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Computerized Accounting

Accounting can be simply defined as  “ The Language of Business ”

Accounting:

is an information system that identifies, records, and communicates relevant, reliable,


and comparable information about an organization’s business activities.
:‫المحاسبه‬

‫هو نظام معلومات يحدد ويسجل وينقل المعلومات ذات الصلة والموثوقة والقابلة للمقارنة حول األنشطة التجارية‬
‫للمؤسسة‬

Financial Accounting:

collect and process transaction data and communicate the financial information to


interested parties.
.‫جمع ومعالجة بيانات المعامالت وإبالغ المعلومات المالية لألطراف المهتمة‬
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O‫ المعلومات المحاسبيه‬O‫مستخدمين‬

Users of Accounting Information

External Internal
Users Users

Lenders Consumer Managers Sales Staff


Shareholders Groups Officer/Director Budget Officers
Governments External Internal Auditors Controllers
Auditors
Customer

Most businesses, except for the smallest, use computerized systems, also
called Electronic Data Processing (EDP) systems.
، ‫ أنظمة محوسبة‬، ‫ باستثناء الشركات الصغيره‬، ‫تستخدم معظم الشركات‬

ً ‫تسمى أي‬
.)EDP( ‫ضا أنظمة معالجة البيانات اإللكترونية‬

These systems handle every step in the accounting process from recording the
financial transaction to preparing the financial statements.
‫تتعامل هذه األنظمة مع كل خطوة في العملية المحاسبية من تسجيل المعاملة المالية إلى إعداد البيانات‬
.‫المالية‬
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Businesses are constantly improving their systems technology in order to remain


competitive and to stay in compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 

‫تعمل الشركات باستمرار على تحسين تكنولوجيا أنظمتها من أجل الحفاظ على قدرتها التنافسية واالمتثال‬
2002 ‫ لعام‬Sarbanes-Oxley ‫لقانون‬

‫الحد من النشاط االحتيالي باستخدام البرامج‬

Curbing Fraudulent Activity with Software


The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) requires that companies demonstrate that they have
adequate controls in place to detect significant fraudulent behavior by employees.

‫ الكتشاف السلوك االحتيالي الكبير من قبل‬O‫) أن تثبت الشركات أن لديها ضوابط كافية مطبقة‬SOX( ‫يتطلب قانون‬
O.‫الموظفين‬
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The SOX requirements have created a huge market for software that can
monitor and trace every recorded transaction and adjusting entry.
.‫ سو ًق ا ضخمة للبرامج التي يمكنها مراقبة وتتبع كل معاملة مسجلة وتعديل اإلدخال‬SOX ‫لقد خلقت متطلبات‬

 This enables companies to pinpoint who used the accounting system and when
they used it.
.‫يتيح ذلك للشركات تحديد من استخدم نظام المحاسبة ومتى استخدموه‬

 These systems also require “electronic signatures” by employees for all


significant transactions.

ً ‫تتطلب هذه األنظمة أي‬


.‫ضا "توقيعات إلكترونية" من قبل الموظفين لجميع المعامالت الهامة‬

 Such signatures verify that employees have followed all required procedures, and
that all actions are properly authorized.

‫ وأن جميع اإلجراءات مصرح بها بشكل‬، ‫تؤكد هذه التوقيعات أن الموظفين قد اتبعوا جميع اإلجراءات المطلوبة‬
.‫صحيح‬

 One firm that specializes in compliance software had 10 clients prior to SOX and
250 after SOX.

.SOX ‫ بعد‬250 ‫ و‬SOX ‫ عمالء قبل‬10 ‫شركة واحدة متخصصة في هذه البرامج كان لديها‬

 Note that small businesses have no standards like SOX and often do not have
the resources to implement a fraud–prevention system.

‫ و غالبًا ما ال تمتلك الموارد الالزمة لتنفيذ نظام منع‬SOX ‫الحظ أن الشركات الصغيرة ليس لديها معايير مثل‬
.‫االحتيال‬

 As a result, small businesses lose nearly $630 billion to fraud each year.
.‫ مليار دوالر بسبب االحتيال كل عام‬630 ‫ تخسر الشركات الصغيرة ما يقرب من‬، ‫نتيجة لذلك‬

 To address this problem, more sophisticated software is being designed for small
business fraud prevention.

