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Senior High School

Pre - Calculus
Module 7:
Solving Situational Problems
Involving Conic Sections

AIRs - LM
LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7
STEM – Pre - Calculus
Module 7: Solving Situational Problems Involving Conic Sections
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Nelson C. Laconsay


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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7
Senior High School

Pre - Calculus
Module 7:
Solving Situational Problems
Involving Conic Sections

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-
by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each


SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if
you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or
facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7
Target

Solving problems involving conic sections require understanding on


the definition, nature, and characteristic of a circle, an ellipse, a parabola,
and a hyperbola. Plotting points and identifying the essential parameters
(center, vertex, directrix, focus, major axis, minor axis, and asymptote) help
you visualize the type of conic section.

In your previous lesson, you are done with recognizing the equation
and important characteristics of the different types of conic sections. It is
only after transforming a given general equation 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0
to standard form that you can identify whether it is a non-degenerate case
(circle, parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola) or a degenerate case (point,
intersecting lines, or empty set).

This module will provide you with information and activities that will
help you understand how to solve problems involving conic sections.

After going through this module, you are expected to:


1. Solve situational problems involving conic sections (STEM_PC11AG-
Ie-2).

Learning Objectives:
1. Recall the different properties of the conic sections
2. Recognize the standard form of equation of the different conic
sections
3. Apply the properties of conic sections in solving real-life problems

Pretest
Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the correct
answer for each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

1. A seismological station is located at (0, -5), 5 km away from a straight


shoreline where the x-axis runs through. The epicenter of an earthquake
was determined to be 5 km away from the station. Which is the equation of
the curve that contains the possible location of the epicenter?
A. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 52 B. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 5)2 = 52
C. (𝑥 − 5) + 𝑦 = 5
2 2 2
D. (𝑥 + 5)2 + 𝑦 2 = 52

For numbers 2 to 4: A ferris wheel is elevated 1 m above the ground. When a


car reaches the highest point on the ferris wheel, its altitude from ground
level is 11 m.

2. Which gives the center and radius of the ferris wheel?


A. C(0,5) r=10 B. C(0,5) r=11 C. C(0,6) r=5 D. C(0,6) r=6

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3. Which is the correct standard form of equation?
A. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 102 B. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 112
C. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 52 D. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 62

4. How far away from the center, horizontally, is the car when it is at an
altitude of 9 m?
A. 2 m B. 3 m C. 4 m D. 5 m

5. Which equation models a parabola opening upward with vertex at the


origin?
A. 𝑥 2 = 4𝑐𝑦 B. 𝑥 2 = −4𝑐𝑦 C. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑐𝑥 D. 𝑦 2 = −4𝑐𝑥

For numbers 6 and 7: An engineer plans to design a 15-ft wide and 4-ft deep
satellite dish with a parabolic cross-section.

6. Which equation models the problem given the vertex is at the origin?
A. 𝑥 2 = 4𝑐𝑦 B. 𝑥 2 = −4𝑐𝑦 C. 𝑥 2 = 15𝑦 D. 𝑥 2 = −15𝑦

7. How far is it from the deepest part of the dish?


A. 3.25 ft B. 3.52 ft C. 5.23 ft D. 5.32 ft

For numbers 8 and 9: The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape
of a parabola. The towers supporting the cable are 500 feet apart and 150
feet high and the cable, at its lowest, is 50 ft above the bridge at its
midpoint.

8. Which equation models the problem?


A. 𝑥 2 = 625(𝑦 − 50) B. 𝑥 2 = −625(𝑦 − 50)
C. 𝑥 2 = 50(𝑦 − 625) D. 𝑥 2 = −50(𝑦 − 625)

9. How high is the cable at a point 150 feet from the center of the bridge?
A. 66 ft B. 76 ft C. 86 ft D. 96 ft

For numbers 10 and 11: A whispering gallery is in a shape of a semi-


elliptical arch. Two gentlemen are standing in this 40-ft high and 120 ft-
wide gallery.

