Senior High School

Nature, Types and Theories of

Management
Learner's Module in Organization and
Management
Quarter 1 ● Module 1

GLENDA SAMSEL - SALUDO

Developer
Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region

NAME:________________________ GRADE AND SECTION ________________

TEACHER: ____________________ SCORE _____________________________
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Cordillera Administrative Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BAGUIO CITY
Military Cut Off, Baguio City

Published by
Learning Resource Management and Development System

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
2020

Section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency of office wherein the work is
created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.”

This material has been developed for the implementation of K-12 Curriculum
through the DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City - Curriculum Implementation
Division (CID). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and the source must be
acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version, an
enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original work is
acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this
material for commercial purposes and profit.
 PREFACE

This module is a project of the DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City through
the Curriculum Implementation Division (CID) which is in response to the
implementation of the K to 12 Curriculum.

This Learning Material is a property of the Department of Education, Schools

Division of Baguio City. It aims to improve students’ performance, specifically in
Mathematics.

Date of Development August 2020

Resource Location DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City
Learning Area Organization and Management
Grade Level 11
Learning Resource Type Module
Language English
Quarter/Week Q1/W1
Learning Competency Code ABM_AOM11Ia-b-1
Explain the meaning, function, types,
Learning Competency
and theories of management
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The developer wishes to express his gratitude to those who helped in the
development of this learning material. The fulfillment of this learning material would
not be possible without them.
Thank you all for your moral and technical support in the crafting of this learning
module. To my colleagues in our school for sharing your knowledge and expertise as
I developed this learning resource. Lastly, to the office of DepEd Division of Baguio
City for giving us the opportunity to discover our skills as module writers.

Development Team
Developer: Glenda S. Saludo
Layout Artist:
Illustrator:

School Learning Resources Management Committee

Joan D. Andayan School Head / Principal
Pia P. Duligas Assistant Principal
Norbert C. Lartec Subject / Learning Area Specialist
Genevieve C. Tudlong School LR Coordinator

Quality Assurance Team

Marina D. Tabangcura EPS – Araling Panlipunan
Leticia A, Hidalgo PSDS – District 7

Learning Resource Management Section Staff

Loida C. Mangangey EPS – LRMDS
Christopher David G. Oliva Project Development Officer II – LRMDS
Priscilla A. Dis-iw Librarian II
Lily B. Mabalot Librarian I
Ariel Botacion Admin. Assistant

CONSULTANTS

JULIET C. SANNAD, EdD

Chief Education Supervisor – CID

SORAYA T. FACULO, PhD

Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

MARIE CAROLYN B. VERANO, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
COPYRIGHT NOTICE.......................................................................1
PREFACE .........................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................4
What I Need to Knowtives ...............................................................2
What I Know .....................................................................................3
What’s In ..........................................................................................5
PICTURE IT! .................................................................................................... 5
What’s New / In ................................................................................6
Activity : READ AND ANSWER ....................................................................... 6
What is It ..........................................................................................7
What’s More ...................................................................................11
Activity 1: CHUNKING THE DATA ................................................................. 11
Activity 2: CONCEPT HUNTING .................................................................... 12
.................................................................................................................... 12
What I Have Learned .....................................................................13
FILL IN THE BLANKS .................................................................................... 13
What I Can Do ................................................................................14
Post-Assessment ..........................................................................15
CHALLENGE .............................................................................................. 15
Additional Activities ......................................................................17
Activity 9: SEARCH ME .............................................................................. 17
Answer Key ....................................................................................18
References .....................................................................................19
Nature, Types and Theories of
Management
Learner's Module in Organization and
Management
Quarter 1 ● Module 1

GLENDA SAMSEL - SALUDO

Developer

Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region

 What I Need to Knowtives

Hello learner! This module was created and written with you in mind as a form of
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) and aid in continuing your learning and development of your
21st century skills in the current situation of our educational system.

How To Use This Module

To the Teacher-Facilitator:

As teacher-facilitator of this module you are expected to do the following:

1.Develop a comprehensive understanding of this module by familiarizing yourself with
Its content from the first to the last page prior to asking your learners to start
answering the exercises.
2.Explain the activities clearly to the learners.
3.Provide feedback, evaluate the responses, and answer the questions of learners
about the module.

