Finals - Acid Base Equilibria: Outline

SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS (LAB)
LECTURER:
• Acid and Base Properties

OUTLINE
Acid Properties Base Properties
FINALS - ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA
I. ACIDS AND BASES When dissolved in water, When dissolved in
A. Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory acids water, bases
B. Strong and Weak Acids 1. Conduct electricity 1. Conduct electricity
1. Extent of Dissociation for Strong 2. Change blue litmus to 2. Change red litmus
Acids red to blue
2. Extent of Dissociation for Weak 3. Have a sour taste 3. Have a slippery
Acids 4. React with bases to feeling
neutralize their 4. React with acids to
ACID AND BASES properties neutralize their
5. React with active properties
● Equilibrium exists when there is an reversible metals to liberate
reaction hydrogen
● Equilibrium expression is a general expression
● Acid-base equilibrium happens when acid/base
dissociates in water
Some Common Acids and Bases and their Acids
Household Uses ● Ex. HCl react with a metal sodium → it replaces
Substance Use the Hydrogen in Hydrochloric acid, becoming
ACIDS
Sodium Chloride → releasing Hydrogen as a
Acetic acid, CH 3COOH Flavoring, preservative
gas
Citric acid, H3C6H5O7 Flavoring
Ascorbic acid, H 2C6H6O6 Vitamin C; nutritional supplement ARRHENIUS ACID-BASE DEFINITION
Aluminum salts, NaAl(SO 4 )2·12H2O → In baking powder, with sodium

hydrogen carbonate ● This is the earliest acid-base definition, which
acidic salts
classified these substances in terms of their
BASES behavior in water
Sodium hydroxide (lye), NaOH Oven and drain cleaners ● An acid is a substance with H in its formula that
dissociates to yield H3O+ (hydronium ion)
Ammonia, NH3 Household cleaner
● A base is a substance with OH in its formula that
Sodium carbonate, Na 2CO3 → basic Water softener, grease remover dissociates to yield OH- (hydroxide)
salts ● When an acid reacts with a base, they undergo
Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO 3 Fire extinguisher, rising agent in cake neutralization:
→ basic salts mixes (baking soda), mild antacid
Cleaner for surfaces before painting

● Arrhenius Acid-Base happen in aqueous solutions
Sodium phosphate, Na 3PO4 → basic
or wallpapering
salts
1
LECTURER:
Definition of an Acid
● An Arrhenius acid is a substance that

dissociates in aqueous medium to form or yield ● In a dilute solution of a weak acid, most HA
hydronium ions, H3O+ molecules are undissociated.
● Example: ○ Constant of weak acid =
(ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑜𝑛)(𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛)
(𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑)(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
○ Has a very small value since only a portion of
Definition of a Base the weak acid will dissociate
○ If Ke (equilibrium constant for acid) has a
● An Arrhenius base is a substance that ionizes in
bigger value = strong acid
aqueous medium to produce hydroxide ions.
● Example:
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS EXTENT OF DISSOCIATION FOR STRONG ACIDS
● A strong acid dissociates completely into ions

in water:
○ Turning strong acid into hydronium ion
and another anion in water
○ Use a single headed arrow
● A dilute solution of a strong acid contains no HA

molecules (HA is the formula of strong acid)
○ Acid dissociates in water, so it will no longer ● There are no HA molecules in solution
be the same. The original form of the acid is ○ The HA will turn into hydronium ion and an
not seen any more since it somehow convert anion
into its component ions (hydronium or
○ Since there is a complete conversion into its
hydrogen ions and another anion)
● A weak acid dissociates slightly to form ions in individual ionic components → no HA
water:
molecules
○ Once it dissociates, some of the weak acid will
dissociate forming into hydronium ion and ● What is the molar analytical concentration of 1M of
another anion. But the majority of the weak strong acid like HCl?
acid will remain as is (as a molecule) in the ○ The before bar represents the analytical
solution concentration = 1M
○ Use the two opposing arrows symbol (double ○ Analytical refers to the original concentration of
headed arrow) the strong acid
2
LECTURER:
○ Gaseous form of HCl → called as hydrogen ● Liberates hydrogen from hydrochloric acid (strong
acid). There’s a violent formation of bubbles
chloride gas → once it becomes aqueous = ● Only few bubbles can be seen sticking to the Zinc
Hydrochloric acid metal (weak acid)
● What is the molar equilibrium concentration of 1M ACID DISSOCIATION CONSTANT, Ka
HCl?
○ Answer: 0 M equilibrium concentration
○ Once it is dissociated in water → 0 M
○ There is complete dissociation
EXTENT OF DISSOCIATION FOR WEAK

