,yq;if Kbahl;rpapypUe;J
tpLjiy mile;jJ
1948, my 1972,
FbauRg; nghd;tpoh epidthf (1972-2022)
yq;ifap ,Ue;j Kbahl;rpfis ifg;gw;wp
, NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xyhe;jH> Mq;fpNyaH vd
khwp khwp mtHfspd; Kbahl;rpf;Fs; ,yq;ifj;
jPit 450 Mz;LfSf;FNk itj;jpUe;jhHfs;. ,yq;if
Kbahl;rpypUe;J Kw;whf ePq;fp Fbahl;rpf;F khwpa
ehs;jhd; FbauR ehshd Nk 22. rupahf 50 Mz;Lfs; Mfp
tpl;ld.
,yq;if fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapd; fPo; 1505-1948 tiuahd 443
Mz;Lfs; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ vd;W $wg;gl;lhYk;>
cz;ikap 443 Mz;Lfs; my. nkhj;jkhf 467 Mz;L
fs; vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;wh ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpa
Kbaplk; ,Ue;J KOikahf tpLjiy mile;jJ 1972 Fb
aurhf Mdjd; gpd;dHjhd;. mJtiu gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd;
fPo;jhd; ,yq;if Msg;gl;lJ. 1948k; Mz;L ,yq;iff;F
Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;W $wpdhYk;> gpupj;jhdpah
nlhkpdpad; me;j];ijj;jhd; toq;fpaJ. G+uz Rje;jpuj;ij
my. ‘Rje;ju’j;jpd; gpd;dH 24 Mz;Lfs; gpupj;jhdpahtpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bjhd; ,yq;if ,Ue;jJ. 1795-1948 tiu gpupj;jh
dpah Mz;lJ vd;gJ gpioahd fzf;F. 1795-1972 tiu
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Kbapd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ vDk; NghJ nkhj;jk;
177 Mz;Lfs; vd;W jhd; $w KbAk;.
,e;J rKj;jpuj;jp gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ngupa fhydpj;Jt
ehlhd ,e;jpahTf;F 1947k; Mz;L Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ
vd;W $wg;gl;lhYk; mJ mg;gbay. nlhkpdpad; me;j];
ijj; jhd; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; 1947k; Mz;L nfhLj;jhHfs;. gpd;
dH 1950k; Mz;L [dtup 26 jhd; ,e;jpah nlhkpdpad; me;
j];jpypUe;J KOikahf tpLjiy mile;jJ. ,e;jpah
Mz;L NjhWk; Xf];l; 15I Rje;jpu jpdkhfTk;> [dtup 26I
FbauR jpdkhfTk; nfhz;lhb tUtij mwptPHfs;.
Mdh> ,yq;if mt;thW Fbaurhtjw;F mijtpl fhyk;
vLj;jJ. ,e;jpah G+uz Rje;jpuk; Ntz;b fLikahd Rje;
jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;j ehL. Mdh> ,yq;ifap
G+uz Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ tPupakhf ,Uf;ftpiy. murpa
rPHjpUj;jq;fisj;jhd; ,yq;ifapd; murpa jiytHfs;
NfhupdhHfs;. RNjrpfSf;F mjpf mjpfhuq;fSldhd gpupj;
jhdpa Kbapd; Ml;rpia Vw;wpUe;jhHfs;. vdNt gpupl;b\h
Uf;Fk; ,yq;ifapd; kPjhd tyhjpf;fj;ij ,d;ndhU Kf
%bAld; njhlu tha;g;G fpl;baJ. mJ jhd; nlhkpdpad;.
nlhkpdpad; vd;gJ Kbapd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPohd Ml;rpiaj;
jhd;.
gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPohd MSeupd; gpb ,Ue;jJ. mur
- 20 -
- vd;. rutzd;
jiytuhf gpupj;jhdpa kfhuhzpjhd; ,Ue;jhH. ehlhSkd;
wj;jp epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; MSeupd; ifnaOj;J
ld;jhd; rl;lq;fs; mKYf;F te;jd. ,yq;ifapd; cr;r ePjp
kd;wk; vd;gJ gpupj;jhdpahtpd; nfhkiuf; fofk; (gpuptpf;f
Td;rp)jhd; ,Ue;jJ. gpupl;ld; gilfs; tuyhk;> mDkjp
apd;wp thd; gug;ig gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ cl;gl gy
eilKiwfs; mKyp ,Ue;jd.
1948 G+uz Rje;jpuk; milatpiy:
,t;thW ,yq;ifap gpupj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J KOikahf
tpLjiyaile;j FbauR ehis Mz;L NjhWk; FbauR
ehshfTk;> Njrpa tPuHfs; jpdkhfTk; tpkupirahf 1973
Kj 1977 tiu nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. mJ mur nghJ tpLK-
iwahfTk; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. mNjNtis ,f;fh
yg;gFjpap ngg;utup 4k; jpfjpia Rje;jpu jpd tpohthf
nfhz;lhLtij epWj;jpapUe;jJ.
1977k; Mz;L N[.MH Ml;rpf;F te;jJk; Nk 22 FbauR
nfhz;lhl;lj;ij epWj;jpdhH. tpLKiw ehisAk; ,uj;J
nra;jhH. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf kPz;Lk; 1948 ngg;utup 04k; jpfjp
iaNa Rje;jpu ehshf tpkupirahf nfhz;lhLk; topKiw
iaj; njhlHe;jhH. ,jdh gyUf;F FbauR jpdNk kwe;J
NghdJ. ,e;jpa FbauR jpdf; nfhz;lhl;lk; vg;NgHgl;l
nfhz;lhl;lk; vd;gij ePq;fs; mwptPHfs;.
