CO QAH + MELC LW

Course Outline & Quality Assured HANDOUT No. 11

Handouts paired with MELC- in PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Based Learner’s Worksheet

MELC:
22. Cite experimental evidence showing that electrons can behave like waves. (S11/12PS-IVg-64)
23. Differentiate dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction. (S11/12PS-IVh-65)
Semester: 2 Week No. 11 Day: 1-4

LESSON 1: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT ELECTRONS CAN BEHAVE LIKE

WAVES

In this lesson, you will be able to learn about the experimental evidence showing that electrons can
behave like waves and the difference of other properties of lights which includes dispersion, scattering,
interference, and diffraction.

ELECTRONS CAN BEHAVE LIKE WAVES

de Broglie Wavelength
In 1924, French physicist Louis de Broglie postulated in his PhD
dissertation that if light with a wave phenomenon acts like a particle,
then a particle may also have a wavelike behavior. He further
theorized that the wavelength of a particle is related to Planck’s
constant and inversely proportional to its momentum. This
relationship is represented by the equation known as the de Broglie
wavelength:
λ=h/p
where λ is the de Broglie wavelength of a particle, h is Planck's constant equal to 6.63×10−34J⋅s, and p is the
momentum of the particle.
The Planck’s constant relates the amount of energy that a photon carries to the frequency of its
electromagnetic wave.

The λ or wavelength shows the wave nature of the electron, while p or the momentum shows its particle
nature.
If you compute for the de Broglie wavelength of a 1200 kg vehicle that moves at 10 m/s, you will get:
λ=5.53x10−38m.
This wavelength is too small that it can no longer be observed, and cannot be bent even when it
encounters an opening. This is true with other macroscopic objects. However, for microscopic particles like
electrons, their wavelengths are also very small but have the same size as the inter-atomic spacing in crystal
solids. This small inter-atomic spacing can cause electrons, which have small wavelengths, to be bent or
diffracted, a phenomenon associated with waves that encounter a barrier or small opening. This was proven
experimentally by Davisson and Germer.

Davisson and Germer Experiment

In 1927, American physicists Clinton Davisson and Lester

Germer tried to verify a prediction of classical physics that scattered
electrons will appear from all directions with little dependence on their
intensity, on scattering angle, and energy of the primary beam.
They expected that because of the small size of the electrons,
they would still be experiencing diffused reflection even if they hit a

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smooth surface
CLINTON like that of
DAVISSON AND a LOUIS dE BROGLIE crystal.
Figure 1. “Quantum Theory: Louis de
Broglie,” Spaceandmotion.com, 2018.
LESTER
Figure 2. GERMER
“Bell Laboratories Building, New
Davisson and Germer
York,” @apsphysics, 2011.
showed in 1927 that electrons scatter
from a crystal the way x-rays do, proving that particles of matter
can act like waves.

The Davisson-Germer experiment demonstrated the wave nature of the electron confirming
the earlier hypothesis of DE Broglie. Putting wave-particle duality on a firm experimental footing,
it represented a major step forward in the development of quantum mechanics. The Bragg law
for diffraction had been applied to x-ray diffraction, but this was the first to particle waves.

Davisson and Germer designed and built a vacuum apparatus for the purpose of measuring
the energies of electrons scattered from a metal surface. Electrons from a heated filament were
accelerated by voltage and allowed to strike the surface of nickel metal.

The figure below shows a picture of the instrument used in their experiment.

To prevent other molecules from

hitting the electrons, the setup is placed
in a vacuum chamber. They performed
the experiment by bombarding a beam
of electrons coming from an electron
gun, which is positioned perpendicularly
to a single crystal of nickel. They
measured the intensity of the scattered
beam after hitting the nickel crystal
using a movable detector, where a
galvanometer is attached. A
galvanometer is a device which detects
and measures small electric currents.

