Wha

tisl
ingui
st
ics
?Expl
aini
tsva
riousbr
anc
hes
.

Ans
.Thewor
d'Li
ngui
st
icsi
sthec
omb
ina
ti
onoft
woLa
tinwor
ds'
Lingua
'and'
i
sti
cs.

*Lingua '
me a
nstonguea
nd'ist
ics'
me a
nsknowle
dgeorsci
ence
.SoLingui
sti
csi
sa na
cademi
c
di
sciplinewhichdeal
swit
hthesystemati
candsc
ient
if
ics
tudyofl
anguage
.Iti
sthesc
ienc
eof
la
ngua ge.Itc
analsobecal
ledLingui
sti
csci
enc
e.

Thef
oll
owi
nga
ret
heva
riousbr
anc
hesofLi
ngui
st
ics
:

1)Phone
tic
s:

Phone
tic
sst
udi
est
heme
cha
nis
mofp
roduc
tion,t
rans
mis
siona
ndr
ece
pti
onofs
ounds
.

Ar t
icul
ator
yphone t
ics
:Articul
a t
oryphoneti
csisconcernedwi t
hthephysicalmechani
sm
involvedinproduci
ngspokenl angua
g e.Thefi
eldofa r
tic
ulatoryphonet
icsisasubf
iel
dof
phone t
icst
hatstudi
esart
icul
a t
ionandthewa ysthathuma nsproducespe
ec hsounds
.Itde
alswi
th
theproducti
onofdiffe
rentsoundsthroughspeechorgans.

Acoust
icPhone
tic
s:Acous
ti
cphone
tic
sisa
lsoas
ubf
iel
dofphone
tic
swi
thde
alswi
tht
he
t
ransmi
ssi
onofsounds
.

Audit
oryPhonet
ics:Audit
oryphonet
icsi
sal
soasubf
iel
dofphonet
icswhi
chdealswit
hthe
mechani
smofpe r
ce pt
ionofsoundsa
ndhowsoundsar
erec
eivedbythel
is
tene
rs.Thesmal
les
t
uni
tofsoundisphoneme .

2)Phonol
ogy:

Phonologyd e
alswiththewayssoundsar
epatt
erne
dinapa r
ti
cula
rla
nguage.Phone
tic
sstudi
es
thesoundsofalltheworldl
anguageswhil
ephonol
ogyisconce
rnedwit
hthesoundsofa
parti
cula
rlanguage.Phonol
ogyofon el
angua
gema ydi
ffe
rfromthephonol
ogyofother
languages
.

3)Mor
phol
ogy:

Theterm" Morphol
ogy"isderi
vedfr
omtheGr eekwo rd'morphmeani
ngf orma nd'logywhic
h
meansstudy.Solit
era
llymorphol
ogymeansthestudyoff or
m.Morphologyisabr anchof
l
ingui
sticswhichdeal
switht
hes t
udyofr
ulesgove r
ningformati
onofwords.Itme anshow
wordsareformedorma deupofsmall
ermeaningfulpart
s.Thesmal
les
tme a
ningfulunitofword
i
smor pheme.

Fore
xampl
e:

Por
t>I
mpor
t>I
mpor
tabl
e

1
4)Synt
ax:

Li
te
ral
lyt
hewor
dsynt
axme
ansput
ti
ngt
hingst
oge
the
rina
nor
der
ly

ma nner
.Itisabranchorlinguist
i cswhichst
udi
esthewaysinwhichwordsar
es t
rungtoget
hert
o
f
or ma cc
eptablesent
ences.
I tisthestudyhowwordsarecombine
dt omakeme a
ningful
sentenc
es.So,simplysynta
xde alswithsent
enc
esandthei
rconst
it
uents
.Thesyntact
icst
ruct
ure
shouldbeins uchawa ythatitshouldbegr a
mma t
ica
llyc
orrec
taswe l
l

a
sme
ani
ngf
ul

Fore
xampl
e:

1)Subj
ect
+ve
rb

Ahunt
er+hunt
s

2)Subj
ect
+ve
rbdi
rec
tobj
ect

He
+ki
ll
ed+as
nake

3)Subj
ect
+ve
rb+i
ndi
rec
tobj
ect+di
rec
tobj
ect

He
+ga
ve

4)Subj
ect+ve
rb+s
ubj
ectc
ompl
eme
nt

me
+

a
nappl
e

He
+1sat
eac
her

)
Subj
ect+ve
rb*di
rec
tobj
ecttobj
ectc
ompl
eme
nt

Thej
udge+de
cla
red+hi
m+gui
lt
y

5)Appl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics
:

Guyc ook'sde
finiti
onofAppli
edLinguis
ti
cs:GuyCookisanAppli
edLinguis
t.Heisa
profes
sorofAppl i
edLingu
ist
ics
.Accordi
ngtoGuyCookApplie
dLi ngui
st
icsis"t
heaca
demic
disci
plineconce
r nedwitht
herel
ati
onofknowledgea
boutla
nguaget
ode ci
si
on-makingi
nthe
realwor l
d.

2
2)Wi
ll
iamGr
abede
fini
ti
onofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics
:

Wi
ll
iamGr
abei
sal
soapr
ofe
ssorofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ic
s.