Kbapd; fPo; 1972 tiu:
72 tiuahd muR gpupj;jhdpa ,uhzpapd; fPohd murhf
,Ue;jjh 1962 [dtup 24 md;W ,uhZt> nghyp]; mjp-
fhupfs; rpy murpa jiytHfSld; $l;L NrHe;J Ml;rp
iaf; ftpo;f;f vLj;j mur ftpo;g;Gr; rjpiaf; $l ,uhzp
apd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd rjpahfNt mJ cynfq;Fk; miof;
fg;gl;lJ. me;j rjpap <Lgl;ltHfs; kPJ tof;F tprhuiz
ele;jJ. mtHfs; Fw;wthspfs; vd;W jPHg;gspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mdh Ntbf;if vd;dntd;wh mJ njhlHghd Nkd;K
iwaPL gpupj;jhdpa gpuptpf; fTd;rpyp ele;jJ. mq;Nf ,uh
zpapd; ePjpkd;wj;jp (gpuptpf; fTd;rpyp) mtHfs; midt
Uk; epuguhjpfs; vd;W jPHg;gspf;fg;gl;L tpLjiyahdhHfs;
vd;gijAk; ,e;j ,lj;jp gjpT nra;tJ Kf;fpak;.
1971 fpsHr;rpap Fw;wthspfshf jPHg;gspf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F
jz;lid toq;fpa NghJ$l ,uhzpapd; rl;lj;ij kPwpa
jha; tPL • [{d; June 2022
ikf;fhf jz;lid mspf;fg;gl;ljhfNt mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. thf;Ffs; 49 tPjk; kl;Lk; jhd;. mjpYk; Rje;jpuf; fl;rp 36.86
tPj thf;Ffis vLj;J 91% Mrdq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpapUe;
mJtiuahd murhq;fKk;> mikr;ruitAk; rj;jpag; gpukh jJ. If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp mij tpl mjpfkhf mjhtJ
zk; nra;Jnfhs;Sk; NghJ kfhuhzpf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ug; 37.91% tPj thf;Ffis vLj;J ntWk; 17 Mrdq;fis kl;
gjhfNt cWjpnkhop vLj;jdH. 1972 Fbaurpd; gpd;dHjhd; Lk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. njhFjpthupj; NjHj vd;gjh ,J epiy
,yq;if [dehaf Nrhryprf; ‘FbauRf;F’ tpRthrkhf ikahf ehlhSkd;wj;jp mjpf Mrdj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jh
,Ug;gjhf cWjpnkhop vLf;Fk; re;jHg;gk; tuyhw;wp Kj Yk; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fspd; Mjuitg; ngwhj xU murhq;
jlit tha;j;jJ.
fl;rp Ntl;ghsHfs; thf;Ffs; % ,lq;fs;
,e;j NjhtpAw;w rjpap re;Njfeguhff; fUjg;gl;ltHfsp
xUtH md;iwa gpupj;jhdpa MSeH xyptH Fzjpyf;f. ,yq;if Rje;jpuf; 108 1>839>979 36.86 91
mtUf;Fg; gpd; me;j ,lj;Jf;F MSeuhf njupthd tpyp fl;rp
ak; nfhgyht epakpf;fg;gLtij 26.02.1962 md;W ,q;fp
yhe;jp gfpq;f;N`hk; khspifap mwptpf;fg;gl;l mNj yq;fh rkrkh[f; 23 433>224 8.68 19
Neuj;jpjhd; ,yq;ifap gpujkH rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f fl;rp
thYk; mNj mwptpj;j tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gbj;jhd; nlhkp
If;fpa Njrpaf; 130 1>892>525 37.91 17
dpad; Ml;rp ,yq;ifap ,aq;fpaJ.
fl;rp
rfy ,uhZt nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; rPUilfspYk;> njhg; ,yq;ifj; 19 245>727 4.92 13
gpapYk; gpupj;jhdpa mur rpd;dk; fl;lhakhf mzpag;gbUe; jkpouRf; fl;rp
jJ. fLk; kioap $l ve;jnthU ,uhZtj;jpdUk;>
nghyprhUk; Filnahd;iw itj;jpUf;Fk; mDkjpiaf; $l ,yq;if 9 169>199 3.39 6
nfhz;bUf;ftpiy. mJ gpupj;jhdpa mur Kbia mnfs fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp
utg;gLj;Jk; xd;whf fUjg;gl;lJ. mfpy ,yq;ifj; 12 115>567 2.32 3
jkpo;f; fhq;fpu];
1970Mk; Mz;L NjHj:
kfh[d vf;rj; 4 46>571 0.93 0
1970k; Mz;L 7tJ ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;fhd NjHjyp =yq;fh nguKd
Rje;jpuf; fl;rpahdJ nfhk;A+dp];l; fl;rp> yq;fh rkrkhrf;
VidNahH 136 249>006 4.99 2
fl;rp Nghd;w ,lJ rhupf; fl;rpfSld; If;fpa Kd;dzp $l;l
zpia cUthf;fpf;nfhz;L NjHjyp fsk; ,wq;fpaJ.
nrYgbahd 441 4>991>798 100.00 151
If;fpa Kd;dzpf; $l;lzpia cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf thf;Ffs;
06.06.1968 md;W fz;b Nghfk;giu ikjhdj;jp itj;J
mf;fl;rpfs; %d;Wk; xg;ge;jk; xd;iw ifr;rhj;jpl;Lf; nfhz; fj;Jf;F vt;thW xU murpayikg;ig khw;Wk; mjpfhuj;
ldH. 27 tplaq;fisf; nfhz;l me;j nfhs;ifj; jpl;lj;jp ijf; ifapnyLf;fyhk; vd;fpw tYthd Nfs;tp gutyhf
xd;W jhd; Gjpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;fp gpupj;jhdpahtp vOg;gg;gl;lJ cz;ik.
lkpUe;J G+uzkhf tpLjiy ngWtJ vd;fpw xg;ge;jk;.
1935 vd;.vk;. ngNuuh jiyikap et rkrkh[f; fl;rp mj;NjHjyp If;fpa Kd;dzp 116 Mrdq;fisg; ngw;wJ.
