maatra - Roga Bala

Rogi Bala
Agni Bala
Kalpana
Dose Calculation

Source – Slide Share

Source – Slide Share
Source – Slide Share
Source – Slide Share
Source – Slide Share
 भषज्यां अभ्यर्हरे त् प्रभाते प्रायशो बुधः
Bhaishajya Kaala
कषायाः च तर्शेषण
े …..

च.सां. अ.ह्र. अ.सां. शा.सां. उपयोग

तनरि अनिम् अभि सूयोदये जाते तपत्त कफ प्रकोप, र्मन, तर्रे चन, लेखन
भिादौ अिादौ प्राक्भि कदर्स भोजने अपान र्ायु दुतष्
भिमध्ये मध्ये मध्यभि समान र्ायु दुतष्
पिातभिम् अन्त्ते अधोभि सायन्त्ते भोजने व्यान र्ायु दुतष्
भिसांयि
ु म् सािम् सभि अरुतच, अतनमाांद्य
अनन्त्तरभि व्यान र्ायु, दीप्तातन
सामुद्ग सामुद्ग सामुद्ग तहक्का, आिेपक, कां प
मुहुः मुहुः मुहुः मुहुः मुहुः मुहुः तृष्णा, छर्दद, तहक्का, श्वास
ग्रासे ग्रासे ग्रासे सग्रास उदान र्ायु दुतष्
ग्रासान्त्तरे कर्लान्त्तरे ग्रासान्त्तर उदान र्ायु दुतष्
तनतश तनतश तनतश उध्र्वजरु तर्कार, लेखन, बृांहण, पाचन, शमन

अियुि बाल, सुकुमार, औषधद्वष, अरुतच, सर्ांग गत

व्यातध
 Stability study

Real time – 1 year -at interval of 0,1,3,6,12 months

Accelerated – 6 months - at the end of 6 months

Storage conditions
Real time – Temperature : 25 ∘ C ⩲ 2
Relative Humidity : 60% ⩲ 5

Accelerated – Temperature : 40 ∘ C ⩲ 2
Relative Humidity : 75% ⩲ 5

Evaluation – Organoleptic parameters, Physico-chemical parameters,

Microbial load etc
 Dosage Form Parameters to be evaluated
Churna / Powder/ LOD, Ash Value, Acid insoluble Ash, pH, Water Soluble
Lepa Extractives, Alcohol Soluble Extractives, Particle Size
determination, Microscopic Studies, Chromatography
Gutika / Tablet / LOD, Ash Value, Acid insoluble Ash, pH, Water Soluble
Guggulu /Ghana / Extractives, Alcohol Soluble Extractives,
Lepa Guti Chromatography, Hardness, Disintegration time,
Weight variation

Avaleha LOD, Ash Value, Acid insoluble Ash, pH, Water Soluble
Extractives, Alcohol Soluble Extractives,
Chromatography, Sugar content
Sneha LOD, pH, Water Soluble Extractives, Alcohol Soluble
Extractives, Chromatography, Solid Content, Specific
Gravity, Refractive Index, Saponification Value, Acid
Value, Fatty Acid (saturated/unsaturated)

Aasav-Arishta / Solid Content, Specific Gravity, LOD, pH, Water Soluble

Pravahi Kwatha Extractives, Sugar content, Alcohol Content,
Chromatography
 Dosage Form Parameters to be evaluated

Bhasma, LOD, Ash Value, Acid insoluble Ash, Atomic Emission

Kupipakva, Rasa Spectroscopy, XRD, XRF, Particle Size determination,
Kalpa Qualitative test for particular Metal/Mineral

Malhara / pH, Saponification Value

Ointment /
Shatdhaut Ghrita

Kshaara / Lavan LOD, Ash Value, Acid insoluble Ash, pH, Sodium-
Potassium-Iron content

Kshaarasutra LOD, Sulphated Ash, pH, Water Soluble Extractives,

Hexane Soluble Extractives, Total Alkalies, Sodium,
Potassium, Curcumin, Length, Weight, Diameter,
Tensile Strength

* Microbial load, Heavy Metal content for all

 Lod – moisture content

To check Microbial growth

Especially for hygroscopic materials

•2 gm accurately weighed sample,

•Taken in a dried and previously weighed Petri-dish,
•Dried in an oven 110°C till constant weight,
•The weight after drying is noted and loss on drying is
calculated in percentage.
Ash value

To check adulteration
Content of inorganic materials like silica

•2 gm accurately weighed sample,

•Taken in a dried and previously weighed Crucible,
•Heated in EMF on 450°C to procure carbon free ash,
•Ash value is calculated in percentage.
Tablet hardness TABLET DISINTEGRATION TIME
Between 5 to 10 kg/cm2 Average 15 minutes
for uncoated tablet
 Storage / Preservation

Importance –

• if not done properly,

drug can get spoiled physically or quality / efficacy wise.
it will not give desired effect.
it can give side effect or other unwanted effects.