Ac
cor
dingt
oWi
ll
ia
mGr
abe"
Appl
iedLi
ngui
st
icsi
str
yingt
ore
sol
vel
angua
ge-

ba
sedpr
obl
emst
hatpe
opl
eenc
ount
eri
nther
ealwor
ld"
.

Ge
off
reyFi
nch'
sde
fini
ti
onofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics
:

Ge
off
reyFi
nchi
sthea
utho
roft
hebookt
it
led"
Keyc
onc
ept
sinl
angua
gea
nd

Li
ngui
st
ics
".

Ac
cor
dingt
oGe
off
reyFi
nch

"
Appl
iedl
ingui
st
ic
sist
hemos
tpr
act
ica
lofa
llt
hel
ingui
st
icbr
anc
hes
.It
sconc
ern

i
swi
tht
hea
ppl
ica
tionofl
ingui
st
ict
heor
iesa
ndpr
oce
dur
est
othei
ssue
sofe
ver
yda
yli
fe"
.

6)Se
mant
icsa
ndpr
agma
tic
s:

Boths e
ma nticsandpragmat
icsa
rebra
nchesofLinguis
ti
csandbothdeal
sWiththest
udyor
me a
ningb utthediffe
rencei
stha
tsemant
icsi
sconcernedwit
hthestudyofl
it
erala
nd
conventi
ona lme a
ningofwordswhi
lepra
gma t
icsdeal
swiththes
tudyofmeaningofwordsi
na
part
icul
arc ontext
.

Pr
agma
ti
csi
sthes
tudyofc
ont
ext
ualori
nte
nti
ona
lme
ani
ngofwor
ds.

Fore
xampl
e

As
pea
kers
ays
.

c
oldwa
vei
scomi
ngt
hrought
hewi
ndow.

Li
te
ral
lyi
tme
anst
hatt
her
eise
xtr
emec
old.

Butt
hes
pea
kerwa
ntst
oconve
ytot
hehe
are
rtos
hutt
hewi
ndow.

Iknowhowi
nnoc
entyoua
re?

Li
te
ral
lyas
pea
kerde
cla
resape
rsoni
nnoc
ent
.

Buta
ctua
llyt
hes
pea
keri
ssnubbi
nghe
are
r.

3
7)Soc
io-
Lingui
st
ics
:

Socio-
Lingui
s t
icsisconcernedwitht hestudyofr elat
ionshipbetweenlanguagea ndsoc
iety.
Socio-
Lingui
s t
icsstudi
estheva ri
ati
onsi nal anguagea ssoc
iate
dwi thas oci
algrouporethi
c
groupbecauseinas oci
etybe si
desthes t
anda r
dl anguageva ri
oussocialgroupsspeakdi
ffere
nt
di
a l
ect
swhi c
hs howt hei
re thni
cit
ya ndr egi
ona li
de nt
ity.SoSoc i
o-Linguist
icsencompasse
s
dial
ect
ologywhi chisthestudyofdi ale
cts.Soc i
o-Linguisti
csalsost
udiesthee f
fectofs
oc i
etyon
la
nguage.Othertopicofinte r
esti
nSoc io-Linguisti
csismul ti
li
nguali
sm.

8)Ps
ycho-
Lingui
st
ics
:

Psycho- Lin guis

ticsorthepsychologyofl anguagestudie
showt hemi ndprocessesandproduces
language .Ite ncompassescomprehe nsion(li
st
eninga ndreading)andproduc t
ion(speaki
nga nd
wr i
ti
ng)a nda cquisi
ti
on.Fore xampl eNoa mChoms kywhoi sanAme r
icanpsychologis
tthi
nks
t
ha tLa ngua geAc quisi
tiondevic
e( LAD)i sre
sponsibleforlanguagelearni
ng.TheLi nguis
ti
c
expressiona l
sor e
ve a
lstheme nt
alSt ateofaperson.forexa mpleifpersonisunders t
res
sor
angryi twi llhavea nimpactonhi slanguage.SoPs ycho-Linguist
icsdealswit
ht hestudyof
relat
ionshi pbe t
we enlanguageandmi nd.

8)Sync
hroni
cLi
ngui
st
ics
:

Synchroni
cLingui
st
icsi
sthes
tudyofl
angua
geatoneparti
cul
arper
iodi
rr
espe
cti
veofi
tspa
st
hi
storyorfut
uredes
ti
ny.I
tisa
lsocal
le
dDe s
cri
pti
veLingui
sti
cs.

9)Di
achr
oni
cLi
ngui
st
ics
:

DiachronicLi
nguis
ti
csist
hestudyofl
angua
get hr
oughdif
fer
entper
iodsi
nhist
ory.I
tdeal
swi
th
theevolut
ionanddevel
opmentofla
nguaget
hroughvari
ousst
agesofti
me.Ita
lsocal
led
hist
ori
c a
lLingui
st
ics.

10)Stylis
ti
cs:St
ylist
icsi
sabr anc
hofAppliedLingui
st
icsc
onc
erne
dwiththestudyofst
ylei
n
te
xts,es
pecia
llybutnotexcl
usivel
yinlit
era
ryworks.I
tisal
soc
all
edli
ter
aryli
nguist
ic
s.
Styl
ist
icsi
salsoastudyoflanguageandli
ter
atur
e.