ACIDS ● The value of Ka is an indication of acid strength
● Equilibrium concentration = Products/reactants
○ products / weak acid HA (reactant)
○ Equilibrium constant multiplied by water = acid
dissociation constant
● Stronger acid → higher hydronium ion → larger Ka
value
● Weaker acid → lower % dissociation of HA →
smaller Ka
● Most HA molecules are undissociated

○ Majority will not be converted into individual
ions, rather, around 98-99% will not be
converted
○ Small part will be converted into hydronium
ion and anion when weak acid dissociates in
water
● Weak acids
○ Chlorous acid is a lot stronger than the rest of
the acids
3
LECTURER:
○ Ka → better than other Ka found in the table ○ If Kb > 1, then the base is weak
■ Kb means the base dissociation constant
○ Go downward → the exponent/power while Ka is for the constant of acid.
increases in numbers but it carries negative
CLASSIFYING THE RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF
sign which means the value of Ka becomes ACIDS
lesser
STRONG ACIDS include
■ Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is the weakest ● The hydrohalic acids (HCl, HBr, and HI) and
acid oxoacids in which the number of O atoms exceeds
the number of ionizable protons by two or more (e.g.
HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4)
WEAK ACIDS include
● The hydrohalic acids HF acids in which H is not
bonded to O or to a halogen (eg. HCN),
● Oxoacids in which the number of O atoms equals or
exceeds the number of ionizable protons by one (eg.
HClO, HNO2), and
● Carboxylic acids, which have the general formula
RCOOH (eg. CH3COOH and C6H5COOH)
STRONG BASES include
● Water-soluble compounds containing O2- or OH2-
● The cations are usually those of the most active
● In the figure we have the benzoic acid that is
metals: M2O or MOH, where M = Group 1A(1) metal
similar to Formic acid as an organic acid.
(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs).
● Most of the organic acids are classified as weak
● MO or M(OH)2 where M = group 2A(2) metal (Ca, Sr,
acids
Ba)
● From the table above, we could infer that Phenol
is the weakest acid. WEAK BASES include
● Ammonia (NH2)
VALUES FOR Ka AND Kb ● Amines, which have the general formula
● A large value of K means that the reaction

● The common structural feature is an N atom with a
favors the formation of product (s).
lone electron pair.
● A small value of K means that the reaction
■ This theory follows the lewis theory because we
favors the reactants
have a pair of electrons above the Nitrogen
■ Or it means that some reactants do not
atoms from the structural formula.
actually produce a lot of reactants
■ Favors the reverse reaction
○ If Ka > 1, then the acid is strong
○ If Ka < 1, then the acid is weak
○ If Kb > 1, then the base is strong
4
LECTURER:
TABLE FOR STRONG ACIDS AND BASES 2. A weak acid only partially dissociates in aq. Solution
and therefore exists in the solution as a mixture of
6 strong acids 6 strong bases
the undissociated acid and its conjugate base. The
HClO4 (perchloric LiOH Lithium conjugate base of weak acid shows a slight ability to
acid) Hydroxide remove protons from water. (the conjugate base of
a weak acid is a weak base.)
HCl (hydrochloric NaOH Sodium
3. A substance with negligible acidity contains
acid) Hydroxide
hydrogen but does not demonstrate any acid
HBr (hydrobromic KOH Potassium behavior in water. Its conjugate base is a strong
acid) Hydroxide base, reacting completely with water, to form OH-
ions (the conjugate base of a substance with
HI (hydroiodic acid) Ca(OH)2 Calcium
negligible acidity is a strong base)
Hydroxide
HNO3 (nitric acid) Sr(OH)2 strontium

hydroxide
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) Ba(OH)2 barium

hydroxide
Relative strengths of acids and bases

■ By looking at the chem. Formula we could infer
that such substance is weak or strong
SOLUTIONS
(a) Strong base: KOH is one of the group if 1A

