CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Leisure travel is most likely influenced by climate, haven’t had the climate
change it can affect every decision, mood, and preferences of every tourist. Climate is the
weather average over an extended time, and efficiently it depicts the conditions the one
would predict occurring at a particular time and destination. Climate change is a
statistically important difference either in the mean climate state or in its variability,
continuing for an extended period of time. There are two categories that cause climate
change, those that created by man and the natural causes. Climate change affects the
ecosystem and society in different approach. It can modify influence agricultural yields,
rain fall, increased heat, drought and insect outbreaks, affect the health of humans, source
of change to the forest and other ecosystem and affect the supply of energy.

In addition, tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors. It
is obviously related to climate, as a tourist prefer spending time outdoors and travel to
enjoy the sun or landscape. It is therefore surprising that the tourism literature pays little
attention to climate and climatic change and it is equally surprising that the climate
tourism portion. Climate change and weather form at tourist destination can change
impact tourism. For tourism, climate is an important resource, and particularly for the
nature, beach and winter sport necessarily influence the tourist case and travel preference.
But nowadays tourism is being viewed as one major sector of global economic that are
least ready for climate change (Scott, Hall & Stefan 2012). The main challenge on
climate change is the business sustainability, moreover, tourism is also one of the sole
activities that most sensitive to climate variability due to the fact that many tourist
destination depends on the climate itself. According to World Meteorodical Organization
(2019), the most powerful way to adapt is to invest in early warning services, and pay
special attention to impact-based forecasts. Therefore, tourist destination will gain from
understanding potential climatic changes in their area and how their operations might
affect.
 The impact of climate change has progressively turned out to be noticeable in
various locals around the globe. Nowadays, the results of climate change have been more
frequent in resorts and attractions. The effects of climate change will results to sudden
limitation, and destructions for the tourist when it comes on the preference and
satisfaction of them. Therefore, the researchers’ conduct this study specifically on the
purpose of knowing the impact of climate change to the tourist destination and how it
may effect on the business operation. Hence, this research will benefited the owners, the
managers and the staff of resorts and attractions in Laurel, Talisay, Tanauan and Sto.
Tomas, Batangas.

Background of the Study

Climate change at tourist destination and tourist producing countries can necessarily
influence the tourist case and their travel preference. This study assessed the impact of
climate change to the selected tourist destination in Laurel, Talisay, Tanauan City, Sto.
Tomas Batangas. It determined the impact of climate change to the selected destination in
the areas mentioned in terms of environmental, economic and social aspect. The
researchers proposed a plan based on the result of the study. It will be presented the
profile of tourist attraction in terms of its type of destination, location, length of
operations and average monthly arrival. The impact of climate change has progressively
turned out to be noticeable in various locals around the globe. Nowadays, the result of
climate change have been frequent in tourist destinations, tourism is being viewed as one
major sector of global economies that are least ready for climate change. (Scott, Hall, &
Stefan 2012).

Research Questions

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of

1.1. monthly visitor arrival;
1.2. length of operation;
1.3. type of tourist spot?
2. How do the respondents will assesses the climate change in terms:
 2.1. economic aspect;
2.2. social aspect?
3. Is there any significant relationship on the assessment of climate change in terms
of:
3.1. economic aspect;
3.2. social aspect?
4. Based on the findings of the study, what recommendation strategies may be
proposed?

Significance of the Study

This study aims to know the effects of climate change to the selected tourist destination
particularly in Laurel, Talisay, Tanauan City and Sto. Tomas Batangas. This may serve as
a guidance and basis for determining the impact of climate change to the various tourist
spot in any places. Hence, this study may be beneficial to the readers to have better
information with regard to the possible impact of climate change to any destination.

This research will be beneficial to the following individuals and group:

To the Owners, Managers, and Staff. This study will be beneficial for them to have an
information, and basis for the possible strategies they will come up and how they will
going to improve their businesses as well as operation to remain competitive on the
industry. Also, the possible prevention and action measures to be taken against the
negative impacts of climate change.

To the Society. The result of this study will help the society in considering the impact of
climate change, so that they are aware of what they have to do and how it affects their
travel decision making.

To the Department of Tourism. This research will be their guide on how they will
implement action, and create a better solutions relative to the effects of climate change on
the tourist destination.

To the School. This research will be beneficial to the educational institutions as it may
become a basis or data to impart additional learnings and improve the quality of
education to the students, faculty and the like by providing with insight into the current
and future impacts of climate change and by increasing their awareness of how will they
help mitigate its impacts.

To the Students. This study will be beneficial to the students in a way that they will be
able to understand the impact of climate change and what actions they will be going to
impart to lessen the possible effects of it.
To the Future Researcher. This study will serve as one of their references as well as it
may also become their basis when they conducted similar study with regard to climate
change and tourist destination.

Objectives:

1. This study aim to assessed the impact of climate change to the tourist destination

2. The current study wants to analyze the profile of manager or business owners in terms
of their educational attainment, monthly visitor arrival, length of operation and type of
tourist spot. In connection to this, its aim to determine the impacts of climate change to
the selected tourist destination of Batangas in terms of economic and social aspects.