12)Di
scour
seAna
lys
is:

Disc
ours
eAnal
ysi
sexaminesst
retch
esorchunksofl
anguage,bot
hspokenandwr i
tt
enla
rger
t
hanthes
ent
enc
e.Dis
cour
s eAnalysi
sissomet
imesdefi
nedastheana
lysi
soflanguagebe
yond
s
ente
ncebec
aus
eits
tudi
eslongerchunksofl
anguage
.

4
Wha
tisAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics
?

Thephr
aseAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
icsi
sthec
ombi
nat
ionoft
wowor
ds"
Appl
ied"a
nd"
Lingui
st
ics
".

Appli
edme anssome t
hingwhi chc
a nbeputintopra
cti
calus
eandLingui
sti
csme a
nst hesc
ienc
e
orknowle
dgea boutlangua
ge .Sotheappli
cati
onofsci
enceorknowl
edgeaboutlanguagetoa
la
nguagerel
atedreall
ifeproblemorissueforit
ssol
uti
oniscal
ledAppli
edLingui
s t
ics.

Appl
iedLi
ngui
st
ic
sisani
nter
-dis
cipl
inar
ya ndmult
i-di
sci
pli
naryfi
eldofs
tudy.I
tide
nti
fi
es,
i
nves
ti
gate
sandof
fer
ssol
uti
ontoalanguage
-rel
ate
dr ea
lli
feprobl
emoriss
ue.

Exa
mpl
es:

Exa
mpl
e-1

Supposeape rs
oniss
tutt
eringorsuff
eri
ngfromcommuni
cat
ionimpai
rment
.Cl i
nic
alca
n
analyz
ethisspeec
hdisor
de rorspe
echdefect
.Itc
ant
el
luswhethert
hiss
tut
ter
inghasbeen
acquir
edthroughani
njury,str
okeoril
lnes
s.

Exa
mpl
e-2

Supposet hereisanimpe r
sonat
ionc asesur
face.As t
udentcla
imsthathehims e
lfat
tempt
edthe
paper.Inor dert
oa ut
henti
cateorestabli
shtheauthorshi
pofthepaper,iti
ssenttoaFore
nsi
c
laborat
oryf orexaminat
ion.AccordingtothereportForens
iclabor
atory,i
tcomestoasurf
ace
thatsome bodye l
sehasatte
mptedt hepaperforthestudent
.Soal a
ngua ge
-rela
tedhumaniss
ue
wa sdecidedbyFor ensi
clingui
sti
cs .

Inshor
tAppli
edLingui
sti
csi
sanmulti
-di
sci
pli
nar
ya ndi
nte
r-dis
cipl
ina
ryfie
ldofst
udywhi
ch
notonl
yide
ntif
ies
,inve
sti
gat
esbuta
lsoof
fer
ssol
uti
ontoalangua
ge-rel
ate
dreall
if
eprob
lemor
is
sue.

Va
riousde
fini
ti
onsofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics

De
fini
ti
on-1

GuyCook'
sde
fini
ti
onofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics
:

GuyCooki
sana
ppl
ie
dli
ngui
st
.Hei
sapr
ofe
ssorofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ic
s.

Accordi
ngtoGuyCook“Appl
iedLingui
st
icsi
s"t
heac
ade
micdi
sci
pli
neconce
rne
dwi
tht
he
r
ela
tionofknowl
edgea
boutla
nguagetodec
isi
on-
maki
ngint
her
ealworl
d”.

5
Ke
ypoi
ntsofhi
sde
fini
ti
ona
re:

1)Sc
ienc
eorKnowl
edgea
boutl
angua
ge

2)Appl
ica
tionofSc
ienc
eaboutl
angu
aget
oapr
obl
emofr
ealwor
ld

3)De
cis
ion-
maki
nga
boutt
hel
angua
ge

Exa
mpl
e:

St
utt
eri
ngorspee
chdisorderi
salangua
gerel
ate
dhuma nis
sueoftherea
lwor l
d.InCl
ini
cal
Li
nguis
ti
cstheSci
enc
ea boutla
nguageisa
ppli
edtothi
siss
ue.Theiss
ueisdiagnos
edand
de
cis
ionismadewhet
he rth
isst
utt
eri
ngisher
edit
ary,i
tbyst
rokeoranyinj
ury.

De
fini
ti
on-2

Wi
ll
iamGr
abede
fini
ti
onofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics
:

Wi
ll
iamGr
abei
sal
soapr
ofe
ssorofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics
.

Accor
dingtoWill
iamGr
abe"Appl
iedLi
ngui
st
ic
sist
ryi
ngt
ore
sol
ve-ba
sedpr
obl
emst
hat
pe
opleencount
eri
nther
ealwor
ld.

Thi
sde
fini
ti
onha
scl
oser
ese
mbl
anc
ewi
thGuyCook'
sde
fini
ti
onofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ic
s.