hydroxides
(b) Weak Acid: (CH3)2CHCOOH is a carboxylic acid, as
indicated by the -COOH group. The -COOH proton
is the only ionizable proton in this compound
(c) Strong acid: HSeO4 is an oxoacid in which the
number of atoms exceeds the number of ionizable
protons by two
1. A strong acid completely transfers its protons to
(d) Weak base: (CH2)2CHNH2 has a lone pair of
water, leaving essentially no undissociated
electrons on the N and is an amine.
molecules in solution. Its conjugate base has a
negligible tendency to accept protons in aqueous
WATER IS AMPHIPROTIC
solution (the conjugate base of a strong acid
shows negligible basicity)
● “Amphiprotic” means a substance can act as either
an acid or a base. It is amphiprotic based on the
concept of Bronsted-Lowry
5
LECTURER:
WATER IS AMPHOTERIC
● “Amphoteric” means the ability of a substance to

react either as an acid or as a base
● It is amphoteric based on the concept of Lewis
theory
■ Amphi: both
■ Pro: proton
AUTOIONIZATION OF WATER
● Also called “self-ionization of water” (also ■ We could say all amphiprotic are amphoteric, but
autoionization of water, and auto-dissociation of not all amphoteric are amphiprotic
water) is an ionization reaction in pure water in or
AUTOIONIZATION OF WATER AND ITS
in an aqueous solution, in which a water
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT, Kw
molecule, H2O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus
of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a
hydroxide ion, OH-
■ The water molecule can act as a base or an

acid. Forming the conjugate acids and base
■ “The equilibrium constant of water is equals to the

products of over the reactants”
■ Since the reactants are liquid its concentration does
not change and we could justify eliminate the two
water molecules in the reactant or we could simply
just write it as 1
6
LECTURER:
■ Or we could simply call it as “the equilibrium ■ If we want to know the value of our product in this
constant of water is equal to the product equation, all we have to do is apply square root.
hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion” ■ Since hydronium ion and hydroxide ion is equal, thus
our value reaches at 1.0x10-7 (at 25 degrees celsius)
Kw WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE ■ As students, we need to take note of these values
■ We usually base our computation base from A change in [H3O+] causes an inverse change in [OH-
the temperature of our water at 25 degrees ], and vice versa
celsius.
■ As we observed from the table, once the Higher [H3O+] → lower [OH-]
temperature of the water increases, the
constant also increases. Higher [OH-] → lower [H3O+]
We can define the terms “acidic” and “basic” in terms

of the relative concentrations of H2O and OH- ions:
■ Both hydroxide and hydrogen ions always assert

their dominance
7
LECTURER:
The second technique (or solution)
■ There are two ways of solving this problem.

■ We already know that nitric acid is a strong
acid that dissociates completely in water. We
still need to use the ICE method in order to
present the problem clearly.
■ In the first solution: since nitric acid is a
strong acid, the dissociated products such as
H3O+ and NO3- are equal in concentrations.
■ In the first solution we could not find the OH
molecule since the given is an acid. Hence, to
obtain the concentration of the OH- we are
going to use the autoionization of water that
was discussed earlier.
■ In the second solution: Why do we have
■ In order to know if the solution is acidic or basic, we
0.050M under the H3O+? We already solved
are only going to compare the value of the
this from the first solution!
Hydroxide ion and the Hydronium ions.
■ The ‘x’ represents the variable for the amount
■ 3.0x10-4M (hydronium ions) > 3.3x10-11M
of ionization
(hydroxide ions)
■ The ionization of water turning hydrogen is
likely negligible. THE pH SCALE
■ We are going to use the ion constant
expression of water (Kw =[H3O+] [OH-]). The
value 1.0x10-14 is given and its constant.
■ In the second solution: we could see that
there is a binomial expression then we could
The pH of a solution indicates its relative acidity:
use the quadratic formula.
■ To make things simple we could simplify
that the value of x is 2.0x10-14 M
8
LECTURER:
● The pH of example 4 is very acidic