They found nothing significant in their experiment until their setup was broken. When air accidentally
entered the setup, the nickel was oxidized. To decrease the oxide in the pure nickel, extreme heat was
applied to the nickel and was used again to continue the experiment. After bombarding the recrystallized
nickel with a beam of electrons, they observed that the intensity of the scattered beam was at the maximum
at 50°. They noted that this peak in the intensity is where constructive interference occurs. Constructive
interference is a process where two waves meet and add up.

Recrystallizing the nickel made small holes in the crystal which served as a diffraction grating. A
diffraction grating is an optical device made of glass or metal with a band of equidistant, parallel lines. When
a wave encounters a diffraction grating, it bends or diffracts. In the experiment of Davisson and Germer, the
beam of electrons that passed through
several small holes was diffracted. This
diffraction of electrons shows one of the
If theof electrons
properties a wave. exhibit only the
behavior a particle, they would produce
a pattern
Wavesof two bands
that on a from
come screendifferent
after
passing through
openings a double-slit
or diffraction barrier
gratings, whichasare
shown
the smallinholes
the indiagram in figure nickel,
the recrystallized 4.
However,
meet and electrons also behavepatterns.
form interference like
waves and isproduce
Interference a processanwhere
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two waves
patternWaves
meet. of bright
canandadddark
up fringes, as
or interfere
shown in the experiments
constructively. They can byalso Davisson
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destructively and they
other succeeding
cancel each other.
experiments using modern setups.
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 Figure 3. Admin, “Davisson Germer Experiment and de Broglie’S Relation |
Physics,” BYJUS (BYJU’S, July 18, 2018).

Figure 4. Admin, “Davisson Germer Experiment and de Broglie’S Relation | Physics,” BYJUS (BYJU’S,
July 18, 2018).

The
diagram above shows an electron diffraction tube, an instrument used in modern setups of the experiments
that show the wave nature of electrons.
In this vacuum tube, a narrow beam of electrons is fired by an electron gun. The electron beam passes
through a carbon in the form of 5.graphite,
Figure which
“Learn Electron acts Tube
Diffraction as the diffraction
in 2 Minutes.,” grating.
Toppr.com, When the electron beam hits
2021.
the phosphor screen, the screen glows. The interatomic spacing in the carbon causes the electrons to diffract,
producing ring patterns in the screen.
KEY POINTS

 French physicist Louis de Broglie postulated in his PhD dissertation that if light with a
wave phenomenon acts like a particle, then a particle may also have a wavelike behavior.
 Davisson and Germer showed in 1927 that electrons scatter from a crystal the way x-rays
do, proving that particles of matter can act like waves.
 They noted that this peak in the intensity is where constructive interference occurs.
Constructive interference is a process where two waves meet and add up
 . A diffraction grating is an optical device made of glass or metal with a band of
equidistant, parallel lines.
 Interference is a process where two waves meet. Waves can add up or interfere
constructively. They can also interfere destructively when they cancel each other.

LESSON 2: OTHER PROPERTIES OF LIGHTS: DISPERSION, SCATTERING, INTERFERENCE,

AND DIFFRACTION AND HOW THEY DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER

OTHER PROPERTIES OF LIGHTS

In the previous lesson, you have learned about the different properties of light – reflection, refraction.
Dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction are also properties of light.

DISPERSION
DISPERSION OF LIGHT

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 Dispersion is the separation of light into a
spectrum of colors as it passes through a
transparent medium like a prism. This effect is
also known as the prismatic effect.

A rainbow is formed when sunlight

Figure 6. https://www.facebook.com/Storiesbywilliams-
205745679447998/?ref=hl, “Dispersion of Light - Universe Today,”
Universe Today, September 3, 2011.
Figure 6 shows the dispersion of light through a
prism. This probably reminds you of a rainbow
where the seven components of light are separated
in terms of their respective wavelengths.
undergoes dispersion as it enters water
droplets in the atmosphere. When light (white
light) strikes the water droplets (which have
greater density than air), it bends and
disperses into seven colors. Red has the
longest wavelengths so it will appear at the
top, while violet is at the bottom because it
has the shortest wavelength.
Therefore, dispersion can be explained by
the wave nature of light.

