NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Basic Education Department

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
 illustrates a relation and a function;
 verifies if a given relation is a function;
 determines dependent and independent variables; and
 Finds the domain and range of a function.

MODULE 11: FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

a. Define and identify relation and function;
b. Find the domain and range of the ordered pairs of relation;
c. Identify the domain and range of the equation of a relation; and
d. Practice patience in solving problem involving functions and relations.

LESSON 1: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A RELATION AND A

FUNCTION

INTRODUCTION:

Site at least three examples where functions is used as model of real-life

situations.

Example: Student to Religion

Religion is also an example of function
because a person can never have two
religions. Inside the classroom, three
classmates said that they are Catholic.
This shows a many-to-one relationship.
Classmates being the domain and religion
being the range indicate that different
values of domain can have one value of
range. One-to-one relationship was also
illustrated by the classmates who said that
they are Born Again, Muslim and Iglesia
ni Cristo - one student to one religion.

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Example where functions is used as model of real-life situation.

IDENTIFYING RELATION AND FUNCTION

During the teachers’ meeting, everybody came on time. One of the items discussed was
about the different values focused for month’s lesson.

Month Value Month Value

June Punctuality November Perseverance
July Honesty December Generosity
August Respect January Cleanliness
September Obedience February Charity
October Prudence March Patriotism

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The data in the table can be written as ordered pairs:

(June, Punctuality) (October, Prudence) (February, Charity)
(July, Honesty) (November, Perseverance) (March, Patriotism)
(August, Respect) (December, Generosity)
(September, Obedience) (January, Cleanliness)

 There are two elements in an ordered pair.

 In every ordered pair above, the first element refers to the month and the second
element refers to the value to discuss.
 The set of ordered pairs refers to relation.

In example 1, the first element of the ordered pairs corresponds to exactly one second
element. This is an example of a function. A function is a special relation.
A function may have two different elements assigned to the same second element.
Examples: (3, 5), (4, 5)

Example 1: {(- 4, 2), (- 4, 0), (5, 2), (- 5, -1), (9, 1)}

The given set of ordered pairs is just a relation, -4 corresponds to two values of
y, namely, 2 and 0.

Example 2: {(0, 1), (- 4, 1), (5, 8), (3, - 1), (- 5, 6)}

The given pairs set of ordered pairs is a function. Every first element
corresponds to exactly one second element.
Therefore, we can say, that a function is a special relation where, every first
element corresponds to exactly one second element.
Remember that all functions are relations but not all relations are functions.

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OTHER WAYS OF DETERMINING IF A RELATION IS A FUNCTION

A function can also be shown using any of the following table, mapping or graph.

By using a table

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

Savings Php5.00 Php6.00 Php7.00 Php8.00 Php9.00

By mapping

A B

Every element in A corresponds to

an element in B. So, there is one-
to-one correspondence of
elements.

If there is one-to-one
correspondence of elements, the
relation is a function.

There are times, when an element in A corresponds to more than one element in B. See
the mapping below.

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A B

In the mapping at the left, every

element in A corresponds to more
than one element in B. This means
that this set of ordered pairs is just
a relation, since there is no exact
second element that corresponds to
every element in A.

In this mapping, there is one-to-

many correspondence.

There are also times, when two or more elements in A corresponds to one element in B.

A B

In the mapping at the left, two

elements in A correspond to one
element in B.

Since each element in A corresponds

to one exact element in B, the
ordered pairs in this mapping form a
function.

In this mapping, there is many-to-one

correspondence.

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BY GRAPHING

We can also determine if the relation is a function or not by using the vertical line
test. Draw a vertical line in the graph. If the vertical line passes more than one point, this
means, the graph is not a function. It is just a relation.

Study the vertical line test below.

The vertical line passes only at one The vertical line passes only at one point.
point. Therefore, this is a function. Therefore, this is a function.

The vertical line passes two points. The vertical line passes only at one
Therefore, this not a function. point. Therefore, this is a function.

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The vertical line passes two points. The vertical line passes two points.
Therefore, this not a function. Therefore, this not a function.

Checkpoint 1

For your activity, get your reference book (Excel in Math and Beyond) and turn to page
230-232, Test I number 1-5, Test III number 1-6.

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LESSON 2: DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A RELATION

 In Mathematics, a relation has two things to consider for every factor. This refers
to the ordered pair with two variables (x, y).
 A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
 The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs is called the domain.
 The set of all the second elements of the ordered pairs is called the range.
 In this case, (x, y), the domain is consist of values of x and the range is consist
of values of y.

