English – 4th Quarter • Noise – it refers to any sort of disruption that
Reviewer interferes with the transmission and
Lesson 1: Effective Interpersonal
Communication Strategies
In accordance with Cortez & Castro
(2016),
Interpersonal communication – refers to the
process in which two or a relatively small number
of people communicate their feelings, thoughts,
emotions, and other information to each other
through verbal or non-verbal form in a face-to-
face setting. Interpersonal communication is not
just about what is actually said, but how it is said.
Verbal communication – refers to the use of
words whether written or spoken.
Non-verbal communication – refers to
messages sent through tone of voice, facial
expressions, gestures, and body language.
Elements of Interpersonal Communication
There are a number of elements involved in the
communication process, they are as follows:
• Communicators – these are the people who
are involved in the communication process:
the sender and the receiver.
➢ The sender is the one from whom the
thought originates, thoughts then are put
into words; the one who encodes and
transfers the information.
➢ The receiver is the decoder the message;
he/she tries to understand what the sender
is trying to convey then responds
accordingly.
• Message – it is the idea conveyed through
speech, facial expression, body language,
tone of voice, gestures and other verbal and
non-verbal means.
interpretation of the message while it is sent;
noise causes differences in what is received
from what is sent; it may be physical or
physiological.
➢ physical noise – slamming of doors,
honking of vehicles, etc.
➢ physiological noise – bodily/mental
pains and anxieties.
• Feedback – the response of the receiver
which enables the sender to know how
accurately the message is being received and
how it is being interpreted.
• Context – the emotional climate and
expectations of the people, the place of
occurrence, and social, political, cultural, and
environmental conditions.
• Medium/Channel – the means through
which the information flows from the sender
to the receiver; the message is sent and
received through the channel
These elements have their own roles and
functions in the communication process. Here is
a visual representation of how communication
occurs:
The sender encodes the message through a
medium/channel to the receiver. The receiver
then decodes the message and sends feedback
to the sender based on how the message was
understood and interpreted which completes the
communication process. Noise affects all aspects
in the communication process.
Interpersonal communication, as mentioned
above, involves two or more participants. In this
lesson we will only be discussing the one of the
forms of interpersonal communication – dyadic
communication, which involves only two
participants.
Types of Dyadic Communication:
1. Conversation
➢ an informal type of dyadic
communication; it is the most common,
most frequent, and most popular of all
dyadic communication.
➢ conversations may take place anywhere;
it is when participants talk to each other
spontaneously without a definite agenda
or purpose; and the participants have a
shared history – they are not complete
strangers.
➢ the flow of the message is two-way:
feedbacks are immediate.
TIPS TO BE A GOOD
CONVERSATIONALIST:
• AWARENESS OF OTHERS
1. Observe the one-minute rule.
2. Seek topics of mutual interest
3. Listen to what the other person has to
say.
4. Ask questions.
• AWARENESS OF SELF
1. Be tactful and courteous.
2. Express sincere compliments.
3. Do not step on somebody’s toes.
4. Do not argue.
2. Dialogue
➢ a formal type of dyadic communication
which usually happens during guidance
counseling, consulting with a priest, or
heart-to-heart talks with a trusted person.
➢ one bares heart and soul to go deeper into
their motivations, attitudes, and beliefs.
➢ a dialogue is planned and purposive; it
has a definite agenda or topic to discuss,
usually problem solving.
➢ it is more orderly and more intimate than
a conversation.
FIVE-STEP PATTERN FOR A DIALOGUE
1. Greeting and small talk
2. Introducing the topic
3. Exchanging and processing of
information
4. Summarizing decisions and clarifying
the next step
5. Formal closing
3. Interview
➢ a highly formal type of dyadic
communication; involving two
parties – the interviewer and the
interviewee, mainly for the purpose
of gathering information.
➢ interviews may be in the form of
press interview, a job interview, a
scholarship interview, a survey
interview, etc.
GUIDELINES ON CONDUCTING AN
INTERVIEW:
A. THE INTERVIEWER
1. The interview should have a definite
purpose.
2. The interview questions should suit the
purpose of the interview and the
interviewee’s personality and status.
3. The interviewee’s convenience and
comfort should be taken into
consideration in setting the time and the
place of the interview.
4. Ground rules must be laid down,
particularly the scope and limitations.
5. The data gathered in the interview should
be reviewed and clarified for accuracy.
 B. THE INTERVIEWEE
1. He/she should know the purpose of the
interview, except in cases where the
purpose is
4. obvious, as in interviews related to jobs,
scholarships or loans.
2. He/she should know the scope of the
interview, the kind of information he
expected to give. He should be prepared
to present such information.
3. He/she should be open-minded,
cooperative, helpful, and friendly.
Regardless of the purpose, the
interviewee should not be defensive,
hostile, or evasive in answering questions
because the interviewer may get an
unfavorable impression.
Lesson 2: Literal and Figurative Language
It is said that the goal of communication is to
achieve understanding which is the result of
effective use of the language. Most of the time,
we use words to communicate. Words carry
different meanings; may it be literal or
figurative. A writer or a speaker may say one
word or statement such as “I am burning up!”
which could have multiple meanings. Literally,
that person is on fire; figuratively, that person
feels very hot probably because of fever. One
facet of the English language deals with
meanings attached to words. In this lesson, we
will be looking through the difference between
literal language and figurative language, and
the most commonly used figures of speech.
Literal language – is the type of language we
frequently use in speaking.
➢ It expresses thoughts and ideas in a clear
and specific manner because the words in
a literal sentence state their dictionary
meaning.
