ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA

July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

MODULE 1: LAWS OF EXPONENTS where:

𝑛 = index
Exponent is a number that gives the power to 𝑥 = radicand
which a base is raised. √ = radical sign

Laws/Properties of exponents
Properties of Radicals
1. 𝑥 𝑚 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛
𝑛
1. √𝑥 = 𝑥 1/𝑛
𝑚 𝑚 (𝑥𝑦)𝑚
2. 𝑥 ∙𝑦 =
𝑛
2. √ 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑚/𝑛
3. (𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚∙𝑛
𝑛
𝑥𝑚 3. √ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥
𝑚−𝑛
4. =𝑥
𝑥𝑛
𝑛
4. 𝑛√ 𝑥 𝑦 = √ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑛√ 𝑦
𝑥𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
5. = (𝑦 )
𝑦𝑚 𝑛
𝑛 𝑥 √𝑥
5. √ = 𝑛
1 𝑦 √𝑦
6. 𝑥 −𝑚 =
𝑥𝑚
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
6. 𝑎 √𝑥 + 𝑏 √𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) √𝑥
0
7. 𝑥 = 1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛
7. 𝑎 √𝑥 − 𝑏 √𝑥 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) √𝑥
1/𝑛
8. 𝑥 = √𝑥
𝑛
9. 𝑥 𝑚/𝑛 = √𝑥 𝑚
MODULE 3: LOGARITHM
10. If 𝑎 𝑚
= 𝑎 , then 𝑚 = 𝑛.
𝑛
A. Definition
log 𝑏
If 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏 , then 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑏 or 𝑥 =
log 𝑎
Board Exam Survival Techniques:
• Substitute values to the variables in the
B. Types of Logarithm
GIVEN and substitute the same values to the
CHOICES (A, B, C, and D)
1. Common or Brigssian Logarithm is a
• Substitute the answers in the CHOICES to logarithm having a base of 10.
the GIVEN. This technique is sometimes
called as “reverse engineering”.
log10 𝑥 = log 𝑥

2. Natural or Naperian Logarithm is a

MODULE 2: LAWS OF RADICALS
logarithm having a base of 𝑒.
𝑛
A radical is an expression of the form √𝑥 log e 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
which denotes the principal 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of 𝑥.

𝑛
√𝑥 = 𝑥 1/𝑛

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

C. Properties of Logarithm Trinomial – polynomial containing three terms

Examples: 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 4𝑦 3 + 1, 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 ,
1. log(𝑥 𝑦) = log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥, 𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑦 2

𝑥
2. log (𝑦) = log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 The degree of a term is the exponent of the
variable (if there is only one variable) or the sum
of the exponents of the variables (if there are
3. log 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑥
more than one variable) in the term.
4. log 𝑥 𝑥 = 1 Examples:
Degree of the
5. 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 Term
term
log 𝑥 4𝑥 5 5
6. log 𝑏 𝑥 = −2𝑥 2 𝑦 3
log 𝑏
3
𝑥 𝑦2 𝑧4 7
7. log 1 = 0 2
5𝑦 1
3 0
Note:
• The above properties apply to all types of Degree of polynomial is the maximum degree
logarithms. of the term in the polynomial.
• Negative numbers have no real logarithms.
Example:
Given: 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 5𝑥𝑦 5
Degree = 6 (Because among the three
MODULE 4: POLYNOMIALS terms, the third term has the highest
degree which is 6)

Polynomial is a mathematical expression that Special Products and Factoring

consists a term or sum of terms.
1. (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
The term of a polynomial is a mathematical
expression involving a product of a constant and 2. (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
variable(s) raised to non-negative integer
exponent(s). 3. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

That means, the exponents of the variables in a 4. (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

polynomial can only be positive whole numbers
and zero. 5. (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3

Special Polynomials: 6. (𝑥 − 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3

Monomial – polynomial containing one term
2
Examples: 5, 4𝑥, 3 𝑦, −8𝑥 3 7. 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