To the Learner:

As learner-user of this module you are expected to do the following:

1.Use this module developmentally. This means that you must go through the module
from its first page to its last page. You may not start from any of the middle pages of
this module.
2.Before doing an activity, make sure that the activity instructions are clear to you.

This module is designed to build your knowledge of key concepts, principles, and
theories in management and enhance your management skills which you can apply not only
in your future work or business organizations but also in life.

Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, you the learner are expected to:
1.Describe the nature and importance of management.
2.Differentiate the types, and theories of management
3.Create practical applications showing the nature, types, and theories of
management.

Below are some important reminders in using this module.

1. Use this module with care. You may write your answer on the activity pages.
2. Answer the module at your own pace. Do not rush and try to enjoy learning from each
activity.
3. Read and understand the instructions first before answering the activities.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in answering the activities.
5. Answer the pre-assessment part first before proceeding with the content in order of
how they are presented in the module. Finish one activity before answering the next
one.
6. Reinforce your knowledge and skills by using the prescribed textbooks and online
references.

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 7. If you encounter difficulty in answering this module, do not hesitate to consult with your
teacher-module facilitator.
8. Return the activity pages to your teacher for checking and feedback.

What I Know

Hi learner! Are you ready to test your prior knowledge of management concepts?

Let us do a quick check of your familiarity with management by answering the pretest
below.

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Instruction: Read and analyze the questions and encircle the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer.

1.Which of the following is described as a collection of people working together to achieve

common goals?
A. club C. institution
B. corporation D. organization

2.What is an integrated process of coordinating the performance of people to achieve goals

and targets?
A. controlling C. monitoring
B. directing D. management

3.What function of management is concerned with setting the goals and targets of a
company as well as action strategies for its implementation?
A. planning C. leading
B. organizing D. controlling

4. Titles such as CEO, COO and executives are part of what type or level of management?
A. frontline management C. middle management
B. low-level management D. senior management

5. What function of management involves hiring and training eligible applicants?

A. planning C. controlling
B. organizing D. staffing

6.What type or level of management act as tactical specialists in implementing general targets
in their branches or departments?
A. frontline management C. middle management
B. low-level management D. senior management

7.What function of management is concerned with influencing and motivating subordinates

to help them achieve their tasks and goals?
A. planning C. leading
B. organizing D. controlling

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8.What management concept is described as the ability to yield the maximum output from a
minimum amount of input?
A. coordination C. effectiveness
B. efficiency D. productivity

9.What function of management involves comparing actual performance of individuals and

work groups against set plans and goals?
A. planning C. leading
B. organizing D. controlling

10.What management concept involves performing in a manner that will help a company
attain its plans and goals?
A. coordination C. effectiveness
B. efficiency D. productivity

11.What management theory forwards the approach of increasing production output based on
time and motion studies?
A. administrative management C. scientific management
B. bureaucratic management D. systems management

12. What management concept is being implemented in creating harmony and cooperation
among the staff and across various parts and processes of a department?
A. coordination C. effectiveness
B. efficiency D. productivity

13.What theory in management supports the creation of rational-legal authority and

formal structures in an organization?
A. administrative management C. scientific management
B. bureaucratic management D. systems management

14.What function of management involves setting aside funds and allocating resources to
accomplish company goals?
A. planning C. leading
B. organizing D. controlling

15.What management theory views management as a holistic process composed of inputs or

components used efficiently to create quality output or products?
A. administrative management C. scientific management
B. bureaucratic management D. systems management

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 What’s In
Are you ready to start your journey in the challenging world of management?

You may have already encountered some of the key concepts in management in your
previous studies. Let us start by looking into scenarios of management in our contemporary
society.

PICTURE IT!
What does management mean to you? Look at the two pictures of management below.
Write your views about management as shown in each picture, Place your answers in
the corresponding box.

A B

A B

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 What’s New / In
Management is a both a process and a skill that is useful in everyday life. It is not
only applicable in a business organization but also at home, in school and other avenues of
life. Mastering the key concepts, principles and functions of management can help a person
create a more organized and successful life.

