Name: Abdimajid Mohamed Hassan IV/325/19

Tutor: Drs Hibo Nuura

Title: assignment of physiology of gametogenesis

Date: 18/04/2021

a) Gametogenesis

Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, takes place through the process of
meiosis. During meiosis, two cell divisions separate the paired chromosomes in the
nucleus and then separate the chromatids that were made during an earlier stage of the
cell’s life cycle. Meiosis produces haploid cells with half of each pair of chromosomes
normally found in diploid cells. The production of sperm is called spermatogenesis and
the production of eggs is called oogenesis.

b) Types of gametogenesis:-

Spermatogenesis:

Maturation takes place under the influence of testosterone, which removes the
remaining unnecessary cytoplasm and organelles. The excess cytoplasm, known as
residual bodies, is phagocytosed by surrounding Sertoli cells in the testes. The resulting
spermatozoa are now mature but lack motility, rendering them sterile. The mature
spermatozoa are released from the protective Sertoli cells into the lumen of the
seminiferous tubule in a process called spermiation.

Spermatogenesis is highly sensitive to fluctuations in the environment, particularly

hormones and temperature. Seminiferous epithelium is sensitive to elevated
temperature in humans and is adversely affected by temperatures as high as normal
body temperature. Consequently, the testes are located outside the body in a sack of
skin called the scrotum. The optimal temperature is maintained at 2 °C below body
temperature in human males. This is achieved by regulation of blood flow and
positioning towards and away from the heat of the body by the cremaster muscle and
the dartos smooth muscle in the scrotum. Dietary deficiencies (such as vitamins B, E,
and A), anabolic steroids, metals (cadmium and lead), x-ray exposure, dioxin, alcohol,
and infectious diseases will also adversely affect the rate of spermatogenesis.

Oogenesis:

Oogenesis, in the human female reproductive system, growth process in which the

primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovum. In any one human generation, the
egg’s development starts before the female that carries it is even born; 8 to 20 weeks
after the fetus has started to grow, cells that are to become mature ova have been
multiplying, and by the time that the female is born, all of the egg cells that the ovaries
will release during the active reproductive years of the female are already present in the
ovaries. These cells, known as the primary ova, number around 400,000. The primary
ova remain dormant until just prior to ovulation, when an egg is released from
the ovary. Some egg cells may not mature for 40 years; others degenerate and never
mature.

The egg cell remains as a primary ovum until the time for its release from the ovary
arrives. The egg then undergoes a cell division. The nucleus splits so that half of its
chromosomes go to one cell and half to another. One of these two new cells is usually
larger than the other and is known as the secondary ovum; the smaller cell is known as
a polar body. The secondary ovum grows in the ovary until it reaches maturation; it
then breaks loose and is carried into the fallopian tubes. Once in the fallopian tubes, the
secondary egg cell is suitable for fertilization by the male sperm cells.

References:

 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-bio1-1/chapter/gametogenesis/
 https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book
%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/
26%3A_The_Reproductive_System/
26.4%3A_Physiology_of_the_Male_Reproductive_System/26.4C
%3A_Spermatogenesis
 https://www.britannica.com/science/oogenesis