AC systems.

Star connection.
Due to impedence, the I lags/
leads the V in AC circuits.
2.

(Phase V 12).
I1 = I2 = I3 = I (line). ϕ.
I line.
I Cos ϕ.
1.
V1
. .
(Phase V1). V2
(absolute). I1.
I2.

I3. V3.

3.

j.
.)2V

(0, 1).
+1

(V2).
V-
.)3V + 2V( = )1V( -

(The voltage between two lines = net voltage

21V =

in combined two phases junction (ref.

-. j. voltage) to the phase.
(

j.

(V3). (V2).

@ any instant, the algebraic sum of V1 + V2 + V3 = 0.

(The phase voltage in 1 is vector sum of voltages
in other two (same magnitude but opposite dir.)). (V1).

(I1).

(Z1).

(R1).
ϕ. (X1).
 (The current in the stator
Electrical motors. winding produces a rotating
magnetic field).
(The axis of magnetic
field rotates at the
synchronous speed).
(The magnetic flux lines
in the air gap cut both
stator and rotor).
Power = (angular velocity, w) x Torque.

(Average inductance =
(R1). 500mH (100hp t 300hp).

(sE1).
(jsX1).
The magnitude of rotor current. (I2
).
ϕ.
Rotor current, I2.

The flux which interact with the rotor

Torque of motors. (The rotor induced emf
(that produces emf).
under running condition). (Shorted to
next circuit).

The power factor of rotor.

(The flux φ produced by

Voltage through stator = Rotor power factor.
the stator is proportional
primary voltage = E1.
to stator emf E1)

(E1).
Transformation
ratio.
Flux which interacts with the rotor.
(R). (X).
.)2

ϕ.
I(

(Flux (sE2). (Rotor).

(sE2).
produced). Induced emf in rotor
Slip = s. = secondary voltage Torque.
= sE2.

(Cumulative
for 3 phases).

(Nm).
(Motor synchronous
 = (RPM/ 60).
speed in RPS).

(The slip increases More slip (reduce in real speed) will

with increase in load). cause more I2 and E2 through the rotor.
(Equivalent diagram of motors).

(Input power).

(Rotor impedence
(Stator).
referred to stator).
(jX1). (jX2).
(R1). (R2).

(Rotor). (I2).

.)2E(
(Core (Magnetising
.)1E(

losses).
(Rc). (jXm). reactance). (R2). (Actual power given by motor
based on load, speed/ slips).

(E2 = E1, when k =

turn ratio = 1).

(The circuit reduced to original constant winding

impedence (with standstill or s = 1) and variable
portion effecting the change in speed/ slips.

@ Rated voltage.
@ Rated voltage.
(Starting
currents). @ 80% rated The torque reduces with input
voltage.
@ 80% rated
stator voltage for constant slip%
voltage. or at const. speed.
(Starting
torques).

For constant load, torque, the slip

increases (speed reduces) as
the input voltage reduces.
(If voltage reduced, for constant load, the
% slip increases and deviates from Ns).

(Starting or stalled (Synchronous

condition). speed, Ns).
(%slip). (sm).
(s = 1.0). (s = 0.0).

(The region for stable operation,

from s = 0 to s = sm remains
same for all voltages).
 Electrical motors.

DEP 33.66.05.31-Gen recommended

requirements.

Ingress protections - IEC 60529.

Type of mountings - IEC 60034-7.

IC 4A1A1.
Mothods of cooling - IEC 60034-6.
IC 5A1A1.

IC 6A1A1.

IC 8A1W7 (If recommended).

Totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC). Cooling air circulation over the totally enclosed
motor frame, by fan mounted on the shaft.

Ratings & performances - IEC 60034-1.

(Standstill
speed). (Synchronous
(The slip increases & speed reduces
(At standstill, or stalled speed).
from synchronus with load increase).
condition, the slip is (Max.
max. = 1). loading). (0 loading).
(More slip (reduce in real speed) will
(Max. % cause more I2 and E2 through the rotor). (0% slip).
slip).
 Types of protections.

Hazardous area classifications - IEC 60079.

1. Flameproof motors - Ex d.
Zone 0 – An explosive atmosphere is present continuously.  (Motors are not suitable).
The enclosures designed including the TB's, such that any
IEC 60079-1.
explosion inside, is contained within, and not transmitted outside.
The explosive parts are kept inside, they are type tested
for each frame, may be witnessed by a TPI.

