Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UDK: 338.48-6:641/642>(497.5)
JEL classification: L83
Oliver KESAR*
Danijela FERJANIĆ**
KLJUČNE RIJEČI: enofilski turizam, malo i srednje poduzetništvo, klasteri, Hrvatska, kriza
SUMMARY: Wine tourism seems to be an increasingly significant component of many wine regions
around the world, especially in Europe which represents the most visited tourist region of the world. Wine
tourism is widely recognized as a unique tourism product for visitors who are seeking authentic multi-di-
mensional experience, but at the same time it represents an innovative business opportunity for small-scale
wine producers who wish to expand their wine production and meet the international demand. The main
aim of the paper is to discuss wine tourism as an option for sustainable rural development that may serve to
generate additional economic benefits for small rural communities. The case study method was used to in-
vestigate the present state and the prospects for wine tourism development in the continental part of Croatia
that receives no benefits from mass tourism. The findings have shown that that region features excellent
conditions for growing grapes and wine production, but lacks tourism infrastructure and collaboration
between the stakeholders as well as the expertise on tourism development – all of which reduce the oppor-
tunities for more intensive development. For these reasons and because of the ubiquitous economic crisis,
the authors suggest several recommendations of which the most important may be to implement a cluste-
ring model grouping the stakeholders involved in the wine tourism product.
KEYWORDS: wine tourism, SME, cluster, Croatia, crisis
*
Dr. sc. Oliver Kesar, Ekonomski fakultet Zagreb, Katedra za turizam, Trg J.F.Kennedyja 6, Zagreb, E-mail: okesar@efzg.hr
**
Danijela Ferjanić, univ.spec.oec., Ekonomski fakultet Zagreb, Katedra za turizam, Trg J. F. Kennedyja 6, Zagreb, E-mail:
dferjanic@efzg.hr
100 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
Uslijed naglog širenja globalnih distri- With the expansion of global supply
bucijskih lanaca i rastuće dominacije multi- chains and the increasing domination of
nacionalnih korporacija (MNC) na global- multinational corporations (MNC) at global
noj razini, poslovanje malih i srednjih scale, running business for small and me-
poduzeća (SME) postaje izazovnije, dina- dium enterprises (SME) is becoming more
mičnije i složenije nego ikad prije. Zbog či- challenging, dynamic, and complex than
njenice da su mnoga SME širom svijeta us- ever before. Due to the fact that many SMEs
redotočena na proizvodnju (uskog) around the globe are focused on production
specifičnog proizvoda, koji omogućava po- of (narrow) specific products, which ensure
duzeću pristup međunarodnom tržištu, sud- the company's access to the international
jelovanje u globalnim distribucijskim lan- market, participation in the global supply
cima prvenstveno ovisi o sposobnostima chain primarily depends on entrepreneurial
poduzetnika, visokoj kvaliteti proizvoda i skills, high product quality and business
poslovnoj prilagodljivosti. Međutim, glavno flexibility. However, the main problem for
pitanje za mnoga SME je – što ukoliko se ne many SMEs is – what if previously mentio-
udovolji spomenutim očekivanjima svjets- ned global market expectations are not met
kog tržišta ili im je jednostavno nemoguće or simply cannot be met? In that case, such
udovoljiti? U tom slučaju poslovanje takvih SMEs' business operations will remain
SME ostaje na lokalnoj ili regionalnoj ra- locally or regionally operated, looking for
zini, tražeći mogućnosti u umrežavanju ma- opportunities in small-scale networking.
lih razmjera. The wine production is a typical
Proizvodnja vina je tipičan primjer ma- example of small-scale entrepreneurship,
log poduzetništva, iako postoje i brojna ve- although there are many large-scale wine
lika poduzeća koja se bave masovnom proi- production companies, predominantly in the
zvodnjom vina, pretežno u Južnoj Europi, Southern Europe, USA, South America and
SAD-u, Južnoj Americi i Južnoj Australiji South Australia, which control most of the
koja kontroliraju većinu svjetskog tržišta global wine market. The advantages of large
vina. Prednosti velikih poduzeća nad malim companies over small competitors lie
konkurentima uglavnom leže u masovnoj predominantly in large-scale wine produc-
proizvodnji koja jamči niske cijene vina (po tion that guarantees low prices of wine (per
boci), geografsku disperziju u proizvodnji bottle), geographical dispersion of grape
grožđa (disperzija rizika vezana uz kli- production (dispersion of risk related to
matske činitelje), ustaljene izvore financira- climatic factors), steady source of funding,
nja, snažnu marketinšku komunikaciju i pri- powerful marketing communication and ac-
stup globalnim distribucijskim lancima. Za cess to global distribution chains. Apart
razliku od velikih proizvođača vina, pretho- from the large wine production companies,
dno spomenute geografske regije obuhva- the previously mentioned geographical re-
ćaju ujedno i male proizvođače vina čija je gions have many small-scale entrepreneurs
sveukupna proizvodnja od relativno malog in the wine business whose overall produc-
značaja za globalne distribucijske lance, tion is relatively insignificant for global
banke i marketinške agencije, ali zanimljiva supply chains, banks, and marketing agen-
tržišna sastavnica za lokalne i regionalne ra- cies, but represents an interesting market
zvojne stručnjake u cilju stvaranja jedin- component for local and regional developers
stvenog enofilskog turističkog proizvoda. to create a unique wine tourism product.
100
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 101
Tijekom posljednja dva desetljeća razvoj Over the last two decades, wine tourism
enofilskog turizma postao je predmetom po- development has become the object of at-
zornosti mnogih malih poduzetnika, osobito tention of many small-scale entrepreneurs,
na Sredozemlju, čije sudjelovanje u razvoju especially in the Mediterranean region,
turizma predstavlja jedan od ključnih mogu- whose participation in tourism development
ćnosti preživljavanja i postizanja uspjeha na seems to be one of the key aspects of survi-
visoko konkurentnom (turističkom) tržištu ving and succeeding in the highly competi-
vina. Iako je visoka kvaliteta sorti vina klju- tive (tourism) wine market. Although high
čna komponenta svakog enofilskog turistič- quality of wine selection is the key compo-
kog proizvoda, njegovo povezivanje s osta- nent of every wine tourism product, its inte-
lim komponentama regionalnog turističkog gration with the other components of the
proizvoda mora biti napravljeno s punom region's tourism product must be carried out
pozornošću zbog mogućih većih rizika od with full awareness of its risks against
potencijalnih koristi. Takva diverzifikacija potential benefits. Such product diversi-
proizvoda uklapa se u koncept brendiranja fication goes along with the concept of wine
turističke destinacije, što se uvelike oslanja tourism destination branding, which heavily
na konsenzus mnogih lokalnih i regionalnih relies on the consensus of many local and
interesnih skupina. U tom smislu, zajednički regional stakeholders. In that sense, the
ciljevi svih uključenih skupina predstavljaju common goals of all parties involved are to
rast međunarodne konkurentnosti, privlače- become internationally competitive, attract
nje većeg broja posjetitelja, produljenje bo- more visitors, extend the length of stay, and
ravka i povećanje potrošnje po posjetitelju. increase consumption per visitor.
