Assignment 1: States of Matter

Answer the following questions.

1. What are the different states of matter? Explain and differentiate each state. (10 points)

The molecules, atoms, and ions that make up the things around us are what defines matter.
The state in which the material is classified depends on the intermolecular, interatomic, or ionic
forces occurring between its particles. The properties of a substance and external factors such
as temperature and pressure also affect the physical form of the material. The states of matter,
primarily classified as solid, liquid, and gas, are found in most environments; however, plasma
and Bose-Einstein condensates may be evident in extreme environments. In order to
distinguish the differences between the phases of the matter mentioned, key points are
presented in tabular form below.

LOW
HIGH
Temperature or Energy
Bose-Einstein Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
condensate

separate atoms molecules molecules have molecules contains highly

clump together to have strong weaker either have charged
form one “super intermolecular intermolecular extremely weak particles, and
atom” due to the force; hence, force than or no has high kinetic
absence of kinetic the particles solids, thus, its intermolecular energy
energy are tightly particles are force, causing
packed loosely packed the particles to
together spread out
has definite takes the shape no definite no definite
appears to be shape of its container; shape or shape or volume
completely still has definite volume
volume
intermolecular intermolecular intermolecular intermolecular intermolecular
space is absent space is absent space is space is free- space is plenty
present flowing
example: examples: examples: examples: example:
superconductors glass, vehicle blood, alcohol Helium, Oxygen stars, lightning

References
Bagley, M. (2019). Matter: Definition & the Five States of Matter. Retrieved September 16, 2021,
from https://www.livescience.com/46506-states-of-matter.html

Byju’s. (2020). Difference between Solid, Liquid, and Gas in Tabular form. Retrieved September 16,
2021, from https://byjus.com/chemistry/difference-between-solid-liquid-and-gas/

Helmenstine, A. (2021, April 2). What are States of Matter?. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from
https://www.thoughtco.com/states-of-matter-p2-608184

Hoskinson, J. (2013). The Five States of Matter. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from
https://prezi.com/q2fdoxkoxtvg/the-five-states-of-matter/

Lumen Learning. (2021). Three States of Matter. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/classification-of-matter/

Sinko, P. J. (2011). States of Matter. Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences (6th
ed., pp. 22-42). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

2. What are the forces of attraction involved in the solution of gases, liquid, and solids? Explain
and relate the forces of attraction in each solution. (10 points)

The state of a solution varies due to the attractive forces acting between its atoms,
molecules, or ions. The primary determinant of a substance’s state is the intermolecular forces
(IMFs) of its molecules. These intermolecular forces may be classified as hydrogen bonding,
dipole-dipole interaction, and London dispersion forces. Among the three types of
intermolecular forces, hydrogen bonding is a distinctive type of dipole-dipole attraction
considered as strongest, while London dispersion force is the weakest. Moreover, dipolar-
dipole interactions are the interaction of two dipolar molecules. Next, hydrogen bonding
occurs when there is a bond between hydrogen and highly electronegative atoms in a solution.
According to the Moorpark College, London dispersion force, as the weakest force among all
intermolecular forces, is evident in non-polar atoms interactions. Hence, the state of matter is
altered based on the strength of attractive forces present between the individual particles.

In relation to that, solids have molecules that have strong intermolecular force; hence, the
particles are tightly packed together (as seen in the figure below). On the other hand, the
attractive forces between the molecules of liquids are not strong enough to hold particles
together; thus, molecules are free to move in minimal space. Lastly, gases expand due to their
lack of strong intermolecular forces.

References
Chemistry LibreTexts. (2020, May 30). Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces . Retrieved
September 17, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/98086

Chemistry LibreTexts. (2020, August 16). Dipole-Dipole Interactions. Retrieved September 17,
2021, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Ma
ps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/
Specific_Interactions/Dipole-Dipole_Interactions

Chemistry LibreTexts. (2020, August 22). Hydrogen Bonding. Retrieved September 17, 2021, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Ma
ps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/
Specific_Interactions/Hydrogen_Bonding

Chemistry LibreTexts. (2021, June 18). Liquids and Intermolecular Forces (Summary) . Retrieved
September 17, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/70552

Lumen Learning. (2021). Intermolecular Forces. Retrieved September 17, 2021, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistryatomsfirst/chapter/intermolecular-forces/

Moorpark College. (2021). Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces. Retrieved 17 September
2021, from
http://sunny.moorparkcollege.edu/~dfranke/chemistry_12/12_liquids_solids.pdf