SCATTERING

Atmospheric molecules can scatter sunlight in all directions.

Oxygen and nitrogen are two of the air molecules

abundant in the atmosphere. These air of their
molecules scatter portions of light with shorter
wavelengths like blue and violet light because of their
small size. This is called Ray leigh scattering (or
selective scattering). This explains why the why the sky
is blue on a sunny day. Since red has the longest
wavelength, it will be more absorbed by the earth’s
atmosphere than blue. This means that more of the
blue (or violet) light will be scattered in the atmosphere.
As a result, a blue sky can be observed for most part of
the day. PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
SCATTER LIGHT
Some particles in the sky called scatters are Figure 7. “Scattering of Light: By Small Particles and
capable of redirecting light in a process called Molecules in the Atmosphere,” Uiuc.edu, 2021.

scattering.

During late afternoon, you can observe the sunset or the time when the sun descends below
the horizon. Why do you think is the sunset red? Since at this point the rays of the sun pass through
a denser portion of the atmosphere (region closest to the surface), the portion of light with shorter
wavelengths are absorbed leaving behind the portion with longer wavelengths, which in this case
are the red and yellowish red ones, you see the sun as yellowish red or even orange red.
Interference happens when two waves
of the same frequency (or wavelength)
INTERFERENCE
meet in the same medium. To illustrate
this, drop a stone into a basin full of water.
What do you INTERFERENCE
observe? You IN will
WATERobserve
the formation of ripples. If you drop
.
another stone, you will see two sets of
ripples. These two waves will
superimpose or affect each other’s
intensity

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 Figure 8. “Interference,” Simply.science, 2021.

When two light waves of the same frequency

meet, the resulting light wave becomes brighter;
thus, showing an increase in the amplitude (or
height) of the wave. This is called constructive
inference. However, if two light waves of
different frequencies meet, there is a new
frequency (or color) produced.

DIFFRACTION

Figure 9 shows diffraction. This

happens when light slightly bends
when it passes through an
obstacle like a slit. The amount of
bending will depend on the
wavelength of the incident light
compared to the width of the slit or
of the opening. This means that if
the width of the slit is much
DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT greater than the wavelength of the
incident light, you will not see the
bending: thus, no diffraction has
occurred.
Figure 9. “Diffraction - the Gemology Project,” Gemologyproject.com, 2021.

When the sunlight bends around the atmospheric particles in the clouds, diffraction will appear
as fringes of colored, dark, or light bands.

Diffraction of light from the sun or moon also

produces coronas or bright, faintly colored rings
or circles seen around the sun or moon (see figure
10). The presence of water droplets or ice crystals in
clouds causes the diffraction of light. As the clouds
partially cover the sun or the moon, sunlight is
diffracted by the water droplets or ice crystals,
producing a corona.

Figure 10. “File: Lunar Corona.jpg - Wikimedia Commons,” LUNAR CORONA

Wikimedia.org, July 26, 2007, KEY POINT

 The different properties of light – reflection, refraction. Dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction
Silverarelining or the bright
also properties of light.outline along the edge
 Dispersion
of a cloud can be11).
(see figure explained
Silverbylining
the wave
is anature of light.
result of
light’s diffraction by big water droplets along the edgeof redirecting light in a process called scattering.
 Some particles in the sky called scatters are capable
 When undergo interference to increase in their overall intensity. Similarly, when individuals work
of thick clouds like cumulus clouds.
cooperatively, their capability to excel also increase.
 Diffraction of light (bending
SILVER LINING of light around the corners of an obstacle) shows that sometimes light bends to
provide a magnificent show of its properties just as in the formation of coronas. Sometimes you also have
Figure 11. “Silver Lining - Google Search.” Google.com, 2011.
to bend for you to show greatness within you.