Glavna svrha ovog istraživanja je anali- The main objective of this research is to
zirati neke ključne aspekte uspješnog up- analyze some key aspects of managing
ravljanja razvojem enofilskog turizma te- successful wine tourism development based
meljenog na mikro klasterima u kontinental- on micro-clusters in the continental part of
nom dijelu Hrvatske koji nema mogućnost Croatia that has no opportunity to receive
ostvariti koristi od još uvijek prevladava- benefits from mainstream (3S) tourism.
jućih (3S) turističkih kretanja. Razvoj takvih Development of such clusters is primarily
klastera prvenstveno se vidi kao nužnost za seen as a necessity for minimizing the
minimiziranje negativnih utjecaja svjetske negative impacts of the global economic
gospodarske krize na osjetljiva ruralna crises on sensitive rural areas, as well as a
područja, ali i kao dugoročni projekt održi- long-term project of sustainable rural deve-
vog ruralnog razvoja temeljenog na regio- lopment based on regional natural, social
nalnim prirodnim, društvenim i ljudskim and human resources. This paper also
resursima. U ovom se radu također ističe da argues that development of recognizable
je razvoj prepoznatljivog enofilskog turistič- wine tourism product is a mode for genera-
kog proizvoda način ostvarivanja dodatnih ting additional benefits for regions that
koristi za regiju koja, za razliku od dobro needs to advance mentioned networking,
poznate destinacije masovnog turizma, mora collaboration and constant product innova-
u tom smislu uložiti dodatan napor u spome- tion, than well-recognized mass tourism
nutom umrežavanju, suradnji i konstantnoj destinations.
inovaciji proizvoda.
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102 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
102
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 103
toga, Goeldner et al. (2000:364) ističu turi- propensity to provide opportunities for
zam kao poveznicu različitih djelatnosti, small-scale operators. In that context, Goel-
politika, usluga i poslovanja, a on uključuje dner et al. (2000:364) highlight tourism as a
mnoge sudionike u stvaranju turističkih do- composite of various activities, policies,
življaja. Velika većina poduzeća koja sud- services, and businesses involving many
jeluju u stvaranju turističke ponude su mali players that deliver the travel experience.
poduzetnici koji nisu u mogućnosti uspjeti The vast majority of businesses involved on
na tržištu samostalno ili bez poslovanja pod the tourism supply side are small-scale en-
jakim (turističkim) brandom koji privlači trepreneurs who are not able to succeed in
posjetitelje i generira ekonomske koristi. the market individually or without operating
Prema Middletonu (2001:198), mikro podu- under a strong (tourism) brand that attracts
zeća (s manje od 10 zaposlenika) čine udio visitors and generate economic benefits.
od oko 95% svih poduzeća u turizmu u Eu- According to Middleton (2001:198), micro-
ropi. Ovakva fragmentiranost posebno ut- businesses (with less than 10 employees)
ječe na razvoj enofilskog turizma koji se constitute about 95% of tourism business
uvelike oslanja na suradnju između svih uk- operations in Europe. This fragmentation
ljučenih interesnih skupina od smještaja i particularly affects wine tourism develop-
prijevoza, turističkog posredništva do jav- ment which relies heavily on collaboration
nog sektora i lokalne društvene zajednice. among all stakeholders involved, including
Kao predmet istraživanja, enofilski turi- accommodation and transport facilities, tou-
zam može se definirati s nekoliko stajališta. rism intermediaries, public authorities, and
Najčešće korištena definicija je ona Halla i the hosting community.
Macionisa (Hall et al., 2000:298) koji defi- As the subject of research, wine tourism
niraju enofilski turizam kao "posjećivanje can be defined from several standpoints.
vinograda, vinarija, vinskih svečanosti i vin- The most commonly used definition is one
skih izložbi, pri čemu su degustacije vina provided by Hall and Macionis (Hall et al.,
i/ili doživljaji vezani uz obilježja vinorodne 2000:298), who define wine tourism as "vi-
regije glavni motivirajući čimbenici za pos- sitations to vineyards, wineries, wine festi-
jetu". Ova definicija može se djelomično vals and wine shows for which grape wine
nadopuniti pa se enofilski turizam opisuje tasting and/or experiencing the attributes of
kao "specifični oblik turizma koji ne uklju- the grape wine region are the prime motiva-
čuje samo degustaciju vina na mjestima iz- ting factors for visitors". This definition
van mjesta stalnog boravka, već uključuje i suggests upgrading wine tourism as "special
niz različitih aktivnosti kao što su posjete interest tourism, which includes not simply
vinogradima i vinarijama određene vinoro- a wine tasting in places outside of one's
dne regije, sudjelovanje u vinskim svečano- usual environment but covers a variety of
stima i posjeta vinskim izložbama, obra- activities including visitation to vineyards
zovne i kulturne aspekte proizvodnje i and wineries of some wine regions, partici-
konzumacije vina, kao i mnoge druge s vi- pation in wine festivals and shows, educati-
nom povezane aktivnosti na otvorenom i u onal and cultural aspects of wine production
zatvorenim prostorima". Za potrebe ovog and consumption, as well as many other re-
rada, enofilski turizam prepoznaje se kao lated outdoor and indoor activities". For the
"atraktivno proširenje poljoprivredne proiz- purpose of this paper, wine tourism is reco-
vodnje prema pružanju usluga privremenim gnized as "an attractive extension of agri-
posjetiteljima (turistima i izletnicima)", od- cultural production towards service provi-
nosno kao koncept koji zahtijeva daljnja ra- ding to temporary visitors (tourists and
zmatranja. excursionists)", a concept that needs further
consideration.
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104 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
Unatoč činjenici da sami začeci proiz- Despite the fact that the early stage in
vodnje vina datiraju usporedno s pojavom wine making began at the dawn of civiliza-
civilizacije od prije 8.000 godina tion some 8,000 years ago (McGowern,
(McGowern, 2003:66), a doba razvoja mo- 2003:66) and that modern tourism started to
dernog turizma tek sredinom 19. stoljeća develop in the mid-1800s along with the In-
usporedno s Industrijskom revolucijom (Ja- dustrial Revolution (Jafari, 2000:324), wine
fari, 2000:324), enofilski turizam je rela- tourism is relatively a new trend both in
tivno novi trend, kako u praksi, tako i u practice and scientific research. According
znanstvenom istraživanju. Prema Getzu i to Getz and Brown (2006a:147), the early
Brownu (2006a:147), rana faza u istraživa- stage in wine tourism research, which de-
nju enofilskog turizma, koji se naglo razvio veloped quickly in the 1990s (the first wine
1990-ih godina (prva konferencija na temu tourism conference was held in Australia in
enofilskog turizma održana je u Australiji 1998), was marked by an emphasis on des-
1998. godine), obilježena je naglaskom na criptive and comparative studies aimed at
deskriptivna i komparativna istraživanja justifying and exploring the dimensions of
usmjerena na prilagodbu i istraživanje ra- this new sub-field of tourism. The increa-
zmjera ovog novog područja u turizmu. Ra- sing volume and value of wine tourism has
stući obujam i vrijednost enofilskog turizma been documented in many scientific papers
dokumentirani su u mnogim znanstvenim written by authors from many regions that
radovima i to autora iz onih regija koje nje- nurture the culture related to grape growing
guju kulturu uzgoja vinove loze i proizvod- and wine making. At the moment, the most
nje vina. Trenutno najcitiraniji autori u cited authors in the field of wine tourism re-
ovom području su Getz, Hall i Carlsen s ne- search are D. Getz, C.M. Hall and J. Carlsen
koliko vrlo važnih djela usredotočenih na with several very important contributions
konceptualizaciju enofilskog turizma. Pr- focused on the conceptualization of wine
venstveno treba spomenuti nekoliko udžbe- tourism. Primarily, there are several
nika o enofilskom turizmu čiji su urednici textbooks on wine tourism edited by Getz
Getz (2000), Hall et al. (2000) te Carlsen i (2000), Hall et al. (2000), and Carlsen and
Charters (2006), a pokrivaju mnoge aspekte Charters (2006), covering many wine tou-
vezane uz enofilski turizam, od razvoja turi- rism related aspects from wine destination
stičke destinacije temeljene na enofilskom development and demand-related issues, to
turizmu i pitanja vezana uz potražnju pa sve marketing and product development. Besi-
do marketinga i razvoja proizvoda. Pored des the textbooks, these authors have parti-
udžbenika, ovi autori svoj su doprinos dali i cipated in many related chapters in books,
mnogim vezanim poglavljima u knjigama, as well as papers published in scientific jo-
kao i radovima objavljenim u znanstvenim urnals and books of proceedings. Further-
časopisima i zbornicima s konferencija. Na- more, significant contributions in the same
dalje, zapažen doprinos u istom području field were made by T.H. Dodd (1995;
dali su i Dodd (1995; 1997), Williams 1997), P. Williams (2001a; 2001b; 2003),
(2001a; 2001b; 2003) te Mitchell (Hall i and R.D. Mitchell ( Hall & Mitchell, 1998;
Mitchell, 1998; Mitchell i Hall, 2006) obra- Mitchell & Hall, 2006) discussing visitors'
divši percepciju i ponašanje posjetitelja, perception and behaviour, image of wine
imidž destinacije temeljen na enofilskom tu- tourism destination, and other related issues.