● Example 2: we use the antilogarithm
The higher the pH, the lower the [H3O+] and the
less acidic the solution.
THE pH AND pOH SCALE
• pH and pOH scales express the acidity and

basicity of dilute aqueous solutions
• pH is known as the power of hydrogen or the
measure of hydrogen ions [H+ or hydronium ions
[H3O+] concentration
• pOH id the measure of hydroxide ion [OH-]
concentration
• For equilibrium constant of water:
• Since Kw is constant, the values of pH, pOH,

pKa and pKb
[H3O+], and [OH-] are interrelated:
● If [H3O+] increases, [OH-] decreases (and vice
● These expressions are analogous to the
versa)
expression for pH. We derived it to express the
● If pH increases, pOH decreases (and vice versa)
concentration in a more convenient way using
whole numbers
Note:
● The smaller the value of pKa the stronger the

acid
9
LECTURER:
● The smaller the value of pKb the stronger the

base
Figure 5. The relations among [H30+], pH,

[OH-], and pOH.
● To determine the value of pH,simply use the

formula pH = -log[H3O^+].
● To determine the value of OH, use the
autoionization of water and its equilibrium
constant, Kw. Since the problem asks to
calculate the three solutions at 25°C, utilize 1.0
CALCULATING [H30+], pH, [OH+], AND pOH
X 10^(-14) as your numerator. This value is just
based on the table for Kw water at different
temperatures.
● Once OH has been solved, use the formula pOH
= -log[OH-].
Figure 6. Methods for measuring the pH of

an aqueous solution.
● pH paper can't accurately and precisely measure

because it doesn’t have an equivalent value.
However, every color change has a
corresponding pH value. Hence, it is better to use
a pH meter.
10
LECTURER:
BRONSTED-LOWRY ACID-BASE DEFINITION CONJUGATE ACID-BASE PAIRS
An acid is a proton donor, any species that donates

an H+ ion.
● An acid must contain H in its formula.
A base is a proton acceptor, any species that
accepts an H+ ion.
● A base must contain a lone pair of electrons to
bond to H+.
An acid-base reaction is a proton transfer process.
Definition of an Acid:
● A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a substance that is a
proton donor.
Definition of a Base:
● A Bronsted-Lowry base is a substance
that is a proton acceptor.
Figure 7. Dissolving of an acid or base in water

as a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction.
11
LECTURER:
WEAK ACID
A weak acid dissociates with water, forming hydronium

ions and A negative ions.
The expression above is known as the acid dissociation

constant or the equilibrium constant for the dissociation
of weak acid.
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING WEAK-ACID

EQUILIBRIA
1. Write a balanced equation.

2. Write an expression for Ka.
3. Define x as the change in concentration that occurs
during the reaction.
12
LECTURER:
4. Construct a reaction table in terms of x.k

5. Make assumptions that simplify the calculation.
6. Substitute values into the Ka expression and
solve for x.
7. Check that the assumptions are justified.
CALCULATIONS OF Ka AND pKa FROM
EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS
Get the antilog of H3O^+ through the formula

H3O^+ = 10^(-pH). Thus, H3O^+ = 10^(-2.62)
which is equal to 0.00239883291902 M or
2.34x10^-3 M.
2.34x10^-3 M is higher than 1.0x10^7 (the [H30+]

from water).
Assuming that x is very small (because the value

● Write Ka by writing the products as the
of Ka is negative, 2.34x10^-3) , we can omit x upon
numerator and writing the reactant as the using 0.12-x in the denominator for Ka. Hence,
denominator.
0.12.
● Substitute the values and perform simple
mathematical equations. Substitute Ka = [H30+][PAc^-]/[HPAc+] using the
● Determine the value of pKa by using the values you have obtained. Therefore, (2.34x10^-
formula: pKa = -logKa. 3)(2.34x10^-3)/0.12, which is equal to 4.8x10^-5.
The x omitted is justified since [H3O^+] from H2O

and [HPAc] dissociation are both less than 5%.
Note: add the initial and change to get the equilibrium.