Scope and Limitations

The current study wants to determine the effects of the climate change to the selected
tourist destination in Laurel, Talisay, Tanauan City and Sto. Tomas, Batangas. This
study will cover various tourist destination on the said places. Meanwhile, the
participants of this study are the managers of various tourist attractions, and will be
limited to the 30 managers only. Furthermore, the survey instrument of this study which
is the questionnaire will be based from the previous research questionnaires.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Climate change has turn out to be a broadly discussed topic that has attracted worldwide
interest as there may be developing proof indicates that the life of climate change is going
on due to human activities. It become identified that, in the modern frame of clinical
analysis, studies and prediction, there stay giant uncertainties approximately the value of
the effect of many outcomes of a converting worldwide weather for example, the volume
of rises in temperatures, modifications in precipitation, and the volume and area of
intense events, floods and droughts. Scientific research into weather change are on-going
and, in a few particular areas, are nonetheless at a noticeably early stage. As such
research progress, there may be modifications in the long-time period predictions for
weather change which presently cowl the length to the give up of the existing century.
The convention extensively accepted, as a running hypothesis, the predictions contained
in the evaluation document at the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change. In the
second one quarter of 2003 began its preparatory work for the fourth evaluation
document, however it'll be a while earlier than that document turns into available. Such
scientific research can be predicted to turn out to be more and more more sophisticated.
The tourism industry, amongst others, need to be organized to display tendencies and
modify its planning.

The Philippine archipelago, which has one of the longest coastlines in the world, will
now no longer be spared of the unfavorable affects of sea-degree upward thrust and
intense weather occasions which can be predicted to appear in a hotter world. This look at
goals to study weather change affects on decided on traveler vacation spot and to set
guidelines for viable version measures on each neighborhood and countrywide levels.
The erratic modifications in the weather machine have affected diverse coastal
environment and communities. Climate change can purpose numerous affects at the
tourism enterprise relying upon their geographical place and sort of activity. High altitude
areas of Asia, along with the Tibetan plateau and Himalayan stages, are going through
on-going weather change outcomes which includes glacial lake outbursts, glacier floods
and glacier melting. Himalayan stages have reportedly proven a lower of their glacier
insurance and a lower rainfall extremes and variability in Nepal.
There are multiple interactions among tourism and the climate. In the first instance
climate is a useful resource for tourism and it is an important factor in the tourism
product and experience at the same time, climate poses a threat to tourism. For example,
as a result of climate variability, climate conditions at a given location and time may also
prevent tourists from accomplishing their planned activities. Climate can also pose a
extreme danger when it comes to excessive activities which include hurricanes and
floods. These put each tourists and tourism-orientated businesses at danger, including
damage to tourism infra structure and increased financial prices combined with decrease
incomes. Those working in the tourism industry are particularly concerned about such
climate-associated risks as the ones described. However, there is every other important
link between tourism and climate that is causing increasing concern. Tourism is a
completely energy-intensive activity that contributes to GHG emissions and the build-up
of those gases in the atmosphere. One result is an exacerbation of risks because of a
changing climate, with detrimental effects on tourism.

In 2016, the tourism and travel enterprise debts for 10.2% of the GDP worldwide, and
6.6% of world’s overall export every year with 11.4% forecast rise by 2027. Tourist’s
vacation spot preference and time of travel extensively depend upon weather. Due to the
significance of this connection, the affects of weather change to tourism are studied on a
worldwide scale country scale, and destination type scale. Studies recommended that the
selection of vacation spot, season and duration of live of a vacationer is decided via way
of means of diverse weather-associated factors. Different methodologies are evolved to
simplify the weather indices and broaden ecotourism. As a means of better understanding
and curbing worldwide climate change, the United Nations Environment Programmed
and the World Meteorological Organization founded the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change in 1988. Gathering hundreds of researchers in the hobby of addressing
the evaluation and supplying proof of worldwide climate change to the overall public.
The Intergovernmental Pannel on Climate Change is presently the main international
corporation collecting in global climate change research, the evaluation reviews provide a
clean clinical view on climate change knowledge in addition to each its capability
environmental and socio-economic influences. Many scholars have primarily based
totally their research at the locating inform Intergovernmental Pannel on Climate
Change's evaluation report. Additionally, there is a regular emergence of research geared
closer to furthering the expertise of each human perceptions on climate change and
curtailing human-brought about climate are rising in large numbers. Some preceding
research discuss with tourism enterprise as climate change contributor and tourism
enterprise is touchy to the change of climate. The relationship among climate change and
tourism has only been currently added to the forefront of research as problems have
existed almost about analyzing climate change’s impacts on tourism. This issue may be
attributed the fact that weather and climate choices range from tourists. In addition,
encouraging tourist’s conduct change of climate change mitigation is hard as public
skepticism and the uncertainty of climate change issues, amongst different goal factors,
consisting of cost, time consuming, and convenience problem have an impact on tourists.