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lNghNj ,yq;ifia gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jp If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp ntWk; 17 Mrdq;fisNa ngw;wJ.
aj;jplk; ,Ue;J ePf;FtJ vd;fpw nfhs;ifAld;jhd; Muk; jkpouRf; fl;rp 13Mrdq;fisAk;> jkpo; fhq;fpu]; 3 Mrdq;
gpj;jhHfs; vd;gijAk; ,q;Nf epidTf;F nfhz;L tuyhk;. fisAk; ngw;wJ. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dH KjyhtJ jlit
ahf %d;wp ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;Jld; Ml;rpa
1970 NjHjyp ntw;wp <l;bdh ,q;fpyhe;jpd; murpay- ikj;j Kj jlit ,Jthf ,Ue;jJ. rpwpkh gz;lhueh-
ikg;ig ePf;fptpl;L Gjpa murpayikg;G nfhz;Ltug;gLk; af;f gpujkuhdhH.
vd;fpw thf;FWjpia me;jf; $l;lzp kf;fSf;F mspj;jpUe;
jJ. ,Wjpap If;fpa Kd;dzp ngUk;ghd;ikAld; ntw;wp Fbaurpd; murpayikg;GUthf;fk;:
ngw;wJ.
Gjpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhf 1970k; Mz;L
,jp cs;s Ntbf;if vd;dntd;wh A+iy 19k; jpfjp nfhOk;G Nwha fY}upapd; et uq;f
`hy kz;lgj;Jf;F tUk;gb rfy ehlhSkd;wg; gpujpepjpf
,e;jj; NjHjyp If;fpa Kd;dzp ehlshtpauPjpap vLj;j splKk; gpujkH Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhH. rfy cWg;gpdHf
jha; tPL • [{d; June 2022 - 21 -
isAk; nfhz;l murpayikg;G epHza rigia cUthf;fp
dhH. mjw;F ePjp mikr;ruhd fyhepjp nfhtpd; MH.b.
rpthit jiytuhf epakpj;jhH.
mLj;j gj;jhtJ ehshd A+iy 29k; jpfjpAk; mr;rig $b
aJ. ,ilap A+iy 22k; jpfjp Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd;
tpthjj;jp mtH ciuahw;Wk; NghJ> ‘gpupj;jhdpa KbAld;
vt;tpj njhlHGk; ,d;wp vkJ ehl;b Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk;
,iwahz;ik nfhz;l Ml;rp Kiwia epWTtjw;F ,e;j
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;s. ,e;j Mz;bd; ,Wjpf;Fs;>
Rje;jpukhd> ,iwahz;ikAs;s xU Njrkhf ehk; mq;fPf
upf;ff;$ba murpayikg;ig cUthf;f KbAk; vd;W vjpH
ghHf;fpNwd;. ehq;fs; Rje;jpukhd> ,iwahz;ik nfhz;l
ehL vd;gij cyfpw;F ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;LNthk;.’ vd;whH.
,yq;if nghJeytha cWg;G ehlhf nraw;gl;l NghjpYk;
,iwikAk; Rje;jpuKk; nfhz;l ehlhf ,Ue;jJ. Fbau
rhf MdjpypUe;J ,yq;if murpa uPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp
nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk; gpupj;jhdpahtplk; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk;
ngw;wJ. Gjpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; nraw;ghl;bw;F
jiyik jhq;fpa fyhepjp nfhtpd; MH. b rpth> murpa
yikg;Gr; rigia cUthf;FtJ njhlHghf fUj;J $wpa
NghJ> ‘,Jtiu fhyk; kf;fshf ehk; xU tPl;b trpj;J
te;Njhk;. me;epa rf;jpahd gpupj;jhdpahTk; ,uhzpAk;jhd;
me;j tPl;il mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhHfs;. Mdh mjw;Fg;
gjpyhf ,d;W ehk; KOikahf Gjpa mj;jpthukpl;L ekf;
Fj; Njitahd tPl;ilf; fl;b mjp FbGFtjw;fhd fl;l
ikg;igj;jhd; ,e;j murpayikg;G cUthf;fr; rigapd;
%yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg; NghfpNwhk;’ vd;whH.
gpujpepjp rp. mUsk;gyk;> tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilg; gpujpepjp
M.jpahfuh[h> kl;lf;fsg;G ,uz;lhtJ gpujpepjp uh[d;-
nrtehafk;> epakdg; gpujpepjp vk;.rp. Rg;gpukzpak;> jgh
je;jp mikr;rH nriyah FkhuR+upaH Mfpa jkpo; gpujpep
jpfSk;> [dhg; V. m]P]{k; Mjupj;J thf;fspj;jhHfs;.
,e;j murpayikg;ig Vd; Vw;fKbahJ vd;W Kd;dh gpu-
jkUk;> vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytUkhd ll;yp Nrdehaf;f ngupa
mwpf;if xd;iw ntspapl;bUe;jhH. murpayikg;ig If;fpa
Njrpaf; fl;rp vjpHj;j NghJk; mtHfs; midtUk; rigap
gpurd;dkhfp ,Ue;jdH.
FbauR murpayikg;G Nrhgup murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;jk;
my> mJ xU Gjpa murpayikg;ghFk;. Nrhgup rl;lj;
jpd; rpWghd;ik ,dq;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j 29tJ gpupit ePf;fpaJ njhlHghf jkpo;
kf;fs; fLk; vjpHg;igj; njuptpj;jpUe;jNghJ> mjw;Fg; gjpy
spj;j fyhepjp nfhtpd; MH.b. rptH mg;gpupTf;Fg; gjp
yhf Gjpa murpayikg;gpd; 6tJ mj;jpahak; mbg;gil
cupikfs; nfhz;L tug;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; mtw;wpd; %yk;
mt;TupikfSk; Rje;jpuq;fSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; vd;Wk;
njuptpj;jhH.