Wec
ani
nfe
rthef
oll
owi
ngke
ypoi
ntsf
romi
t:

1)Appl
ica
tionoft
heSc
ienc
eaboutl
angua
ge

2)I
nve
sti
gat
ingt
hel
angua
ger
ela
tedi
ssue

3)Sol
uti
ont
othepr
obl
em

De
fini
ti
on-3

Geoff
reyFi
nch'
sdefi
nit
ionofAppl
iedLingui
st
ics
:Geof
fr
eyFi
nchi
sthea
uthoroft
hebook
t
it
led"KeyConceptinLangua
geandLinguis
ti
cs".

Accordi
ngtoGe
off
reyFi
nch"Applie
dLi ngui
st
icsi
sthemostpr
acti
calofal
lli
nguis
ti
csbra
nche
s.
I
tsconcer
niswi
tht
heappl
ica
tionofli
nguist
ict
heor
iesandpr
ocedur
estotheis
suesofeve
ryday
l
if
e".

Ke
ypoi
nts
:

1)Themos
tpr
act
ica
lbr
anc
hofa
llt
hebr
anc
hesofl
ingui
st
ics
.

2)Bec
auseitde
alswi
tht
hea
ppl
ica
tionofl
ingui
st
ict
heor
iesa
ndpr
oce
dur
est
othei
ssue
sof
eve
rydayli
fe.

6
Q:Expl
ainSc
opeordoma
inorAr
easofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics

Ans :Appl iedLinguisticsinteractswi thothe rdisci

pl in
esorf ieldsofs t
udy.Duet ot his
inter
a cti
onwi thotherf iel
dsi tcana l
sobec all
eda ni nt
er-dis
c i
pl i
naryormul t
i-
disciplina r
yfiel
d
ofs t
udy.Af t
ertheWor ldWa rSe condte a
c hi
ngofEngl ishlangua gee xpanded.Se condLa nguage
Ac quisit
ionbe camea ni ssuewhi chwa saddre s
sedbyAppl i
edLi nguis t
ics.Themos tac ti
ve
investigat
ionwa sma dei nthef ieldofl anguagepe da gogy( t
eac hingskills
).Diffe
rentl angu age
teachingme t
hodsa nda ppr oache swe refor mulateda ft
erconduc t
ingempi rica
lresearchont he
basisofl i
nguisti
cs cience( scienceork nowl edgea boutlangua ge).Langua gecoursesl ike
Te achingEngl i
sha saFor eignLa nguage( TEFL)a ndTe a c
hingEngl i
s hasaSe condLa nguage
(TESL)we redevised.Engl ishl anguageTe aching( ELT)wa sintroduce dwhichhe l
pe di n
effecti
vel anguagete achinga ndl ea r
ning.La nguaget eachersa nds upervis
orslackedknowl e
dge
aboutl anguage.Thi sissuewa sa lsoaddr e
s se
dbyAppl ie
dLi ngui sti
cswhi chprovide dpr oper
educ at
iont olanguaget eache rs
.Appl i
e dlinguisti
csnotonl yi nSLAbuta lsoequippe dEng l
ish
langua geteacherswi t
hl inguisticSc ience.Appl i
edLi nguist
icsa lsoenc ompa s
sesfol l
owi ng
fiel
dsofs t
udy:

1)Cl
ini
cal
-Li
ngui
st
ies/ne
uro-
Lingui
st
ics
/Ps
ycho-
Lingui
st
ics

2)For
ens
icl
ingui
st
ics3)Soc
io-Li
ngui
st
ics(
Dia
lec
tol
ogy)

4)Tr
ans
act
ionSt
udi
es5)La
ngua
gea
cqui
si
ti
on

6)La
ngua
gePl
anni
ng7)Li
ter
arys
tyl
is
ti
cs

The
sea
rea
sands
omeot
her
sfa
llwi
thi
ndoma
inofAppl
iedLi
ngui
st
ics
.

Q)Expl
aint
her
ela
tions
hipbe
twe
enl
angua
gea
ndi
dent
it
y

Ans :Langua
geisat oolofcommunicat
ion.I
tfunc
tionsa same di
umofc ommunic
ati
onand
express
ingone'
sideas.Butlangua
geisalsocl
osel
yr ela
tedwithident
it
y.Ther
eisast
rong
connecti
onwhiche xis
tsbetweenl
anguageandide
ntity.Itde
finesores
tabl
is
hesmult
ipl
e
i
de nti
ti
eswhicharediscussbel
ow:

1)Ac cordingt
oJ ohnBeattes,"Cultura
li sthewayofl i
fetransmit
tedfr
omge ne r
ationt o
genera
t i
on.Butitisla
ngua gewhi chisapowe r
fulinst
rume ntofexpre
ssi
onofone 'sc ult
ura
l.
Wi t
houtl a
nguagenoc ul
tur ecansus t
ainitsexi
ste
nc e
.La nguageisbothcul
turepre se
r vi
ngand
cult
uret r
ansmi
tti
ngofc ulture,Languei salsoi
ntr
insictothee xpr
essi
onofculture,soi t
est
abli
s hescul
tur
a li
denti
ty.