8. 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
Binomial – polynomial containing two terms
Examples: 𝑥𝑦 3 + 1, 4𝑦 − 𝑥 3 , 𝑦 − 8, 𝑥 5 + 5𝑥𝑦 3

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

MODULE 5: BINOMIAL THEOREM * The parenthesis in (𝑥)5 is very important,

Binomial is a mathematical expression
containing two terms joined by either + or – .
Binomial theorem gives the result of raising a
binomial expression to a certain power.
especially if the variable has a constant
coefficient.
The next 5 terms can be determined using the
“Properties of Binomial Expansion” and the
formula:

Example: 𝐸𝑥 ∙ 𝐶
(𝑥 + 𝑦)5 = 𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 𝑦 + 10𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 5 𝐶𝑛 =
𝑃

Properties of the Binomial Expansion of To find the 2nd term, look at the 1st term, (𝑥)5 .
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒏 : In the 1st term, 𝐸𝑥 = 5, 𝐶 = 1, and 𝑃 = 1.
Therefore,
1. The first term is 𝑥 𝑛 .
2. The last term is 𝑦 𝑛 . 5∙1
2nd term = (𝑥)4 (𝑦)1 = 5(𝑥)4 𝑦
3. The exponent of 𝑥 decreases by 1. 1
4. The exponent of 𝑦 increases by 1.
5. The sum of exponents of each term is 𝑛. To find the 3rd term, look at the 2nd term,
6. The number of terms is 𝑛 + 1. 5(𝑥)4 𝑦. This time, 𝐸𝑥 = 4, 𝐶 = 5 and 𝑃 = 2.

4∙5
𝒏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒙𝒏−𝟐 𝒚𝟐 3rd term = (𝑥)3 (𝑦)2 = 10(𝑥)3 𝑦 2
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒏 = 𝒙𝒏 + + + ⋯ + 𝒚𝒏 2
𝟏! 𝟐!

Technique in binomial expansion:
1. Write the 1st term. That is, (𝑥)𝑛
2. To get the coefficient of the next terms, use
the formula:
𝐸𝑥 ∙ 𝐶
𝐶𝑛 =
𝑃 Continue these steps to find all the terms in the
where:
𝐶𝑛 = coefficient of the next term
𝐸𝑥 = exponent of 𝑥 in present term
𝐶 = coefficient of the present term
𝑃 = position of the present term
That is, 𝑃 = 1 for 1st term, 𝑃 = 2 for 2nd
term, 𝑃 = 3 for third term, etc.
To find the 4th term, look at the 3rd term,
10(𝑥)3 𝑦 2 . This time, 𝐸𝑥 = 3, 𝐶 = 10 and 𝑃 = 3.
3 ∙ 10
4th term = (𝑥)2 (𝑦)3 = 10(𝑥)2 𝑦 3
3
expansion. The final result will be
(𝑥 + 𝑦)5 = 𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 𝑦 + 10𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 5
Example 2:
Write the expansion of (2𝑎 − 3𝑏)6 .

Example 1:
Write the expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑦)5 .
Solution 1:
𝑛=5
* There will be 𝑛 + 1 number of terms in the
expansion. In this case, there will be 6 terms.
(𝑥 + 𝑦)5 = (𝑥)5 + the next 5 terms
Solution 2:
𝑛=6
* There will be 𝑛 + 1 number of terms in the
expansion. In this case, there will be 7 terms.
(2𝑎 − 3𝑏)6 = (2𝑎)6 + the next 6 terms
* Note that in this binomial, 𝑥 is now “2𝑎”, and 𝑦
is now “−3𝑏”.

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

Sum of the coefficients

To find the 2nd term, look at the 1st term, (2𝑎)6 . * Substitute “1” in every variable in each term
In the 1st term, 𝐸𝑥 = 6, 𝐶 = 1, and 𝑃 = 1. then calculate.
Therefore,
Example:
6∙1 Find the sum of the coefficients in the expansion
2nd term = (2𝑎)5 (−3𝑏) = 6(2𝑎)5 (−3𝑏)
1 of (2𝑥 + 𝑦)3.