rizmu i druga vezana područja. Od drugih A selection of interesting papers and chap-
zanimljivih radova i poglavlja na temu raz- ters related to wine tourism development in-
voja enofilskog turizma treba izdvojiti Ma- cludes also Macionis (Hall & Macionis,
cionisa (Hall i Macionis, 1998; Hall, Shar- 1998; Hall, Sharples, Cambourne & Macio-
ples, Cambourne i Macionis, 2002), nis, 2002), Houghton (2001), Ali-Knight
104
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 105
Houghtona (2001), Ali-Knighta (Ali-Knight (Ali-Knight & Charters, 2001; Charters &
i Charters, 2001; Charters i Ali-Knight, Ali-Knight, 2002), Telfer (2001; Hashimoto
2002), Telfera (2001; Hashimoto i Telfer, & Telfer, 2003), Bruwer (2003), Poitras
2003), Bruwera (2003), Poitrasa (Poitras i (Poitras & Getz, 2006), Taber (2009),
Getz, 2006), Tabera (2009), Alonsa (2009) Alonso (2009) etc.
itd. The successful development of wine to-
Uspješan razvoj enofilskog turizma po- urism relies on the holistic approach, which
čiva na holističkom pristupu, koji podrazu- means that many related aspects must be
mijeva razmatranje mnogih povezanih as- observed and many stakeholders should be
pekata i uključivanje brojnih interesnih involved in the process of planning, imple-
skupina u proces planiranja, implementacije menting and evaluating the wine tourism
i valorizacije enofilskog turističkog proiz- product in order to make that product both
voda u cilju postizanja njegove održivosti i sustainable and successful. The idea of a
uspješnosti. Ideja o holističkom pristupu ta- holistic approach to wine tourism develop-
kvom razvoju utjelovljena je u konceptu ra- ment is embodied in the concept of wine ro-
zvoja vinskih cesta (staza, ruta) unutar vino- utes (trails, roads) development within the
rodnog područja, kojeg mora poduprijeti grape-growing areas supported by necessary
neophodna turistička infrastruktura koja će tourism infrastructure that will enable visi-
omogućiti posjetiteljima da u cijelosti do- tors to fully experience the wine tourism
žive enofilski turistički proizvod. Prema product. According to Hall et al.
Hallu et al. (2000:107), koncept ograniče- (2000:107), the concept of a bounded geog-
nog geografskog područja ključno je obilje- raphical area is the key feature of a wine ro-
žje vinske ceste jer svojim proizvođačima ute since it defines for its wine-producing
omogućava stvaranje identiteta u kojem su members an identity that proclaims unique
naglašena jedinstvena obilježja njihovih attributes for their wines and cultural heri-
vina i kulturnog naslijeđa. U cilju naglaša- tage. In order to stress the attributes that di-
vanja niza obilježja koja ih razlikuju od nji- stinguish them from their competitors, wine
hovih konkurenata, udruženja vinskih cesta route associations tend to employ a rhetoric
nastoje istaknuti priču o svojstvima njihove that stresses the nature of the grapes and the
vinove loze i vinima koje proizvode, o tlu i wines they produce, the soils and climate
klimi koje im daje posebno obilježje, te o that give them distinctive character, as well
kulturnom naslijeđu u okviru kojeg njeguju as cultural heritage that nurtures the entire
proizvodnju vina i njegovu konzumaciju. wine production and consumption.
Koncept stvaranja vinskih cesta u širo- The concept of creating wine routes has
koj je primjeni u mnogim zemljama gdje largely been used in many countries where
vinske ceste imaju svoja posebna obilježja, wine routes have their own characteristics,
prirodno okruženje, objekte (npr. vinarije), natural surroundings, facilities (i.e.
vinograde, cestovnu signalizaciju, ali i svoja wineries), vineyards, road signs, as well as
kulturna i društvena obilježja. U svojoj uku- its cultural and social features. In total, these
pnosti, ova obilježja čine osnovu za regio- characteristics constitute the platform for
nalno brandiranje povezano s turizmom i regional branding that is associated to both
vinskom industrijom. Dok posjetitelji traže tourism and wine industry. While visitors
neke funkcionalne odnosno emotivne ele- need some functional or emotional elements
mente kako bi napravili razliku između po- to make clear distinction between wine re-
jedinih vinskih regija i usporedili ih prema gions and compare them according to their
doživljaju i stupnju zadovoljstva, s druge experience and level of satisfaction, on the
strane područja koja razvijaju enofilski turi- other side, wine tourism areas use branding
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106 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
zam koriste brandiranje kako bi istaknula to highlight their uniqueness and competi-
svoju jedinstvenost i konkurentsku prednost tive advantages to target the segment of de-
te se orijentirala na određeni segment potra- mand. From the legal point of view, a wine
žnje. S pravnog aspekta, vinska cesta može route can be recognized as a type of external
se definirati kao vrsta eksternog konzorcija, consortium, a concept in which several
koncepta u kojem se više vinarija jednog wineries of one geographical area, with the
geografskog područja, uz pomoć lokalnih assistance of the local authorities and desti-
vlasti i destinacijske menadžment organiza- nation management organisations, have ag-
cije, sporazumno udružuju i surađuju kroz reed to join and cooperate in a tourism ser-
pružanje turističkih usluga pod zajedničkim vice providing under the common name of
nazivom vinske ceste. wine route.
