I.

Differentiate Plane survey and Geodetic survey

Plane and geodetic surveying are the primary divisions of surveying, and they have different characteristics that make them
distinguishable from each other. Plane surveying is the process of surveying the earth's surface and considering it as a plane
surface. It has low accuracy because surveyors are using normal or simple instruments in conducting a survey, such as a
chain, measuring tape, etc. Moreover, this type of surveying can be carried out for a small area of less than 250 km².
Furthermore, the triangle formed by any three points is considered plain, and the line joining two stations is considered to be
straight. In addition, the earth's curvature is ignored. On the other hand, geodetic surveying considered the earth's surface as
a curved surface. It has high accuracy because the instruments used in these surveys are more precise and more modern,
such as GPS. Moreover, this type of survey is carried out in an area greater than 250 km². Furthermore, the triangle formed
by any three points is considered spherical, and the line joining any two stations is considered spherical. In addition, the
curvature of the Earth is also being considered.
A. Define the following:
1. Cadastral Survey
 Cadastral surveying is a discipline of surveying that relates to the definition or establishment of land parcel
boundaries. It is similar to the topographical survey, but the maps are being drawn on a larger scale. In
addition, it only involves a little precision and detail in the process. This type of surveying is being performed
in connection with town planning schemes such as drainage, water supply, laying of plots, roads, streets,
etc.
2. City Survey
 A city survey is carried out in connection with various engineering works such as roads, railways, etc. It also
involves work in the water supply sector, such as reservoirs, wells, etc. The term "city surveying," means an
extensive, coordinated survey of the area within the limits of a municipality for the purposes.
3. Construction Survey
 A construction survey is being performed by marking locations where construction activities take place. It is
the process of estimation and evaluation before and during construction activities.
4. Forestry Survey
 In forest surveys, engineers use LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) mapping to identify the trees faster
and store the data gathered in a comprehensive and accurate inventory. The data that is produced by
LiDAR scanning includes the tree's height, (DBH) Diameter at Breast Height) and the tree’s species.
5. Industrial Survey
 Industrial surveying is the application of surveying in the industrial environment. It includes the alignment of
precision machinery in anything from the nuclear to production industries.
6. Mine Survey
 A mine survey uses measurements made in the field, and also subsequent geometric constructions, as a
basis for the study of the structure of a deposit; the shape and dimensions of mineral bodies in the interior,
and the location in them of the components that are useful and harmful for mining technology; the
properties of enclosing rock; the spatial arrangement of mine workings; and the processes of stresses in the
rock and earth’s surface in connection with mining work.
7. Photogrammetric Survey
 Photogrammetric surveys establish targeted, and occasionally non-targeted, photo control on the ground to
relate aerial photographs to a project’s horizontal and vertical data.
8. Route Survey
 A route survey is a branch of civil engineering dealing with the design and construction of linear works, such
as roads, highways, and pipelines.
9. Topographic Survey
 A topographic survey is being conducted by determining the features of the country such as rivers,
mountains, hills, valleys, etc., and also artificial features such as canals, railways, roads, towns, villages,
etc. It helps to keep a record of the existing natural features of the country.
10. Hydrographic Survey
 Hydrographic survey involves surveys of objects under water.