‘Rg K$Hj;jj;jp’ FbauR:
FbauRf; fl;rpapd; murpayikg;ig nfhOk;G Nwha f
Y}up ‘et uq;fhy’ kz;lgj;jp mjpfhug;G+Htkhf epiwNtw;

,e;j murpayikg;G epHza rig nkhj;jk; 35 jlitfs;

$b gNtW mikg;Gfs;> fl;rpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; mgpg;gpuh
aq;fisAk; mwpe;jJ.

gpujkH rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f jiyikapyhd ,e;jf;

fkpl;bap rl;lthf;f mYtfs; mikr;rH nlhf;lH nfh-
tpd; MH.b. rpth> rigj; jiytH ikj;jpupghy Nrdheh-
af;f> vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytH N[.MH. [atHjd> ftp
mikr;rH gjpAjPd; nkh`kl;> cs;@uhl;rp mikr;rH
gPypf;]; la]; gz;lhuehaf;f> tHj;jf mikr;rH b.gp. ,sq;
fuj;d> tPlikg;G mikr;rH gPl;lH nfdkd;> fhzp mikr;rH
n`f;lH nfhg;NgfLt> epjp mikr;rH fyhepjp vd;.vk;.
ngNuuh> kPd;gpb mikr;rH N[hH[; uh[gf;\> r%f Nrit FbauR itgtj;jp gpujkH rpwpkhTk; [dhjpgjp NfhgyhTk;
fs; mikr;rH b.gp. Rgrpq;f> fyhrhu mikr;rH b.gp njd;d-
Nfhd;> aho; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdH b. mf;]; khHbd;> njb wg;gl;lJ. gpw;gf 12.30 kzpastp gpujkH rpwpkhNth gz;
fk ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdH ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f> fhq;Nfrd; lhuehaf;fTld; jiytH ikj;jpupghy Nrdhehaf;fTk;> mu
Jiw ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdH v];.N[.tp.V. nrtehafk; rpayikg;G tiuT mikr;rH fyhepjp nfhtpd; MH.b.rp-
MfpNahH mq;fk; tfpj;jhHfs;. thTk; tUif je;jdH.

gpd;dH ,jp ,Ue;J rpyH ntspNawpdhHfs;. cjhuzj; md;iwa jpdk; kjpak; rupahf 12.43 kzpastp Gjpa murp
Jf;F N[.MH. ‘,yq;if Rje;jpu ,iwahz;ikAs;s Rah ayikg;ig Kiwg;gb Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lij mwptpj;j
jPd [dehaf Nrh\ypr FbauR’ vd miof;fg;gl Ntz;
Lk; vd;W Nahrid nrhd;dhH. Mdh me;j Nahrid epuh-
fupf;fg;gl;lJ. ‘= yq;fh FbauR’ vd;whNy NghJk; vd;whH
fs;. 1971 A+iy 10k; jpfjp murpayikg;G KOtJk; jahupf;
fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dH %d;wp ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;
ikAld; mJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;Lk; tpl;lJ. mjid cj;jpNah
fG+Htkhf gpufldg;gLj;jp mwptpf;Fk; ehshfj; jhd; 1972
Nk 22Ij; njupT nra;jpUe;jhHfs;.

Gjpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;f cgFOf;fSk; mikf;fg;

gl;ld. 1972 Nk 4k; jpfjp ,e;j tiuT ehlhSkd;wj;jp
rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Nk 22> 1972 ‘FbauR murpayikg;G’
Njrpa muRg; Nguitap epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNghJ> mjw;F
Mjuthf 120 thf;FfSk; vjpuhf 16 thf;FfSk; mspf;fg;
gl;ld. [dhjpgjpahf Nfhgyht epakdk;

,tHfsp aho;g;ghzg; gpujpepjp rp.vf;];. khHl;bd;> eY}H murpayikg;G epHzar; rigapd; jiytH ];lhd;yp jpyf

- 22 - jha; tPL • [{d; June 2022

uj;d 12.43f;F ifnaOj;jpl;L mwptpj;jhH. kq;fs Nksjhs
Ngupif Kof;fq;fSld; ,J epfo;e;jJ. mjd; gpd;dH Gjpa
murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ Fbaurpd; gpu-
jkuhf rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f gf 12.56f;F gjtpg; gpu
khzk; nra;J nfhz;lhH. Nrhjplupd; gQ;rhq;fj;jpd; gpufhuk;
me;j Neuj;ij mtH njupT nra;jpUe;jhH vd;W md;W gy
Clfq;fSk; nra;jp ntspapl;bUe;jd. RgNeuk;> RgK$Hj;
fz;bap FbauR tpoh
jk; ghHj;J gf;jp rpuj;ijAld; mJ eilngw;wJ cz;ik.
murpayikg;gpd; fPo; jdJ Kj flikia epiwNtw;wpa-
jhf mwptpj;J> tpypak; Nfhgyit Fbaurpd; Kj
[dhjpgjpahf epakpj;jhH gpujkH.
Gjpa FbauR murpayikg;ig epiwNtw;wpf;nfhz;ljd;
%yk;> gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gy fhydp ehLfisg; NghyNt
,yq;ifAk; Fbaurhf khwpaJ. Fbfspd; Ml;rpahf
jha; tPL • [{d; June 2022
MdJ.