10. What is the equation of the ellipse?


𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. + 1600 = 1 B. + 800 = 1
3600 1600
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
C. + 800 = 1 D. + 900 = 1
3600 1600

11. How far from the center should the gentlemen stand if they would like to
whisper back and forth and hear each other?
A. 35 ft B. 40 ft C. 45 ft D. 50 ft

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For numbers 12 and 13: The arch of a bridge is in the shape of a semi-
ellipse, with its major axis at the water level. It is 30 ft high in the middle
and 140 ft across its major axis.

12. What is the equation of the ellipse?


𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. + 600 = 1 B. + 1400 = 1
1400 3600
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
C. + 900 = 1 D. + 900 = 1
3600 4900

13. How high above the water level is the arch, at a point 40 ft from the
center horizontally?
A. 24.62 ft B. 25.74 ft C. 26.42 ft D. 27.45 ft

14. A comet’s path can be modeled by one branch of a hyperbola


𝑦2 𝑦2
− 41820 = 1, in which its focus is the sun. Each unit is 1 million miles.
1260
Assuming non-negative points, what are the coordinates of the sun?
A. (0, 203.35) B. (0, 205.87) C. (0, 207.56) D. (0, 209.02)

15. Two radar sites track an airplane flying on a hyperbolic path. Radar A is
located at (0,0) and shows to be 200 miles away at a certain time. Radar B is
located 160 miles east from Radar A and shows the airplane to be 100 miles
away at the same time. What is the equation of the hyperbola where the
plane could be located?
(𝑥−80)2 𝑦2 (𝑥−50)2 𝑦2
A. − =1 B. − =1
2,500 3,900 5,000 6,400
(𝑥−80)2 𝑦2 (𝑥−50)2 𝑦2
C. − 2,000 = 1 D. − 2,000 = 1
6,400 5,000

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Jumpstart

Activity 1: Property Check!


Directions: Study the table below. Put a check to which conic section does
each property applies.

Circle Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola


1. Radius

2. Center

3. Vertex (Vertices)

4. Co-Vertex (Co-vertices)

5. Focus (Foci)

6. Directrix
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
7. + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
8. 𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑦
2

9. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
10. − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Activity 2: How High is the Tunnel?

Directions: Read and understand the problem below. Answer what is being
asked.

A single-lane street 10 ft wide goes through a semicircular tunnel with


radius 9 ft. How high is the tunnel at the edge of each lane?

1. What conic section is used?


A. Circle B. Ellipse C. Hyperbola D. Parabola

2. Which of the following is the correct given information?


A. the radius is 10 ft and the width of the street is 9 ft
B. the radius is 9 ft and the width of the street is 10 ft
C. the vertex is 10 ft and the distance to the focus is 9 ft
D. the vertex is 9 ft and the distance to the focus is 10 ft

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7
3. Which graph illustrates the problem?
A. B.

C. D.

4. Which is the standard form of equation?


A. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 10 B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10 C. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 D. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 92

5. Which is the approximated height of the tunnel at the edge of each lane?
A. 3.56 ft B. 5.68 ft C. 7.48 ft D. 8.19 ft

Discover

Conic sections have interesting applications into real-life situations.


Historically, Apollonius, known as “The Great Geometer”, was among the
first to study conic sections more than 200 years B.C. and further
introduced terms which are familiar today, such as circle, parabola, ellipse,
and hyperbola.

Conic sections oftentimes appear in nature and are significant in the


different fields. The properties of circles are used in building tunnels,
wheels, and an application on Global Positioning System (GPS). The
properties of parabolas are used in signal collectors, solar energy collectors,
and reflectors in telescopes, and light projection. The properties of ellipses
are evident in orbits of the planets around the sun and whispering galleries.
The properties of hyperbolas have been used in the design of certain
telescopes and navigation systems such as the long range navigation
(LORAN).

Solving word problems involving conic sections requires understanding on


the equations of each. It is essential also to give importance to the pieces of
information in the problem. In addition, drawing or graphing these pieces of
information in the Cartesian coordinate plane gives ease in studying the
scenario.

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Example 1: A single-lane street with two lanes, each 10 ft wide, goes
through a semicircular tunnel with radius 13 ft. How high is the tunnel at
the edge of each lane? (Round off answer to 2 decimal places)

Given:
Circle
C (0,0)
r = 13 ft

Unknown:
height of the
tunnel at the edge of 10
ft wide lane

Solution:
a. The equation is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 132 , since
(ℎ, 𝑘 )is (0,0)

b. Substitute given value of x=10; (10)2 + 𝑦 2 = 132 .