Imajući u vidu da enofilski turistički Bearing in mind that wine tourism pro-
proizvod obuhvaća različite proizvode i us- duct comprises various wine- and tourism-
luge vezane uz turizam i vinsku industriju, related products and services, as well as
kao i specifična obilježja ruralnih područja, specific characteristics of rural areas, such
takva suradnja može rezultirati povećanom cooperation can benefit from advanced
koristi od produbljivanja umrežavanja, nap- networking, moving from single-product
redujući od suradnje po osnovi jednog proi- cooperation (wine routes) towards cross-
zvoda (vinska cesta) prema međusektorskoj sectoral cooperation (regional tourism pro-
suradnji (regionalni turistički proizvod). duct). According to much research done on
Prema brojnim istraživanjima vezanim uz networking in tourism (Michael, 2003:133;
umrežavanje u turizmu (Michael, 2003:133; Novelli et al., 2006:1142; Michael,
Novelli i drugi, 2006:1142; Michael, 2006:79; Taylor at al., 2007:640), the
2006:79; Taylor et al., 2007:640), hipoteza hypothesis of creating successful networks
o stvaranju uspješnih mreža ili klastera u ci- or clusters towards increased overall bene-
lju povećanih sveukupnih koristi, pokazuje fits, seems to be correct. According to Mitc-
se ispravnom. Prema Mitchellu i Schreiberu hell and Schreiber (2006:80), the concept of
(2006:80), koncept enofilskog turizma ot- wine tourism suggests that opportunities for
vara brojne mogućnosti za umrežavanje i network and cluster development abound, as
razvoj klastera, s obzirom na činjenicu da wine tourism is the symbiotic relationship
enofilski turizam predstavlja simbiozu dvaju between two very different businesses: one
vrlo različitih poslovnih sustava: jedan se is based on agriculture and manufacturing,
temelji na poljoprivredi i proizvodnji, dok while other is service related. Such clusters
se drugi veže uz pružanje usluga. Takvi kla- are critical issue for rural tourism develop-
steri predstavljaju ključnu komponentu raz- ment since true wine tourism network de-
voja ruralnog turizma u kojem stvaranje velopment implies integration both
mreže za razvoj enofilskog turizma podra- horizontally (within the wine industry) and
zumijeva podjednako i horizontalnu (unutar vertically (between several industries), cre-
vinske industrije) i vertikalnu integraciju ating a complex cross-sectoral network with
(između više gospodarskih grana), čime se clearly set development vision, mission, and
stvara složena međusektorska mreža s jasno goals.
postavljenom vizijom, misijom i ciljevima. Probably, the greatest concern about es-
Vjerojatno najveća briga u stvaranju tablishing networks of small-scale entrepre-
mreža malih poduzetnika u okviru enofil- neurs related to wine tourism development
skog turizma vezana je uz održivost i uzima is focused on its sustainability, taking into
u obzir osjetljivost ruralnih regija čije kom- account the sensitivity of rural regions
parativne prednosti, u odnosu na gradska ili whose comparative advantages against ur-
primorska područja, proizlaze iz jedinstve-
106
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 107
nog spoja prirodnih i socio-kulturnih vrijed- ban or sea-side regions are derived from the
nosti. Mnogo je znanstvenih istraživanja unique mixture of natural and socio-cultural
napravljeno u cilju analize utjecaja turizma values. Much of the scientific research has
na održivi razvoj ruralnih krajeva, među been done on analyzing the impacts of tou-
kojima je zanimljiv i doprinos Buttsa i Brie- rism on sustainable rural development. An
denhanna (2006:122) koji su se kritički interesting contribution was delivered by
osvrnuli na utjecaj razvoja ruralnog turizma Butts and Briedenhann (2006:122) who
na lokalnu društvenu zajednicu, okoliš i lo- critically observed the impact of rural tou-
kalno gospodarstvo. Autori ističu da se turi- rism development on local society, envi-
zam sve učestalije shvaća i koristi kao sve- ronment and the economy. The authors ar-
mogući instrument socio-ekonomskog gue that tourism is increasingly conceived
razvoja u mnogim regijama, uključujući i and utilized as an almighty instrument of
one ruralne. Međutim, domašaj i uspjeh ra- socioeconomic development in many regi-
zvoja ruralnog turizma izravno ovisi o obi- ons including the rural ones. However, the
lježjima raspoloživih turističkih resursa u scope and success of rural tourism develo-
smislu zemlje, objekata, nematerijalnih vri- pment directly depends on the characteris-
jednosti, financiranja, tehnoloških znanja i tics of the available tourism resources in
iskustava, kao i o spremnosti lokalnih podu- terms of land, facilities, intangibles, funds
zetnika da sudjeluju u umrežavanju malih and know-how, as well as of the willingness
razmjera, a sve u cilju ostvarivanja boljih of local entrepreneurs to participate in
ekonomskih koristi, kako za same poduzet- small-scale networks in order to increase
nike, tako i za čitavu regiju. U tom smislu their own and region's economic benefits. In
Greffe (1994:25) predlaže umrežavanje svih that sense, Greffe (1994:25) suggests
pružatelja usluga u okviru ruralnog turizma, networking of rural tourism providers, while
dok Rubbies (2001:39) tvrdi da turistički Rubbies (2001:39) claims that tourists'
doživljaji nastaju u malim geografskim kla- experiences are delivered in small geograp-
sterima koji se natječu s drugim klasterima hical clusters that compete with other clus-
za pozornost turista, kao i da jačanje veza u ters for tourist attention and that strengthe-
lancima vrijednosti (dobavljači, javni i pri- ning the links between value chains (suppli-
vatni sektor) pomaže regiji u postizanju ers, public and private sectors) helps a re-
konkurentske prednosti. gion to gain competitive advantage.
Kao i u ostalim tranzicijskim zemljama, Like in other transitional European co-
ruralna područja u Hrvatskoj (naročito u untries, rural regions in Croatia (especially
kontinentalnom dijelu) još uvijek su u dob- its continental part) are still partially depen-
roj mjeri ovisna o raznim programima javne dent on various public funding programmes
financijske potpore koji su se u određenoj that have, to some extent, collapsed during
mjeri urušili tijekom eskalacije svjetske go- the escalation of the global economic crisis.
spodarske krize. U takvim uvjetima, kada su In such conditions, when financial resources
financijski resursi nedovoljni za održavanje are insufficient to maintain normal standard
uobičajenog životnog standarda, logična re- of living, logical reaction is to employ all
akcija je u korištenju svih raspoloživih re- available resources with competitive ad-
sursa s konkurentskom prednošću koji bi vantage that can provide additional (mis-
omogućili dodatnu (izostalu) ekonomsku sing) economic benefit. In these circum-
korist. U takvim okolnostima razvoj turizma stances, small-scale tourism development,
malih razmjera, kao što je enofilski turizam, such as wine tourism, emerges as an intere-
javlja se kao zanimljiva razvojna opcija za sting development option for small grape-
male vinorodne regije koje pate od nedos- growing rural regions that suffer from a lack
tatka poduzetničkih mogućnosti na lokalnoj of entrepreneurial opportunities at the local
107
108 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
razini. Baš kao što turizam može donijeti level. As much as tourism can bring
napredak svakom pojedinom poduzetniku i prosperity to individual entrepreneurs and
regionalnom gospodarstvu, isto tako postoje regional economy, there are also some hid-
i stanoviti skriveni rizici vezani uz poslovne den risks of business failures that rural
promašaje kojih ruralne zajednice moraju communities must be aware of.
biti svjesne.