To find the 3rd term, look at the 2nd term, Solution:

6(2𝑎)5 (−3𝑏). This time, 𝐸𝑥 = 4, 𝐶 = 5 and 𝑃 = 2. Sum of coefficients = [2(1) + 1]3 = 𝟐𝟕
5∙6
3rd term = (2𝑎)4 (−3𝑏)2 = 15(2𝑎)4 (−3𝑏)2 If we check this answer by expanding the
2 binomial, we have
To find the 4th term, look at the 3rd term, (2𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 8𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
15(2𝑎)4 (−3𝑏)2 . This time, 𝐸𝑥 = 4, 𝐶 = 15, and
𝑃 = 3. So the sum of coefficients = 8 + 12 + 6 + 1 = 𝟐𝟕
4 ∙ 15
4th term = (2𝑎)3 (−3𝑏)3 = 20(2𝑎)3 (−3𝑏)3
3 MODULE 6: PROPORTION, VARIATION,
Continue these steps to find all the terms in the AND VENN DIAGRAM
expansion. The final result will be
Ratio
6 6 5
(2𝑎 − 3𝑏) = 64𝑎 − 576𝑎 𝑏 + 2160𝑎 𝑏 4 2 The ratio of numbers a and b may be written as:
𝑎
− 4320𝑎3 𝑏 3 + 4860𝑎2 𝑏 4 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏 or 𝑎: 𝑏 or 𝑏
− 2916𝑎𝑏 5 + 729𝑏 6
where:
𝑎 is called the antecedent
𝑏 is called the consequent
Formula for the 𝒓𝒕𝒉 term in the expansion
of (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒏 . Proportion
Proportion is a statement of equality between
𝑛! two ratios.
𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = (𝑥)𝑛−𝑟+1 (𝑦)𝑟−1
(𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)! (𝑟 − 1)!
𝑎 𝑐
𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 or =
𝑏 𝑑
where: 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term = required term based on the
descending (highest to lowest) where:
exponent of “𝑥” 𝑏 and 𝑐 are the means of the proportion
𝑎 and 𝑑 are the extremes of the proportion
Term having 𝒚𝒓 in the expansion of (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒏 The quantity 𝑑 is called the fourth proportional
to 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.
𝑛!
term containing 𝒚𝒓 = (𝑥)𝑛−𝑟 (𝑦)𝑟
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! (𝑟)! 𝑎 𝑏
In the proportion = or 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑏: 𝑥 ,
𝑏 𝑥

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

𝑥 is called the third proportional to 𝑎 and 𝑏. 1 𝑘

𝑦 = 𝑘 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ; 𝑘≠0
𝑎 𝑥
In the proportion = or 𝑎: 𝑥 = 𝑥: 𝑏 ,
𝑥 𝑏
Joint Variation
𝑥 is called the mean proportional between 𝑎 The statement 𝑦 varies jointly as 𝑥 and 𝑧, or 𝑦 is
and 𝑏. jointly proportional to 𝑥 and 𝑧, means that
𝑥 = √𝑎 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑥𝑧 ; 𝑘≠0
Extreme – Means Property
The product of the extremes is equal to the Combined Variation
product of the means. A combined variation involves both direct and
inverse variation. For example, the statement 𝑦
If
𝑎
=
𝑐
, then 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐 varies as 𝑥 and inversely as the square root of 𝑧,
𝑏 𝑑 means that
𝑥 𝑘𝑥
Alternation Property 𝑦 = 𝑘 ( 𝑧) = 𝑧 ; 𝑘≠0
√ √
The means may be interchanged without
destroying the proportion. VENN DIAGRAM
For lessons about Venn Diagrams please refer to
If
𝑎
= 𝑑,
𝑐
then
𝑎
=
𝑏 some relevant videos in Youtube or Khan
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 Academy
Inversion Property
The equal ratios (or proportion) may be
MODULE 7: QUADRATIC EQUATION
inverted.

𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 General quadratic equation:

If = , then =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0; 𝐴≠0
Composition Property
If
𝑎
=
𝑐
, then
𝑎+𝑏
=
𝑐+𝑑 where: 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 are constants
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
Quadratic formula for solving the roots

VARIATION
Direct Variation −𝐵 ± √𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑥=
The statement 𝑦 varies directly as 𝑥, or 𝑦 is 2𝐴
directly proportional to 𝑥, means that
The quadratic equation has two roots, namely 𝑥1
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 ; 𝑘≠0 and 𝑥2
−𝐵 + √𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑘 = proportionality constant or variation 𝑥1 = and
2𝐴
constant
−𝐵 − √𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
Inverse Variation 𝑥2 =
2𝐴
The statement 𝑦 varies inversely as 𝑥, or 𝑦 is
inversely proportional to 𝑥, means that

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

Nature of roots Examples:

3 𝐴 𝐵
−𝐵±√𝐵2 −4𝐴𝐶 1. = +
In the quadratic formula 𝑥 = , the (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) 𝑥−1 𝑥+2
2𝐴
discriminant is 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶.
3𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2. = + +
2 (𝑥−1)3 𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)3
If 𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0, then the roots are real and
equal.
If 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0, then the roots are real and 2𝑥−1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
unequal. 3. (𝑥+2)2 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)
= + (𝑥+2)2
+ 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
𝑥+2

If 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0, then the roots are imaginary where: 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, etc. are constants
and unequal.
Solution of Partial Fractions
Sum of roots 1st Method: Substituting the Roots
If we add the values of the two roots, the sum is To find the values of the constants 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, etc.,
1. Eliminate the denominators by multiplying
𝐵 both sides of the equation by the least
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = − common denominator (LCD).
𝐴

Product of roots 2. Equate one of the factors to zero and

If we multiply the values of the two roots, the calculate the root of that factor.
product is
3. Substitute the root obtained in Step 2 into
𝐶 the equation obtained in Step 1. You should
𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 = be able to obtain the value of one of the
𝐴
constants.

4. Repeat Step 2 and Step 3 using the other

MODULE 8: PARTIAL FRACTION factors until all of the constants are obtained.

Fraction is a number expressed as a quotient 5. In case that some of the constants cannot be
in the form: readily obtained from the steps described
above, just assign any value to the variable
𝑎 and set up a system of linear equations and
𝑏 calculate.

where: 𝑎 = numerator 2nd Method: Equating the Coefficients

𝑏 = denominator 1. Eliminate the denominators by multiplying
both sides of the equation by the least
If a < b → proper fraction common denominator (LCD).
a > b → improper fraction
2. Eliminate the parentheses by expanding the
Proper fractions can be expressed as the sum of resulting equation.
partial fractions provided the denominator
can be factored. 3. Equate the coefficients of the terms with the
same degrees on the left side of the equation
to that on the right side.

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

Example: After expansion, the resulting

equation is Common difference
3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐶 Common difference is the difference between
any two adjacent terms in the arithmetic
Degree 2: 𝐴=3 sequence.
Degree 1: 𝐵 = −1
Degree 0: 2𝐶 = 0 ∴ 𝐶=0 𝒅 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂 𝟏 = 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒂𝟐 = ⋯

Note:
* There are cases in which you have to set up a Sum of arithmetic progression
system of linear equations in order to obtain the (Arithmetic Series)
values of the constants.
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 ) = [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
* You can combine the 1st and the 2nd Method 2 2
when you find it to be easier.

