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CIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

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 ;DkfbsLo
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng
ug]{ st{Jo /x]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))* ;fn c;f/ ! ut]
ePsf] xf] . :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} sd{rf/L 5gf}6sf] qmddf :jtGq, lgikIf tyf
t6:y e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] cfof]un] hgdfg;df Ps :yflkt ;+:yfsf] ?kdf
5fk 5f]8\g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] of]Uotf, bIftf, Ifdtf / cg'ejsf]
cfwf/df lgikIf ?kdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ cfof]u Psdfq cfzf / e/f];fsf]
s]Gb|laGb'sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . clwsf/ If]qdf slxn] a9f]Q/L / slxn] ;+s'rg x'Fb}
uPsf] qmddf klg cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / l;4fGtk|lt cljrlnt cfof]un] cfˆgf]
^$ cf}+ jif{ kf/ u/]sf] 5 . @)&@ ;fnsf] k|f/Ded} d'n'sdf cfPsf] ljgfzsf/L
e"sDksf sf/0f cfof]un] cfˆgf] ^% cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j lgoldt jflif{sf]T;jeGbf
s]xL leGg tl/sfn] dgfPsf] 5 . cfof]usf] ^% cf}+ jflif{sf]T;jdf k|fs[lts ljkb\df
k/]sf ;+3;+:yfnfO{ ;3fpg] of]hgf cg'?k cfof]usf] kbflwsf/Lx? Pj+ sd{rf/Lx?
;lDdlnt eO{ sf7df8f}+ l;kmnl:yt afn Joj;foL s]Gb| dfWolds ljBfnosf]
eUgfjz]ifaf6 OF6f tyf sf7x? lgsfn]/ ;kmfO{ ug]{ sfo{ ul/of] . ;fy} cfof]usf
;lrj tyf sd{rf/Lx? g]kfn ;/sf/n] v6fPadf]lhd e"sDk k|efljt ljleGg
lhNnfx?df uO{ e"sDk lkl8t hgtfx?sf] /fxt, p4f/ tyf k'gM:yfkgf;DaGwL
sfo{x?df ;+nUg x'g'eof] . e"sDksf sf/0f cfof]usf lgoldt sfd, sf/jfxLx?
;d]t k|efljt x'g k'u] .

ldlt @)^% kmfu'g % df ul7t cfof]usf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]
wf/f !@^ -%_ adf]lhd ^ jif{sf] sfo{sfn k"/f eO{ @)&! kmfug' $ b]lv l/Qm x'g
k'u]sf]df @)&!÷!@÷!! b]lv cfof]udf dfggLo cWoIf ;lxt cGo ^ ;b:ox?n]
kbaxfnL ug'{eO{ cfof]un] k"0f{tf kfPsf] 5 . nfdf] ;do k|zf;g / cg';Gwfg
;Dj4 If]qsf pRr kbdf /xL lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{ePsf kbflwsf/Lx? cfof]udf
/xg' ePaf6 cfof]usf d"No, dfGotfx? cem} ;d[4 x'Fb} hfg] ljifodf cfzfjfbL
x'g ;lsG5 .

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 cfof]un] cw{jflif{s ?kdf k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] o; c+sdf
k|zf;lgs, Joj:yfksLo, :jf:Yo, lzIff nufot cfly{s ljifosf n]vx? ;+sng
u/L k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . cGo c+sx? em}+ of] c+s klg ;dodf g} kf7s ;fd' k|:t't
ug{ kfpFbf xlif{t 5f}+ . k|:t't c+sdf ;dfj]z ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg
Pj+ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]vx? cWo]tf Pj+ cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf] nflu
pkof]uL x'g] g} 5g\ . ;fy} o; klqsf ;DjGwdf kf7sju{x?af6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0fx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ePsf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] k|ltj4tf ;d]t
JoQm ub{5f}+ . klqsfsf] nflu n]v /rgf pknAw u/fO ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ljåfg,
n]vs Pj+ klqsf k9L lbP/ 1fg cfh{g ug'{x'g] Pj+ ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ x'g] kf7sju{
/ klqsf k|sfzg sfo{df ;+nUg kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?df xflb{s wGojfb lbFb}
cfufdL lbgdf klg ;bf em}+ ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] s'/fdf ;Dkfbs d08n ljZj:t /x]sf]
5.