3. HYPOTHESES AND METH-
3. HIPOTEZE I METODOLOŠKE ODOLOGICAL ISSUES
NAPOMENE
This research is based upon two
Ovo istraživanje temeljeno je na dvjema following hypotheses. (H1) Wine tourism
hipotezama. (H1) Razvoj enofilskog turizma development has considerable potential for
ima značajan potencijal za poboljšanje regi- upgrading the regional economic perfor-
onalnih gospodarskih pokazatelja, naročito mance, especially in rural areas which have
u ruralnim krajevima koji ne posjeduju kon- no conventional (3S) tourism resources.
vencionalne (3S) turističke resurse. (H2) (H2) Wine tourism can be successfully de-
Enofilski turizam može biti uspješno razvi- veloped in the regions with preserved natu-
jen u regijama koje imaju očuvane prirodne ral values, long tradition of wine making
vrijednosti, dugu tradiciju u proizvodnji and appropriate technology, even in the ti-
vina i odgovarajuću tehnologiju, čak i u mes of economic crisis, but needs timely re-
vremenima gospodarske krize, ali traži pra- sponse, accurate planning and sophisticated
vodobnu reakciju, pomno planiranje i sofis- advertising.
ticirano oglašavanje. The research methodology used in this
Metodologija istraživanja korištena u paper covers a review of the available lit-
ovom radu obuhvaća pregled raspoložive erature from a range of sources, both dis-
literature iz brojnih izvora u okviru kojih se cussing and presenting worldwide develop-
raspravlja i prezentira razvoj enofilskog tu- ment of wine tourism, as well as some de-
rizma diljem svijeta, kao i neki razvojni velopment patterns in Croatia. Therefore,
trendovi na području Hrvatske. Iz tih raz- the research incorporates the analysis of
loga, istraživanje obuhvaća analizu sekun- secondary data published in scientific jour-
darnih podataka objavljenih u znanstvenim nals, text books, statistical reports and visi-
časopisima, udžbenicima, statističkim pub- tor surveys related to the most prominent
likacijama i anketnim istraživanjima veza- wine tourism regions. Although wine tour-
nih uz najpoznatije regije enofilskog turi- ism development has been widely re-
zma. Iako su mnoga znanstvena istraživanja searched, especially in well-known wine
provedena na temu razvoja enofilskog turi- tourism regions, the contemporary literature
zma, osobito u dobro poznatim regijama, lacks observations regarding the ubiquitous
suvremena literatura oskudijeva u razmatra- global economic crisis that largely affects
nju sveprisutne svjetske gospodarske krize small-scale wine production. This particu-
koja uvelike zahvaća upravo male proizvo- larly refers to Croatian wine tourism market,
đače vina. To se posebno odnosi na hr- which is rather small and additionally bur-
vatsko tržište, koje je prilično malo i doda- dened by socio-economic differences com-
tno opterećeno socio-ekonomskim razlika- pared to the leading wine tourism regions in
ma u usporedbi s vodećim vinskim regijama Europe.
u Europi. The research is predominantly focused
Istraživanje je pretežno usmjereno na on the supply side of the wine tourism mar-
ponudbenu stranu tržišta enofilskog turizma ket in times of the global economic crisis,
108
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 109
u uvjetima svjetske gospodarske krize pa se thus a further step towards improving the
sljedeći korak u poboljšanju rezultata istra- research results is related to carrying out a
živanja veže uz provedbu anketnog istraži- visitor survey among Croatian wine routes,
vanja posjetitelja hrvatskih vinskih cesta u in order to identify the newest trends in their
cilju identificiranja najnovijih trendova u behaviour and consumption. In 2006, such a
ponašanju i potrošnji. Takvo istraživanje je survey was conducted by the Institute of
2006. godine proveo Institut za turizam Tourism (Zagreb), but the data that was ob-
(Zagreb), međutim, podaci dobiveni prije tained before the crisis cannot be accepted
nastupanja krize ne mogu se smatrati prih- in the current circumstances. Thus, the ab-
vatljivima u trenutnim uvjetima, pa se izos- sence of more updated data in the survey
tanak takvog istraživanja može okarakterizi- can be regarded as the main shortcoming of
rati i kao glavni nedostatak ovog istraživanja. that research.
Enofilski turizam prepoznat je kao kata- For many reasons, wine tourism has
lizator regionalnog gospodarskog razvoja iz been recognized as a catalyst for regional
više razloga, osobito za relativno mala i economic development, especially for those
prostorno rascjepkana vinorodna ruralna relatively small or spatial fragmented grape-
područja koja imaju malu proizvodnju vina i growing rural areas that have small-scale
kao takva nemaju vodeći položaj na tržištu wine production and thus do not hold a
vinima. Takve regije u vrijeme gospodar- leading position in the wine market. In
skog blagostanja imaju mogućnost poticati times of economic prosperity those regions
rast proizvodnje vina do krajnjih granica i have an opportunity to push wine produc-
postići najveće moguće koristi kroz malop- tion to its limits and reap all the benefits
rodaju vina. Međutim, u vremenu svjetske from the wine retailing, but during the
gospodarske krize takve se mogućnosti ubr- global economic crisis those opportunities
zano smanjuju i pretvaraju u izazov budu- are rapidly shrinking and turning into chal-
ćeg razvoja. U tom se kontekstu enofilski lenges of its further development. In that
turizam nameće kao koncept unaprjeđenja context, wine tourism is seen as an upgrade
regionalnog razvoja temeljenog na prirod- of the regional development concept based
nim (poljoprivrednim) resursima i usmjere- on natural (agricultural) resources and fo-
nog većinom na malo i srednje poduzetniš- cused mostly on small and medium-sized
tvo koje podrazumijeva umrežavanje, entrepreneurship that implies networking,
suradnju i neprekidnu inovaciju proizvoda. collaboration and constant product innova-
Međutim, nekoliko je kritičnih aspekata up- tion. However, there are several key aspects
ravljanja razvojem enofilskog turizma u ok- of managing wine tourism development in
viru malih ruralnih područja koje se treba small rural areas that need to be reconsid-
iznova razmotriti kako bi takav razvoj bio ered in order to make this development
održiv i ekonomski isplativ u uvjetima sustainable and economically viable in
svjetske gospodarske krize. To se posebno terms of global economic crisis. This par-
odnosi na mala vinorodna područja u konti- ticularly applies to small wine production
nentalnom dijelu Hrvatske čiji interesi u areas in continental Croatia, whose interest
pravcu razvoja enofilskog turizma sežu da- in wine tourism development seems to go
lje od jednostavne prodaje vina u podru- far beyond simple cellar door sales.
mima.
109
110 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
110
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 111
sutan nedostatak suradnje između turistič- tourism system and the wine industry on
kog sustava i industrije vina u cilju promo- promoting wine consumption as a life style
viranja konzumacije vina kao dijela and wine routes as desirable tourism desti-
životnog stila i vinskih cesta kao poželjnih nations. Such cooperation is more likely to
turističkih destinacija. Takva suradnja prije occur between i.e. tourism intermediaries
će se dogoditi između, na primjer, turistič- and well-established wineries, but for small-
kih posrednika i dobro uhodanih vinarija, scale, family-based operations in remote ru-
dok će male obiteljske vinarije u udaljenim ral areas such cooperation is frequently
ruralnim područjima imati neusporedivo scant or absent.
manje mogućnosti za takvu suradnju ili ju
Furthermore, such rural areas frequently
uopće neće imati. Nadalje, takva ruralna
područja često pate od nedostatka u postiza- suffer from the lack of consent among small
nju dogovora između malih poduzetnika i entrepreneurs and local authorities regard-
lokalnih vlasti vezanog uz nužne korake u ing necessary steps in planning and devel-
planiranju i razvoju enofilskog turističkog opment of the wine tourism product shaped
proizvoda oblikovanog prema lokalnim po- by local area's peculiarities. The biggest is-
sebnostima. Najveći problem uočen u tak- sue noticed in such rural areas is the misun-
vim ruralnim područjima je nerazumijeva- derstanding of the economic benefits arising
nje ekonomskih koristi koje mogu proizaći from the collaboration among the stake-
iz suradnje između interesnih skupina utje- holders embodied in tourism micro-clusters
lovljene u turističkim mikro klasterima, u where only full participation and adequate
kojima jedino puni angažman i odgovara- know-how can induce synergic effects bene-
juća tehnološka znanja i iskustva mogu po- ficial for the local community. In spatially
lučiti sinergijski učinak koristan cijeloj lo- fragmented and remote rural areas such as
kalnoj društvenoj zajednici. U prostorno grape-growing areas the lack of consent re-
rascjepkanim i udaljenim ruralnim područ- garding the common goals and the vision of
jima, poput vinorodnih, nedostatak usugla- development leads to scarce investments
šavanja u pogledu zajedničkih ciljeva i raz- and fund raising, especially for the neces-
vojne vizije vodi k nedostatku investicija i sary tourism infrastructure.
kapitala, naročito kada je riječ o neophodnoj Despite the fact that there is a growing
turističkoj infrastrukturi. body of literature on wine tourism, includ-
Unatoč porastu broja literature koja ob- ing practical development, marketing as-
rađuje enofilski turizam, uključujući prakti- pects as well as theoretical discussions on
čni razvoj, marketinške aspekte i teorijske the destination life cycle (Getz & Brown,
rasprave o životnom ciklusu destinacije 2006b:78), the lack of tourism market intel-
(Getz i Brown, 2006b:78), još uvijek je pri- ligence regarding reliable and methodologi-
sutan nedostatak pouzdane i metodološki cally consistent data on wine tourism still
konzistentne baze podataka o tržišnim kre- prevails. According to the same authors, a
tanjima na području enofilskog turizma. major problem faced by researchers and
Prema istim autorima, najveći problem s analysts is the difficulty in comparing wine
kojim se suočavaju istraživači i analitičari
regions. There are enormous differences in
leži u komparaciji vinskih regija. Iznimno
age between the Old and the New World
velike razlike postoje između vinskih regija
wine regions, and wine tourism develop-
Starog i Novog svijeta, a razvoj enofilskog
ments vary from small wineries to "cathe-
turizma varira od malih vinarija do tzv.
drals of wine" in intensely developed wine
"katedrala vina" u visoko razvijenim vin-
skim regijama. regions.
Pored spomenutih unutrašnjih problema Besides the mentioned interlocking
koji postoje u gotovo svim vinorodnim re- problems that exist in almost all wine-pro-
111
112 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
gijama, nužno je primijetiti da svaka regija ducing regions, it must be noted that each
ima svoja obilježja i lokalne posebnosti koje region has its own characteristics and local
ih čine više ili manje različitim od ostalih. peculiarities that make it more or less dif-
Osim stvaranja klastera među sudionicima na ferent from the other. Apart from local
lokalnoj razini, održivi razvoj enofilskog stakeholders clustering, a sustainable wine
turizma podrazumijeva i angažiranje speci- tourism development implies engagement of
jaliziranih stručnjaka za razvoj koji će svo- specialized tourism product developers who
jom ekspertizom, profesionalnim umreža- use their expertise, professional networks
vanjem i političkim zaleđem omogućiti and policy background for making particu-
izvedivost projekta razvoja konkretnog turi- lar project feasible in a given area.
stičkog proizvoda na promatranom području.
World-wide wine industry in brief
Kratak pregled svjetske vinske industrije
Wine has become a huge international
Vino je postalo veliki međunarodni po-
sao koji se proširio na više od pola planete u business, spanning more than half the globe
smislu uzgoja vinove loze i proizvodnje in terms of grape growing and wine produc-
vina. Prema podacima koje je prikupio ame- tion. According to data compiled by the US
rički Institut za vina iz San Francisca (Tab- Wine Institute in San Francisco (Table 1),
lica 1), vodeće zemlje svijeta u proizvodnji the world's major wine producing countries
vina su Italija, Francuska, Španjolska, SAD are Italy, France, Spain, USA, and Argen-
i Argentina koje zajedno ostvaruju oko 61% tina, accounting for approximately 61% of
ukupne svjetske proizvodnje vina, 46,6% the total world wine production, 46.6% of
svjetske potrošnje i na koje otpada 42,5% its consumption, and 42.5% in global vine-
ukupne svjetske površine vinograda. U isto yard acreage. At the same time, the Europe's
vrijeme, udio Europe u svjetskoj proizvod- share in global wine production, wine con-
nji vina je 63,3%, u potrošnji 61%, a u pov- suming and vineyard acreage is 63.3%, 61%
ršinama vinograda oko 50,7%. and 50.7% respectively.
Promatrano po regijama u svijetu, naj- On the regional basis, the world's major
značajnije vinske regije su Bordeaux, Cham- wine regions are Bordeaux, Champagne and
pagne i Burgundija u Francuskoj, Toskana u Burgundy in France, Tuscany in Italy, Paarl,
Italiji, Paarl, Stellenboch i Franschoek u Juž- Stellenboch and Franschoek in South Af-
noj Africi, Napa i Sonoma doline u SAD-u te rica, the Napa and Sonoma Valleys in the
Hawke's Bay na Novom Zelandu (Beames, USA and Hawke's Bay in New Zealand
2003:207). Ovaj popis uključuje samo velike (Beames, 2003:207). This list covers only
i svjetski poznate vinske regije s najvišim large and world-known wine regions with
standardima u proizvodnji vina i s vinom po- the highest standards in wine production
vezanih turističkih usluga, dok se mnoge and wine-related tourism services, while
druge vinske regije vrijedne spomena nalaze there are many other worth-to-mention wine
u Južnoj Europi (naročito u Španjolskoj, regions of Southern Europe (particularly in
Francuskoj, Italiji, Hrvatskoj, Mađarskoj, Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, Hungary, Ro-
Rumunjskoj i Bugarskoj), SAD-u i Australiji mania, and Bulgaria), the USA, and Austra-
u kojima postoji velik izbor vrhunskih vina, lia, with high quality wine selections, but
ali još uvijek nedovoljno poznatih međuna- still unknown international demand. All
rodnoj potražnji. Sve ove regije ubrzano se these regions are rapidly emerging tourism
pretvaraju u turističke destinacije koje imaju destinations, providing good facilities for
dobre objekte za degustaciju vina i hrane, wine and food tasting, authentic accommo-
autentičan smještaj i mnoge druge atrakcije, dation, and many other attractions, activities
aktivnosti i događanja kombinirana s prekra- and events combined with beautiful scenery.
snim okruženjem.
112
Tablica 1: Vodeće zemlje svijeta po proizvodnji i potrošnji vina te površini vinograda u 2008. godini
Table 1: Top ranking countries with the highest wine production, wine consumption, and vineyard acreage, 2008
Proizvodnja Potrošnja Površina
Udio u Udio u Udio u
Rang Zemlja vina vina vinograda
svijetu svijetu svijetu
(u 000 hl) (u 000 hl) (u 000 jutara)
Wine Wine Vineyard
World World World
Rank Country production consumption acreage
share share share
(in 000 hl) (in 000 hl) (in 000 acres)
Italija/
1 51.500 18,1% 29.100 11,9% 1.989 10,2%
Italy
Francuska/
2 45.692 16,1% 32.200 13,1% 2.017 10,4%
France
Španjolska/
3 36.781 13,0% 13.300 5,4% 2.750 14,2%
Spain
SAD/
4 24.274 8,6% 28.880 11,8% 939 4,8%
USA
Argentina/
5 15.013 5,3% 10.700 4,4% 565 2,9%
Argentina
Hrvatska/
21 1.600 0,6% 1.850 0,8% 73 0,4%
Croatia
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ...
Ostale zemlje/
110.638 39,0% 130.832 53,4 11.164 57,5%
Other countries
Ukupno svijet/
283.898 100% 245.012 100% 19.424 100%
World Total
Izvor: Prilagođeno prema podacima Instituta za vina, San Francisco, USA; http://www.wineinstitute.org
Source: Adapted from Wine Institute's data base, San Francisco, USA; http://www.wineinstitute.org
113
114 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
114
Tablica 2: Pregled podataka o županijama kontinentalnog dijela Hrvatske (2008.)