𝑦 2 = 169 − 100
𝑦 = 8.31 ft
Conclusion:
The height of the tunnel at the edge of each lane is approximately 8.31
ft.

Example 2: A satellite dish is in the shape of a paraboloid, a solid which is


generated by rotating a parabola about its axis of symmetry. It is 10 ft
across, and 4 ft deep at its vertex. How far is the receiver from the vertex, if
it is placed at the focus? (Round off answer to 2 decimal places)

Given:
Parabola, (5,4)
V(0,0)
Point on the parabola (5,4)

Unknown: c
distance from the vertex to the
focus, c

Solution:
a. The equation is 𝑥 2 = 4𝑐𝑦, since the vertex is at the origin and opens
upward
b. Substitute given point (5,4) in the equation; (5)2 = 4𝑐(4). That is,
25
c=16 or approximately 1.56 ft.
Conclusion:
The distance from the vertex to the receiver is approximately 1.56 ft.

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Example 3: A whispering gallery is a room where whispers can be heard in
some parts of the gallery. It has a semielliptical ceiling that is 9 m high and
30 m long. How high is the ceiling above the two foci? (Round off answer to 2
decimal places.)

-15 15
Given:
Ellipse;
major axis=30m;
half of the minor axis=9m

Unknown:
height of the ceiling above the two foci

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
a. The equation is 152 + 92 = 1, since the center is at the origin, half of
the major axis is 15 m, and 9 m is the half of the minor axis.

b. Solve for c, the distance from the center to the focus. Thus, 𝑐 2 =
𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 152 − 92 = 12. This means that the distance from the
center to the focus is 12 m.
122 𝑦2
c. Substitute the given in the equation: + 92 = 1. Solving for y>0.
152
𝑦2 144 27
81
= 1 − 225. This yields y= 5 which is approximately 5.40 m.

Conclusion:
The height of the ceiling above each focus is approximately 5.40 m.

Example 4. Two stations, located at A(-3,0) and B(3,0) (units in km),


simultaneously send sound signals to a ship. The signal travels at a speed of
0.80 km/sec. If the signal from station B was received by the ship 6 seconds
before the signal it received from station A, what are the coordinates
(rounded off to two decimal places) of the ship if it is 1.2 km from the shore?

Given:
Hyperbola
rate=0.80 km/sec
time of delay between two
signals=6 secs
C(0,0)

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Unknown: location of the ship if 1.2 km from the shore

Solution:
a. Difference between the distances travelled by the two signals is
calculated by the rate multiplied by the time. This gives us 𝑑 =
(0.80)(6) = 4.8 𝑘𝑚. Remember that this difference is equal to twice
the distance from the center to the vertex, 2a=4.8.
With 𝑎 = 2.4 and 𝑐 = 3, substituting in the formula 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 gives
𝑏 = 1.8 𝑘𝑚.
𝑥2 𝑦2
b. The equation is − 𝑏2 = 1. Substitute the values of a and b in the
𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
equation which gives − =1
5.76 3.24
c. The ship is located at point (x, 1.2) since it is 1.2 km from the
shore. Substitute the value of y=1.2 in the equation. This results to
𝑥2 (1.2)2
5.76
− 3.24 = 1. Since the signal from Station B was received first,
then the ship is closer to B than A which means it is on the left
branch of the hyperbola. As a result, x is approximately 2.88 km.

Conclusion: The ship is located at (2.88, 1.20) if is 1.20 km away from the
shore.

Explore
Activity 3: Let the Light Guide Me!
Directions: Solve the given problem using the table below on a sheet of
paper.

Problem: A flashlight is shaped like a paraboloid, so that if its light bulb


is placed at the focus, the light rays from the bulb will then
bounce off the surface in a focused direction that is parallel to
the axis. If the paraboloid has a depth of 1.8 in and the
diameter on its surface is 6 in, how far should the light source
be placed from the vertex?
Given:

Graph

Unknown:
Solution:
Conclusion:

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7
Deepen

Activity 4: Which Truck?


Directions: Read and understand the problem below. Copy the table below
on a separate sheet. Identify which truck will pass through the tunnel.