1956 gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; Kaw;rp:
fhydp Mjpf;fj;jp ,Ue;J ehl;il tpLtpj;J ehl;il tpiu
thd tsHr;rpia Nehf;fp efHj;JtJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;
jJ. 1956 kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp Ml;rpf;F te;j NghJ
gpujkH v];.lgps;A+.MH.b. gz;lhuehaf;f jiyikap fl;L
ehaf;fh tpkhdj;jsKk; nfhOk;gp cs;s gpupj;jhdpa flw;
gilj; jsq;fs; murhq;fj;jh ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mJ
tiu ,yq;ifapd; tpkhd epiyaq;fs;> flw;gilj; jsq;fs;
gpupl;b~; Kbapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bjhd; (Royal Navy) ,Ue;jd.
mg;NghjpUe;Nj fhydp Mjpf;fj;jp ,Ue;J Kw;whf tpL
jiy ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw Ntl;if kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;fpap
Ue;jJ. Mdh mJ gj;jhz;LfSf;F gpd;dHjhd; gz;lhu-
ehaf;ftpd; Jiztpapd; jiyikapyhd Ml;rpap rhj;jpag;
gl;lJ. gpujkH gz;lhuehaf;f %d;wp ,uz;L ngUk;
ghd;ik gyj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fhj NghJk; Nrhgup murpa
yikg;ig jpUj;jp Fbahl;rp murpyikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;
fhf nrdl; rig> gpujpepjpfs; rig vd;gtw;wpd; $l;Lf; FO
nthd;iw 07.11.1958 md;W epakpj;jhH. Mdh Xuhz;L Mt
jw;Fs; mtH nfhyg;gl;Ltpl;lhH. mk;Kaw;rpahdJ gz;lh-
uehaf;fhtpd; gLnfhiyapd; %yk; %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fs;
RUf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpah ntw;wpaspf;ftpiy. FbauR jpd
itgtj;ij nfhz;lhLKfkhf 24k; jpfjp Gjd;fpoik fz;b
jyjh khspifap tpNrl Muhjidfis nra;J tpl;L
ntspNa te;J ciuahw;wpa gpujkH rpwpkh> ‘vdJ fztH
capNuhL ,Ue;jpUe;jh ,e;jf; FbauR vg;NghNjh cja
khfpapUf;Fk;. 1956k; Mz;L nghJeytha khehl;b fye;J
nfhz;L mtH ciuahw;Wifap ,yq;if Fbaurhf;Fk;
mgpg;gpuhaj;ij mtH typAWj;jpg; NgrpapUe;jhH. mjd; gpd;
dH mtH f~;lg;gl;L vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; epiwNtwtpiy.
mijj;jhd; 1970k; Mz;L vq;fs; NjHj tpQ;Qhgdj;jpd;
%yk; kf;fSf;F njuptpj;jpUe;Njhk;. ,d;W mtupd; fdT
edthfpAs;sJ. ,f;Fbaurpd; %yfHj;jhthd mtUf;F
fpilf;fNtz;baJ ,e;jf; nfsutk;...’ vd;whH.
1972 tiu> NkKiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffs; midj;
Jk; gpupj;jhdpa gpuptpf; fTd;rpyhjhd; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;ld.
FbauR murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lTld; ,e;j
epiyAk; khwpaJ.
mJtiu rpNyhd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,yq;if mjpyp
Ue;J = yq;fh vd;W ngaH khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gpufhuk;
,yq;ifahdJ jd;dhjpf;fKk;> ,iwikAk; nfhz;l Rah
jPd Fbaurhf cjakhdJ.
ghupa tptrhag; NghH:
,yq;if Rje;jpuf; Fbaurhf khwpaJk;> Nghfy Ruq;fj;
njhopw;rhiy murhq;fj;jh ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;L mur
khzpf;ff;f $l;Lj;jhgdk; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,yq;if fg;g
$l;Lj;jhgdk; cUthf;fg;gl;L mjw;fhf Kjw;jlit
nfhz;Ltug;gl;l fg;gYf;F ‘yq;fh uhzp’ vd;W ngauplg;
gl;lJ. rurtp kz;lgk; muRlikahf;fg;gl;lJ. tpj;Nahjah>
tpj;ahyq;fhu kw;Wk; fl;Lngj;j Mfpa gfiyf;fof tsh
fq;fis xd;wpizj;J ,yq;ifg; gfiyf;fofk; epWtg;
gl;lJ.
,yq;iff; Fbaurpd; KjyhtJ nfhs;if mwpf;if 1972k;
Mz;L [_d; khjk; gpujkH rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;ftpdh
Njrpa muRg; Nguitap rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1972k; Mz;L
‘cw;gj;jp Mz;lhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. cyfg; nghUshjh
uj;jp ghupa neUf;fb xd;W cUthfj; njhlq;fpapUe;jjh
ehLk; tptrha cw;gj;jpf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLj;J me;j
epiyikia vjpHnfhs;s jahH nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,j
dh xU ghupa ngupa tptrhag; NghH xd;W njhlq;fg;gl;
lJ. nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;fhfTk;> jd;dpiuTf;fhfTk;
- 23 -
md;W vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfSk;> Kaw;rpfSk; md;W tpkHrpf;
fg;gl;lJ. 77k; Mz;L NjHjypYk; Njhtpaila mJNt
xU ngUk; fhuzkhdJ. Mdh me;j jpl;lq;fs; njhlHe;jp
Ue;jh epr;rak; ,d;W ehL vjpHnfhz;bUf;Fk; epiy NeHe;
jpUf;fhJ.
rpNyhd; = yq;fh MdJ:
fUjpapUe;jhH. mijnayhk; ngha;f;fr; nra;jJ ,yq;if
apd; ,dthj murpafs epiyik.
NgupdthjpfSf;F cuj;ijAk;> cw;rhfj;ijAk; Cl;ba NjH
j ntw;wp Ngupdthjj;jpd; $l;Lr; rpe;jidia typikg;g
Lj;jpaJ. mtHfspd; mgpyhirfSf;F rl;l tbtj;ijAk;>
eilKiw tbtj;ijAk; KOikahf;f fhyk; fdpe;jJ.