The benefit of understanding tourists’ perceptions on climate change is that it may play a
role in climate change mitigation in tourism activities, improve climate change education,
and inform future. The following literature review segments will explore the conceptual
framework of this thesis research. To begin this literature review, the definition, impact,
and history of climate change research will be introduced. Then, the relationship between
climate change and tourism, moreover, the importance for studying climate change in
tourism study will be explained. The role of public perception plays in climate change
mitigation, and the socio-demographic difference in risk perception will be explored to
determine the necessity of studying socio-demography in climate change. There will
continue to be a need for further studies and research into the issues about the effects of
climate change in tourist destination. Further scientific research into climate change is
underway and will help to refine the implications for all sectors of economic activity. The
Djerba conference has already succeeded in getting tourism more firmly onto the
scientific agenda as a sector of importance whose interests will be directly affected by
climate change. The conference indicated that further scientific research remained an
important priority. In order to focus closely on the implications for the tourism industry
its investment decisions, marketing programmed physical infrastructure development and
so on - local studies ultimately will be needed in order to form the basis for planning
suitable responses, whether these fall into the category of mitigation, adaptation or
retreat.

Climate change could largely affect nature-based tourism destinations. The impact of
these changes may influence visitor’s experience especially if the destination is mainly
dependent on its natural attraction. The accessibility of the site may be affected by
weather events and climatic trends. Transport by sea and air are the most vulnerable.
Outdoor activities and events are often affected by extreme weather conditions.
Consequentially, this impairs visitor’s enjoyment and safety. Furthermore, changes in
weather patterns may
affect the attractiveness of a destination. Beach ecotourism is at its best during sunny
days. Longer period of days with rain will distress its appeal and visitor’s experience.
However, not all climate change effects bring inconvenience and difficulty. In the
vulnerability assessment of Sorsogon City, the increase in temperature resulted to
increase in tourism facilities such as resorts and swimming pools in the city. Among
ecotourism destinations, Wall (2007) claimed that mountains and coasts are likely to be
more vulnerable than those which depend on cultural or historical attractions.
Recreational activities are enhanced with the presence of water. Hence, if this falls short,
tourism will need to compete with other industries in terms of water use. In community-
based tourism, vulnerability increases when there is a high dependency on tourism as a
primary source of livelihood; high seasonality as affected by climate-related factors;
intense reliance on the marketing strategy of international travel operators and agent; and
susceptibility of destination images to unconstructive exposures. In the Destination
Vulnerability Assessment study in Khao Lak, Thailand, the community’s vulnerability
was affected by limited access to liquid financial assets and low levels of insurance;
inadequate hazard awareness and preparedness; and weaknesses in governance, structures
and processes. Climate change impact studies in nature-based tourism destinations in the
Philippines particularly in Bicol are in short supply. Much of the studies are focussed on
farming and fishing activities. The burgeoning of nature-based tourism destinations in the
region will pave the way for enhancing the agriculture sector through value additions to
existing products and services. Furthermore, the formation of an alliance such a the
Albay-Masbate-Sorsogon (ALMASOR) that will harness the combined resource
potentials of the provinces of Albay, Masbate and Sorsogon that will link the initially
established Catanduanes-Camarines Sur, Camarines Norte Tourism Link (CCTL); and
the aggressive marketing of tourism alliance (Metro Naga X) formed in the fifteen
municipalities under the Metro Naga Development Council will certainly provide a
significant impact to the number of tourist arrivals in the entire region.

Tourism can serve numerous socio-cultural, economic and environmental purposes.

People around the world travel for sports, recreation, religious practices, medical-health
activities, and lots of different reasons. Based on activity type and reasons for travel,
tourism may be divided into cultural, wildlife, health and historic tourism. Tourism can
be further categorized based at the travel destination to regional, national and global
travel. However, According to Moreno & Amelung 2009 to study tourism in relation with
climate change, tourism has been divided into geographical locations and physical
environmental characteristics derived from several research. Geography has the direct
link with climate, and relying upon the location on the surface of the earth, climate varies.
Tourism is one of the world’s biggest and fastest developing industries. Understanding
the motivation of tourists is a large topic for tourism research. Tourists’ decision-making
strategies are complex, as they contain more than one issues starting from destination
preference to collaborating in leisure activities on the destination The area of travel
pursuits is relevant to understanding the procedure of destination preference, as travel
motivations concern themselves with understanding why people travel in general. The
theory posits that human beings accumulate and analyze information, finally deciding on
an optimal solution that is presented among a huge variety of alternatives that represents
conventional trends in every individual’s everyday decision making strategies. Everyday
decision-making is based on people’s ability to assess the advantages and disadvantages
of every viable outcome, deciding on the only most suitable for reaching their desired
objective. Individuals use information assessment and integration strategies as a way to
make decisions, thus, the primary focus of many descriptive selection research is to
evaluate the significance of information and an individual’s cognitive ability to search
and process it. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the maximum relevant
quantitative tactics to evaluating the outcomes of climate change on tourism. In current
years, several empirical research have performed evaluations of this kind, based on
different methodologies and perspectives. This assessment indicates that the outcomes of
climate change can first be assessed through changes in physical conditions important to
tourism; secondly, by using climate indexes to measure the attractiveness of tourist
destinations; and, thirdly, via way of means of modelling tourism demand with the
inclusion of climate determinants. The research indicates that, although some
methodologies are in the early stages of development, different approaches result in a
similar map of those areas mainly affected by the problem.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the maximum relevant quantitative tactics to
evaluating the outcomes of climate change on tourism. In current years, several empirical
research have performed evaluations of this kind, based on different methodologies and
perspectives. This assessment indicates that the outcomes of climate change can first be
assessed through changes in physical conditions important to tourism; secondly, by using
climate indexes to measure the attractiveness of tourist destinations; and, thirdly, via way
of means of modelling tourism demand with the inclusion of climate determinants. The
research indicates that, although some methodologies are in the early stages of
development, different approaches result in a similar map of those areas mainly affected
by the problem. It is important to focus on studies about this to raise awareness The
conference felt that it is necessary to raise awareness of the inter-relationship between
tourism and climate change. A number of concerns arose in this area. The first is to
emphasize the need for clear communication on the subject in order that tourism industry
interests can see the potential implications for their sector. The second is to understand
that raising the industry's awareness is a global issue, since almost every country has a
tourism sector which is of importance in the national economy and has important inter-
sectorial linkages. It will be important to ensure that tourism authorities and governments
understand how their own industry and economy may be affected vis-à-vis their current
or potential competitors. Third, it was acknowledged that, in raising the industry's
awareness, action needs to be taken to deal with the time scales involved. While climate
change predictions of necessity cover the long term, the tourism industry tends to have
much shorter time horizons, even in the context of physical investment in infrastructure.
It was felt that, in order to engage the attention of the tourism industry, this gap will need
to be bridged, perhaps by emphasizing that climate change is already having an impact on
the tourism sector, and perhaps by some of the actions which it is hoped will follow this
inaugural conference.