2)Languagealsor
evealsapers
on'
ssocia
lstat
us,e
ducat
iona ndrankwithi
nnat
ionali
denti
ty.I
n
Ame r
icai
nt hepas
tslavescoul
dnei
therwrit
enorrea
dbe c
a uset
he ybel
ongedt
ot hel
owest
soc
ialcl
assinthesoc
iety.Sola
nguagedefi
nesapers
on'
se ducat
ion,ra
nka nds
ocials
tat
us.

7
3)Ini
nte
rnat
ionalc
ommunic
ation,na
tionalla
ngua
gess
hapena
tiona
lide
nti
ti
es.Si
mil
arl
ya
la
ngua
gec a
na l
soest
abl
is
hrel
igiousi
de nt
ity.

4)Aus eofregi
ona ldialectspecif
ictoas oci
algr
oups howse t
hnicorracia
lIdent
ity.For
exampleinKhybe rPa khtunkhwape oplebel
ongi
ngt odif
fere
ntr egi
onsspeakdif
ferentdi
alec
ts
Pasht
owhi c
hde scribetheirethnicidentit
yandregiona
lident
ity.Afghani
stani
samul t
i-e
thni
c
count
ryandva r
iousl anguage sshowe thnici
dent
ityofvari
ouspe ople
.

5)Apar
ti
cul
art
erminol
ogy(j
argon)showsprofe
ssi
ona
lide
nti
ty.J
argoni
sthes
pec
ial
ize
d
te
rmi
nol
ogyass
ocia
tedwit
hapa rt
icul
arfi
eld.

6)Acce
ntisafeat
ureoflanguagewhic
ha l
sopla
ysavit
alr
olei
nthei
dent
if
ica
tionofpe
ople.For
exampl
eAme ri
canaccentandBriti
shac
centar
edif
fer
ent
.Thespe
ake
rofAme r
icanorBri
ti
sh
acc
entes
tabl
is
hesnati
onalidenti
ty.

Sol
angua
gede
fine
sthef
oll
owi
ngi
dent
it
ies
:

1)Na
tiona
lide
nti
ty

2)Et
hni
cide
nti
ty/Ra
cia
lide
nti
ty

3)Re
giona
lide
nti
ty

4)Re
ligi
ousi
dent
it
y

5)Educ
ati
on,s
oci
als
tat
usa
ndr
ankofape
rson

6)Cul
tur
ali
dent
it
y

7)Ge
nde
ride
nti
ty

Soac
los
econne
cti
one
xis
tsbe
twe
enl
angua
gea
ndi
dent
it
y.

8
Re
lat
ions
hipbe
twe
enl
angu
agea
ndc
ult
ure

Accordingt oJ ohnBe a t
tee“ c
ult
ur eisthewa yofl i
fetransmitt
edfrom ge nerat
ionto
gener
a t
ion”.Wi t
houtl anguagenoc ult
urec ansus
tai
ni t
se xis
tence.Cultureisbot h
pres
erveda ndtransmi t
tedthroughl anguage.Ther
eforelanguageisbot hc ul
ture-
prese
rvi
ng
andc ultur
et ra
nsmi t
ting.Fore xa
mp l
eI s
lamiccul
tureispr es
ervedthroughl anguageand
als
ot ransmi t
tedt othepr esentge ner
ati
ont hr
oughlanguage.Bothl a
ngua gea ndc ul
tur
ea r
e
li
nkeda ndt her
ei sac l
oserelat
ionshi
pbe tweenl
anguagea ndcult
ure.

Cultureissetorana ggre
gateofb el
ief
s,customs,rit
ua l
s,physi
calandma te
ria
lobjec
ts
andbe ha
viour
sanda t
tit
udesofpa r
ti
culargroupofpe opl
e.Buti tislanguagewhi c
his
t
hee xpr
essi
onofcult
ure.Thereisaphr as
et hatlanguageisc ul
tur
ea ndc ult
ureis
l
a nguage
.Sobot hareint
ert
wined.I
nc ross
-cult
uralcommi nat
ionormul ti
-cult
ural
commi nat
ioncul
tur
alidenti
tyisma r
kedore stabl
ishe
dbyl a
nguage.

Al a
ngua gec
annotbepr oper
lyunderstoodori nt
erpr
ete
dwi t
houtcul
tur
alc
ontext.Cul
ture
as
sociat
esmeani
ngt olanguage.Brit
is
horAme ri
canlit
era
tur
ei nEngli
shl
anguagecannot
beproper
lyunder
stoodwi t
houtcul
turalc ont
ext
.

Languageisa nacces
sorwi ndow tothec ul
tureofothers ociet
iesorethni
cgr oups.
Languageisat oolofpres
ervingcult
ureandave hi
cleofc ul
ture.Forexamplet hewe s
t
i
si mposi
ngitscult
ureonothernati
onsthr
ought hedomina
tingr oleofl a
nguage.The
l
anguagethroughwhicha
nda cces
si smadet othecult
ureothe rpeopl
eisc al
ledc ult
ura
l
l
anguage.

Literat
urewr i
tte
ninapart
ic
ulara
gei nt
her e
flec
tionofthecultureofthatage.So
throughlanguagecul
tur
eofapa rt
icul
arageispr eser
vedfi
rsta ndthe
nt ra
nsmitt
edt
o
otherge ner
ati
ons.Sola
nguageisbothcul
tur
e-pr
es e
rvi
ngandc ultur
etrans
mitt
ing.