FbauR jpdk; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l md;W rpNyhd; vd;fpw Nrhgup murpa ahg;gp toq;fpapUe;j Fiwe;jgl;r Vw;gh
fhydpj;Jtk; R+l;ba ngaiu ePf;fpajd; epidthf 15 rj LfisAk; ePf;fp Ngupdthj muirg; gyg;gLj;JtJ mtHf
ngWkjpAs;s xU Kj;jpiuAk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mJtiu spd; ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jJ. Nrhgup murpa ahg;gp ngausp
rpNyhd; vd;W ,Ue;j Kj;jpiufs; md;wpypUe;J = yq;fh tpNyDk; ,Ue;j rpWghd;ik ,dq;fspd; cupikfisg;
vd;W khwpajd; epidthf mjp = yq;fh vd;W Fwpf;fg; NgZk; cj;juthjq;fis ePf;fpdhHfs;.
gl;lJ.
n 29 (2) gpupT
rpwpkhtpd; murhq;fk; 1975k; Mz;L epiwtile;jpUf;f
n nrdw;rig
Ntz;Lk;. Mdh Gjpa murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l
jid rhl;lhf itj;J jkJ Ie;jhz;Lg; gjtpia Nkyjpf n epakd cWg;gpdH Kiw
khf ,uz;L Mz;Lfisr; NrHj;J 7 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rpGupAk; n Nfhkiwf; fofk;
tifap rl;l Vw;ghLfis nfhz;L te;jJ rpwpkh murhq; n murhq;f ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO
fk;. mjd;gb 1977 tiu rpwpkh murhq;fk; Ml;rp nra;jJ.
Mfpait ngausTf;fhtJ rpWghd;ikapdiu ghJfhf;Fk;
gjpYf;F 1977 Ml;rpNawpa N[.MUk; 1978 Gjpa FbauR
Vw;ghLfshf ,Ue;jd. cupikfs; gwpf;fg;gLk; re;jHg;gq;f
murpayikg;igf; nfhz;L te;J Gjpa nghJj;NjHjYf;Fg;
sp ,tw;wpd; mbg;gbapNyNa rl;l uPjpap vjpHnfhs;s
gjpyhf ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf; fhyj;ij ePbg;gjw;fhd
tha;g;G fpl;bapUe;jd. ,it midj;Jk; Gjpa ahg;gp xl;
tpUg;igf; Nfhup brk;gH 22> 1982k; jpfjp xU NjHjiy
Lnkhj;jkhf ePf;fg;gl;ld. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ve;j khw;W Vw;
elj;jp ntw;wp ngw;W> 1989 tiu nghJj; NjHjiy elj;jhk
ghLk; nra;ag;gltpiy.
Ml;rpia ePbj;Jnfhz;lij mwptPHfs;.
mur kjk; ngsj;jk;:
1972 FbauR ahg;Gk; rpWghd;ik ,dq;fSk;:
,e;j murpayikg;gpd; %yk; Kjd; Kjyhf ngsj;j kjk;
Nk 22k; jpfjpia FbauR jpdkhf Mz;LNjhWk;
mur kjkhf Mf;fg;gl;lJ. 6k; gpupT ngsj;j kjj;ijg;
nfhz;lhb tUfpd;w NghJk; jkpoHfs; mjid nghUl;lhf
gw;wp ,g;gb $WfpwJ. ‘,yq;iff; FbauR ngsj;j kjj;
kjpg;g jpiy vd;gJld;> me;j ehs; xU fup ehshfNt
jpw;F Kjd;ikjhdk; toq;Fj Ntz;Lk;. Vida kjq;f
nfhs;fpd; wdH.
spd; cupikfSf;F cj;juthjkspf;fpd;w mNjNtis>
ngsj;j kjj;ijg; ghJfhj;jYk; Ngzp tsHj;jYk; murpd;
FbauR gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehs; jkpo;g; gpuNjrq;fsp
flikahj Ntz;Lk;.’
filfs; %lg;gl;L> fWg;Gf; nfhb gwf;ftplg;gl;L vjpHg;G
njuptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. gy ghlrhiyfspd; MrpupaHfs; Nkw;
gypd> gkj ehl;b jdpnahU kjj;ij mur kjkhf gpu
nfhz;l gfp];fupg;gh ghlrhiyfs; gy ,aq;ftpiy. 75
fldk; nra;jJ kl;Lkd;wp Vida kjq;fSf;F mjd; kj
tPjkhd khztHfs; ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nrytpiy. Fba
cupikfNshL khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w rjpia fr;rpjkhf
uR jpdj;jd;W 40 g];fSk;> mLj;j ehs; ehd;F g];fSk;
Kbj;jJ ,e;j ahg;G.
Nrjkhf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> aho;g;ghzj;jp 15 NgH ifjhfpAs;
sjhfTk;> 24k; jpfjp ntspahd <oehL gj;jpupif nra;jp
rpq;fs nkhop:
ntspapl;bUe;jJ.
rpq;fs nkhopf;F mJtiu rl;l uPjpapjhd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,e;j FbauR ahg;gpd; %yk;jhd; ,yq;ifap ngsj;j
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mJtiu rpq;fs nkhop rl;lk; rhjh
kjk; mur kjkhdJ.
uz ngUk;ghd;ikAld; khw;Wk; tha;g;Gfs; ,Ue;jd.
Mdh 9> 10> 11 Mfpa ruj;Jf;fspd; %yk; rpq;fs
gwpf;fg;gl;l cupikfs;:
nkhopf;F murpayikg;G me;j];J nfhLf;fg;gl;ljd;
Clhf %d;wp ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ik ,d;wp me;j rpq;fs
,e;j murpaikg;Gf;F jkpoH jug;gp ,Ue;J neUf;fb juf;
nkhop Vw;ghl;il khw;Wk; tha;g;ig ,oe;jdH jkpoHfs;.
$ba xU tof;if rp. Re;juypq;fk; kl;LNk njhLj;jpUe;jhH.