– ;Dkfbs d08n

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 ljifo ;"rL
qm=;+= zLif{s n]vssf] gfd k]h g+=
1 of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] k'gMcfljisf/ pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL 1
2 ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmdM Ps kl/ro s]bf/ axfb'/ clwsf/L 18
3 ;"rgfsf] xs M hgpQ/bfoL zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] d"n cfwf/ bfdf]b/ /]UdL 31
4 ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff 8f= emds k|;fb zdf{ 45
5 /fhgLlts cl:y/tf;Fu hf]l8Psf] Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno /fdz/0f l3ld/] 55
6 g]kfndf ljkb\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgM ;lIfKt ljj]rgf s]bf/gfy zdf{ 63
7 lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:ylt M Ps ljZn]if0f xl/bQ kf08]o 75
8 cfk|jf;g / cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df o;sf] k|efj k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n 91
9 Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff, l;4fGt / s]xL kIfx¿ /d]zs'df/ s]=;L= 104
10 of]hgf k|lqmof / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf Zofd k|;fb e08f/L 117
11 cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg M xfd|f] cEof; / k|of; 8Da/axfb'/ sfsL{ 127
12 lghfdtL ;]jf / o;df ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ lzj/fd Gof}kfg] 142
13 g]kfndf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of;, ;d:of tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ gj/fh ;fksf]6f 154
14 /fHo k'gM;+/rgf, ;+3Lotf / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ pbo /fgfdu/ 169
15 jfl0fHo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf; / g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n 178
g]kfndf dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf M cfjZostf, cj:yf / efjL
16 ¿b| k|;fb e§ 188
sfo{lbzf
g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, r'gf}tL / ;'wf/sf]
17 lgd{nfb]jL nfld5fg] 196
dfu{lrq M Ps ;dLIff
18 Gofokflnsf / e|i6frf/ M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ O{lGb/f zdf{ 204
19 g]kfndf pbf/Ls/0fsf] dxTj tyf o;sf] jt{dfg cj:yf / l:ylt uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f 214
20 nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :j¿k / e"ldsf ;"o{k|;fb ;fksf]6f 238
21 n}ª\lus ;dfgtf / lzIff b]jL/fd cfrfo{ 253
22 sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] sfo{ / r'gf}tL lbnLk s'df/ >Ljf:tj 260
Dr. Govind Prasad Kusum
23 Managing Transition 267
Bhagirath Basnet
24 Vigilance: A Management Tool Ramesh Kumar Sharma 277
25 Citizen Engagement in Policy Process Bishnu Ghimire 282

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 of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] k'gMcfljisf/

– pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL*

;f/f+z
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / sd{rf/LtGqsf] Oltxf; /fHo hlts} k'/fgf] 5 . ljleGg b]zdf o;sf]
cEof; ljleGg :j?kdf ljut nfdf] cjlwb]lv ePsf] kfOG5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLn]] pknAw
hgzlQm dWo]af6 pTs[i6 nfO{ 5gf}6 u/L lgo'lQm ug]{ k4ltnfO{ O+lut ub{5 . of]Uotf
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;qmd, l;4fGt tyf tTjx?n] o;nfO{ ljZjJofkL u/fpg yk d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
n'6k|0ffnLsf] lj/f]w / of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ubf{ b'h{gnfO{ aflx/} /fv, ;a}sf nflu
;dfg cj;/, clt pTs[i6n] dfq /fHosf] ;]jf ug]{, u'0f:t/sf] cGj]if0f, of]Uotfsf] kf/vsf]
nflu v'nf k|lt:kwf{ h:tf hgaf]nL÷gf/fn] pRr :yfg kfPsf] lyof] . of]Uotf k/LIf0f ug]{ ljlw
tyf egf{sf l;4fGtsf ljifoaf6 æof]Uotf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ls cfljisf/<Æ, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
o;sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf ;+lIfKt k|sfz kfg'{ k|:t't n]vsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