➢ It uses the actual meanings of words or
phrases in their exact sense.
➢ It is very straightforward and precise.
➢ It is often used to convey important
information; it is usually utilized in
writing scientific, technical, and legal
documents.
➢ Authors use literal language when their
goal is to give an explicit explanation;
when they want to get their point across
in a direct manner.
Figurative language – is the type of language
that goes beyond the literal meaning of words or
phrases.
➢ It is more elaborate, creative, and
interesting than literal language because
you have to “figure out” the meanings of
words instead of taking them exactly as
they are.
➢ This type of language is commonly used
in literary writing – either in prose or
poetry.
➢ Its function is to make your speech or
writing more colorful through the use of
different figures of speech.
Types of Figures of Speech:
1.) Simile
➢ When you say “the farmer’s
hands are as rough as a tree
bark,” you are comparing two
unlike objects – hands and tree
bark – on their common
attribute, roughness. However, it
does not literally mean that when
you touch that farmer’s hand it
would feel like touching a tree
bark; it just states that the
farmer’s hands are rough.
➢ The comparison is by the use of
the expression as. Remember
that comparison in simile uses
the expressions as or like.
Examples:
Her skin is as soft as a cotton.
Her hair is as black as ink.
She is like a goddess.
2.) Metaphor
➢ When you say “Speech is silver,
silence is gold.” you are directly
comparing speech to silver and
silence to gold – since gold is
more valuable than silver.
➢ This is an example of a proverb
which means that silence is more
valuable than speech; in other
words, staying quiet at certain
moments may have more
profound meaning than saying
something.
Examples:
Literature is the mirror of life.
Words are daggers when spoken in
anger.
You are a star.
3.) Personification
➢ When you say, “the drumming of
raindrops on the roof” you are
attributing raindrops as if they
were doing the act of drumming,
as if they were humans.
Examples:
The darkness swallowed the entire forest.
The shadow of the moon danced on the
lake.
The full moon peeped through the
clouds.
4.) Hyperbole
➢ A hyperbole is an exaggerated
statement to create a heightened
effect or emphasis.
➢ When you say, “This suitcase
weighs a ton!” you are saying
that the suitcase is very heavy to
emphasize a point.
➢ It does not really mean it weighs
a ton; you could not lift it if that
is the case.
Examples:
I am so tired that I could sleep for a week.
I have a million things to do today.
I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
Lesson 3: Literary and Academic
Writing
Academic Writing vs. Creative
Writing, one must determine the purpose
of a writing task. Most of the said writing
tasks given in schools are academic in
nature; however, most students tend to
write creatively. This is why it is
important to know, understand, and
determine the goals and characteristics of
both kinds of writing which will be
discussed in this lesson. Moreover, your
knowledge on the differences and
functions of literal and figurative
language will be utilized.
❖ Literary or Creative Writing
➢ The goal or purpose of literary or
creative writing is to express human
life and experiences.
➢ It focuses on storytelling and
recounting of personal experiences.
It is imaginative and artistic.
➢ It also reveals the voice, style, and
personality of the author.
➢ Literary writing makes use of
figurative language, and descriptive
words, hence, it makes it enjoyable
to read for it carries life lessons along
with the entertaining aspect.
➢ Literary texts are poems, plays,
movie and television scripts, fiction
 books, songs, speeches, personal
essays, short stories, novels, and
diaries.
❖ Academic or Technical Writing
➢ Aims to analyze, synthesize, and
convey information and data in a
prescribed manner.
➢ It is structured and follows a specific
pattern; it is rigid and procedural.
➢ It teaches you to be logical and
organized.
➢ It is a useful skill that you will be
able to apply not only in your
academic journey but also in your
future as a professional.
➢ Academic texts are research papers,
thesis papers, textbooks, book
reports, laboratory reports, manuals,
and academic journals.
Another specific example under academic
writing is an informative text.
Informative Text
✓ Its purpose it to provide factual
information – definitions, data,
or details – about a specific
topic.
✓ It may be about culture,
entertainment, sports, education,
science, phenomena, etc.
✓ Some of the most common
examples of informative texts
are reference books or websites,
cookbooks, magazines, and
newspapers or news articles.
For further comparison of literary and
academic writing, read and analyze these
given examples:
Writing Task:
What is the meaning of the Filipino
proverb “When the blanket is short, learn
to curl up under it?”
Answer 1:
When I was younger, my family
experienced trying times: my father was
dismissed from his work, and because
my mother's salary was insufficient for a
family of six, we had to scrimp and save.
My siblings and I transferred to public
schools, were not given new toys or
gadgets, and took no vacations for almost
two years. It was only until my father was
able to get a job that paid well that we
were finally able to live more
comfortably. Everyone has surely
experienced financial constraints, and the
only way to deal with it is with patience
and endurance. This is what the proverb
"When the blanket is short, learn to curl
up under it" means.
Answer 2:
The meaning of the proverb
"When the blanket is short, learn to curl
up under it” is that one must learn how to
endure financially trying times. The short
blanket represents financial constraints
while curling under it means
economizing and being frugal even when
it is uncomfortable. When one suddenly
loses his or her job, he or she must learn
how to tighten his or her belt to be able to
survive instead of living as though
nothing has changed financially. The
proverb illustrates the value of prudence.
Both paragraphs answer the question
correctly in two different ways. Answer
1 is an example of literary writing
because the author presented the
meaning through his/her personal
experiences while Answer 2 is an
example of academic writing because it
presented the meaning of the proverb in
a factual and informational manner.