Earth’s climate has changed over the past century. One of the primary reasons of this
change is the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human sports. Global climate
change has already caused a huge variety of influences, such as rising sea levels, changes
in air and water temperature, excessive events, changes in precipitation, warmer oceans,
reduction of snow and ice cover, etc. These influences had been felt across the world and
have caused a huge variety of impacts on ecosystems, human health, environment, socio-
economic sectors, and especially on tourism industry. (EEA, 2012) Scott et al. (2006)
point out that the connection among tourism and climate change gained attention and
interest of researchers across the 1950s. This interest become focused in particular on
how tourism activities are influenced by climate change impacts. (Moreno & Amelung,
2009) Researchers argue that tourism is a potential victim of climate change impacts,
however simultaneously, it is a significant contributor to climate change. (McKercher et
al., 2010; UNWTO, 2009) Thus, there is a bilateral relationship between tourism and
climate change,as those phenomena have an effect on each other. More specifically,
climate and weather are very crucial elements for success of tourism ldestinations, this is
why tourism is highly sensitive and really at risk of climate change impacts, however at
the same time, Gössling, (2002) points out that tourism contributes to climate change by
increasing water consumption, GHG emissions, etc. According to World Tourism
Organization (WTO) (n.d.), “Climate is an important resource for tourism, and especially,
for the beach, nature and winter sport tourism segments. Changing climate and weather
patterns at tourist destinations and traveler generating countries can substantially have an
effect on the tourists’ comfort and their travel decisions.” (Climate Change & Tourism)
The tourism industry itself can be affected by climate change as it could alter the basic
attractiveness of destination, including its wildlife and habitats, its vegetation, water
level, etc. (Wall, 1998; Martin, 2005; Scott et al., 2005) In addition, changing climate
patterns may also have an effect on the quality, duration and timing of the tourist season
as they are quite depending on climatic elements. Moreno (2010) argues that climate can
impact the time of the year when tourists travel, as well as, can define the environmental
context that certain tourism interests stem from. For instance, Gomez (2005) argues that
climatic situations may be promoted as the primary attraction of the destination. He
discovered that very strong winds during the entire year can focus tourism sector on wind
surfing in Tarifa, Spain. Furthermore, climate change can impact dramatically the
competitiveness and sustainability of tourist destinations, especially, climate-sensitive
destinations. Scott & Lemieux (2010) argue that every destination is climate-sensitive to
some extent. Thus, the effect of climate change will differ depending at the area or the
adapting capacity of destinations and so on. Hamilton et al. (2005) argue that climate
change can cause decline of tourism in traditional tourist destinations as climate change is
predicted to shift attractiveness of this destinations toward higher latitudes and altitudes.
Amelung & Viner (2006) argue that the Mediterranean that is one of the maximum
popular tourist destinations can experience a decrease during peak season because of the
increasing temperatures that might make it too warm to travel. Hein (2007) discovered
that the tourism flow is expected to lower by at least 20% through 2080 in Spain, in the
end result of steady increase in summer temperatures in Europe. Regarding winter
tourism, it is expected that less than 1/2 of of the ski resorts could be sustained within
some decades in a end result of climate change in Switzerland. (Elsasser and Bürki, 2002)
According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
(2007),91% (609 out of 666) of the alpine ski areas including Austria, France, Germany,
Italy and Switzerland may be considered naturally snow-reliable areas under present
climate conditions, however this may change with a warming of 4°C which could lower
the snow reliability of those regions to only 33% (202). The remaining 9% (fifty seven
out of 666) are already operating under marginal conditions.
Regarding the recommendations for adapting tourism industry to a changing climate,
WTO & UNEP (2008) suggest the following: changing operating patterns by
diversification of products and services, adapting tourist destinations by modification of
economic circuits, new technologies, intensive training efforts and especially, increasing
understanding level of all involved people, including the tourists, mitigating global
warming by putting into action plans about reducing carbon emissions by using carbon
friendly technologies. Furthermore, Nicholls (1998) suggests that local activities such as
limiting tourist access and implementing coastal resource conservation or environmental
education programs, can lead to a better management of rising sea levels and erosion in
sandy beaches. Overall, to cope with climate change impacts, it is important for all
societies and economic sectors to get involved and work together. Fortunately, several
sectors, including tourism have already begun to take measures to adapt to climate
change. (Simpson et al., 2008) Mukogo (2014) argues that due to its rapid growth and
being a core driver of global economy, tourism sector has the ability to tackle negative
impacts of climate change and can lead the way by adopting green practices and
emphasizing sustainable development. Hence, some researchers argue that the
relationship between tourism and climate change is very complex, so it is hard to define
the exact impacts of climate change on tourism industry. (Hall & Higham, 2005;
Gössling & Hall, 2006). But despite this complexity, there is an undeniable fact that this
relationship is very strong as climate and weather are dominant elements in setting limits
and regulating tourism. (Wall & Badke, 1994; Abegget al., 1998)
Those who are in tourism industry should be aware of the impact of climate change in our
top grosser tourist destinations. Our country is experiencing changes in temperature,
winds, rainfall, and humidity. In recent years, we experienced extreme droughts and
intense storms. Climate is the prevailing condition observed in a certain geographical
location. Weather is the manifestation of climate at a specific point in time and place. In
the Philippines, we cannot specifically point out our dry season and rainy season. This is
affecting our tourist arrival. In tourism, we are selling the weather to tourists. Tourists
from cold countries want to arrive in Boracay with smiling sun. Due to climate change,
Boracay cannot assure that the sun is always smiling even during dry season. Twenty
years ago, Sinulog Festival visitors were loitering in Cebu City with shorts and t-shirts
but now they are advised to bring raincoats. That holds true with Dinagyang and Mascara
festivals. The government should be sensitive in having infrastructure projects to meet
the impact of climate change. There are also tourists coming to our country who are
closely observing our government if we have credible program to counteract greenhouse
effect in our tourist destinations. Adaptation is our measure of reducing vulnerability to
the impacts of climate change. In some tourist destinations, human demands are about to
collide with the ability of the hydrological cycle to supply water. Some lakes in Asia are
drying. Wasteful use of water and poorly planned crop watering programs are having
devastating effect on communities and the environment they depend on. Some rivers in
the world are so polluted with industrial and agricultural waste that they are said to be
biologically dead. The coral reefs are in danger. They are known as the rain forest of the
sea. Tourists who do diving activities have noticed that in the Indian Ocean there is reef
mining for building materials. Tourism organizers, planners, and implementers should
support Green Consumerism for green tourists. World tourists are becoming more
discerning and will choose to visit destinations that offer only clean and green tourist
products. Adaptation and mitigation efforts should go hand in hand if we want tourism
industry to survive in changing climates, recognizing and understanding this differential
vulnerability is a key to understanding the meaning of climate change. Understanding
both the nature of the stresses that climate change will exert upon ecological and human
systems and the extent of their vulnerabilities to those stresses is essential. Over the past
decade, studies of climate change have largely focused on issues of science how releases
of greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere and interact with bio geophysical
processes to alter attributes of climate. A major current environmental debate concerns
climate change together with predictions of causes and effects. Some of these predictions,
especially with respect to sea level rise, could have significant consequences for future
management of the coastal zone. Beach erosion poses a to all stakeholders, especially
tourism which, according to the World Tourism Organization 2001, is the world’s largest
industry. Houston 2002 reported that travel and tourism was the United States largest
industry, employer and earner of foreign exchange and that beaches were the major factor
in this tourism market. Climate change can also contribute significantly to beach erosion
because of the predicted increase of storm activity and/or intensity, sea level rise and the
interaction of both consequences. The most common and dominant threats in all the study
sites are sea level rise (SLR) and extreme events such as typhoons, and to some degree
storm surges. The attendant bio-geophysical impacts from the confluence of these
hazards are coastal erosion, flooding/inundation and saltwater intrusion. There were also
various factors that exacerbate damages from these bio-geophysical impacts. For example
in San Juan, Batangas, sand quarrying has hastened coastal erosion from rising sea levels
and storm surges. Illegal fishing confounds the impact of SLR on declining fish stock and
recruitment potential. Charcoal making also has led to a decrease in the mangrove area in
the study site. The same contributory factors were observed in Palawan but an additional
factor is extensive foreshore development that hastened coastal erosion. In Jakarta Bay,
Indonesia, land subsidence caused partly by groundwater extraction has exacerbated the
effects of the rising sea. Initiatives on climate change adaptation and disaster mitigation,
there is a variety of autonomous adaptation documented in the study sites. The behavior
of households in choosing responses to climate change is quite diverse. For instance, in
Vietnam rainwater harvesting was reported as a response to saltwater intrusion but not at
both sites in the Philippines which also experienced saltwater intrusion. Some of the
initiatives respond to the attendant confounding factors but may not contribute directly to
increasing the adaptive capacity of households. Nevertheless, they are important in so far
as creating an environment that enhances the effects of planned as well as autonomous
adaptations. It is argued that climate change research reveal a deficiency in beyond
conceptualizations of sustainable tourism that focused almost completely on destination
scale problems and highlight the need to properly account for the environmental and
social affects of tourism's travel phase. Addressing climate change is considered a
prerequisite to sustainable improvement and therefore germane to advancing sustainable
tourism research. Tourism is presently considered among the economic sectors least
organized for the risks and possibilities posed by climate change and is only now
developing the capability to develop information necessary to inform business,
communities and authorities about the problems and potential approaches forward. Any
retreat from engagement with climate change issues by the tourism enterprise or its
researchers might be to their great detriment. The assessment of climate change impact
could be a fundamental step in highlighting the possible costs of inaction on mitigation
policies associated providing a guide of a way to adapt to the potential impacts. This
paper highlights the necessity to use an knowledge base approach to climate change
impact assessment. This approach would take into consideration both climate and
socioeconomic situations. it would also be aware that the even the hard infrastructure
may change dramatically in an exceedingly sector as advanced and reactive as
transportation. In assessing climate change impact, it may be necessary to repeat the
analysis for variety of scenarios in order to deal with this uncertainty. This paper
contributes to the expanding knowledge domain about tourism and climate change. It
contributes to the limited extant research which explores tourism and climate change
based risk perceptions. The tourism sector is particularly vulnerable to changes in
climate, as it is often the weather that sets the parameters for various forms of tourism.
Despite this, little research has been done to assist tourism destinations in adapting to
climate change. Adaptation aims to moderate, cope with, and benefit from the
consequences of climate change in order to manage risk and reduce vulnerability. Most
adaptation models focus on the risks of climate change, missing the potential
opportunities that may emerge due to climate change. Furthermore, the role of the tourist
is largely neglected. This paper provides an analysis of existing adaptation models for
tourism before proposing a conceptual framework for regional adaptation to climate
change which takes into account both supply- and demand-side perspectives.
Consequently, the proposed model provides a holistic approach to adaptation that aims to
increase resilience and resistance to climate change by implementing appropriate
adaptation strategies that reduce vulnerability, while increasing readiness to capitalize on
opportunities presented by climate change. Climate change adaptation research remains
far less developed than in other economic sectors, with risk appraisals among tourism
operators consistently finding low awareness of climate change and little evidence of
strategic planning in anticipation of future changes in climate. There is also very limited
understanding of how climate change impacts will interact with other long-term social
and market trends influencing tourism demand and development, including the following:
ageing populations in industrialized countries, increasing travel safety and health
concerns, increased environmental and cultural awareness, advances in information and
transportation technology and shifts towards shorter and more frequent holidays. Partly,
this is due to our inability to fully capture the complexity of tourism and develop new
methods and theories that allow for non-linear and multi-dimensional problems. Future
research must continue to build multi- or interdisciplinary collaborations to infuse new
ideas and research techniques to address the aforementioned knowledge gaps and ensure
that possible effects of climate change are effectively factored into relevant tourism
policies and development and management plans. A research that was conducted in
Zanzibar, Tanzania, is to be able to understand tourist perceptions of climate change, the
significance of climate for travel decisions, and the likely effects of ongoing climate
change for travel decisions. The effects show that climatic traits of destinations are
important, even though the most effective component shaping travel decisions. Under a
situation of climate change, certain weather variables, which include more rain, storms,
and higher humidity also are likely to negatively affect travel decisions, instead of higher
temperatures alone, which are not always perceived as negative. Regarding the
contribution of travel to climate change, the study reveals that leisure tourists in Zanzibar
are in large part unaware of the impact on the natural environment, at the same time as
the evaluation of stated travel behavior indicates that they often travel through air.
Overall, the results suggest that travel flows might change in more complicated
approaches than currently assumed, and that a small percentage of high-intensity air
guests is responsible for a huge environmental effect in terms of climate change.
The purpose of this research is understand those perceptions and identify important issues
related to climate change in order to design effective mitigation and adaptation
techniques to assure the sustainability of tourism and natural resources. The
Mediterranean basin is a main global tourist destination and one that is particularly liable
to the effects of climate change. Although those consequences are in large part known,
in-depth research of how they and the associated risks are perceived with using key
tourism stakeholders have not been performed. Interviews and three workshops with a
extensive variety of stakeholders to discover their perceptions of climate change impacts
and responses have been performed in East Anglia and north-west England as a part of a
UK government-funded research project on the included assessment of climate change
influences in the following domains such as biodiversity, the coastal zone, agriculture and
water resources. The findings recommend that even as local and regional impacts are of
considerable interest to local stakeholders, their ability to respond through adapted policy
and practice depends upon their current frames of reference with respect to their
knowledge of the policy and decision making systems, and the operation of current
institutional procedures and response mechanisms. The authors use the empirical and
conceptual findings to assist the perception of the co-production of knowledge with
institutional frameworks and processes. According to Scott, Hall and Gossling there is
very little knowledge of contemporary tourism operators and communities ability to
adapt to climate change-related changes. Scott, Gossling and Hall state that there is a low
confidence in the current understanding of the how climate change would actually impact
tourism. Some of these impacts may result from changes in climatic conditions, changes
in vegetation composition and the associated shifts in ecosystems, the disappearance of
some attractions such as winter sports attractions, while other areas may experience a
lengthening of tourism seasons. According also to Scott, Gössling and Hall there is also
a new kind of tourism that has resulted from envisaged climate-induced environmental
changes namely last chance tourism. This is where tourists want to visit a destination
before it is lost as a result of climate change. This indirectly results in additional GHG
emissions that may lead to additional climate change leading to the quicker disappearance
of these destinations. The most common examples of last chance tourism include low-
lying islands such as the Maldives islands, visiting glaciers and seeing polar bears in the
wild.