𝑆𝑛 = sum of the terms up to nth term

MODULE 9: ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE OR 𝑛 = number of terms
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION 𝑎1 = first term
𝑎𝑛 = last term
Arithmetic progression is a sequence of 𝑑 = common difference
numbers in which the difference of any two
adjacent terms is constant.
Arithmetic mean
Example: Arithmetic mean is the average value of two or
4, 7, 10, 13, 16, . . . more terms in the arithmetic sequence. I can
also be described as the intermediate term
Note that in this sequence, the difference between between two given terms.
any two adjacent terms is 3.
𝑎1 + 𝑎2
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
2
nth term of arithmetic progression
In cases when more than one arithmetic means
are required:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
1. Use the formula for the nth term
or 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
2. Calculate the value of “𝑑”
3. Use the value of “𝑑” to obtain the required
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎 + (𝒏 − 𝒎)𝒅
arithmetic means.
where:
𝑎𝑛 = nth term of the arithmetic progression
MODULE 10: GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE OR
𝑎1 = first term
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
𝑛 = number of terms
𝑑 = common difference
𝑎𝑚 = mth term (i.e., any term between the first
term and the nth term)

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

Geometric progression is a sequence of MODULE 11: HARMONIC PROGRESSION

numbers in which any two adjacent terms has a AND INEQUALITY
common ratio.
Harmonic progression is a sequence of
Example: numbers in which their reciprocals form an
2, 6, 18, 54, . . . arithmetic progression.

Note that in this sequence, the quotient between Example:

any two consecutive terms is 3. 1 1 1
, , ,…
2 5 8

nth term of geometric progression

Steps and Techniques in Solving Harmonic
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 Sequence:
1. Transform all the given terms of the
harmonic progression into arithmetic
where: progression by getting their reciprocals.
𝑎𝑛 = nth term of the sequence 2. Use the formula in arithmetic progression to
𝑎1 = first term of the progression calculate the required value
𝑟 = common ratio 3. Take the reciprocal of the result to get the
𝑛 = number of terms equivalent harmonic term for an answer.
4. For the sum of the harmonic terms, add
Sum of geometric progression manually the harmonic terms required in the
problem.
1 − 𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 ( )
1−𝑟
Inequality is a statement that one quantity is
greater than or less than another quantity.
For infinite geometric progression, where
Symbols used inequality
“r” is less than 1 and n is infinitely large:
a>b a is greater than b
𝑎1 a<b a is less than b
𝑆∞ = a≥b a is greater than or equal to b
1−𝑟
a≤b a is less than or equal to b

Common ratio Theorems in inequality

1. If a > 0, then – a < 0
𝑎2 𝑎3 2. If – a < 0, then a > 0
𝑟= = =⋯
𝑎1 𝑎2 3. If a > b, then a + c > b + c
4. If a > b, then a – c > b – c
5. If a > b, and c > 0, then ac > bc
Geometric mean 6. If a > b, and c < 0, then ac < bc

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = √𝑎1 𝑎2

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

MODULE 12: WORK PROBLEM MODULE 13: AGE PROBLEM

Rate of doing work: Modifiers of time for classification of ages:

1. Past age: was, were, ago, last, yesteryears and
1 verbs in past tense
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
time to finish the work 2. Present age: is, are, now, being, and verbs in
present tense
3. Future age: will, shall, be, further, hence, and
verbs in future tense
Case I. Sum of unit work = total unit of
work decade = 10 years golden = 50 years
score = 20 years diamond = 75 years
Example: If there are 3 workers, silver = 25 years centennial = 100 years

1 1 1 1 Hint: It is highly recommended to assume the

+ + =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇 present age to be the reference and just use
( + ) if the age referred by the problem is future
T1 = time for worker 1 to do the job alone and ( – ) if the age referred is past.
T2 = time for worker 2 to do the job alone
T3 = time for worker 3 to do the job alone Past Present Future
T = time for all workers to do the job together Boy B-y B B+x
Girl G-y G G+x
Case II. Work time of work done

Example: If there are 2 workers

1 1 1
(𝑇𝑎 ) + ( + ) (𝑇𝑏 ) = 1
𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑇2 MODULE 14: DIGIT AND NUMBER
1  
(Ta ) +  1 + 1 (Tb ) = 1 PROBLEM
T1  T1 T2 
Digit Problem
𝑇𝑎 = time when worker 1 do the job alone The word digit is used to refer to individual
𝑇𝑏 = time when both workers do the job numerals found in a given number and the place
together value which each such numeral holds.

Case III. Total man-hour to complete the For 2 digit number

work = sum of unit man-hr 10t + u = original number
10u + t = reversed number
Example:
For 3 digit number
1750 man-hr = 20 men (50 hr) + 75 men (𝑇𝑥 ) 100h + 10t + u = original number
100u + 10t + h = reversed number
𝑇𝑥 = 10 hour
u = unit’s digit
t = ten’s digit
h = hundred’s digit

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

Number Problem Modifiers of the position of the hands of

These are problems about the relationship
among the numbers which are usually a whole
number, not a fraction or a mixed number.
For Consecutive integers
the clock
hands at 90 degrees = 15 minutes
hands opposite each other = 30 minutes
hands together = 0 minute

x = first consecutive integer

x + 1 = second consecutive integer MODULE 16: MIXTURE, COINS, AND
x + 2 = third consecutive integer INVESTMENT PROBLEM

For Consecutive Even Integers Mixture:

z%
y%
x = first even integer x%
x + 2 = second even integer
x + 4 = third even integer A + B = C

For Consecutive Odd Integers

Quantity analysis:
x = first odd integer
x + 2 = second odd integer 𝐴+𝐵 =𝐶
x + 4 = third odd integer
A, B, C are the quantities measured in terms of
volume or weight of the components.

Composition analysis:
MODULE 15: CLOCK PROBLEM
𝐴(𝑥%) + 𝐵(𝑦%) = 𝐶(𝑧%)

x = percent concentration of part A

12 x y = percent concentration of part B
11 1
z = percent concentration pf part C
10 2

9 3
Coins:
8 4
Penny – US or Canadian coin worth one cent.
7
6
5
Nickel – US or Canadian coin worth five cents.
𝑥 Dime – US or Canadian coin worth ten cents
12 Quarter – US or Canadian coin worth 25 cents

Investment:
Note: All time units should be expressed in Annual interest I equals the principal P
minutes multiplied by the rate of interest R per year.
𝑥 = no. of minutes the minute hand travels
𝑥
= no. of minutes the hour hand travels 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅
12

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

MODULE 17: UNIFORM MOTION second event can be performed in “𝑛2 ” different
PROBLEM ways, then the two events can happen in 𝑛1  𝑛2
ways.”
Uniform motion
Note: This principle can be extended to more
𝑉
than two events, that is, 𝑛1 ∙ 𝑛2 ∙ 𝑛3 ∙ …

Case 1: Permutation of “𝒏” objects taken

𝑆 “𝒓” at a time.

𝒏!
𝑆=𝑉𝑇 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎 =𝒏 𝑷𝒓 =
(𝒏 − 𝒓)!
S = distance
V = velocity or speed Case 2: Permutation of “𝒏” objects (all at a
T = time time)

Vehicle traveling under the influence of 𝒏!

the wind or water current: 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎 =𝒏 𝑷𝒏 = = 𝒏!
(𝒏 − 𝒏)!
Case 1. With the wind or water current
Case 3: Permutation of “𝒏” objects (all at a
𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑊 time) but some are alike (e.g.: 𝒒 are
alike, 𝒓 are alike, 𝒔 are alike)
Resultant speed, 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑃 + 𝑉𝑊
𝒏!
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎 =
Case 2. Against the wind or water current 𝒒! 𝒓! 𝒔!

𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑊
Case 4: Cyclic permutation (permutation in
Resultant speed, 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑃 − 𝑉𝑊 a circle)

V = resultant speed 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)!