Table 2: Review of data for counties in continental part of Croatia (2008)
Smještajni
Površina Stanovništvo Dolasci Noćenja
Županija kapaciteti
u km2 u 2001. turista turista
(postelje)
Surface Population Accommodation Tourist Tourist
County of
area in km2 in 2001 facilities (beds) arrivals nights
1. Zagreb 3.060 309.696 829 35.131 69.545
2. Krapina-Zagorje 1.229 142.432 1.655 65.145 186.709
3. Sisak-Moslavina 4.468 185.387 855 31.618 101.072
4. Karlovac 3.626 141.787 5.837 164.883 278.808
5. Varaždin 1.262 184.769 2.097 46.698 137.548
6. Koprivnica-Križevci 1.748 124.467 444 18.042 32.519
7. Bjelovar-Bilogora 2.640 133.084 642 14.776 36.337
8. Virovitica-Podravina 2.024 93.389 462 14.368 38.171
9. Požega-Slavonija 1.823 85.831 278 8.365 16.720
10. Slavonski Brod-Posavina 2.030 176.765 635 24.847 42.231
11. Osijek-Baranja 4.155 330.506 2.283 89.386 188.926
12. Vukovar-Srijem 2.454 204.768 971 39.765 85.395
13. Međimurje 729 118.426 1.011 35.019 73.296
14. Grad Zagreb/City of Zagreb 641 779.145 12.000 705.165 1.182.917
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ...
116
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 117
KONTINENTALNA HRVATSKA
CONTINENTAL CROATIA
300.000
250.000
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Dolasci-Arrivals Noćenja-Overnights
PRIMORSKA HRVATSKA
COASTAL CROATIA
18.000.000
16.000.000
14.000.000
12.000.000
10.000.000
8.000.000
6.000.000
4.000.000
2.000.000
0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Dolasci-Arrivals Noćenja-Overnights
Izvor: Državni zavod za statistiku (2009), Prvo priopćenje – Turizam 2008, Godište XLV,
broj 4.4.1/1-12, DZS, Zagreb
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (2009), First Release – Tourism 2008, Year XLV, No.
4.4.1/1-12, CBS, Zagreb
Udjeli domaćih i inozemnih dolazaka i The shares of domestic and foreign tou-
noćenja turista u 2008. godini u kontinen- rist arrivals and overnight stays in 2008 for
talnom dijelu Hrvatske idu u prilog inozem- the continental part of Croatia are in favour
nim turistima (godišnji prosjek 42%:58%). of the foreign tourists (annual avg.
Razlika ostvarenih noćenja turista između 42%:58%). The difference in tourist over-
regija ilustrirana je na Prikazu 2. nights structure among the regions is illus-
trated in Figure 2.
117
118 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
strana noćenja
50% foreign overnights
40%
domaća noćenja
30% domestic overnights
20%
10%
0%
Kontinentalni dio
Kontinentalni dio
Primorski dio
Hrvatska Croatia
City of Zagreb
Continental part
Continental part
Coastal part
Grad Zagreb
(Zagreb excl.)
(bez Zagreba)
Izvor: Državni zavod za statistiku (2009), Statistički ljetopis, DZS, Zagreb, str. 635
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (2009), Statistical Yearbook, CBS, Zagreb, pp. 635
Kao što je vidljivo na Prikazu 2, konti- As shown in the Figure 2, the continen-
nentalni dio Hrvatske (grad Zagreb isklju- tal part (the City of Zagreb excluded) reve-
čen) ima drugačiju strukturu noćenja turista, als a much more different structure of tou-
nego što ju ima primorska regija odnosno rist overnight stays than the coastal part or
grad Zagreb. Dok primorski dio s 90,3% i the City of Zagreb. While the costal part and
grad Zagreb sa 70,7% ostvaruju znatno više the City of Zagreb recorded predominantly
noćenja inozemnih turista, pokazatelji za more foreign tourist overnight stays, 90.3%
kontinentalni dio (bez Zagreba) ukazuju na and 70.7% respectively, with a 65% share
nadmoć domaće potražnje s udjelom od tourist overnight stays in the continental
65%. Takva struktura upućuje na zaključak part (the City of Zagreb excluded) were
da trenutni turistički proizvod kontinental- mainly domestic. Such a structure indicates
nog dijela Hrvatske privlači većinom do- that the present tourism product of the con-
maću potražnju tijekom godine, dok ga ino- tinental part of Croatia attracts mostly do-
zemni turisti posjećuju pretežno tijekom mestic tourism demand during the year
ljetnih mjeseci kao usputnu turističku desti- while foreign tourists visit the area
naciju. U tom kontekstu, racionalno je oče- predominantly during the summer months
kivati da će budući razvoj turizma na pro- as stop-over tourism destination. In that
matranom području biti više orijentiran na context, it is reasonable to expect that future
inozemnu turističku potražnju nego na do- tourism development in the area examined
maću. will bring more foreign than domestic tou-
rists.
118
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 119
119
120 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
rađene kategorije vina kao što su predikatna, share of quality wines the assortment also
kasna berba, izborna berba, izbor bobica, includes many other internationally re-
izbor suhih bobica, ledena, arhivska, deser- warded wine categories, such as predicate,
tna, aromatizirana i pjenušava vina. Takva late vintage, select vintage, select grapes,
raznolikost vinskih podregija i sorti vina select dried grapes, ice, archive, dessert,
predstavlja iznimno kvalitetnu osnovu za aromatized, and sparkling wines. Such vari-
razvoj enofilskog turističkog proizvoda za ety of wine subregions and wine assortment
svačiji ukus. represents a high quality platform for devel-
Prema istraživanju Hrvatske gospodar- opment of wine tourism product for every-
ske komore (HGK), u 2007. godini registri- one's taste.
rano je 379 turističkih seoskih gospodar- According to the survey conducted by
stava s 933 postelje, od čega 314 ili njih the Croatian Chamber of Economy's (CCE)
83% nude hranu i piće, dok 231 ili njih 61% in 2007, there were 379 registered tourist
imaju objekte za degustaciju rakije i vina. rural households with 933 beds of which
Kontinentalni dio Hrvatske obuhvaća oko 314 or 83% offered food and drink, while
36% ukupno registriranih turističkih seoskih 231 or 61% had brandy and wine tasting fa-
gospodarstava, od čega njih 65% nude de- cilities. The continental part of Croatia
gustaciju rakije i vina. Osim tih objekata, comprises about 36% of total registered
mnogo je više podruma i drugih objekata za tourist rural households, of which 65% offer
degustaciju i posluživanje vina koji nisu re- brandy and wine tasting. Apart from the
gistrirani kao turistička seoska gospodar- tourist rural households, there are even more
stva, ali pružaju brojne usluge degustacije wine tasting (cellars) and wine serving fa-
vina i njihovu izravnu prodaju. Nadalje, In- cilities that are not registered as tourist rural
stitut za turizam (IT) iz Zagreba proveo je i households, but do extensive wine tasting
završio 2006. godine istraživanje među vi- and cellar door wine selling. Another survey
narijama pri čemu je otkriveno da preko of wineries conducted by the Croatian In-
60% vinarija već jesu u nekom obliku udru- stitute of Tourism (IT), that ended in 2006,
živanja u vinske ceste, da je oko 84% vina- revealed that over 60% of the wineries were
rija otvoreno cijele godine, da ne zapošlja- already included in some form of wine route
vaju dopunsko osoblje za prijem arrangement, approximately 84% of all
posjetitelja, da je riječ većinom o lokalnim wineries were open all year round, employ
ili regionalnim posjetiteljima, dok im pro- no additional staff for receiving visitors, at-
daja vina u podrumima čini oko 10% uku- tracted mostly local and regional visitors,
pne prodaje. and that cellar door wine sales made at least
Sukladno svemu prethodno spomenutom 10% of total sale.