,jd; tpisthf tlf;F fpof;Ff;F ntspap thOk; jkpo;
mjw;fhd jPHg;ig toq;fpa N[. my];> N[. rpth Mfp
NgRk; kf;fs; jkpo; nkhopap jkJ fUkq;fis Mw;Wk;
NahH 1972f;F Kd;dH rpWghd;ik kf;fSf;F VjhtJ mjpfh
cupikfis ,oe;jdH. mur Nritfs; eilKiwap rpq;f
ug; gutyhf;fk; myJ myFfs; nfhLf;ff; $ba jFjp
skag;gl ,e;j ahg;G KO tha;g;GfisAk; nfhLj;jJ.
myJ typik ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; $wpapUe;jdH.
rpq;fs nkhopap cUthf;fg;gl;ltw;iw kl;LNk rl;lkhf
,e;j murpayikg;igj; njhlHe;J jkpo; kf;fs; jkJ vjpH
nfhs;Sj Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> Mq;fpyj;jp ,Ue;jh$l
fhyk; gw;wpa Nrhfj;Jld; Mj;jpukhf nfhe;jspj;Jf; nfhz;
rpq;fsj;jp cs;s rl;lq;fNs Nkyhdjhf fUjg;gLk; vd;
bUe;jhHfs;. ,e;j murp ,dpNk tho KbahJ jdp ehNl
Wk; Vw;ghlhdJ. jkpo; nkhopf;F ntWk; nkhopngaHg;G me;
xU jPHT vd ,isQHfSk; jq;fSf;Fs; rgjnkLj;Jf;
j];J khj;jpuNk toq;fg;gl;ljh rl;lgpg;zf;Ffspd; NghJ
nfhz;lhHfs;.
nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; tYf; Fiwe;jjhfNt fUjg;
gl;lJ.
Nrhgup ahg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l Ntis ,dp ,yq;ifap
rpWghd;ik fl;rpfspd; Mjutpd;wp %d;wp ,uz;L ngUk;
ePjpkd;w tof;Ffs;> jPHg;Gfs;> fl;lisfs;> rl;l epHthfr;
ghd;ik gyj;ij vtUk; ngwg;Nghtjpiy vd;W Nrhgup
nrafs; midj;Jk; rpq;fs nkhopap ,Uj;j Ntz;Lk;

- 24 - jha; tPL • [{d; June 2022

vd;Wk; Vw;ghlhdJ. tlf;F fpof;Ff;F ntspNa thOk; jkpo;
NgRk; kf;fs; jkJ ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis jkpop elj;j
Kbahj epiy cUthdJ. tlf;F fpof;fp rpy gpuNjrq;f
sp kl;Lk; tpjptpyf;F ,Ue;jJ.
rpq;fs - ngsj;jk;:
rpq;fs nkhop Vw;ghl;bd; %yk; gd;nkhopj; jd;ikia epuhf
upj;Jk;> ngsj;j kjk; mur kjk; vd;gjd; %yk; gd;kjj; jd;
ikiaAk; epuhfupj;jjd; %yk; ,e;j ahg;G ,yq;if Fba
uir xU ‘rpq;fs - ngsj;j’ ehlhf gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ
vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;.
murhq;f Nrit> ePjpr;Nrit vd;gdtw;wp epakdk;> ,lkhw;
wk;> gjtp caHT> gjtp ePf;fk; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
NghJ ,d> kj> nkhop ghugl;rk; fhl;Ltij jLf;Fk; tif
ap murhq;f Nrit Mizf;FO> ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;
FO> vd;gd Nrhgup ahg;gp cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. 1972
ahg;gp mtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gzpfis mikr;ruitf;F
toq;fpaJ. me;j Mizf;FOf;fs; ntWk; MNyhrid
rigfshf khw;wg;gl;ld. murpa thjpfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;
gl;l ,e;j gzpfsh vd;d epahak; fpilj;jpUf;Fk;.
gy tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH Aj;jKk; njhlq;fptpl;l xU re;jHg;
gj;jp nfhtpd; MH.B. rpth ‘29(2)f;F khw;W Vw;ghL 1972
ahg;gp ,lk;ngwhj NghJk; me;j ahg;gp nfhz;Ltug;
gl;l mbg;gil cupik Vw;ghL NkYk; ghJfhg;ig toq;
ff;$baJ’ vd;whH. (1986 etk;gup fhH khf;]; epidT
$l;lnkhd;wp ciuahw;wpa NghJ) ,e;j fUj;J vj;jid
mgj;jkhd fUj;J vd;gJ me;j murpayikg;G eilKiw
apypUe;j Ie;Nj Mz;LfSf;Fs; epfo;e;j jkpoHfSf;F vjp
uhd mePjpfNs rhl;rp.
,yq;iff; FbauRf;F vd xU Gjpa mur ,yl;rpidia
cUthf;Fk; jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNghJ mjw;F jiyt
uhf ep];]q;f tp[auj;d epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. Njrpaf; nfhbia
Ak; cUthf;Ftjw;fhd fkpl;bapd; jiytuhfTk; mtHjhd;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,yq;ifapd; Njrpaf; nfhbapd; ehd;F
%iyfspYk; mur ku ,iyiag; GFj;jp Njrpaf; nfhbf;F
ngsj;j Kfj;ijf; nfhLj;jtUk; ,tH jhd;.
Fbaurpd; mur ,yl;rpid:
,tupd; topfhl;Ljypd; Ngupjhd; ‘khgyfk tpGyrhu NjuH’
mur ,yl;rpidia tbtikj;jhH. mJ xU rpq;fs ngsj;j
,yl;rpidahfNt mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Njrpaf; nfhb rpq;fs
ngsj;j nfhbnad tpkHrpg;NghH gyupd; fz;fSf;F glhj
xd;W me;j mur ,yl;rpid. ,d;Wtiu mJjhd; mur
,yl;rpid. fyhrhu mikr;rpd; nrayhsuhfTk; mg;NghJ
mtH ,Ue;jhH.