k[i7e"ldM
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / sd{rf/LtGqsf] hGd slxn] ePsf] lyof] eG‍g] k|dfl0fs cfwf/ h'6fpg sl7g
eP klg /fHosf] cfljisf/;Fu} pTklt ePsf] dflgG5 . s'g} lglZrt e"uf]ndf sfg'gsf] nflu ;ul7t
dflg;x¿nfO{ /fHo elgG5 eg] sfg'gsf] Jojl:yt sfof{Gjog ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf] (State is a
people organized for law within a definite territory and public administration is a systematic
execution of law-Wilson) . h+unL o'uaf6 lhp wgsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu /fHosf] hGd x'gf;fy ;dfhnfO{
Jojl:yt agfpg hf/L ul/Psf sfg'gx¿ nfu" ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / o;nfO{ ;+rfng
ug]{ sd{rf/LtGqsf] Joj:yf ePsf] xf] elgG5 . k|flrg z'qmgLlt, Kn]6f]sf] æl/klAnsÆ, sf}l6Nosf]
æcy{zf:qÆ df sd{rf/LtGqsf] af/]df rrf{ x'g'n] o;sf] k'i6L x'G5 . cln ;+ul7t sd{rf/LtGq eg]
O{=k"= @)^ df rLgdf æd}08fl/g sd{rf/LtGqÆ sf] ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] lyof] . zf;sx¿sf] nx8
/ dxTjfsf+Iff k'/f ug{ k|flrg ld>sf] lk/fld8 lgdf{0f ug{ ækmf/f]+Æ /fhfx¿n] æcfld{h\ ckm :n]E;Æ
elgg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] egf{ u/] eg] k|flrg j]ljnf]g-O/fssf] ;'d]/_ df j[xt gx/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ 7'n}
cfsf/sf] sd{rf/LtGq v8f ul/of] elgG5 . k|mfG;sf æa'jf]{+Æ /fhfx¿n] cfˆgf] zf;gsf] j}wflgstf l;4

* cWoIf, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

1
ug{ ;Ifd gful/s ;]jf v8f u/] / kl5 g]kf]lnogn] o;}nfO{ æ/f]on ;le{;Æ sf] gfddf ;+ul7t u/]sf
lyP . k|flrg o'gfgsf] k|zf;g ug]{ If]q ;fgf ;fgf gu/ /fHox¿df ljeflht ePsfn] Toxf+ Joj;flos
sd{rf/LtGqsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Pg / lr¶fåf/f clt sd ;+Vofdf sd{rf/Lx¿ egf{ ul/GYof] .
cfw'lgs sd{rf/LtGq eg] pGgfO;f}+ ztflAbdf d}S; j]j/n] ljsf; u/]sf x'g . kb;f]kfg, sfo{ljefhg,
sfo{ljlw / k|lqmof, cJolQmut rl/q, of]Uotf k|0ffnL, hLjgj[lQ h:tf ljz]iftfx¿n] ubf{ æj]jl/og
Jo"/f]qm];LÆ oflGqs, t6:y, cg'xf/ / cfjfh ljxLg ;+:yfsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g k'Uof] . ;dosf] dfu
cg'?k cfˆgf] z}nL, :j?k, ;+:sf/ / zlQmnfO{ ;dfof]hg ub}{ /fHosf] clt dxTjk"0f{ cjojsf] ?kdf
cem klg ;dfhdf :yflkt 5 .