Zone 1 – An explosive atmosphere is present less than 1,000 hrs/year.

(Limiting temp. as per class & testing, pressure testig of
Zone 2 – An explosive atmosphere is present less than 10 hrs/year. prototypes, reduced gas between shaft & bearings).
Non hazardous - The explosive gases are not present.
The factors causing spark/ flames/ hot surfaces are avoided
4. Increased safety motors - Ex e. by design inside/ outside in normal operating, or for one  IEC 60079-7.
(Project DEP recommendations). abnormal condition (like stallled), for which certified.

(LV motors). (HV motors).

Zone 1. Ex de/ Ex e. Ex d/ Ex p. Flame proof motors, with

IEC 60079-1
3. increased safety terminal Motors with flame proof & TB's with increased safety.
& 60079-7.
box - Ex de.
Ex de/ Ex p.
Zone 2. Ex de/ Ex nA. (IIB, T3). (Special terminal block / bushings & tightness, double
groundings - one on frame & another on TB's).
(e or n types are not allwed if
V > 6.6kV, or driving HC
Non hazardous
Ex nA. Ex nA. centrifugal/ screw compr.).
areas. The  use of a pressurized and flushed enclosures.
2. The explosion parts inside the enclosures are pressurised
Pressurized motors - Ex p. IEC 60079-2.
and purged with gas, say instrument air. A control system is
Minimum protection for process boundaries by default: Zone 2, IIB, T3. mounted to maintain/ monitor the pressures.
All eqpt. within sulphur boundaries (dusts present): Zone 2 & 22.
All eqpt. in battery rooms (extraction fans, switches, lighting, smoke/ gas Occurence of hot surfaces on all vital parts prevented &
detectors): Zone 1, IIC. 5 Non-sparking motors - Ex nA. measures to prevent sparks are defined (any entry of
explosive gas will not cause sparks). But gases may enter.
All battery rooms exhaust fan motors: Ex e/ Ex d/ Ex de, IIC.
(Do not require TPI certifications, but the manufacturer
declarion would be enough).

Gas groups & temp. restrictions.

Explosive dust groups.
(The surface temp. of eqpt. kept below the ignition temp.). 450. 300. 200. 135. 100. 85.
Zone 20 - Continuos/ frequent/ long periods presence of explosive dusts.
Zone 21 - Intermittant in normal operations.
Zone 22 - Occasional/ for short periods.
(Max. surface temp.
of eqpt., based on
classes).

Ingress protections - IEC 60529.

Measure of prevention of soild, liquids entry.

IP [SL]. (IP ratings in two digits).

(Solids/ dusts protections). (Liquid protections).

Level 4 = >1mm, protection against Level 4 = Protection against water spashed at

ingress of most wires and screws. 10 LPS, 0.8 to 1 barg. pressure for 5 min.

Level 5 = Dust protection: Ingress of dust is not
entirely prevented, but dust cannot interfere with the
satisfactory operation of the equipment.
Level 6 = Dust tight; complete protection against
ingress of dust.
Level 5 = Water injected through 6.3mm jet nozzle
with 12.5 LPS, 0.8 to 1 barg. pressure for 3 min.
Level 6 = Water injected through 12.5mm jet nozzle with
100 LPS, 1 barg. pressure for 3 min, from a 3 m. distance.
Level 7 = Can be immersed in water for 30min. at 1 m
depth.
Level 8 = Can be continuously immersed in water for a
specified period (hermetically sealed).
 (Primary (Sec.
fluid). fluid).
Mothods of cooling - IEC 60034-6. (The primary circuit arrangements).

(The primary circuit

designation).

(The primary/ secondary fluids).

(The primary
coolant).

(Method of movement
of fluids).

(The primary/ secondary fluids

method of movements).

(Commonly recommended cooling methods

by DEP, unless otherwise reqd.).

(IC 4A1A1, IC 5A1A1 or IC 6A1A1).

(Frame surface (Integral heat (Machine mount

cooling using exchanger, with heat exchanger,
surrounding medium). surrounding with surrounding
medium). medium).

(IC 8A1W7).

(Machine mount heat

exchanger, with
remote medium
(water)).