SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS (LAB)
LECTURER:

● This formula can also be expressed by: molar

OUTLINE concentration = no. millimole solute/volume in
milliliter.
MIDTERMS: CALCULATIONS USED IN
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY PART 3 ● Volume of liters (1 liter of solution)
I. SOLUTIONS AND THEIR ● The unit of molar concentration is molar,
CONCENTRATIONS symbolized by M, which has the dimension of
A. MOLAR/ANALYTICAL mol/L or mol L-1 , or millimoles/mL
CONCENTRATION
B. MOLAR EQUILIBRIUM ● Molar analytical concentration or analytical
CONCENTRATION concentration of a solution gives the total
C. PERCENT CONCENTRATION number of moles of a solute in 1 liter of the solution
D. SOLUTION-DILUENT VOLUME
(or the total number of millimoles in 1 mL).
RATIO
E. P-FUNCTIONS ● The distinction between these two expressions is
II. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF in whether the solute undergoes a chemical
SOLUTIONS change in the solution process.
■ Use molar concentration of a solution if you
SOLUTIONS AND THEIR CONCENTRATIONS deal with a solute that does not undergo a
chemical change or if a solute does not break
● Four fundamental ways of expressing solutions down into two or more species.
concentration: ■ Use molar analytical concentration of a
○ Molar/Analytical concentration solution if the solute undergoes a chemical
○ Percent concentration change or if a solute breaks down into two or
○ Solution-diluent volume ratio more species.
○ P-functions ● E.g. if alcohol (ethanol, methanol) is
○ **ppm, ppb, parts per thousand** poured into water, there will be no chemical
reaction between the two. Since there are
A. MOLAR/ANALYTICAL CONCENTRATION no breakdown of species, use molar
concentration of a solution. Alcohol is an
● Molar concentration of a solution of a solute organic compound which do not split when
species X is the number of moles of that species in water. Molecules in water will usually
that is contained in 1 liter of the solution (not 1L of remain as molecules
solvent). ● E.g. however, if sulfuric acid is poured into
water, there will be a chemical reaction
between the two. Since this produces
hydronium ions and sulfate, which are two
species broken down, use molar
analytical concentration of a solution.
Ions in water usually split into different ions

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 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS (LAB)
LECTURER:

● Example 1 in Skoog’s method: ● Example 1 in Skoog’s method:

● Example 1 in GRS method:

Determine the Molar Analytical Concentration

● Determine the original concentration of HA

Note that to solve for the no. of moles of solute,
use the formula: mass of solute/molar mass of
solute.
● Factor label method
■ HA represents the substance (Cl3CCOOH)
that would undergo dissociation/ionization
■ Solve the moles of HA using the mass of
CL3CCOOH (factor label method)
■ Change the milligrams to moles → get the

B. MOLAR EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATION molar analytical concentration (m/L)

■ Convert the 10 ml to liter
● Molar Equilibrium Concentration or ● 73% ionized in water means that 73% of HA or
equilibrium concentration refers to the molar trichloroacetic acid ionized in water = giving
concentration of a particular species in a positive cation and negative anion
solution at equilibrium. ■ A- is equal to the molar
concentration of H+

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 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS (LAB)
LECTURER:

● Equilibrium condition = rate of formation of ■ Equilibrium concentration of trichloroacetic

forward reaction is equal to the rate of
backward reaction (double headed arrow) acid → 0.1744 - 0.127 = 0.047

● Example 1 in GRS method:

■ Result of this reaction is the formation of
hydronium ion and acetate ion
■ At first there will be more production of
hydronium ion and acetate ion (forward),
then some of it will form into
trichloroacetic acid until an equilibrium is
established → = of rate of forward and
backward reaction
● Ionization = 73% → some of the molecules of
acetic acid (polar covalent) dissociated into
hydronium ion and acetate ion
■ Percentage ionization - the molar
concentration of H30 divided by the ratio
of original concentration
■ How much of trichloroacetic acid has
converted into hydronium ion coming
from the original

Percentage ionization - if dealing w acid compound

→ take take not of the ion that gives it acidity which
■ = 0.127 M → equilibrium concentration of
is the hydronium; if its a basic compound place OH
hydronium ion is equal with
instead of H3O+ = OH/original compound
trichloroacetate ion
● For molar masses
○ Use up to 4-5 decimal places

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 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS (LAB)
LECTURER:

● Usually used for microanalysis or ultra

C. PERCENT CONCENTRATION
microanalysis or microanalysis
● Percent Concentration of the solution is also
○ E.g determine the concentration of heavy
expressed as parts per hundred. This can be
expressed in three ways: metals (ex. lead) in the river. River is a big
○ Weight percent (w/w) body of water → expressed in ppm, ppb, or
ppt

○ Volume percent (v/v)

○ Weight/Volume percent (w/v)

Usually used when dealing with biochemistry

experiments; reagents are expressed in w/v
percent

Use GRS method:

● Parts per Million (ppm), Parts per Billion, ppb,

and Parts per Thousand (ppt)

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 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS (LAB)
LECTURER:

D. SOLUTION-DILUENT VOLUME RATIOS

● The composition of a dilute solution is specified in
terms of the volume of a more concentrated
solution and the volume of solvent used in diluting
it
● Not highly recommended because of
uncertainties
○ Ex. 1:4 HCl solution contains four volumes of
A. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF
water for each volume of hydrochloric acid
SOLUTIONS
E. p-FUNCTIONS ● The density of a substance is its mass per volume
● Scientists frequently express the concentration of (kg/L or g/mL)
a species in terms of its p-function or p-value. ● Its specific gravity is the ratio of its mass to the mass
● The p-value is the negative logarithm of the molar of an equal volume of water at 4° C
concentration of the species X: ○ Density
● Similar to getting the value of pH of pOH D = mass/volume
○ Specific gravity

● Add two concentrations because of the common ion

effect which is the Cl-
○ To express the concentration of Cl in the solution →
2.54 x 10-3 M

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 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS (LAB)
LECTURER: