LAB NAME

SUBJJECT

Submitted to:

Submitted by:

MAY 17, 2020

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Table of Contents

I. Purpose

II. Procedure

III. Sample Calculations

IV. Results

V. Discussion

VI. Summary

VII. Attachments
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Subject: LAB NAME AND DUE DATE.

I. Purpose

The purpose in this lab is to investigate the bending and shear stress distribution across a
non-rectangular cross sections. It is known that different cross sectional elements have
different shear behaviors, due to their geometry. For the testing purposes, standard
commercial type I section was used and bending and shear stresses were observed.

II. Procedure

The procedure followed for the above mentioned test is as following;

1. The beam was placed on the supports and the distance between supports (L) was
measured accurately. Distance to the strain gauges also measured from one
support.

2. Strain gauges are placed as shown in the above figure, as respectively rosette 1, 2
and 3 from starting bottom for web and starting at the edge for flange.
3. After making the strain gauges zero, beam is subjected to loading of 5000lb then
increased it by 5000lb until reaching 15,000lb.
4. All the strains were recorded.
5. Checked few strain gauges for linearity.

**For the detailed procedure, refer back to the lab manual.

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III. Sample Calculations

For the calculation part, there are several equations used.

Equations for generating strains in X ,Y directions and shear

strain in XY plane;

𝜀𝑋 = 𝜀𝐴
𝜀𝑌 = 𝜀𝐵 + 𝜀𝐶 − 𝜀𝐴
𝜀𝐶 − 𝜀𝐵
𝛾𝑥𝑦 =
2

Ex; by using 2nd raw of table 1 for specimen calculations;

𝐴 = 0°
𝐵 = 45°
𝐶 = −45°
𝜀𝑋 = −69
𝜀𝑌 = 12 − 143 − (−69)
= −62
−143 − 12
𝛾𝑥𝑦 =
2
= 77.5

Using the strain values, stresses are calculated as;

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

Ex; using table 2 row 2;

𝜀𝑥 = −69
𝜎𝑥 = 2 × 105 × (−69) × 10−6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
=

Bending moment at a;

𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑎 =
2
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Shear force at a;

𝑃
𝑉𝑎 =
2

Bending stress at a;

𝑀𝑎 𝑌
𝜎𝑎 =
𝐼
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐼 = 17230000 𝑚𝑚4

Using table 3 raw 02,

22250 × 660.4 × (−38.1)
𝜎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 × 17230000
= −16.246𝑀𝑃𝑎

Shear stress at a;

𝑉𝑄
𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
𝐼𝑏
Using table 3 raw 02,

−22250 × 0.5 × 𝑄
𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
17230000 × 6.6
38.1 69.2 9.3
𝑄 = −38.1 × 6.6 × + 69.2 × 6.6 × + 153 × 9.3 × (69.2 + )
2 2 2
= 116093.364 𝑚𝑚3
−22250 × 0.5 × 116093.364
𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
17230000 × 6.6
= −11.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎

***Note: Excel was heavily used to calculate the rest of the table values.
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IV. Results
Table 2: Strain results along x and y axes.

Rosette 1 Rosette 2 Rosette 3

Load P Load
Location Ɛx Ɛy Yxy Ɛx Ɛy Yxy Ɛx Ɛy Yxy
(Ibs) N

Web 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5000 22250 -69 -62 -77.5 1 -59 -67 67 -42 -60.5
10000 44500 -137 -61 -135 3 -77 -123 140 -81 -112.5
15000 66750 -211 -50 -193.5 17 -100 -184.5 213 -102 -169.5
Flange 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5000 22250 -153 46 -72.5 -133 64 -66.5 -96 28 -85
10000 44500 -300 92 -84 -279 104 -64.5 -241 68 -98.5
15000 66750 -454 140 -92 -433 146 -56.5 -397 107 -105

Table 3: Experimental calculation results for stresses

Experimental Calculation
Rosette 1 Rosette 2 Rosette 3
Load P
Location N σx σy τxy σx σy τxy σx σy τxy
(Ibs)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5000 22250 -13.8 -12.4 -15.5 0.2 -12 -13.4 13.4 -8.4 -12
Web
10000 44500 -27.4 -12.2 -27 0.6 -15 -24.6 28 -16 -23
15000 66750 -42.2 -10 -38.7 3.4 -20 -36.9 42.6 -20 -34
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5000 22250 -30.6 9.2 -14.5 -26.6 12.8 -13.3 -19.2 5.6 -17
Flange
10000 44500 -60 18.4 -16.8 -55.8 20.8 -12.9 -48.2 13.6 -20
15000 66750 -90.8 28 -18.4 -86.6 29.2 -11.3 -79.4 21.4 -21

Table 4: Theoretical calculation results for stresses

Theoretical Calculation
Rosette 1 Rosette 2 Rosette 3
Load P
Location N σx σy τxy σx σy τxy σx σy τxy
(Ibs)
-38.1 0 38.1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Web 5000 22250 -16.2 0 -11.4 0 0 -11.8 16.2 0 -11
10000 44500 -32.5 0 -22.7 0 0 -23.7 32.5 0 -23
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15000 66750 -48.7 0 -34.1 0 0 -35.5 48.7 0 -34

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5000 22250 -33.5 0 -0.61 -33.5 0 -2.12 -33.5 0 -3.6
Flange
10000 44500 -66.9 0 -1.21 -66.9 0 -4.24 -66.9 0 -7.3
15000 66750 -100 0 -1.82 -100 0 -6.36 -100 0 -11

Comparison of theoretical and experimental obtained stresses;

42.6MPa 48.7MPa

-42.2MPa -48.7MPa

Experimental Theoretical
variation variation

Figure 1: Bending stress distribution along the section

Experimental -23.7MPa -23MPa

variation -22.7MPa -34MPa
-34.1MPa
-11MPa -6.36MPa -35.5MPa -36.9MPa
Theoretical
variation -1.82MPa -34.1MPa
-38.7MPa

Theoretical Experimental
variation variation

Figure 2: Shear stress distribution along the section

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Discussion

1)

When comparing the theoretical and experimental values, there have been observed
some deviations in values exists. That can be happen due to several errors that may occur
during the experiment as human errors and due to high sensivity of strain gages etc. But
as a holistic point of view, both experimental and theoretical data represents same
ideology as same variations according to the figure 1 and 2 shown above. Therefore, it
can be concluded that the theoretical and experimental values are exhibiting similar
trends in similar regions.

2).

According to figure 2, it is clear that shear stress is prominent in web as the shear stresses
are significantly higher in webs relatively to flange section. Therefore, when a design is
carried out, designing the shear strength parameters according to withstand web, will be
automatically satisfactory for flange areas. Moreover, when taking an example for
quantifying that approximation by using 4th row rosette 1 of table 4,

Approximated shear stress;

66750
− 𝑁
Approximated shear stress = 2
(157 − 2 × 9.3) × 6.6𝑚𝑚2
= 36.54𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑄
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
𝐼𝑏
66750
− × 116093.364
= 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
17230000 × 6.6
= −34.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Therefore, it can be concluded that the variation between approximation method and theoretical exact
method is minimal therefore it is accurate enough to be used in a design as an approximation method.
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V. Summary

This lab report has been prepared for reporting the findings on the investigate the
bending and shear stress distribution across a non-rectangular cross-section. The test was
carried out using three separate loading values and rosette strain gages to measure the
strain, then stresses were calculated. Comparison between theoretical and experimental
results are compared, in there, it was observed that even though there re small deviations
between theoretical and experimental values, experimental results are showing almost
the same variations of theoretical results.

VI. Attachments

Table 1: Strain recording

Table 1: Strain Recording

Rosette 1 Rosette 2 Rosette 3
Load P
Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(Ibs)
Ɛ+45 Ɛ0 Ɛ-45 Ɛ+45 Ɛ0 Ɛ-45 Ɛ+45 Ɛ0 Ɛ-45
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5,000 12 -69 -143 38 1 -96 73 67 -48
Web
10,000 36 -137 -234 86 3 -160 142 140 -83
15,000 63 -211 -324 143 17 -226 225 213 -114
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5,000 19 -153 -126 32 -133 -101 51 -96 -119
Flange
10,000 -20 -300 -188 -23 -279 -152 12 -241 -185
15,000 -65 -454 -249 -87 -433 -200 -40 -397 -250
L (mm) a (mm)
1727.2 660.4