A comparative study from Sardinia Italy and Cap Bon Tunisia, tourism represents an
critical source of profits and employment in many Mediterranean areas, consisting of the
island of Sardinia (Italy) and the Cap Bon peninsula (Tunisia). Climate change may
impact tourism in each areas, for example, by changing the regions' climatic suitability
for common tourism types or affecting water availability. This paper assesses the ability
affects of climate change on tourism in the case examine regions of Sardinia and Cap
Bon. Direct impacts are studied in a quantitative way by applying various climate
situation data at the empirically predicted relationship between climatic conditions and
tourism demand, using different approaches. Results imply a potential for climate-
induced tourism sales profits particularly in the shoulder seasons during spring and
autumn, however also a risk of climate-induced sales losses in the summer time season
months because of increased heat stress. Annual direct net affects are nevertheless
recommended to be (slightly) positive in each case study regions. Significant climate-
induced reductions in overall available water may counteract the positive direct
influences of climate change via way of means of putting additional water fees at the
tourism industry. Climate change caused economic impacts on tourism destinations.
Although the economic impacts of climate change had been analyzed in Australia on the
national level, impacts of climate change through tourism sports had been overlooked. It
is likely that the caused economic effect through tourism activities is much greater than
realized, particularly on the local/destination level. The paper raises concerns for
policymakers that measuring economic influences of climate change with out thinking
about its flow-on impact thru tourism sports will appreciably underestimate the full effect
of weather extrude for vacation spot areas. Further, when all tourism destinations are
taken into account, the flow-on economic impact of climate change might be significant
for the Australian economy as a whole.

According to Deonarain (2014), Climate change effects have been confirmed in African
nations together with South Africa, which has seen a decrease in rainfall and high
temperatures, and flooding disasters in northern Algeria, which resulted in approximately
800 deaths and a four hundred million economic loss, a extreme drought in the whole
East Africa region, which has been defined as the worst drought in 60 years
Mozambique. The Climate Change Vulnerability Index for 2015 proven that Zimbabwe,
Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo and Malawi are
at risk from climate change in Africa. The same list consists of different countries from
emerging markets. Africa has seen a decrease in rainfall over large components of the
Sahel and Southern Africa, and an growth in parts of Central Africa. Over the beyond 25
years, the quantity of weather-related disasters, together with floods and droughts, has
doubled, resulting in Africa having a higher mortality rate from droughts than any other
region. The essential cause of underpinning the global warming movement, according to
Seneker (2012), is almost certainly ideological and political in origin. According to
Wood, et al., 2016, the Clean Development Mechanism climate-compatible energy access
beneficiaries probably to be higher-income growing nations due to the design, UN-led
guide programs, and Least Developed Country) implementation environments UNEP-
Risoe, 2013. A primary goal of studying climate change is to prepare for and adapt to
estimate the net impacts of climate change on the tourism industry and our economy.
Many potential changes in agricultural management and technology, including shifts in
crop phenology and improved drought and heat tolerance, would help to improve crop
productivity but do not necessarily represent true adaptations. Here the importance of
retaining a strict definition of adaptation it will serve as an action that reduces negative or
enhances positive impacts of climate change is discussed, as are common ways in which
studies.