Problem:
A semielliptical tunnel
has a height 9 ft and a
width of 30 ft. Which
Truck A is 12 ft wide truck will be able to Truck B is 10 ft wide
and 8.3 ft high. pass through this and 8.3 ft high.
tunnel?

Given

Graph

Solution

Conclusion

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7
Activity 5: Text Twist!
Directions: Complete the statements below by arranging the jumbled letters
inside the parenthesis. Based your responses from Activity 4: Which Truck.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The two trucks only differ by ___________ (HIDWT).


2. The length of the _______________ (OJMAR XISA) is 30 ft.
3. The distance from the center to the ______________(VRECOXET) is 9 ft.
4. The center of the ellipse is located at the _____________(NIRGOI).
5. In order for a tuck to pass through the tunnel, the computed y-value
must be _____________ (ARTEREG) than its height which is 8.3 ft.

Rubrics for Scoring Activity 4: Which Truck?

Indicators Poor Good Very Good


1 point 3 points 5 points
Understanding -Show a little -Show good -Find all
of the Problemunderstanding of understanding of important parts
the problem the problem of the problem
-Does not -Know how to do -Fully understand
understand all the calculation the problem
parts of the
problem
Process and -Show some -Use one -Go beyond
Strategies thinking, but not appropriate way to expectations in
enough to solve the problem one or more ways
complete the -Use graph, -Include clear
task diagram, etc. to graph, diagram,
-Some use of show thinking etc.
graph
Accuracy -Incorrect -Solution is correct -All calculation is
solution -Small mistakes correct
-Some mistakes may exist -Correct solution
Communication -Use some math -Good use of math -Clear and
language language thoughtful
-Unable to -Procedures can answer
explain thinking be followed -Procedures are
-Not so neat -Effective use of organized and
-Not clear labels and aids labelled, easy to
-Mostly neat and understand
easy to -Effective use of
understand labels and aids
-Mostly neat and
easy to read
Total ⁄20

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Gauge

Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the correct
answer for each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

1. A seismological station is located at (0, -3), 3 km away from a straight


shoreline where the x-axis runs through. The epicentre of an earthquake
was determined to be 6 km away from the station. Which is the equation of
the curve that contains the possible location of the epicentre?
A. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 32 B. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 62
C. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 32 D. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 62

For numbers 2 to 4: A ferris wheel is elevated 1 m above the ground. When a


car reaches the highest point on the ferris wheel, its altitude from ground
level is 31 m.

2. Which gives the center and radius of the ferris wheel?


A. C(0,0) r=15 B. C(0,15) r=30 C. C(0,16) r=15 D. C(0,31) r=30

3. Which is the correct standard form of equation?


A. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 31)2 = 302 B. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 15)2 = 302
C. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 16)2 = 152 D. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 30)2 = 152

4. How far away from the center, horizontally, is the car when it is at an
altitude of 25 m?
A. 12 m B. 14 m C. 16 m D. 18 m

5. Which equation models a parabola opening downward with vertex at the


origin?
A. 𝑥 2 = 4𝑐𝑦 B. 𝑥 2 = −4𝑐𝑦 C. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑐𝑥 D. 𝑦 2 = −4𝑐𝑥

For numbers 6 and 7: A flashlight shaped like a paraboloid has its light
source at the focus located 1.25 cm from the base and is 12 cm wide at its
opening.

6. Which equation models the problem given the vertex is at the origin?
A. 𝑥 2 = 5𝑦 B. 𝑥 2 = 5.25𝑦 C. 𝑥 2 = 6𝑦 D. 𝑥 2 = 12𝑦

7. How deep is the flashlight at its center?


A. 3.47 cm B. 5.60 cm C. 7.20 cm D. 9.18 cm

8. The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola. The


towers supporting the cable are 600 feet apart and 100 feet high. How
high is the cable at a point 150 feet from the center of the bridge if its
lowest is 40 ft above the bridge at its midpoint?
A. 50 ft B. 55 ft C. 60 ft D. 65 ft
11