sd{rf/Lx¿ æcfOef]/L 6fj/Æ df ga:g] / ;dfhs} ;b:o x'gfn] sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts
;xpTkfbg dflgG5 . To:t} /fhgLlt o;sf] lgb{oL cleefjs (Abusive parent) dflgPsf]n] h:tf]
/fhgLlt 5 tbg'?ksf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/ o;n] k|bz{g ub{5 . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf /fhgLlts OR5f /
d"Nox¿ o; ;+:yf dfkm{t ;dfhdf nfb\g‌ ] x'Fbf g t ;/sf/ p;sf] k|zf;g eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 g t k|zf;g
/fhgLlt eGbf c;n g} x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] oL b'O{nfO{ æc;n vfnsf xf]Ogg\ km/s vfnsf (Not
better type but different type)Æ eg]/ Jo+Uo ug]{ ul/G5 . /fhgLlt / zf;s cg'?k sd{rf/LtGq?kL
;+:yf rnfodfg x'G5 . of] ;+:yf s/f}+tL h:t} xf] rnfpg]n] htf rnfof] Tot} sf6L lbG5 . t/, h:tf];'s}
zf;ssf] nflu klg cfˆgf] p2]Zo k'/f ug{ of]Uo / ;Ifd sd{rf/L rflxPsf] x'G5 . /fHo lj:tf/df nfu]sf]
zf;snfO{ ljh]tf /fHosf] d"No dfGotf ljlht /fHodf :yflkt u/fpg hlt sfljn JolQm rflxG5
Tof] eGbf ;Ifd JolQm zf;g / Joj:yfsf d"Nox¿ (Regime Values) ljt/0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .
cfw'lgs nf]stGqdf t /fHosf ;]jfx¿ k|efjsf/L?kdf k|jfx ug]{, ;'zf;g :yflkt u/fpg nf]stGqsf
nfex¿ ljt/0f ug{ (Delivering Democracy-Denhartd) ;Sg] k|ltefzfnL sd{rf/Lx¿ vf+rf] kb{5 .
clxn] klxn]sf] h:tf] cfb]z lbP/ ;]jf lbg] xf]Og ls ;]jf lbP/ zf;g ug{ l;sfpg] sd{rf/L rflxG5 .
cd]l/sL k"j{/fi6«klt tyf k|zf;gljb\ ljN;gn] eg] em}+ – æk'/fgf] o'4 n8\g tof/ kfl/Psf] l;kfxLx¿Æ
sf] hdft xf]Og ls æk"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg] kl/l:yltdf klg ;]jf lbg ;Sg] (Serving Beyond
Predictable)Æ sd{rf/Lx¿ cfjZos kb{5 . 5f]6s/Ldf of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf h:tf];'s} ;dfh
/ zf;g k|0ffnLdf klg kb{5, en} o;sf] ljlw, k|lqmof / dfkb08x¿ km/s lsg gx'g' . clxn]sf] clt
hl6n ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ;]jf lbg ;Sg] sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 / egf{ ug{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf gjLg k/LIf0f
ljlwx¿ klxNofpg] sfd eg] hl6n xF'+b}5 .

of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cy{ / kl/efiffM

JolQm p;df cGt/lglxt ljz]iftf / Ifdtfx¿n] ubf{ c? eGbf km/s x'G5 . of] k[yskg /f]huf/bftfx¿sf]
7"nf] rf;f] leq kb{5 lsgls ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k|fKtL ug{ / sfo{;Dkfbgdf o;n] c;fwf/0f k|efj kfg{
;Sb5 . zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ;Ifdtf, efjgfTds, ;+j]ufTds / dgf]j}1flgs l:ylt, tTsfnLg sfdsf]
nflu cfjZos ;Lk cflb u'0fx¿df JolQmx¿ ;dfg x'+b}gg\ . oL u'0fx¿sf k/LIf0f u/]/ k|fKt hgzlQm

2
dWo] ;aeGbf ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ ;+u7gdf leœofpg' / ;]jfdf /xL/xg pTk|]l/t ug]{ k|lqmof, k/Dk/f / k|ljlw
cjnDag ug{' g} of]Uotf k|0ffnL xf] . ;dfh k|lt:kwf{Tds 5 / ;kmntfsf] k"hf ub{5 . o:tf]df ToxL
JolQm cuf8L x'G5 hf] k|lt:kwf{df c?nfO{ pl5G5 . ;fj{hlgs / lghL ;+u7gsf nflu dfq xf]Og
/fhgLlt nufot ;dfhsf ;a} ;+u7gdf of]Uotf k|0ffnL nfu" x'G5 . of]Uotf k/LIf0fsf cfwf/x¿ eg]
k|s[lt cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . bfz{lgs h]= s[i0fd"lt{n] eg]sf 5g\– æxfdL jfXo?kdf pQd x'g
k|lt:kwf{ ub{5f}+ . ;'ljwf, kb, clwsf/, zlQmsf] jfXo k|bz{gn] xfdLnfO{ ltlNdNofPsf] 5 lsgls oL
s'/fx¿ g} xfd|f] clei6 x'g] ub{5Æ .