You probably realized from doing the previous activity that you already have previous
experience in managing as well as prior knowledge of management concepts.

To be better acquainted with the nature of management and the management

functions, you may also opt to watch the short YouTube video about management functions
using the link below. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl4GhjSALsI or/and read articles
from the list of references found in this module.

Activity : READ AND ANSWER

In the video that you have watched or article you have read about the management
functions you were given a glimpse on the nature of management based on the functions or
tasks that it involves.

Read the case below which reflect the need for the management functions.
Write your views or answers to the questions that follow on the line.

Challenges in Managing Distance Learning

Rico Santos is a Grade 11 student majoring in Accountancy, Business and

Management. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic the government school where he studies
are not holding face to face classes instead Rico will start doing distance learning
through online or virtual classes and answer modules given by his teachers. Both of
Rico’s parents are working abroad and he is left in the care of his grandmother who
cannot assist him. Rico is also worried that the internet speed of his phone will not be
sufficient for online classes. In preparation for his distance learning Rico is looking for a
new internet provider, a tutor and online references.

1.What are the five-management functions that can help Rico manage his distance learning?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2.Which management function should Rico do first as he prepares for distance learning? and
What are some of the things Rico is doing to prepare for his distance learning?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3.Which management function would help Rico to allocate the funds from his parents to
make distance learning easier?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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 What is It
In today’s modern society people have fears and anxiety in opening and managing a
business and yet many business organizations are still thriving owing to the skills and
creativity of its managers.

Management problems have been present since the start of the early civilizations
and organizations can be traced as far back as 530 BC. Knowledge of key management
concepts, and principles, developing management skills and strategies serve as keys to
successfully managing business organizations.

Nature of Management

Management is defined as “the process of coordinating and overseeing the work

performance of individuals for the efficient completion of organizational goals” (Cabrera, H.
F. et.al., 2016).

Management also involves creating and maintaining an environment where people

can cooperate to efficiently accomplish selected goals. (Heinz, Weihrich & Koontz,2005).
Management is carried out in the context of an organization. Management is needed in
every type of organization. An organization is a collection of people working together for a
common goal.

Management Functions

Management is also defined as a process that involves planning, organizing, leading,

and controlling resources to achieve goals. The management functions are described below.

Primary Functions of Management

The functions of management are the tasks or jobs of a manager in an organization.

The manager is expected to perform these functions to make a business or organization
productive and successful. The primary functions of management are planning, organizing,
leading, and controlling also known as the POLC framework. The functions are defined as
follows:

a. Planning- involves creating goals for the business or organization and setting
strategies or actions to accomplish the goals. Planning long-term includes activities
such as preparing the vision, mission, goals and targets of a business or organization.
Short term planning involves setting goals achievable within a day or a year.
b. Organizing – involves assigning tasks and other resources to accomplish
the set goals, targets, and strategies effectively and efficiently. Preparing a budget,
creating an organizational chart or structure, assigning positions are all examples of
organizing activities
c. Staffing – involves filling in various jobs, tasks, and positions in the organization,
business or company. Staffing procedures are implemented in the following order:
recruitment, selection, hiring, training and evaluation
d. Leading or Directing – involves influencing and motivating people in the organization
to accomplish their goals and tasks. Leading involves providing the staff with monetary
and non-monetary rewards, incentives and behavior reinforcements.
e. Controlling – involves evaluating and correcting the goals and targets of the
organization and the performance of the staff. Controlling activities include monitoring
the performance of the staff, production output or achievement of the goals and target
set during planning.

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 Secondary Functions of Management

The studies of Mintzberg,1973 and Lamond, 2004 reveal that the challenging job of a
manager is not limited to the primary functions of planning, organizing, leading, and
controlling. There are additional functions which are equally necessary to make the business
or organization a success. These secondary management functions are:
a. Decision Making – process of identifying problems and choosing the best course
of action.
b. Coordinating - concerned with creating harmonious and unified action aimed at
simplifying and accomplishing complex activities.
c. Networking / Outsourcing - is the business practice of hiring a party outside a
company to perform services and create goods that traditionally were performed in-
house by the company's own employees and staff, this is also done to save on
costs if the products or services are offered at a lower rate.

