73

Exposure name Characteristics

 has terrain with buildings, forests of surface

B irregularities, covering at least 20% of the ground level
area extending 1 mile or more from the site.

 has terrain that is flat and generally open, extending a

C
½ mile or more from the site in any full quadrant.

 represents the most severe exposure in areas with basic

wind speeds of 80 mph or greater and has terrain that is
flat and unobstructed facing large bodies of water over
D 1 mile or more in width relative to any quadrant of the
building site.
 Extends in land from the shoreline ¼ mile or 10 miles
the building height, whichever is greater.

Table A.1. Exposure Types and Characteristics

Table A.2. Wind Stagnation Pressure qs at Standard Height of 33ft

Basic wind speed

70 80 90 100 110 120 130
(mph)

Pressure qs (psf) 12.6 16.4 20.8 25.6 31.0 36.1 43.4

Table A.3. Pressure Coefficient (Cq)'

 74

Structur
e or part Description Cq factor
thereof

Method 1 ( Normal force method)

Walls;
Windward wall 0.8 inward

Leeward wall 0.5 outward

Roofs2:
Wind perpendicular to rigid
0.7 outward
Leeward roof of flat roof
Windward roof
0.9 outward or 0.3 inward
Primary Less than 2:12 (16.7%)
0.5 outward
frame Slope 2:12 (16.7 %) to less than 9:12

and (75%)
0.4 inward
system Slope 9:12 (75%) to 12:12(100%)
0.7 inward
Slope >12:12 (100%)
0.7 outward
Wind parallel to rigid and flat roofs

Method 2(Project area method)

On vertical projected area
Structures 40 ft or less in height 1.3 horizontal any direction

Structures over 40 ft in height 1.4 horizontal any direction

On horizontal projected area 0.7 upward

Adapted from UBC (1997) Table 16-H

2
For one storey or the top storey of multi-storey partially enclosed structures;
additional value of0.5 shall be added to the outward Cq.
Table A.4. Soil Profile Types
 75

Average Soil Properties for Top 100 ft of soil

Soil profile
Soil Profile
Profile Name/ Genetic Shear Wave Standard Undrain Shear
Type Description Velocity Penetration Strength
Vs (ft/sec) Test SU ,psf (kPa)
N (blows/foot)

SA Hard rock >5,000

SB Rock 2,500 to 5,000

SC Very dense soil 1,200 to 2,500 >50 >2000

and soft rock

SD Stiff soil profile 600 to 1,200 15 to 50 1000 to 2000

SE1 Soft soil profile < 600 <15 <1000

SF Soil requiring site-specific evaluation

1
Soil profile Type SE includes any soil profile with more than 10ft of soft clay defined
as a soil with a plasticity index, PI>20,ꞷmc ≥40% and Su <500 psf.

Table 5. Seismic Zone Factor

Zone 1 2A 2B 3 4

Zone Factor (Z) 0.075 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40

Tabel A.6. Overstrength Factor (R)

 76

Basic Structural
system Lateral Force Resisting System Description R
1.Special moment-resisting frame (SMRF)
a. Steel 8.5
b. Concrete 8.5
2. Masonry moment-resisting wall frame
Moment-resisting 6.5
(MMR WF)
Frame
3. Concrete Intermediate moment-resisting frame
system 5.5
(IMRF)
4. Ordinary moment-resisting frame (OMRF)
4.5
a. Steel
3.5
b. Concrete
6.5
5. Special truss moment frame (STRF)
1.Shear walls
a. Concrete with SMRF 8.5
b. Concrete with OMRF 4.2
c. Concrete with concrete IMRF 6.5
d. Masonry with SMRF 5.5
e. Masonry with steel OMRF 4.2
f. Masonry with concrete IMRF 4.2
g. Masonry with masonry MMRWF 6.0

Dual System 2. Steel EBF

a. With steel SMRF 8.5
b. With steel OMRF 4.2
3. Ordinary braced frames
a. Steel with steel SMRF 6.5

b. Steel with steel OMRF 4.2

c. Concrete with concrete SMRF 6.5

d. Concrete with concrete IMRF 4.2

4. Special concentrically braced frames

7.5
a. Steel with steel SMRF
4.2
b. Steel with steel OMRF

Adapted from UBC (1997) Table 16-N.

Table A.7. Occupancy Category
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Seismic
Occupancy Occupancy or Functions of Structure Importanc
Category e Factor, I
Group 1, Division 1 Occupancies having surgery
and emergency treatment areas
Fire and police stations
Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and
emergency aircraft
Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness
1.Essential centers
facilities Aviation control towers 1.25
Structures and equipment in government
communication centers and other facilities
required for emergency response
Stand by power-generation equipment for
Category 1 facilities
Tanks or other structures containing housing or
supporting water or other five-suppression
material or equipment required for the protection
of Category 1,2 or 3 structure
Group H, Divisions 1,2,6 and 7 Occupancies and
structures there in housing or supporting toxic or
explosive chemicals or substances
2.Hazardous Non-building structures housing, supporting or
facilities containing quantities of toxic or explosive 1.25
substances that, if contained within a building,
would cause that building to be classified as a
Group H, Divisions 1,2 or 7 Occupancy

Group A, Divisions 1,2 and 2.1 Occupancies

Building housing Group E, Divisions 1 and 3
Occupancies with a capacity greater than 300
students Buildings housing Group B Occupancies
3.Special used for college or adult education with a capacity
Occupancy greater than 500 students
structure Group I Divisions 1 and 2 Occupancies with 50 or
more resident incapacitated patients, but not 1.00
included in
Category 1
Group I , Division 3 Occupancy greater than 5,000
person
Structures and equipment in power-generation
stations and other public utility facilities not
included Category 1 or Category 2 above and
required for continued operation
4.Standard All structures horsing occupancies or having
occupancy functions not listed in Category 1,2, or 3 and 1.00
structures Group U Occupancy tower
5.Miscellaneous Group U Occupancies except for towers
structures 1.00

Adapted from UBC (1997) Table 16-K.