DETERMINING THE DOMAIN AND RANGE OF THE ORDERED PAIRS OF A RELATION

Example 1: Relation = {(2, 4), (- 3, 3), (4, -1), (0, 5), (6, -2)
Domain = {2, -3, 4, 0, 6}
Range = {4, 3, -1, 5, -2}

Example 2: Relation = {(3, 1), (3, 5), (4, 0), (5, 1), (-1, -2)}
Domain = {3, 3, 4, 5, -1}
Range = {1, 5, 0, 1, -2}

Example 2: Relation = {(2, 1), (5, 5), (-6, 0), (3, 1), (-1, 3)}
Domain = {2, 5, -6, 3, -1}
Range = {1, 5, 0, 1, 3}

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DETERMINING THE DOMAIN AND RANGE OF THE EQUATION OF RELATION

 In equation, the domain is a set of possible values of x that will make the y- values
real.
 The range of a relation is a set of possible values of y that will make the x-values
real.

EXAMPLE 1: Find the domain and range of x + y – 5 = 0

SOLUTION:
Step 1:
Simplify.
To find the domain, transpose the y- term
𝑥+ 𝑦– 5 = 0
and the constant at the right side of the
𝑥 = 5– 𝑦 equal sign

In the equation above, any value of y will make the x- value real. Therefore, the domain
of the relation is a set of real numbers. In symbol, Domain = {𝑥|𝑥𝜖𝑅}.

Step 2:
To find the range, transpose the x –term and
𝑥+ 𝑦– 5 = 0
the constant at the right side of the equal
𝑦 = 5– 𝑥 sign

In the equation above, any value of x will make the y- value real. Therefore, the
range of the relation is a set of real numbers. In symbol, Range = {𝑦|𝑦𝜖𝑅}.

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EXAMPLE 2: Find the domain and range of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16 = 0

SOLUTION:
Step 1:
Simplify.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16 = 0 To find the domain, transpose the x- term
and the constant at the right side of the
𝑦 2 = 16 − 𝑥 2 equal sign
𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2

The y- value will only be real if the radicand

In symbol, 16 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
16 − 𝑥 2 is non-negative. To make the y value
To solve for x, 𝑥 2 ≤ 0 real, the radicand 16 − 𝑥 2 should be greater
than zero or equal to zero.
−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

Therefore, the domain = {𝑥| − 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4}.

Step 2:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16 = 0 To find the range, transpose the y –term and
the constant at the right side of the
𝑥 2 = 16 − 𝑦 2 equal sign
𝑥 = √16 − 𝑦 2

In symbol, 16 − 𝑦 2 ≥ 0 The x- value will only be real if the

radicand 16 − 𝑦 2 is non-negative. To make
To solve for x, 𝑦 2 ≤ 0 the x value real, the radicand 16 − 𝑦 2 should
−4 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4 be greater than zero or equal to zero.

Therefore, the range = {𝑥| − 4 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4}.

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EXAMPLE 3: Find the domain and range of 2x + 1 = y(x – 5).

SOLUTION:
Step 1:
Simplify.
2𝑥+1
=𝑦
𝑥−5 To find the domain, leave y –term at one side.

The equation has a rational expression. We know that if the denominator of a rational
expression is zero, it will become undefined.

So, 𝑥 – 5 ≠ 0
Solve for x, 𝑥 ≠ 5
Therefore, the Domain = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 5} .

Step 2:
2𝑥+1
=𝑦 To find the range, leave x –term at one side.
𝑥−5

The equation has a rational expression. We know that if the denominator of a rational
expression is zero, it will become undefined.
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑦(𝑥 – 5) 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦
2𝑥 – 𝑥𝑦 = −5𝑦 – 1
𝑥(2 – 𝑦) = −5𝑦 – 1
−5𝑦 − 1
𝑥=
−𝑦 + 2
5𝑦 + 1
𝑥=
𝑦−2
To make the denominator not equal to zero, the y – 2 should not be equal to 2. Thus,
y–2≠2
Therefore, the Range = {𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 2} .
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The following should be remembered in finding the domain and the range of the
equation of a relation:

a. If the equation has a radical, the radicand should be non-negative. The

radicand should be equal to zero or greater than zero.
b. If the equation has a rational expression, the denominator must not be equal
to zero.

For more information on functions and relations, get your reference

book (Excel in Math and Beyond) and turn to page 223-237.

Lets Get Online!

Watch this video online https://tinurl.com/yxug7jv9 to know more on functions and

relations.

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Checkpoint 1

For your activity, get your reference book (Excel in Math and Beyond) and turn to page
238-242, Test I number 1-5, Test II number 1-5.

Job well done, Northwesternian!

Resources: Reference Book and Online Sources

Nopia, K.B. (2015). Excel In MATH and Beyond 8. Mind Builders Publishing House Inc.
https://tinurl.com/yxug7jv9

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