The Management Cycle

Management functions do not occur in isolation but rather are implemented in

a cycle. Decision making is considered as the core or heart of management as it affects all
the other functions. Figure 1 shows the management cycle and interrelationship of the
management functions.

Planning

Controlling Organizing
Decision
Making

Leading Staffing

Figure 1. Management Cycle

Types / Levels of Management

In an organization, there are typically three levels of management namely, top-level,

middle-level, and lower-level management. Below are their descriptions.

Top-level or Senior Management - are also called general managers or strategic

managers since they oversee the entire operations of the business or organization as well as
set its general direction. They are responsible for making long-term plans and are the
figureheads who communicate with people outside of the organization.
Examples: company presidents and vice-presidents, Chief Executive Officer, Chief
Operation Officer

Middle-level Management - are the tactical managers in charge of the

organization’s departments. They create specific goals for their departments aligned with the
general goals set by top-level management. They implement the strategies or actions to
realize company goals. They facilitate communication between top and lower-level
management. Examples: department heads, branch managers

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 Lower-level Management - are also known as operational or frontline managers
since they are in direct communication with the staff. They are responsible for supervising
the day to day operational activities of the organization. Examples: supervisors, production,
and operations manager.

Management Values

Modern successful organizations and management exemplify the values of

efficiency, effectiveness, and coordination. These values are defined as follows:

a. Coordination – harmonious, integrated action of the various parts and processes

of an organization.
b. Efficiency – the ability to yield the maximum output from a minimum amount of
input.
c. Effectiveness – the ability and adaptability to accomplish the goals and targets
of an organization.

Theories of Management

The theories of management can be grouped into three schools of thought namely,
classical management, behavioral or human relations management, and modern
management. Each theory of management provides principles that can be useful to solve
specific management problems. The management theories are described below.

A. Classical Management - theories that developed approximately during the 1900-1930 as

a reaction to the industrial revolution. Management in the 19th century involved looking for
logical ways to organize companies to meet the need for increase in the production of
goods. The primary goals of management are (1) maximizing production or how to make
workers create more products and (2) efficiency or using less resources or funds in creating
products. The dominant management principles during the 19th century include the following:

1.Bureaucratic Management – a management system designed by Max Weber, a German

sociologist, to create formal organizations governed by fixed set of rules and managers
who possess rational-legal authority. This type of system is usually adopted by
governments and used in public administration

Characteristics of Bureaucracy/ Bureaucratic Principles

a.Division of Labor / Specialization of work - work is based on skills and competence
b.Hierarchy of positions / jobs – seniority of positions
c.Fixed set of rules – fixed policies govern the organization
d.Separation of personal life from work life
e.Merit system – hiring and promotion based on technical qualification and fairness
f.Tenure of position – protection from arbitrary dismissal, employees view job as career

2. Administrative Management – a management system created by Henri Fayol, French

industrialist, to guide administrative procedures. Table 1 describes Fayol’s principles of
management.
1.Division of work – assigning manageable tasks
2. Authority – the right to give orders
3. Discipline -respect of formal agreements
4.Unity of command – one man, one superior
5.Unity of direction – single purpose and goal
6.Subordination of individual interest to the general
interest – general good must prevail
7. Remuneration -fair pay and benefits
8.Centralization – centralized authority
9. Scalar chain – top to bottom line of authority
10.Order -right place for everything
11.Equity– combination of justice and kindness
12.Stability of tenure – having job security
13. Initiative – volunteerism
14. Esprit de corps – harmony and teamwork

Table 1. Henri Fayol’s Principles of Management

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3.Scientific Management – a management theory developed by Frederick W Taylor,
American industrialist, that introduced the applications of scientific methods in the
management of industrial organizations.

Principles of Scientific Management

1.Developing a science for each operation to replace opinion and rule-of-thumb.

2.Determine scientifically the correct time and method for each job /task.
3.Create a suitable management to take all responsibility from workers.
4.Select and train workers systematically.
5.Allow management to be developed and governed by science.