Chapter III
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Climate change is one of the main challenges to business sustainability, and tourism is
one of the activities most sensitive to climate variability since several tourist destinations
depend on the climate. Thus, it is imperative that ventures realise that climate changes
and extreme weather events associated with it are occurring more and more frequently
and severely and can affect the business. The literature says that the best way to deal with
the impacts of climate change is to develop adaptation. Adaptation is the implementation
of actions that aim to minimise the adverse effects of climate change, to make the
company less vulnerable.Although it is widely acknowledged that climate is an important
component of a region's tourist resource base, its function in determining a region's
tourism suitability is frequently thought to be self-evident and hence requires no
explanation. Other than in broad strokes, nothing is known about the effects of climate on
tourism or the role it plays. Even little is known about the economic impact or
significance of climate change on tourism business possibilities. The entire subject of
whatever climate-related criteria people use to make tourism and recreation decisions is
relatively unexplored, but very significant to a wide range of applications. So far, much
of the climate research published in journals has been shallow, with correlations between
climate and tourism being assumed rather than observed and rarely objectively tested.
Furthermore, the research lacks a well-defined conceptual framework or frameworks that
encompass essential theories, paradigms, processes, and relationships.

These theoretical frameworks are crucial because they provide as a foundation for data
collection, hypothesis testing, and the development of new theories. It is difficult to
produce a coherent set of research methodologies, and probably more crucially, to design
models that serve as a bridge between observational and theoretical levels, assisting in the
construction of a coherent knowledge base for understanding, explanation, and
prediction, without this. This paper examines previous research on climate and tourism in
order to determine what notions and theoretical frameworks may already exist and how
they might be combined in future studies. Tourism under climate change scenarios:
impacts, possibilities, and challenges. Tourism can be considered an economic sector
highly sensitive to climate change and it contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases,
one of the causes of global warming. To mitigate the negative effects, the concept of
sustainable tourism development emerges, which should incorporate the externalities
derived from climate change. Given this reality, this research aims to examine the
impacts, opportunities, and challenges for sustainable tourism development under global
climate change scenarios. Direct climate impact and indirect impacts of environmental
changes, the climate is among the factors that motivate and determine much of the tourist
flows and trends.