.‫ يتم تصميم برامج أكثر تعقي ًدا لمنع االحتيال في األعمال التجارية الصغيرة‬، ‫لمعالجة هذه المشكلة‬
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Manual versus Computerized system

Manual accounting:
The process of keeping records by hand ‫عملية حفظ السجالت باليد‬

Computerized accounting:
With substantial increase in the number of transactions; the technological advances,
and the maintenance of accounting data on a real time basis becomes almost
essential.
‫ والحفاظ على البيانات المحاسبية على أساس‬، ‫مع زيادة كبيرة في عدد المعامالت ؛ إن التقدم التكنولوجي‬
.‫الوقت الحقيقي أصبح أم ًرا ضروريًا تقريبًا‬

An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method for tracking


accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources.
‫يعد نظام المعلومات المحاسبية عمو ًم ا طريقة تعتمد على الكمبيوتر لتتبع نشاط المحاسبة باالقتران مع موارد‬
.‫تكنولوجيا المعلومات‬

An accounting information system combines traditional accounting practices, such as


the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) , with modern information
technology resources.

( ‫ مثل مبادئ المحاسبة المقبولة عمو ًما‬، ‫يجمع نظام المعلومات المحاسبية بين ممارسات المحاسبة التقليدية‬
.‫ مع موارد تكنولوجيا المعلومات الحديثة‬، )GAAP
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O‫ األنظمة اليدوية مقابل األنظمة المحوسبة‬O‫ وسلبيات‬O‫إيجابيات‬

Pros and Cons of Manual Versus computerized systems

 Speed
 Accounting software processes data and creates reports much
faster than manual systems.

 Calculations are done automatically in software programs, minimizing


errors and increasing efficiency.

 Once data is input, you can create reports literally by pressing a button
in a computerized system.

 Cost
 Manual accounting with paper and pencil is much cheaper than a
computerized system, which requires a machine and software.

 Other expenses associated with accounting software include training


and program maintenance.

Expenses can add up fast with costs for printers, paper, ink and other
supplies.

 Backup

 in a computerized system, All transactions can be saved and


backed up, in case of fire or other mishap.

 You cannot do this with paper records, unless you make copies of
all pages--a long and inefficient process

Basis of Difference Manual Computerized


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Accounting Accounting
1. Definition Physical register of journal Using computer and
and ledger for keeping the different accounting
records of each transaction. software for digital record
of each transaction.

2. Calculations All calculation of adding Our duty is to record the


and subtracting are done transactions manually in
manually. the database.

All the calculations are


done by computer system.

3. Ledger Accounts In manual accounting, we Computerized accounting


check the journal and then system will automatically
we transfer figures to process the system and will
related accounts' debit or make all the accounts
credit side through manual ledgers because we have
posting. pass the voucher entries
under its respected ledger
account.

4. Trail Balance Prepared manually. Produced automatically.

5. Adjustment Both adjustment journal Only adjustment entries will


entries record entries and its posting in pass in the computerized
the ledger accounts will be accounting system,
done manually one by one.
posting in the ledger
accounts will be done
automatically.

6. Financial We must make the financial We need not prepare


statement statements manually by financial statement
careful transferring trial manually, financial
balance's figures in income statements will become
statement and balance automatically.
sheet.
O‫ األنظمة اليدوية مقابل األنظمة المحوسبة‬O‫ وسلبيات‬O‫إيجابيات‬

Pros and Cons of Manual Versus computerized systems


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A. Manual System
Advantage:‫مميزات‬

 Cheap workforce and resources; ‫قوى عامله وموارد رخيصه‬

 independence from ‫واالستقالل على األالت‬

Disadvantage:‫عيوب‬

 Reduced speed, increased effort of accountants, relatively slower


internal control reporting,
، ‫ وتباطؤ نسبيًا في إعداد تقارير الرقابة الداخلية‬، ‫ وزيادة جهود المحاسبين‬، ‫انخفاض السرعة‬

 routine work.‫عمل روتينى‬

B. Computerized System
Advantage:‫مميزات‬

 High speed and mobility of reporting, reliability, no routine work,


increased accuracy, internal control system of increased productivity,
easy back up and restoration of records

Disadvantage:‫عيوب‬

 Extremely high costs on developing, special trainings for personnel,


increased personnel costs, dependence on machines.

‫قواعد استخدام االنظمه المحوسبه‬


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Rules of Using Technology in Accounting and Other Business Applications:

 COST versus Benefit Analysis‫المنفعه‬ ‫التكلفه مقابل‬

Cost versus Benefit Analysis:

Rule1: Technology must benefit your company.