Nolanguagec a
nsurvi
veinis
olati
on.Engli
shl
anguageistodayt heLinguaFrancaof
t
heworldbe c
auseduetodominantcul
tur
eofthepe opl
espeakingEnglish.Soprogre
ss
anddominanceofalangu
agedependsuponthecult
ureofpe oplespe
akingthatlang
uage.

Sot
her
eisac
los
ere
lat
ions
hipbe
twe
enl
angua
gea
ndc
ult
ure
.

9
Wha
tisGl
oba
liz
ati
on?

Ans
:Gl
oba
liz
ati
oni
samul
ti
-fa
cet
edphe
nome
non.

Itha sseveralfac
etsors i
des.Therecanbee c
onomi cGlobalizat
ion,s oci
a lGl obal
izat
ion,poli
ti
cal
globa l
izat
iona ndcultura
lglobal
izati
one tc
.Sot histermi smul t
i-face t
edori thasma ny
sides.Theintegrat
ionorunifica
tionofcount r
iesorna ti
onsoft hewor ldins everalwaysisc al
led
globa l
izat
ion.Thisintegrat
ionhasoccurredduet omode rna ndsophi st
icatedc ommuni cat
ionand
informa t
iontechnology.Ithasconnectedthewhol eworlda ndthust hewhol ewor ldhasshrunk
intoagl obalvill
age.Inthemode rnwor l
dt her
ei sa ni
nc re
as edandqui cki nteract
iona mongthe
na t
ionsoft heworld.TheDyna mi csbehindthisintera
ctiona ndintegr at
iona reintegr
atedglobal
economy,wor ldorganizat
ionsli
keUNO,WTOa ndIMFe t
c .

Thisphe
nomenonofi
nte
rde
pende
ncea
ndi
nte
rconne
cte
dne
ssoft
hena
tionsoft
hewor
ldi
s
cal
ledgl
oba
liz
ati
on.

Q) Di
scus
s t
he i
mpa
ct of
 gl
oba
liz
ati
on on t
he t
eac
hing a
nd l
ear
ning ofEngl
is
h 
l
angua
ge. 
 
 

Ans
.Engl
is
h La
ngua
ge a
s a
 Li
ngua
 Fr
anc
a (
ELF)

The t
erm ELF r e
fers
 to Engl i
sh l
angua ge as a
 c ommon me ans of communicati
onamong 
t
he speakers whose nati
ve  l
anguages are dif
fer
ent. Lingua Franca is
 usedas a means
 of 
communi ca
tion by people of di
ffer
ent native
 langu a
ge s
. LinguaFranca bec
ome s t
he 
means of communi cat
ion a mong th
e na ti
ons who do nots ha r
e their
 nat
ive
 language
s.

In the
 mode r
n age ,
 English l
anguage  i
s t
he Lingua Fr
anca of the
 worl
d. I
n the
global
ized worl
d, Englis
h s pr
ead globall
y es
pecial
ly among the Non-
Nati
ves pea
ker
s 
(NNS)  a
nd  i
t was due to impact o
f  gl
obal
izat
ion. 
 

According to a
n esti
ma te
 a bout
 80 pe r
cent
 speake
rs of Engli
sh are Non-Nati
veSpeakers 
(NNS)  of Engl
ish.
 In the globa
liz
e d worl
d, t
eachi
ng and lear
ning ofEnglis
h has ass
ume d 
gre
at impor t
ance
 for Non-  Nati
ve Spe a
kers
 (NNS) ofEngl i
sh language
. Engli
sh is
 one of 
the
 mos t widel
y spoken languages in t
heworld.Itisus eda same ansofc ommuni ca
tion
ongl oballevelfordi f
ferentpur
pos es.

Engli
shisbei
ngtaughtandl
ear
nti
nt heeduc
a t
iona
linst
it
uti
onsofNon-
Nat
iveSpe
ake
rs
(NNS)ofEngl
ishbecaus
eiti
sawor l
dl a
nguage.Ithasli
nkedorbri
dgedt
heworldin
t
e r
msofc ommuni
cati
on.

Engli
shhasdiff
use
dout
si
detheBri
ti
shI
sle
stoallcont
ine
ntsoftheworl
d.Engl
is
hisa
nat
ionall
angua
gein29count
ri
esa
ndoff
ici
all
ang
uagein15ot he
rcount
ri
es.

10
ELFi spromi
nentininte
rna
tionalpol
it
icsanddi ploma c
y,int
ernat
ionallaw,bus
ines
s,the
me di
a,andinter
ti
aryeduca
tiona ndsci
ent
ificr e
search.Engl
is
hha sspr
eadtoa l
lfive
conti
nent
sandhasbe c
omeat rul
ygloballanguage.Engl i
shhasattai
neditscur
rentgloba
l
st
atusduetothedramati
cexpa ns
ionofe l
ectroni
cc ommunica
tion.

Duetot heimpactofglobal
izati
on,Engl
ishha
sbecomet
hec ommonlanguageormode
ofcommunicat
iononi nt
erna
tionalle
velfort
hepe
opleha
vingdif
fer
entcul
tura
l,r
eli
gious
andethni
calbackgr
ounds
.