The effect of climate change on tourism also needs to be understood in the context of all
factors of the tourism system instead of entirely that specialize in destinations, as climate
change results in tourism generating areas and tourists' propensities to travel may even
have an effect on economic well-being in those countries, additionally, tourists’
propensities for travelling to those countries. Climate has a close correlation to tourism
on both the demand and supply sides. Some tourism destinations and sports require
precise climatic resources, therefore the change of climate or extreme climate events can
profoundly effect those climate-sensitive locations. Understanding university students’
perception and attitudes toward climate change troubles is important for the tourism
industry and natural environment management however few research have focused on
university students’ knowledge and perception on climate change. University students
represent each future leaders and opinion-makers in society. Their attitude toward climate
alternate issues will impact the future policy making. Therefore, understanding university
students’ issues and limitations as they relate to climate change mitigation in travel will
help to discover the current negative aspects of mitigation methods Moreover, analyzing
the results of climate change in tourism destination will help for perceptions and
additional knowledge level could help educators better understanding about its possible
effect. Since the mid-1990s, discourses about the tourism sector have become
increasingly dominated, as a minimum rhetorically, by the ideas and beliefs of
sustainability. Sustainable tourism in turn is becoming dominated again as a minimum
rhetorically through the issues of climate change.

According to Becken and Hay in 2007 and Gössling, Hall , and Weaver of 2009, it is
broadly averred that the tourism sector should pursue adaptation strategies in response to
the continuing and inevitable effects of climate change however should concurrently
participate in mitigation efforts to avoid increases in impacts from climate change that
turn out to be too significant to be handled through adaptation. Investments in such
adaptation strategies make a contribution directly to sustainable tourism only insofar
because the latter consists of the economic sustainability of operators. As stated by Hoyer
in 2000 a beneficial difference between a quantity perspective that encompasses global
consequences such as climate change which result in part from cumulative patterns of
tourism-related activity and an intensity perspective focusing on destination-level impacts
such as congestion, water pollution and crime that arise from local spatial and temporal
concentrations of travelers and tourism facilities. Hoyer further describes the tourism
sector's focus on the latter perspective, a claim that is corroborated through evidence from
destinations and by the lack of climate change content in tourism making plans texts. As
with adaptation and mitigation, one can envisage the possibility of a parallel conflict
among proponents of the quantity and intensity perspectives. As with adaptation and
mitigation, one can envisage the possibility of a parallel conflict among proponents of the
quantity and intensity perspectives. Influential stakeholders in the worldwide system of
tourism governance have recently embraced at least the rhetoric of climate change,
following its popularization by Al Gore's 2007 academy award-winning documentary An
Inconvenient Truth and the release of the four IPCC reports. The World Tourism
Organization, specifically, has so far convened major specialized conferences on tourism
and climate change and mentioned in the Davos Declaration of 2007 that climate change
“must be considered the greatest challenge to the sustainability of tourism in the twenty
first century”.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input Process Output

Profile of the respondents
In terms of:
 Monthly visitor
arrival
 Length of operation  Construction
 Type of tourist spot  Validation of the
Respondents will assesses instrument Recommendation

the impact of climate change  Distribution of the strategies

in terms: survey
 Economic aspect  Statistical tools
 Social aspect

Figure 1
Conceptual framework
Figure shows the Input, process and output of the study. The input contains the
demographic profile of the respondents namely the educational attainment, monthly
visitors arrival, length of operation, and the type of the tourist spot. The next box, which
is the process contains all the inputs that corresponds from the respondents from the
analysis of data it consist of the construction and validation of the instrument, distribution
of the survey, and statistical tools will be used to analyze and interpret the data. The
process will be done through the used of self constructed questionnaire to gather data.
Last, the output it compose of the recommendation strategies.
According to Brooks (2011) there are other natural factors affecting climate
change most specifically the profile percentage distribution of the resorts in some areas.
Regional wind patterns or current can also increase the risk of climate change in resorts
or attractions affecting the arrival of visitors which greatly affect the destination, location
and operation of the certain destination in the province of batangas. Most of the
researchers say that profile variables could affect the destination and human activities
which largely responsible for the continued increase in average global temperature, which

causes climate change. This can be supported by the study of Alley (2013) a sudden
change in temperature happens when the atmosphere framework is compelled to move to
another atmosphere state at a rate that is controlled by the atmosphere framework vitality
adjust, and which is more quick than the rate of progress of the outer constraining. Global
warming and human exercises might be moving the world quicker toward sudden,
durable atmosphere changes. On the other hand, according to Saraswat et al., (2017),
Cities are different tourist destinations due to advancements in technology, ease of travel
through speedier transit, iconic architectural designs, land-marks, and modern market
designs in the form of malls. Contemporary building designs with planned city style
enable them to accommodate and attract a wide range of people. However, these places
face climate change impacts in the form of heat waves, smog, changing beach zones and
seasonal shift. The buildings and road material itself makes these processes accelerate
faster. The increasing smog problem recently observed in New Delhi, India is a good
example of such a problem, in addition to pollution.
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