of]Uotf / of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] s'g} ;j{sfnLg kl/efiff rflx+ 5}g . k|flrg sfndf h'g of]Uotfsf] cfwf/
dflgGYof] To;sf] cjnDag ug]{ xf] eg] kl/xf;sf] ljifo x'g hfG5 . zf;s 5fG‍g lnulnu sf]6sf]
bf}8 k|ltof]lutf u/fpg ca ldNb5 / < cem ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf t s] eG‍g] ul/G5 eg] o;df Ps
dfq lglZrt s'/f 5 Tof] xf] clglZrttf . To;}n] klxn]sf of]Uotfsf cfwf/x¿df kl/dfh{g u/]/
of]Uotf k|0ffnL nfu" eO/x]sf] 5 . Pp6f c+u|]hL pvfg 5 æs;}n] klg k5f8L kms]{/ gof+ ;'?jft\ ug{
;Sb}g, hf];'s}n] klg clxn]af6 ;'? u/]/ ljns'n gof+ ;dfkg ug{ ;Sb5g\ (Though no one can
go back and make a brand start, anyone can start from now and make a brand new ending) .

of]Uotf / of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] kl/efiff lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] 5M

æljlzi6?kdf pDbf / ;'of]Uo x'g] u'0fx¿n] ;DkG‍g x'g' h;af6 ljz]iftM k|z+;f / k'/:sf/sf] xsbf/ x'G5
ToxL of]Uotf xf]Æ (Merit is the quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially so as to
deserve praise and worthy---www-google.com) .

æof]Uotf k|0ffnL o:tf] k|0ffnL xf] hxf+ k|ltef ;DkG‍gx¿sf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 / pgLx¿sf] pknlAwsf]
cfwf/df k|ult x'G5Æ (Meritocracy is a system in which the talented are chosen and moved
ahead on the basis of their achievement---www.merriam-webster.com) .

æcfw'lgs ;/sf/sf] cy{df of]Uotf k|0ffnL eGgfn] o:tf] sd{rf/L k|0ffnL xf] h;df t'ngfTds of]Uotf
/ pknAwLn] 5gf}6 / k|ult lgwf{l/t ub{5 tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu k'/:sf/n] ;]jfdf lg/Gt/tf /
;Ifdtf lgwf{/0f ub{5Æ (A merit system in modern government means a personnel system in
which comparative merit or achievement governs each individuals æselection and progress in
the service and in which conditions and rewards of performance contribute to the competency
and continuity of the service-Stahl, 1975)Æ .

æof]Uotf eGgfn] pknAw ePsf dWo] ;aeGbf pTs[i6nfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{ a'lemG5, s;}nfO{ klg sfo{
ug{sf] nflu ;Ifd geO{ Tof] sfddf lgo'Qm ug{ x'Fb}g / sfd To;nfO{ lbOg' kb{5 h;n] Tof] sfd clt
/fd|f];Fu ug{ ;Sb5Æ (Merit means the appointment of the best available person: no one should be

3
appointed to a job unless they are competent to do it and the job must be offered to the person
who would do it best----Civil Service Commission, UK) .

of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf l;4fGtx¿ (Merit System Principles)

of]Uotf k|0ffnL / o;sf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{-Predictor_ k|lt:kwf{Tds egf{ / 5gf}6 ljlwsf s]xL
dfGo l;4fGtx¿ k|ltkfbg ePsf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] U.S. Department of Justice /
Intergovernmental Personnel Act n] km/s km/s l;4fGtx¿ ljsl;t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Gofo ljefun]
ljsl;t u/]sf] l;4fGtx¿ lgDg x'g\M
!= :jR5 / v'nf k|ltof]lutf kZrft\ egf{, 5gf}6 / a9'jf ug]{,
@= ;a} pDd]bjf/x¿ / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lgikIf / ;dGoflos Jojxf/ ug]{,
#= ;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfg tna lbg] / pTs[i6 sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu k'/:s[t ug]{,
$= pRr ;bfrf/ / g}ltstfsf dfkb08 sfod /fV‍g] / hg;/f]sf/nfO{ Wofg lbg],
%= sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s'zn / k|efjsf/L?kdf Joj:yfkg kg]{,
^= sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/LnfO{ /fV‍g] jf x6fpg],
&= ;+u7g / JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|lzlIft t'Nofpg],
*= sd{rf/Lx¿df kg]{ cg'lrt /fhgLlts bjfjaf6 d'Qm /fV‍g ;+/If0f lbg],
(= sfg'gn] ldNg] ;"rgf r'xfP jfkt sd{rf/LnfO{ bl08t x'gaf6 arfpg] .
dfly plNnlvt l;4fGt;Fu} ug{ gx'g] sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5M

sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf lgif]lwt sfo{x¿ (Prohibited Personnel Practices)

yy s'g} pDd]bjf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{,
yy s'g} /f]huf/Lsf] nflu cg'lrt l;kmfl/znfO{ :jLsfg]{,
yy s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g} klg /fhgLlts sfdsf nflu afWo kfg]{,
yy s'g} JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf nflu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ /f]Sg k|of; ug]{,
yy k|lt:kwf{af6 x6\g s;}nfO{ k|efj kfg]{,
yy s;}nfO{ cglws[t k|fyldstfdf /fV‍g] jf cg'lrt kmfobf lbg],
yy gft]bf/nfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] jf kbf]G‍gtL ug]{,
yy ;"rgf r'xfpg] st{Jo lgjf{x u/]sf]df s'g} pDd]bjf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|ltzf]w lng],
yy ph'/L jf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df k|ltzf]w lng],
yy sfd aflx/sf] cfr/0fsf nflu e]befj ug]{,
yy Veteran preference nfO{ cj1f ug]{,

4
yy of]Uotf k|0ffnL;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fV‍g] P]g, lgod / sfo{ljlwsf] pNn+3g ug]{ .
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfs} Intergovernmental Personnel Act, 1970 n] ^ j6f of]Uotfsf l;4fGtx¿
pNn]v u/]sf] 5M
!= ;fk]lIfs Ifdtfsf cfwf/df sd{rf/L egf{ / a9'jf ug]{,
@= Gofok"0f{ kfl/>lds k|bfg ug]{,
#= sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/LnfO{ sfod /fV‍g],
$= pRr sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|lzlIft t'Nofpg],
%= ;a} pDd]bjf/ / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{,
^= bnut /fhgLlts bjfjaf6 sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs kbaf6 lgjf{rgsf nflu k|efj
kfg{af6 /f]Sg] .
dflysf] pbfx/0faf6 of]Uotf k|0ffnLn] Jofks If]q ;d]6\g] :ki6 x'g cfp+b5 . gful/s k|zf;gdf
;'wf/sf k|f/lDes r/0fdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ egf{ / 5gf}6df ;Lldt ul/Psf] lyof] . lxhf]cfh o;
k|0ffnLn] sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf w]/} kIfx¿ ;d]6\g] ub{5 . of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 / lgo'lQm, of]Uotfs}
cfwf/df a9'jf / j[lQ ljsf;, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t tna ;'ljwf, of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df ;xL JolQm
;xL kbdf ;?jf (Merit transfer) clxn]sf] dfGo l;4fGt alg;s]sf] 5 . ;f/f+zdf o; k|0ffnLn]
;+/Ifs sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ lj:yflkt ub{5 / sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf egf{ 5gf}6b]lv a9'jf / ;?jf /fhgLlts
cfwf/nfO{ lgif]w ub}{ of]Uotfsf cfwf/x¿ cjnDag ub{5 . sd{rf/LtGqdf of] k|0ffnL nfu" x'g] ;}4flGts
cfwf/ eg] "Public Service Bargain Theory" n] lbPsf] dflgG5 . o; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf x'Fbf /fhgLlts
g]t[Tjn] cfkm' v'zL egf{ / vf];'jf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 5f8\g' kg]{ / o;sf] abnfdf sd{rf/Lx¿n] Ps
xb;Ddsf] /fhgLlts clwsf/ TofUg' kg]{ l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsfl/of] . clxn] klg hxf+ of]Uotf k|0ffnL
nfu" 5}g Toxf+ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk ug{ k"0f{ 5'6 lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . hd{gLdf pRr
Joj:yfkg txsf sd{rf/Lsf] gf]s/L ;'/lIft klg 5}g / pgLx¿nfO{ /fhgLlt ug]{ 5'6 klg lbOPsf] 5 .