VP = speed of the plane, ship or boat
VW = speed of the wind or water current

MODULE 19: COMBINATION

MODULE 18: PERMUTATION Combination is a grouping arrangement of all

any elements of a set regardless of the order.
Permutation is an ordered arrangement of the
elements of a set. Case 1: Combination of “𝒏” objects taken
“𝒓” at a time.
Principle of Counting
“If a first event can be performed in “𝑛1 ” 𝒏!
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒃 =𝒏 𝑪 𝒓 =
different ways and after this has happened, a (𝒏 − 𝒓)! 𝒓!

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

Case 2: Combinations of “𝒏” objects taken 𝑃𝑥 = probability that event 𝑥 will occur
𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … 𝒏 at a time. 𝑃𝑦 = probability that event 𝑦 will occur

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒃 = 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 Independent probability (“and”

probability)

𝑷(𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲) = 𝑷𝒙 ∙ 𝑷𝒚
MODULE 20: PROBABILITY
𝑃(x and y) = probability that event 𝑥 and 𝑦 will
Any happening for which the result is uncertain occur
is called an experiment. The possible results of 𝑃𝑥 = probability that event 𝑥 will occur
the experiment are outcomes, the set of all 𝑃𝑦 = probability that event 𝑦 will occur
possible outcomes of the experiment is the
sample space of the experiment, and any sub-
collection of a sample space is an event.
Binomial Probability
A binomial experiment is an experiment
Types of Events
which satisfies these four conditions:
1. Mutually Exclusive Events: These are
a. There is a fixed number of trials.
events that cannot occur at the same time.
b. Each trial is independent of the others.
2. Complementary Events: These are events
c. There are only two outcomes.
that have two possible outcomes. 𝑃(𝐴) +
d. The probability of each outcome remains
𝑃(𝐴′) = 1. Any event 𝐴 and its
constant from trial to trial.
complementary event 𝐴′ are mutually
exclusive.
Binomial Probability is a probability that an
3. Independent Events: These are two or more
event will occur exactly “𝑟” times out of “𝑛”
events for which the outcome of one does
trials.
not affect the other.
4. Conditional (or Dependent) Events: These
𝑷 =𝒏 𝑪 𝒓 (𝒑𝒓 )(𝒒𝒏−𝒓 )
are events that are dependent on what
occurred previously.
𝑝 = probability of success
Probability is the ratio of the total number of
𝑞 = probability of failure or the complement
ways the event can occur to the total number of
of 𝑝
possible outcomes.

𝑯
𝑷=
𝑻

𝑃 = probability
𝐻 = number of ways that the event will happen
𝑇 = total number of possible outcomes

Joint probability (“or” probability)

𝑷(𝐱 𝐨𝐫 𝐲) = 𝑷𝒙 + 𝑷𝒚

𝑃(x or y) = probability that event 𝑥 or 𝑦 will occur

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ME 329 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS REVIEW AREA 1 – ALGEBRA
July 2022 Teacher: Engr. NIÑO BLONES

MODULE 21: FACTOR AND REMAINDER

THEOREM

Factor theorem
If (𝑥 − 𝑟) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥), then “𝑟” is a root
of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.

Example:
Find the value of 𝑘 for which 𝑥 + 4 is a factor of
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝑘.

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝑘

In the factor 𝑥 + 4, the value of “𝑟” is −4.

Substitute this value to 𝑓(𝑥) = 0. That is,

(−4)3 + 2(−4)2 − 7(−4) + 𝑘 = 0

𝒌=𝟒

Remainder theorem
If 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑟), the remainder is
𝑓(𝑟).

Example:
Find the remainder when 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 20 is
divided by 𝑥 − 4.

Solution:
In the given, 𝑟 = 4 and
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 20

𝑓(4) = (4)4 − 10(4)2 − 9(4) − 20

𝑓(4) = 40

Therefore, the remainder is 40.

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