‫البد ان تنتفع الشركه من النظام المحوسب‬

Rule2: If technology does not benefit your business, do not need it.
‫ اذن لن تستخدمه‬.. ‫اذا لم تنتفع الشركه من النظام‬

Rule3: the benefits from using technology in your business should exceed the cost of

developing and maintaining it.


‫البد ان تمون المنفعه من وراء النظام المحوسب اعلى من تكلفته‬

Thus, small and medium businesses usually prefer manual accounting without
detriment to quality
‫تفضل الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة عاد ًة المحاسبة اليدوية دون اإلضرار بالجودة‬

While large corporations apply complex accounting systems which cost millions
dollars but the effect from their application exceeds all the expectations
‫بينما تطبق الشركات الكبيرة أنظمة محاسبية معقدة تكلف ماليين الدوالرات‬

‫إال أن تأثير تطبيقها يفوق كل التوقعات‬

“How to use Microsoft Excel for small business accounting?”


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What is spreadsheet?
• Alternatively referred to as a worksheet, ‫تدعى ايضا ورقه عمل‬

• a spreadsheet is a computer application or program that enables the user to


tabulate and collate data.
.‫جدول البيانات هو تطبيق أو برنامج كمبيوتر يمكّن المستخدم من جدولة البيانات وترتيبها‬

• This data can then be used to make calculations, show graphical representations
or analysis. It is developed as computerized simulations of paper accounting
worksheets , the ruled sheet of paper and the calculator).

‫ تم‬.‫يمكن بعد ذلك استخدام هذه البيانات إلجراء العمليات الحسابية وإظهار التمثيالت الرسومية أو التحليل‬
.)‫ ورقة مسطرة وآلة حاسبة‬، ‫تطويره كمحاكاة محوسبة ألوراق عمل المحاسبة الورقية‬

Pros of Spreadsheet applications:)‫(المميزات‬ O‫االيجابيات‬


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 It can display data in numerous ways such as text and numerals or in graphical
form.
.‫يمكنه عرض البيانات بعدة طرق مثل النص واألرقام أو في شكل رسوم بيانية‬

 What makes a spreadsheet Software program unique is its ability to calculate values


using mathematical  formulas and the data in cells.
‫ما يجعل برنامج جداول البيانات فري ًدا‬

.‫هو قدرته على حساب القيم باستخدام الصيغ الرياضية والبيانات الموجودة في الخاليا‬

 Spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets


‫يمكن أن يحتوي برنامج جداول البيانات على عدة أوراق متفاعلة‬

 The spreadsheet is useful for what-if analysis: Users may adjust any stored value
and observe the effects on calculated values. Hence, many cases can be rapidly
investigated without manual recalculation modern.
:‫يعد جدول البيانات مفي ًدا لتحليل ماذا لو‬

‫ يمكن التحقيق‬، ‫ ومن ثم‬.‫يمكن للمستخدمين تعديل أي قيمة مخزنة ومراقبة التأثيرات على القيم المحسوبة‬
.‫في العديد من الحاالت بسرعة دون إعادة الحساب اليدوي الحديث‬

 Can input and output data from other programs.


.‫يمكن إدخال وإخراج البيانات من البرامج األخرى‬
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‫ لجداول البيانات‬O‫االستخدامات المحاسبية‬

Accounting Uses of Spreadsheets


 Many accounting systems modules including ledger, trial balances, and financial
statements.

 Preparation of invoices, receipts, etc.

 Cost statements.

 Application of quantitative models in accounting such as breakeven analysis and


financial statement analysis

 Preparation of budgets, recording performance, and analysing variances.

 Monthly payroll calculations.

 Bank reconciliation statements.

 Other planning purposes.


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Commonly Used Terminology

• A spreadsheet comprises of a grid of cells arranged in rows and


columns and information can be inserted into each cell.

• Spaces that hold items of data are called “cells”.

• Each cell is labelled according to its placement

(for example, A1, A2, A3...)

• It is generally designed to hold numerical data and short text strings. 

• Spreadsheets can consist of a number of different worksheets that can


include different data as well as enabling cells on one worksheet to be
used and referenced on other different worksheets.

• A formula is a calculation based from the contents of cells or a total of a


combination of cells.

• The total in that formula can change if the content of the combination
cells used is also amended.
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