• important for
maintain the drug through out the shelf life.
increase the shelf life.
Place – Maintenance of Temperature, Humidity, Light

Spacious with high ceiling and proper ventilation

No chances of contamination with water and insects etc.

Proper sterilization and hygienic conditions

Other desirable conditions –

Racks should be off the floor.

Must be labeled properly.

Poisonous dugs separately.

Different Dosage forms separately.

Rule 161 – Labeling, Packing and Limit of Alcohol in
Ayurvedic (including Siddha) or Unani Drugs
 Name of the drug (classical),
 Ingredients with quantity*,
 Reference with Adhikaran,
 If it contains drugs under Schedule E (1), Caution: To be taken under medical
supervision,
 Name and address of the manufacturer,
 Manufacturing License Number,
 Batch number or Lot number,
 The date of manufacture - completion of the final product or the date packing,
 The words “Ayurvedic medicine” ,
 The words “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY” if in case,
 Physicians sample. Not to be sold.

Expiry date, Dose ???????

 Classical reference

गृहोत्र्ा च

अनुरुप गुणर्त् भाजनस्थातन

आगारे षु प्राक् -उदक् द्वारे षु

तनर्ात प्रर्ात देशेषु

तनत्य पुष्पोपहारबतलर्त्कमवष,ु

अतन-सतलल-उपस्र्ेद-धूम-रजो-मूषक-चतुष्पद अनतभगमयातन

स्र्र्च्छिातन तशक्येषु आसज्य स्थापयेत॥

् (चरक सांतहता)
 Methods
Final
Raw Material
Product

For For Internal

sampling use

Sampling – Drying as it is in herbarium

Fresh drugs preserved with Formalin/Spirit/by Radiation
For Internal Use of Raw Material & for Final Product

Containers

• Well Closed –

To prevent contamination of external materials.

To prevent loss of Contents during transport, Storage and Handling.

To prevent loss of potency.

• Air Tight –

To protect contents from environmental conditions.

To avoid contamination of Liquids, Solids or Vapors.

• Hermetically Sealed –

Does not allow air and other gases to pass through

For injectables mainly

• Light Resistant –

For drugs which undergo decomposition by light.

Light resistant amber colored or opaque container.

• Single Dose – Ampoule for injectables.

• Multi Dose –

Does not alter quality and efficacy of drug when re-used.

• Aerosol Containers -

Container must be able to bear pressure at which drug is filled.

Closures

• Cork –

Generally wood of oak tree.

Inert and does not implant odor.

Sometimes part of wood get mixed with liquid and putrefied also.

• Glass –

Breakable.

Chances of leakage of drug.

Limited for reagent bottles in laboratory.

• Plastic –

Unbreakable.

Light in weight.

Easily molded in various size and shape.

Should be tested for reaction with drug or any other extractive

material in it.

Reaction with temperature should also be evaluated.

• Rubber –

Latex obtained from rubber plant – heavea braziliensis.

It is processed so that it does not implant its odor into the drug.

Mainly used for vials, multi-dose containers or I/V fluid bottles.

It has self sealing property and it can bear temperature while sterilization.

• Metal -

Tin plate and Aluminum.

Mostly Aluminum because it is ductile in nature and molded easily in

various size and shape.

• Strip & Blister packing -

For capsule and tablet

Strip – drug is hermetically sealed between strips of aluminum foil /

Plastic film.

Blister – drug is enclosed in transparent blister and suitable packing

material like aluminum foil.

Stabilizers – used to increase or maintain stability

• Anti oxidant –

Should be stable and effective against wide range of pH.

Colorless and Tasteless.

Non-toxic.

Non-irritant.

Thermo-stable.

Compatible with drug and packing material (non reactive)

Sodium Bisulphate, Ascorbic Acid etc.

• Preservative – to prevent microbial growth

Should be stable and effective against wide range of Microbes.

Soluble in drug.

Colorless and Tasteless.

Non-toxic.

Compatible with drug and packing material (non reactive)

Benzoic Acid & Sodium Benzoate, Salicylic Acid, Methyl Paraben etc.
Refrigerator and other Temperature Regulatory Units

Concentrated Sugar – Dip In Syrup Or Preparation Of Syrup

Oil Preservation - Pickles

Red Chilly – Wheat

Lime Powder - Sunthi