I
mpa
ctofgl
oba
liz
ati
onont
het
eac
hinga
ndl
ear
ningofEngl
is
h

Engl is
hl angua gei same dium ofi nst
ruct
ion(EMI )inmos toft here
putededuc at
ional
inst
itutionsoft hewor lde specia
llyinNon- Nati
veEngl ishs peaki
ng(NNES)c ountri
es.In
theNon- Na ti
veEngl i
shs peaking( NNES)c ount
rie
s,Engl i
shi sta
ughtast hema i
nt arge
t
l
a ngua geors econdl anguage.I ntheglobal
izedworld,ther oleofotherinter
national
l
a ngua gess ucha sFr encha ndRus sia
nha sdiminis
heddr ast
icall
y.Germa nandRus sian
arenol onge rinter
na t
ional
lyne cessar
yf orsci
enti
fi
cs tudy.I ti sEngl
ishwhi c
hi sus e
di n
scientifi
cr e searcha ndt e
rti
a r
ye ducati
ononi nter
nati
ona lleve l
.Thedomi nantlanguageof
Interneti sEngl is
hl anguagewhi chisas ourceofknowl edgea ndlea
rningfort hes tude
nts
.
Simi la
r l
yi mpor ta
ntknowl edgei sa vai
labl
ei nEnglis
hl angua geandEngl i
shisake yt o
acces st ot hisknowl e
dge.

Gl obalizationha sa ls
oa ni mpactont hepe da gogyofEngl ishlangua ge .Seve ra
lEng li
sh
langua get eac
hi ngme thod sanda pproa
c heswe r
ef ormula t
ed.B.F.s kinne ra ndNoa m
Choms kya r
ee xponentsofdi ff
erentEngl i
shl anguagea cquis
it
ion/l
e arni ngthe ori
es.One
wa st hee xpone ntofBe haviori
sma ndt heot herwa se xponentofGe ne r
ati
vism.
Gl obalizationbr oughtar evolut
ioni nthepe dagogyofEngl i
shl a
ngua ge .Engl i
shl anguage
cour sesl ikeTe achingofEngl is
ha saFor ei
gnl anguage( TEFL)a ndTe achingofEn glish
asas econdl angua ge( TESL)we r
ei nt
roduce d.Engl i
shl anguageTe ac hing( ELT)wa sa lso
introduc ed.Li ngui st
icsi sc omparat
ivel
yamode r
na c
a demicdi s
ciplinewhi che quipped
Engl is
hl angua geTe acherswhi chthes c i
encea bou tlanguage.Thusgl obali
za t
ione nhanced
bot hla ngua get e ac
hinga ndl ea
rni
ng.

Inthegl obali
zedwor l
d,tradit
iona lme thodsoft e
a c
hingEngl ishla nguagewe r
egi venup.
Englishlanguagelabora
toriesha vebe ene st
abl
ishedi nma nyeducationalinsti
tutions
.
Similar
lyma nymode sofi nte
rac ti
veonl inelearningl i
keGoogl eme et,clas
srooms ,zoom,
Mi c
rosoftTeams( MST)a ndot he rmode sofinter
a c
tiveonl i
nele a
r ninga r
ei nvoguei n
theglobaliz
edwor ld.Recentlydur ingthec or
onac r
isisthesemode sofi nter
activeonline
l
e ar
ningwe reus edforimpa r
ti
nge ducationt othes tudents.Teachinga i
dslikemul t
imedia
,
lapt
op,Inter
neta ndcomput er
sha ver e
vol uti
oni
ze dpe dagogyofEngl is
hl a
ngua ge.Simil
arl
y,
l
e ar
ninga ndre a
dinghabit
sofs tudent
sa ls
oc hanged.Engl is
hl angua gelear
ningbe c
ame

11
eas
yduet oe as
ya ccesstoa l
lki ndofl ea
rningma te
rial
.I nthegl oba l
izedwor l
d,the
i
mpor t
anceofEngl i
shl earningi mme ns
elyinc r
ease
dspe ci
all
yi ntheNon- Nati
veEng li
sh
spea
king( NNES)c ountri
es.Engl ishi sconsi
de r
edtobet hemos tma rked-ori
entedsubje
ct.
I
tha sa t
tr
ac t
edmores tudentsbe causeitof f
ersmor eoppor t
unit
iesfors e c
uri
ngj obsand
employment.Itisas ourceofe arningl i
veli
hooda nds ubsi
ste
nce.Soi nt heglobali
zed
wordl e
arningofEnglishla nguageha simme nselyincr
e a
sed.Profi
ciencyi nEngl i
shha s
ass
ume dgr ea
terimporta
ncee speciall
yi ntheNon- NativeEnglishspe akingcount
ries
.

Engli
shla
ngua
gei
sa l
soanimpor
tantc
ompone
ntinshapi
ngthecur
ri
culum ofma ny
count
ri
eswher
eEngl
is
hisincl
ude
di nthec
urr
icul
um onalll
eve
lsofeduca
tion.