The variables (x) at the left side are assigned as
negative, while the variables (x) at the left are positive.
Further, if a percentage ionization is less than 5%, the
assumption is justified. If it is greater than 5%, it is
unjustifiable, therefore, x cant be omitted and the
quadratic formula must be used
13
LECTURER:
PERCENT IONIZATION DISSOCIATION
Percent ionization is a measure of acid strength.
Percent ionization formula:

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝐴
𝑋100%
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐴
No need to get the antilog since the value of Ka

has already been provided.
Assuming that x is small (because the value of

Ka is negative, 1.3x10^-5), we can omit x upon
using 0.10x. Hence, 0.10.
Substitute Ka = [H3O^+][Pr-]/[HPr]. Therefore,

√(0.10)(1.3𝑥10−5 ), which is equal to
1.1x10−3 M.
The x omitted is justified since [HPr] dissociation

is less than 5%.
14
LECTURER:
WEAK-BASE CALCULATION OF Kb AND pKb FROM

EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS
The expression above is known as the base

dissociation constant or the equilibrium constant
for the dissociation of weak base.
To solve for pKb, use the formula -logKb.
To solve for OH^-, use the formula for base dissociation

constant.
Assuming that x is very small(because the value of

Kb is negative, 1.8x10^-5) , we can omit x upon using
0.15-x. Hence, 0.15.
Substitute Kb = [NH4^+][OH^-]/[NH3]. Therefore,

√(0.15)(1.8𝑥10−5 ), which is equal to 1.6x10−3 M.
Solve for the percentage ionization to determine if it

omitting x can be justified. Use the formula,
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝐴
𝑋100%.
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐴
15
LECTURER:
Ka AND Kb FOR A CONJUGATE ACID-

BASE PAIR
16
LECTURER:
17

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SAN PEDRO COLLEGE – MAIN CAMPUS

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

• Acid and Base Properties

Ascorbic acid, H 2C6H6O6 Vitamin C; nutritional supplement ARRHENIUS ACID-BASE DEFINITION

Aluminum salts, NaAl(SO 4 )2·12H2O → In baking powder, with sodium

Cleaner for surfaces before painting

● An Arrhenius acid is a substance that

STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS EXTENT OF DISSOCIATION FOR STRONG ACIDS

● A strong acid dissociates completely into ions

● A dilute solution of a strong acid contains no HA

EXTENT OF DISSOCIATION FOR WEAK

● Most HA molecules are undissociated

● A large value of K means that the reaction

HNO3 (nitric acid) Sr(OH)2 strontium

H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) Ba(OH)2 barium

Relative strengths of acids and bases

(a) Strong base: KOH is one of the group if 1A

● “Amphoteric” means the ability of a substance to

■ The water molecule can act as a base or an

■ “The equilibrium constant of water is equals to the

We can define the terms “acidic” and “basic” in terms

■ Both hydroxide and hydrogen ions always assert

The second technique (or solution)

■ There are two ways of solving this problem.

● The pH of example 4 is very acidic

THE pH AND pOH SCALE

• pH and pOH scales express the acidity and

• For equilibrium constant of water:

• Since Kw is constant, the values of pH, pOH,

● The smaller the value of pKa the stronger the

● The smaller the value of pKb the stronger the

Figure 5. The relations among [H30+], pH,

● To determine the value of pH,simply use the

Figure 6. Methods for measuring the pH of

● pH paper can't accurately and precisely measure

BRONSTED-LOWRY ACID-BASE DEFINITION CONJUGATE ACID-BASE PAIRS

An acid is a proton donor, any species that donates

Figure 7. Dissolving of an acid or base in water

A weak acid dissociates with water, forming hydronium

The expression above is known as the acid dissociation

SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING WEAK-ACID

1. Write a balanced equation.

4. Construct a reaction table in terms of x.k

Get the antilog of H3O^+ through the formula

2.34x10^-3 M is higher than 1.0x10^7 (the [H30+]

Assuming that x is very small (because the value

The x omitted is justified since [H3O^+] from H2O

Note: add the initial and change to get the equilibrium.

PERCENT IONIZATION DISSOCIATION

Percent ionization is a measure of acid strength.

Percent ionization formula:

No need to get the antilog since the value of Ka

Assuming that x is small (because the value of

Substitute Ka = [H3O^+][Pr-]/[HPr]. Therefore,

The x omitted is justified since [HPr] dissociation

WEAK-BASE CALCULATION OF Kb AND pKb FROM

The expression above is known as the base

To solve for pKb, use the formula -logKb.

To solve for OH^-, use the formula for base dissociation

Assuming that x is very small(because the value of

Substitute Kb = [NH4^+][OH^-]/[NH3]. Therefore,

Solve for the percentage ionization to determine if it