B.Human Relations/Behavior management – theories that developed during the 1930-

1950, as a result of a series of studies conducted at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric
Company in Chicago, USA by Elton Mayo, an Australian psychologist and professor of
Industrial Research. Behavior theories in management focus on the influences of social and
informal groups on organizational productivity and studies the use of motivation and rewards
to enhance organizational performance. Table 2 shows the main descriptions and emphasis
of human behavior management theories.

Behavior / Human Relations Management

Hawthorne Elton Mayo Discovered that effective social relations create an
Studies increase in production
Cooperative Chester Barnard Organizations are cooperative systems and management
Systems must meet the needs of the staff and encourage
communication
Theory X and Douglas McGregor Theory X sees workers as lazy and hate work so
Y managers implement discipline.
Theory Y sees workers as loving work so managers
implement rewards.
Theory Z of William Ouchi A management style that involves getting the views of
Management the highly skilled and technical lower-level managers
and incorporating them in organizational plans.

Table 2. Human Relations Management Theories

C. Modern management - theories that developed from 1950-present focusing on the

contingency approach or anticipating and providing solutions to management issues and
problems ahead of time, creating quality products and efficient services. Table 3 shows the
dominant modern management theories.

Modern Schools of Management (1950-present)

Systems Vistock Institute Management is a holistic system that makes efficient
Theory use of inputs or resources to create outputs or products.
Knowledge Peter Drucker Knowledge or new information is key to gaining
Management advantage over competitors
Total Quality W. Edwards Deming Promotes quality and efficiency as a strategy for
Management management to save on resources and increase
productivity
Joseph M. Juran Implemented Plan-Control-Improve, a cyclical quality
system to ensure improvement of tasks and quality
service.

Table 3. Modern Management Theories

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 What’s More
Activity 1: CHUNKING THE DATA
Create a graphic organizer to arrange the concepts you have learned from this module by
topic. Follow the table headings and place your answers in the corresponding box.

Description of key terms Concepts related to the types

related to management of management

Generalizations about a Insights learned from a

management theory management value

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Activity 2: CONCEPT HUNTING

Look for the key management concepts being described from the boxes on the left and write
the concepts on the line.

__________1. a collection of people working together to

Management
achieve common goals.
Organization
__________2. a management system designed for formal
Bureaucracy organizations guided by rational-legal authority,
hierarchy of positions and fixed set of rules.
__________3. an integrated set of processes that coordinates
work performance to achieve common goals.

Top management __________4. tactical managers, supervisors, and branch managers

Middle __________5. strategic managers and chief executives
management __________6. frontline and operational managers
Low-level .
management

__________7. management is an integrated process utilizing inputs

Scientific to create outputs such as products and services
management __________8. plan-control-improve system to enhance service and
Quality customer relations.
management __________9. bottom to top organizational decision making
Systems __________10. time motion studies to increase production of output
Management
Theory Z of
Management

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 What I Have Learned

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Let us summarize what you have learned from this module by completing the paragraph
below.

__________________(1) is the process of coordinating and overseeing the work

performance of individuals for the efficient completion of organizational

___________(2). It involves the five primary functions of _____________(3) ,

______________ (4) , _____________ (5) , _____________ (6) , ___________ (7)

as well as the secondary functions of _____________(8) , _____________ (9) and

____________ (10) .

In every organization there are commonly three types or levels of

management which include the _______________(11) or strategic management,

_________________ (12) or tactical management and __________________(13)

or operation management.

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 What I Can Do

MY MANAGEMENT CYCLE FOR DISTANCE LEARNING

Create a management cycle for your distance learning by writing the management functions
in the order of how they are usually implemented with one specific activity you will do under
each function to manage your distance learning.

1.____________
Activity-

5._____________ 2.___________
Activity- Activity-

4.___________ 3.__________
Activity- Activity-

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 Post-Assessment

CHALLENGE

Instruction: Read and analyze the questions and encircle the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer.

1. What is an integrated set of processes that involves coordinating and overseeing the
performance of people working together to help achieve their goals?
A. business C. management
B. controlling D. organizing

2. What is a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose?

A. business C. organization
B. environment D. resources

3. What management function involves setting the goals and targets of an organization?
A. managing C. planning
B. organizing D. staffing

4.What type or level of management do strategic managers who prepare general and long-
term goals for the organization fall under?
A. low-level C. top-level
B. middle-level D. unit-level

5. What management theory makes use of logical procedures such as time and motion
studies designed to increase production and efficiency of work performance?
A. Administrative Management C. Systems Management
B. Scientific Management D. Quality Management

6. Which of the following is NOT a principle of bureaucratic management?

A. hierarchy of positions C. merit system
B. informal policies D. work specialization

7. What modern management theory views management as an integrated process

composed of parts or inputs processed efficiently to create quality products or outputs?
A. Cooperative Systems C. Systems Management
B. Knowledge Management D. Quality Management

8. Budgeting and the allocation of resources are activities that are part of what management
function?
A. managing C. planning
B. organizing D. staffing

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9. Which of the following is NOT an activity of the staffing function in management?
A. communication C. recruitment
B. evaluation D. selection

10.What type or level of management communicates directly with and trains the staff?
A. low-level C. top-level
B. middle-level D. unit-level

11. What behavioral theory of management involves getting the views of the highly skilled
and technical lower-level managers and incorporating them in organizational plans?
A. Cooperative Systems C. Theory X and Y
B. Hawthorne Studies D. Theory Z

12. What management function is closely linked to planning as it compares the actual
performance of an organization to the set goals and targets?
A. controlling C. leading
B. organizing D. staffing

13.What type or level of management do tactical managers who implement general plans in
their respective departments fall under?
A. low-level C. top-level
B. middle-level D. unit-level

14. What secondary management function involves hiring a party outside a company to
perform services or deliver resources not otherwise available or at a lower cost?
A. coordinating C. outsourcing
B. decision making D. synthesizing

15. What secondary management function is the core of the management cycle as it
integrates the other functions and involves identifying problems and providing
solutions?
A. coordinating C. outsourcing
B. decision making D. synthesizing

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 Additional Activities

Activity 9: SEARCH ME
Among the given theories of management,choose one theory to do research on and
summarize your gathered data in the table below. Present a brief critical analysis/critique of
the theory you have chosen by writing about its application, strength or limitation.

Theory of Background of Key Principles Critique

Management Proponent
Bureaucratic Max Weber
Management

Administrative Henri Fayol

Management

Scientific Frederick Taylor

Management

Theory Z of William Ouchi

Management

Quality W.Edward Demings

Management or Joseph Juran

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 18
What I Know What’s In What’s New What’s More
Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4
Answers may vary 1.planning, organizing, directing Answers may vary
or leading, staffing, controlling
1. D 2, planning Activity 5
2. D
3. A 3. organizing 1.organization
4. D 2.bureaucracy
5. D 3.management
6. C 4.middle management
7. C 5.top management
8. B 6.low-level
9. D management
10. C 7.systems
11. C management
12. A 8.quality
13. B management
14. B 9. theory Z of
15. D management
10. scientific
management
What I Have Learned What I Can DO Post Assessment Additional Activity
Activity 6 Activity 7 Activity 8 Activity 9
1management
2goals Answers may vary 1. C Answers may vary
3.planning 2. C
4organizing 3. C
5.staffing 4. C
6.leading/directing 5. B
7.controlling 6. B
management 7. C
8.coordinating 8. B
9.decision making 9. A
10.networking/ 10. A
outsourcing 11. D
11.top-level/senior 12. A
Management 13. B
12.middle-management 14. C
13.low-level 15. B
management
Answer Key
 References
Cabrera, Helena Ma. F. et.al. 2016 Organization and Management. Manila Vibal Group Inc.
Medina, Roberto G. 2015. Business Organization and Management. Manila: Rex Printing Inc
Quero, Rachel A. 2017. Organization and Management. Diwa Learning Systems Inc.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write of call:
Department of Education – Cordillera Administrative Region
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet
Telefax: 422-1318 / 422-4074
Email Address: car@deped.gov.ph
Social Media: facebook.com/DepEdTayoCordillera

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