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7
For numbers 9 and 10: A whispering gallery is in a shape of a semi-elliptical
arch. Two gentlemen are standing in this 30-ft high and 100 ft-wide gallery.
9. What is the equation of the ellipse?
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. + 900 = 1 B. + 800 = 1
1500 1500
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
C. + 900 = 1 D. + 800 = 1
2500 2000

10. How far from the center should the gentlemen stand if they would like to
whisper back and forth and hear each other?
A. 40 ft B. 45 ft C. 50 ft D. 55 ft

For numbers 11 and 12: The arch of a bridge is in the shape of a semi-
ellipse, with its major axis at the water level. It is 20 ft high in the middle
and 120 ft across its major axis.
11. What is the equation of the ellipse?
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. + =1 B. + =1
400 3600 3600 400
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
C. + 1000 = 1 D. + 200 = 1
3000 3600

12. How high above the water level is the arch, at a point 20 ft from the
center horizontally?
A. 16.75 ft B. 17.92 ft C. 18.86 ft D. 19.08 ft

For numbers 13 to 15: Two control towers are located at points M(-500,0)
and N(500,0), on a straight shore where the x-axis runs through (all
distances are in meters). At the same time, both towers sent a radio signal to
a ship out at sea, each traveling at 400 m/µs. The ship received the signal
from tower N 2 µs (microseconds) before the message from M.
13. Which equation gives the possible location of the ship?
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. − 90,000 = 1 B. − 75,000 = 1
160,000 125,000
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
C. − 80,000 = 1 D. − 25,000 = 1
100,000 60,000

14. Which is TRUE about the difference between the distances travelled by
the two signals?
A. It is equal to the distance between the foci.
B. It is half the distance between the vertices.
C. It is equal to the distance between the vertices.
D. It is half the distance between the co-vertices.

15. What are the coordinates of the ship if it is 200 m from the shore
(y=200)?
A. (357.18, 200) B. (430.76, 200)
C. (480.74, 200) D. (518.25, 200)

12

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7
References
Printed Materials:

Department of Education. (2016). Unit 1: Analytic Geometry, Precalculus


Learner’s Material (pp. 6-59). Pasig City, Philippines.

Department of Education. (2016). Unit 1: Analytic Geometry, Precalculus


Teacher’s Guide (pp. 6-59). Pasig City, Philippines.

Love, Clyde E. and Rainville, Earl D. (1981. Analytic Geometry: MacMillan


5th Ed. Mandaluyong City: Cacho Hermanos, Inc.

Peterson, Thurman S. (1968). Calculus with Analytic Geometry: A Harper


International Edition. Quezon City: KEN Inc.

Villaluna, Thelma T. et al. (2017). Pre-calculus: Analysis and Application.


Valenzuela City: Tru-Copy Publishing House, Inc.

Website:

Algebra: Conic sections - ellipse, parabola, hyperbola. Retrieved August 16,


2021 from https://www.algebra.com/algebra/homework/Quadratic-
relations-and-conic-sections/

Analytical Rubric for Math Problem Solving. Retrieved July 25, 2020 from
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/332351647472784932/

Conics: Circles, Parabolas, Ellipses, and Hyperbolas – She Loves Math.


Retrieved August 16, 2021 from
https://www.shelovesmath.com/precal/conics/

Math Project Rubric. Retrieved July 26, 2020 from


https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/854909941738924922/

T7-2 HW odds and evens3.pdf (nrcs.net). Retrieved August 13, 2021 from
https://www.nrcs.net/Downloads/T72%20HW%20odds%20and%20e
vens3.pdf

Geogebra Application

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14
Pretest:
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. A
6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. A
11.C 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. A
Activity 1: Property Check!
Circle Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola
1. /
2. / / /
3. / / /
4. / /
5. / / /
6. /
7. /
8. /
9. /
10. /
Activity 2: How High is the Tunnel?
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C
Activity 3: Let the Light Guide Me!
The light source should be placed 1.25 in from the vertex.
Activity 4: Which Truck?
Truck B will pass through the tunnel since y=8.48 which is greater
than its height 8.3 ft.
Activity 5: Text Twist!
1. width 2. major axis 3. covertex 4. origin 5. greater
Gauge:
2. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B
12.A 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. A
11.B 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. C
Answer Key
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union


Curriclum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@deped.gov.ph
lrm.launion@deped.gov.ph

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module7

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