,yl;rpidia cUthf;Fk; jdpr;rpq;fsf; FOtp mg;Ngh
ija fyhrhu mikr;rpd; nrayhsH> NguhrpupaH ee;jNjt-
tpN[Nrfu> nrduj; guztpjhd> vk;.MH. gpNukuj;d>
Nuhyz;l; rpth> nkf;fp uj;tj;j cs;spl;NlhH mq;fk; tfpj;
jdH.
mur ,yl;rpidap cs;stw;wpd; mHj;jk;:
rpq;fk; (Njrpaf; FwpaPL)> rpq;fj;jpd; ths; (Njrpa ,iwik)>
rpfg;G gpd;dzp (rpq;fs ,dk;)> jhkiu nkhl;L (Gdpjk;)>
G+r;rhb (jd;dpiwT)> nekzp (nropg;G)> jHk rf;fuk;
(ngUk;ghd;ikapdH gpd;gw;Wk; ngsj;j jHkk;)> eLtp
,Uf;Fk; ngupa rf;fuk; (,yq;if)> R+upad;> re;jpud; (,Ug;
gpd; cWjpj;jd;ik)> re;jpuid ,lJ Gwkhf itj;jpUj;j
(nkd;ik)> ,yl;rpidia Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk; viyf; NfhL
(,it midj;Jk; xw;iwahl;rpf;Fs; ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;
tJ).
jha; tPL • [{d; June 2022
FbauR fPjj;Jf;F Mdnjd;d?
,yq;ifapd; Njrpa fPjk; Rje;jpu jpdj;jpw;fhf cUthf;fg;
gl;lJ Nghy> FbauR fPjk; vd;fpw fPjj;ijAk; rpwpkh muR
cUthf;f vj;jdpj;jJ. mjw;fhfNt xU FOitAk; epakpj;
jJ. Mdh mjd; gzpfsp jpUg;jpAwhj muR> ehl;bd;
gpugy ftpQHfSf;F mjw;fhf miog;G tpLj;jJ. ,Wjp
ap gpugy rpq;fsg; gz;bjH k`hfkNrfu ,aw;wpa ‘uj;d
jPg [d;k G+kp’ vd;fpw ghl njupthdJ. Mdh> mg;ghl
yp FbauR gw;wpa ve;j tpguj;ijAk; fhNzhk; vd;W fyh
rhu mikr;rpd; caH kl;lj;jpdH fUj;J njuptpj;jdH. ‘mg;g
bahdh FbauR murpayikg;Gf;F xU l;A+d; Nghl;Lf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;’ vd;W gjpyspj;J tpl;L mq;fpUe;J ntspNawp
tpl;lhuhk; k`hfkNrfu. MdhYk; NguhrpupaH mDuhj nrd
tpuj;d FbauRf;fhf ,aw;wp> gz;bj; lgps;A. mkuNjt
,iraikj;j ‘[aJ> [aJ = yq;fh...’ vd;fpw ghl xd;W
cs;sJ. me;j %yg; ghliyg; ghbatUk; mkuNjtjhd;.
,jp jkpoHfSk; rk;ge;jg;gltpiy. jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs;
fz;Lnfhs;sglTkpiy. jkpop nkhopngaHg;G $l
fpilj;jjpiy. vg;gbNah mg;gbnahU fPjj;ij ,Wjptiu
cj;jpNahfG+Htkhf epiwNtw;wptplTk; Kbatpiy.
FbauR jpdk; jkpoHfSf;F xU nghUl;lhf ,Ue;jjpiy.
Rje;jpu jpdKk;$l jkpoHfSf;F nghUl;lhf ,Ue;jpUf;f
tpiy.
Mdh ,yq;if Kbahl;rpap ,Ue;J Kw;whf tpLgl;l
ehs; vDk; mHj;jj;jp ,yq;if kf;fSf;F FbauR jpdk;
xU Kf;fpakhd jpdk;. mJ murpa rpj;J tpisahl;Lf
spd; fhuzkhf ,yq;if kf;fsh kwf;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j
kwf;fbg;G mjd; 50tJ nghd; tpohitf; $l fz;Lnfhs;s
Kbahj msTf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wpUf;fpwJ.
2022 mjd; nghd;tpoh nfhz;lhlg;glhikf;F ,yq;if vjpH
Nehf;fpAs;s ghupa nghUshjhu murpa neUf;fbiaf;
fhuzkhff; $wpf;nfhs;syhk;. Mdh> me;j ehSf;F
nfhLf;f Ntz;ba Fiwe;jgl;r Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Clfq;
fs;$l nfhLf;ftpiy.
topj;jlk;:
• 15.08.1947 nlhkpdpad; me;j];jpd; fPo; Kj NjHj
elj;jg;gl;lJ.
• 26.09.1947 mikr;ruit epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• 25.11.1947 ehlhSkd;wk; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ.
• 13.02.1950 Njrpa nfhb cUthdJ.
• 07.11.1958 murpayikg;G rPHjpUj;j FOnthd;W gz;lhu-
ehaf;fth cUthf;fk;.
• 24.01.1962 ,uhZt mur ftpo;g;Gr; rjp.
• 26.02.1962 Gjpa MSdH tpypak; nfhgyht epakdk;.
• 06.06.1968 fz;b Nghfk;giuap If;fpa Kd;dzp
Njhw;wKk;> Fbaurhf Mf;Fk; gpufldKk;.
• 23.04.1970 VohtJ ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;fhd Ntl;GkDjhf;f.
• 27.05.1970 nghJj; NjHj.
• 19.07.1970 murpayikg;G epHza rig cUthf;fk;.
• 10.07.1971 murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ.
• 04.05.1972 murpayikg;G tiuT ehlhSkd;wj;jp
rkHgpg;G.
• 22.05.1972 FbauR jpd gpufldk;.
sarawanan.n@thaiveedu.com
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