Conc
lus
ion:

Gl obaliz
ationha sagr eat
eri mpactont het ea
chinga ndlearningofEngl i
shl
anguage.
Engl is
hl angua gebe camet heLi nguaFr anc aoft heworld.Itbr oughtre
volut
ionint he
peda gogyofEngl i
shl anguage.Te achi
nga ndlearningofEngl i
shl anguagebecame
sophi s
ticat
e d.Tr adit
ionalme thodsofbot ht ea
chinga ndl
e a
rningwe regivenup.Engl i
sh
langua geha sbe c
omeama rketor i
enteds ubjec
twhi chisofferingmor eopportuni
ti
esf or
sec ur
ingj obsa nde mpl oyme nt
.I tisimportantins hapi
ngt hec urri
culum ofma ny
count r
ies.

“Engl
ishrule
s”isanoldphras
e.“Engl
is
hl a
ngua gerul
es”isanew phr
asee
merge
doutof
globa
liz
ati
on.Inshor
t,gl
oba
liz
ati
onhasrevolut
ioni
zedbothte
achi
ngandlea
rni
ngof
Engli
shl a
nguage
.

Expl
ainl
angua
ge,di
ale
cta
ndAc
cent

I
tisimport
antnott
oconf
useacce
ntwit
hadiale
ct.Ageogra
phic
all
ybasedvar
iet
yof
l
anguage(s
tandar
dfor
moflanguage
)spec
ifi
ctosoci
algr
oupiscal
ledadia
lec
t.

Standardf
ormofl a
nguageisgener
allyusedinwri
tt
enc ommunica
tion,taughti
ns c
hools
,
codifi
edindict
iona
rie
sa ndGramme rbooks.
Adial
ectdiff
ersf
romthes t
andardformoflang
uage
i
npr onunci
ati
on,Gramme randvocabula
ryanditi
sseldomwr i
tt
ena ta
ll.Sta
ndardfor
me nj
oys
it
sownpr est
igeandprovide
saga t
ewa ytoknowl
edge.

Bycontr
ast
,acc
entisconc
erne
dsole
lywit
haudi
tor
yef
fec
ts(
pronunci
ationdi
ff
ere
nce
onl
y).
Accenti
sdif
fere
ntfr
oms t
anda
rdofl
angua
geonl
yinpr
onuncia
tion.

Adi
ale
ctisdi
ff
ere
ntf
romt
hes
tanda
rdf
ormofl
angua
gei
nGr
amme
r,pr
onunc
iat
ion,voc
abul
ary
a
ndspel
li
ng.

Anacce
ntma yr
egi
onalorna
ti
ona
l.I
nEngl
is
hthe
remi
ghta
nAme
ric
ana
cce
nt,Br
it
is
hac
cent
andAust
ral
iana
cce
nt.

12
Ala
nguagei
sspoke
ninal
argea
rea
.Iti
sas
tanda
rdva
rie
tywhi
chha
sit
sownphonol
ogy,
synt
ax
a
ndmorphol
ogy.

I
tha
sit
sownpr
est
ige
.

Adiale
ctisava
ria
tioni
nla
ngua
ge.
Itc
annotbeaa
cce
pte
dasas
tanda
rdl
angua
ge.
Itl
acks
pr
est
ige.

Di
ale
ctsma
ybec
las
sif
iedi
ntwova
rie
tie
s:Re
giona
landSoc
ialdi
al
ect
s.

Thes
tudyofdi
ale
ctsi
sca
lle
ddi
ale
ctol
ogy.

Scot
ti
sh,Geor
die
,Recei
vedpronunc
iat
ion(R.
P.)
,Yorkshi
re,Wel
sh,Br
ummi
e,Es
sex,s
cous
e,
Cockneyandwestc
ount
ryaresomeofthepr
ominentEngl
is
hdia
lect
s.

Di
ale
ctvs
.Ac
cent

Di
ale
cta
nda
cce
nta
ret
wodi
ff
ere
nta
spe
ctsofl
angua
ge.Howe
ver
,the
rea
res
omeove
rla
ps.

Anaccenti
salsospe
cif
ict
oaregi
on.I
nEnglis
h,the
remightbea
nAme r
ica
n,Bri
ti
sh,or
Aus
tra
lianacc
ent.Anacce
nti
saninf
lec
tiont
hatocc
urswit
hwordpr
onunci
ati
on.

Adia
lecti
senti
rel
ydif
fer
entwor
dsorwa
ysofc
ommuni
cat
inga
ltoge
the
r.Di
ale
ctgoe
sbe
yond
mer
epronunci
ati
on.

Exa
mpl
esofAc
cent
:

AnAme
ric
anmi
ghtpr
onou
ncet
hewor
d,“
hel
lo,
”bys
pea
kingt
he“
h”s
ound.

ABr
itmi
ghtpr
onounc
ethewor
d,“
hel
lo,
”wi
thouts
pea
kingt
he“
h”s
ound.

Thi
siss
ti
llt
hes
amewor
d,j
usts
poke
nwi
thadi
ff
ere
nta
cce
nt.

Exa
mpl
esofDi
ale
ct:

ANor
the
rnAme
ric
anmi
ghts
ay,“
hel
lo.
”

ASout
her
nAme
ric
anmi
ghts
ay,“
howdy.
”

Thi
sisa
nex
ampl
eoft
hedi
ff
ere
nce
sindi
ale
ct.

13