Hrvatska ima sve glavne preduvjete za raz- According to all previously mentioned,
voj enofilskog turizma kao atraktivnog turi- Croatia has all the basic prerequisites to de-
stičkog proizvoda koji može generirati do- velop wine tourism as an attractive tourism
datne ekonomske koristi za ruralna product that can generate additional econo-
područja, bez obzira je li riječ o kontinen- mic benefits to rural areas, whether in the
talnoj ili primorskoj regiji. U cilju isticanja continental or the coastal region. In order to
nekih prednosti i nedostataka razvoja enofil- outline some advantages and shortcomings
skog turizma u kontinentalnom dijelu Hr- of the wine tourism development in the
vatske, autori su sastavili sljedeću SWOT continental part of Croatia, the authors have
analizu (Prikaz 3). provided the following SWOT analysis (Fi-
gure 3).
120
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 121
• Enofilski turizam kao sredstvo "brendiranja" • Rastuća konkurencija dobro poznatih vin-
vinskih cesta/regija skih turističkih regija (zemalja)
• Rastući interes potražnje za autentičnim do- • Posljedice krize na turistički emitivnim tržiš-
življajem u okviru enofilskog turizma tima i na male proizvođače vina
• Rastući interes proizvođača vina i vezanih • Nedostatak učinkovitosti institucija javnog
pružatelja usluga prema razvoju enofilskog sektora i preveliko porezno opterećenje
turizma prema novim poduzetnicima
• Raspoloživost državnih poticajnih sredstava • Otpor lokalnih društvenih zajednica u
za projekte vezane uz enofilski turizam udaljenijim ruralnim krajevima prema raz-
• Trend korištenja više kraćih odmora tijekom voju turizma
godine, umjesto samo ljetovanja/zimovanja • Moguć negativan utjecaj sezonalnosti
• Osiguravanje dodatnih ekonomskih koristi uzrokovan cikličkim rastom turističke potra-
za lokalnu zajednicu žnje u ljetnim mjesecima
• Umanjivanje učinka sezonalnosti • Nadolazeće pridruživanje Hrvatske Europs-
• Nadolazeće pridruživanje Hrvatske Europs- koj uniji u smislu limitiranja broja (posađe-
koj uniji u smislu rasta turističke potražnje nih) sadnica vinove loze
Strengths: Weaknesses:
Opportunities: Threats:
• Wine tourism as a tool for wine route/wine • Growing competition from well-known wine
region branding tourism regions (countries)
• Growing interest of demand for authentic • Consequences of crisis on tourism genera-
wine tourism experience ting markets and small-scale wine producers
• Growing interest of wine producers and rela- • Lack of efficiency in public administration
ted service providers for development of and excessive tax burden for new entrepre-
wine tourism neurs
• Available state funding for wine tourism • Resistance of remote rural communities to
projects tourism development
• Trend of using more short vacations during • Possible negative impacts of seasonality cau-
the year rather than summer and/or winter sed by cyclical growth of demand for sum-
vacation mer tourism
• Providing an additional economic benefits to • Forthcoming Croatia's accession to the EU
local community in sense of grape planting limitation
• Diminishing of seasonality effect
• Forthcoming Croatia's accession to the EU
in sense of tourism demand growth
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124 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
ljima potpuni uvid u proizvodnju vina, insight into complete wine production, con-
izgradnja novih objekata za degustaciju vina struction of new wine tasting facilities with
s estetskom vrijednošću, preimenovanje po- aesthetic value, renaming the existing i.e.
stojećih, na primjer, hotelskih objekata u hotel facilities into wine hotels, etc.;
vinske hotele itd.; 3) Improvement of wine routes sign-
3) Poboljšanje označavanja vinskih posting – to create visual identity of a par-
cesta – kreiranje vizualnog identiteta odre- ticular wine route in order to make spatial
đene vinske ceste koji bi omogućio lakšu orientation easier for non-resident visitors,
prostornu orijentaciju za nerezidentne pos- as well as to grab the attention of transit
jetitelje i privlačio pozornost tranzitnih po- visitors whose motives of travel are not re-
sjetitelja čiji turistički motivi nisu vezani uz lated to wine;
vino; 4) Improvement of marketing efforts
4) Intenziviranje marketinških napora – clustering of stakeholders in wine tourism
– klasteriziranje interesnih skupina u okviru facilitates pooling of the resources for ad-
enofilskog turizma omogućava udruživanje vertising through web pages (local and in-
resursa za oglašavanje putem internetskih ternational providing overview of wine
stranica (lokalni i regionalni pregled vinskih routes), participation in domestic and inter-
cesta), sudjelovanje na domaćim i međuna- national wine fairs (i.e. LIWF in London,
rodnim sajmovima vina (npr. LIWF u Lon- FORUM VINI in Munich), tourism fairs
donu, FORUM VINI u Münchenu), turistič- (i.e. ITB in Berlin, WTM in London) and
kim sajmovima (npr. ITB u Berlinu, WTM specialized wine tourism fairs (i.e. SILOT
u Londonu ), kao i specijaliziranim sajmo- in Lyon, Enotur in Pontevedra, Spain), en-
vima enofilskog turizma (npr. SILOT u gagement of the mass media for advertising
Lyonu, Enotur u Pontevedra u Španjolskoj), large events, designing printed material (i.e.
zatim angažman masmedija za promovira- wine route guides, newsletters), production
nje velikih manifestacija, dizajn tiskanih of interactive multimedia CD/DVD for par-
materijala (npr. vodiči po vinskim cestama, ticular region, etc.;
novinske brošure), produkcija interaktivnih 5) Development of local tourism re-
multimedijskih CD/DVD-a za određenu re- lated products – recommended clustering
giju itd.; should include local food production, pro-
5) Razvoj lokalnih proizvoda vezanih duction of authentic gifts and souvenirs,
uz turizam – preporučena klasterizacija tre- etc.;
bala bi uključiti lokalnu proizvodnju hrane, 6) Organisation of special events and
proizvodnju autentičnih poklona i suvenira education programmes – organizing wine
itd.; (and food) festivals enables attraction of
6) Organizacija posebnih manifesta- wider non-resident population and populari-
cija i obrazovnih programa – organizacija zation of wine routes, wines and wine con-
festivala vina i hrane omogućava privlače- sumption, attracting international wine
nje veće nerezidentne populacije, populari- competitions and judging in the area, inter-
zaciju vinskih cesta, vina i njegove konzu- national market shows a growing interest
macije, zatim privlačenje pozornosti for attending specialized wine education
međunarodne konkurencije prema određe- courses;
nom području i sudačkog ocjenjivanja te či- 7) Application for the EU funding un-
njenice da inozemno tržište pokazuje rastući der the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
interes za sudjelovanje u specijaliziranim – to ensure funding in the framework of in-
tečajevima obrazovanja o vinima; ternational wine route projects (within the
EU Operational Programme of over-border
124
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 125
125
126 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
126
O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 127
5. ZAKLJUČAK 5. CONCLUSION
127
128 Acta turistica, Vol 22 (2010), No 1, pp 1-130
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O. Kesar, D. Ferjanić: Ključni aspekti uspjeha u upravljanju razvojem enofilskog turizma ... 131
Note: The paper was presented at the 5th International Conference "An Enterprise
Odyssey: From Crisis to Prosperity – Challenges for Government and Business", May 26-
29, 2010, Opatija, Croatia, and modified according to feedback received during the
conference session.