CN 311: Communications

Theory

Faculty of Information Technology

Misurata University
 Course contents
● Part 1: Overview of Communications.
➢ Ch 01: Introduction. Done

• Part 2: Physical Layer

➢ Ch 02: Data & Signals Done
➢ Ch 03: Digital Transmission Done
➢ Ch 04: Analog Transmission Today

➢ Ch 05: Transmission Media

➢ Ch 06:
Autumn 2016
Information Theory
CN 311: Communication Theory 2
 Chapter 04

Analog
Transmission

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 Transmission Types

• Baseband
◦ obtained by converting analog or digital data
into analog or digital signal, bandwidth = (0,
fmax)

• Bandpass
◦ band-limited signal whose minimum frequency
is different from zero, bandwidth = [f1, f2)

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Bandwidth and Power Limitations

● Bandwidth is limited by
◦ Regulation (especially in case of radio communications)
◦ Bandwidth of the medium

● Transmission power is limited by

◦ Regulations
◦ Keeping the interferences to other users of the same medium
at a reasonable level.
◦ Keeping the power consumption at a reasonable level
(especially in handheld equipment that using battery)

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 Need for Modulation
● A higher frequency may be needed for effective
transmission (ex. antenna height ).

● Modulation permits frequency division multiplexing

(multiple signals can be transmitted at the same time this
is to avoid interference.

● By operating at different frequencies Regulations permit

spectrum use over defined ranges of the available
frequency spectrum

● Thus the different radio frequencies available require a

carrier frequency to be modulated in order to occupy the
permitted radio channel.
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 Modulation
● Modulation (or conversion) is the process by which the
message signal (analog or digital) is carried by the carrier-
wave.

● The Amplitude, frequency and/or phase of the carrier-wave

is changed in proportion to the message signal.

● In the receiver the message is recovered from the carrier

through demodulation.

● An unmodulated carrier-wave carries no information.

● Usually the modulation is defined by the physical layer

standard of a particular system

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 Modulation Types
● Analog modulation: carrier-wave is analog.

● Digital modulation: carrier-wave is digital.

In this chapter, we will discuss the Analog Modulation,

which divided into;

➢ Converting a low-pass analog signal to a bandpass

analog signal is traditionally called analog-to-analog
conversion.

➢ Converting digital data to a bandpass analog signal,

traditionally called digital-to-analog conversion.
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Modulation Principle

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Analog Modulation Types
 Amplitude Modulation, AM
 

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 AM Spectrum Generalized
The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BAM = 2B.

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Limitations of AM
● Amplitude modulation is wasteful of transmitted
power
● Amplitude modulation is wasteful of channel
bandwidth
● To overcome these two limitations of AM, we must
make certain changes that result in increased system
complexity of the AM process.
◦ Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation.
◦ Single sideband (SSB) modulation.
◦ Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation,

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Double sideband-suppressed carrier
(DSB-SC) modulation
● DSB-SC modulation consists of the product of the
message and the carrier
s(t) = c(t)m(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)m(t)
● The Fourier transform of s(t) is
S(f ) =1/2 Ac [M(f − fc) + M(f + fc )]

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 AM transmission
● The bandwidth of an audio signal (speech and music) is
usually 5 kHz. Therefore, an AM radio station needs a
bandwidth of 10kHz.

● AM stations are allowed carrier frequencies anywhere

between 530 and 1700 kHz.

● However, each station's carrier frequency must be

separated from those on either side of it by at least 10
kHz to avoid interference.

● If one station uses a carrier frequency of 1100 kHz, the

next station's carrier frequency cannot be lower than 1110
kHz

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 Angle Modulation
● Angle modulation, in which the angle of the carrier wave is
varied according to the information-bearing signal

● An important feature of angle modulation is that it can

provide better discrimination against noise and
interference than amplitude modulation.

● This improvement in performance is achieved at the

expense of increased transmission bandwidth, cost and
system complexity.

● Angle modulation divided into types: frequency

modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM).

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Phase modulation (PM)

●  

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Frequency modulation (FM)

●  

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Relationship between PM and FM

● An FM wave can be generated by first integrating the

message signal m(t), then use the resulting signal as
input to a PM

● An PM wave can be generated by first differentiating

the message signal m(t), then use the resulting signal
as input to a FM

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 Frequency Modulation, FM
● In FM transmission, the frequency of the carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing voltage level
(amplitude) of the modulating signal. The peak
amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain
constant.
● The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β )B.
● The bandwidth of an audio signal broadcast in stereo is
almost 15 kHz and each station has bandwidth 200 kHz.
This mean β = 4 with some extra guard band.
● FM stations are allowed carrier frequencies anywhere
between 88 and 108 MHz. Stations must be separated
by at least 200 kHz to keep their bandwidths from
overlapping.
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(a) Carrier wave. (b) Sinusoidal modulating signal. (c) Amplitude-modulated
signal. (d) Phase-modulated signal. (e) Frequency modulated signal.
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 Phase Modulation, PM
● In PM transmission, the phase of the carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing voltage level
(amplitude) of the modulating signal. The peak
amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal remain
constant, but as the amplitude of the information signal
changes, the phase of the carrier changes
correspondingly.

● The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined

from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BPM = 2(1 + β )B.

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