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 REFERENCES

Espinosa, Allen, and Mary Grace Pineda. n.d. Physical Science. Reviewed by Evangeline Manalang and
Marie Paz Morales. First. 4/F SEDCCO Bldg. 120 Thailand corner legazpi Streets Legaspi Village,
1229 Makati City, Philippines: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC., 2016
https://archive.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/solutions/technologies/solar.html
https://www.comsol.ch/model/shell-and-tube-heat-exchanger-12685
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/different-energy-sources.php

“File: Lunar Corona.jpg - Wikimedia Commons.” Wikimedia.org, July 26, 2007.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_Corona.jpg.

Salibio, Mark, and Oliver David. n.d. Physical Science. Reviewed by Melody Clerigo and Darwin Putungan.
Second. 4/F SEDCCO Bldg. 120 Thailand corner legazpi Streets Legaspi Village, 1229 Makati City,
Philippines: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC., 2019

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 CO QAH + MELC LW
LEARNING WORKSHEET No. 11
Course Outline & Quality Assured Handouts
paired with MELC- Based Learning Worksheet in PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: _________________________

Teacher: _______________________________ Date Submitted: __________________________

MELC:
22. Cite experimental evidence showing that electrons can behave like waves. (S11/12PS-IVg-64)
23. Differentiate dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction. (S11/12PS-IVh-65)

Lesson 1: Experimental Evidence Showing That Electrons Can Behave Like Waves
Semester: 2 Week No. 11 Day: 1-4

Worksheet No. 1 Title: Cite experimental evidence showing that Day: 1-2
electrons can behave like waves

Directions: Below is the account on Davisson-Germer Experiment on explaining how electrons behave like
waves. Fill in the blanks with the correct information to complete its assumption.

Davisson-Germer Experiment

In 1924, French physicist 1.) _______________________ postulated in his PhD dissertation that if
light with a wave phenomenon acts like a particle, then a particle may also have a wavelike
behavior. The 2.) _________________________ demonstrated the wave nature of the electron
confirming the earlier hypothesis of DE Broglie. Putting 3.) __________________ on a firm
experimental footing, it represented a major step forward in the development of quantum
mechanics. The 4.) _________________for diffraction had been applied to 5.)
_________________, but this was the first to 6.) ____________________. Davisson and Germer
designed and built a 7.) ___________________ for the purpose of measuring the energies of 8.)
______________ scattered from a metal surface. Electrons from a heated filament were 9.)
_____________ by voltage and allowed to strike the surface of 10.) _______________.

 Accelerated  Davisson-Germer Experiment

 Electrons  Bragg law
 Wave-particle duality  Vacuum apparatus
 Particle waves  Nickel metal
 Louis de Broglie  X-ray diffraction

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MELC:
23. Differentiate dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction. (S11/12PS-IVh-65)
Lesson 2: Other Properties of Lights: Dispersion, Scattering, Interference, And Diffraction
and How They Differ From Each Other

Worksheet No. 2 Title: Differentiate dispersion, scattering, Day: 3-4

interference, and diffraction

Directions: Match the identified properties of light below with its correct definition and example by writing
the letter of the corresponding answer.

Properties Of Lights Definition Example

Properties of light

A. Interference
B. Scattering
C. Diffraction
D. Dispersion

Definition

A. It is the separation of light into a spectrum of colors as it passes through a transparent

medium like a prism.
B. This happens when two waves of the same frequency (or wavelength) meet in the
same medium.
C. It is bending of light around the corners of an obstacle) shows that sometimes light
bends to provide a magnificent show of its properties just as in the formation of
coronas.
D. The process of redirecting light or some particles in the sky.

Examples

A. Formation of rainbow
B. Sky is blue on sunny day.
C. Silver lining and Lunar corona
D. Dropping stone in the water

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 Prepared by: MILA MAY N. ABARRO
CCNHS

1.Louis de Broglie
2. Davisson-Germer Experiment
3. wave-particle duality
4. Bragg law
5. X-ray diffraction
6. Particle wave
7. Vacuum apparatus
8. electrons
9. accelerated
10. nickel metal

Worksheet No. 2

Worksheet No. 1

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 Answer Key in Physical Science - Week 11

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