of]Uotfsf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ (Fundamental Elements of Merit)

of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf of]Uotfsf] k/v ug]{ tTjx¿sf] klxrfg u/]/ k/LIf0f ljlwåf/f o;sf] k"jf{g'dfg ul/G5 .
o;sf ;a} kIfx¿ klxNofpg sl7g x'G5 / cgGt cGj]if0f, cg';Gwfgaf6 of]Uotfsf yk cfwf/x¿
;dfj]z x'+b} uPsf klg 5g\ . d'Vo?kdf lgDg u'0fx¿nfO{ of]Uotfsf cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ?kdf dflgPsf] 5M
yy ;fdYo{ (Ability),
yy em'sfj (Aptitude)
yy 1fg (knowledge)
yy ;Lk (Skill)
yy cg'ej (Experience)

5
yy pknlAw (Achievement)
yy JolQmTj (Personality)
yy efjfj]u (Emotion)
yy l;h{gzLntf / ultzLntf (Creativity and Dynamism)
yy af}l4stf (Intelligence)
yy rl/q (Character)
yy cGo JolQmut u'0fx¿ (Other personal Traits) .
of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;qmd (Evolution of Merit)
of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] Oltxf; w]/} nfdf] 5 . o;sf] ljsf;qmdsf] rrf{ ug{ kf}/fl0fs sfn;Dd k'Ug' kb{5 .
dxfef/t sfndf b"of]{wgnfO{ dg gkbf{ klg clt of]Uo / gLltjfg ePsfn] ljb'/nfO{ dxfdGqL lbg'k/]sf]
;Gbe{ rfvnfUbf] 5 . Ps k6s ljb'/nfO{ kbaf6 x6fpFbf leid lktfdxn] t'?Gt pgLnfO{ jxfnL ug{
b'of]{wgnfO{ eg]sf] dxfef/tdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|flrg o"gfgdf ;]gfklt hgtfn] r'Gg] / cGo
sd{rf/L lr¶fåf/f 5gf}6 ul/GYof] . To;j]nfsf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ nf]slk|otf lyof] eG‍g ;lsG5 . Kn]6f]n]
dflg;sf] cfTdfsf] juL{s/0f ub}{ bfz{lgs /fhf, To;kl5sf bf]>f] bhf{sf ædlh:6«]6Æ / t]>f] bhf{sfx¿
;xfossf] ?kdf /fHosf sfddf nufOg' kb{5 eg]sf lyP . ædlh:6«]6Æ cyf{t pRr txdf lgo'lQmsf]
nflu jl/i7, ljZjfl;nf], ;aeGbf ;Ifd, b]zeQm / lg:jfyL{ x'g' kg]{ of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/]sf lyP (The
Magistrates of the state must be chosen out of superior class. They must, indeed, be the oldest,
the most prudent, the ablest and above all the most patriotic and unselfish member members of
the body---Plato, on republic) . k|flrg sfndf s]xL kbsf] nflu of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ hftLo lyof] . b"t
x'g z'› hfltsf] x'g'kg]{ / pRr kbsf sd{rf/Lx¿ /fhfsf gft]bf/ jf ;+/Ifssf ?kdf sfd ug]{ k'/f]lxtx¿
jf clt ljZjf;kfq ef/bf/sf ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ lbOGYof] . nfdf] ;do;Dd o"/f]ksf b]zx¿df pRr kbdf
lgo'lQm kfpg /O; (Nobles) x'g' cfjZos lyof] . c7f/f}+ ztflAbsf] hflu/x¿nfO{ Jo+Uo ub}{ dG6]:So'n]
n]v]sf 5g\– ædxfg hflu/bf/ Tof] xf] hf] ;d|f6;Fu e]6\g] ub{5, pgsf dGqLx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ub{5, h;sf
cu|h 5g / h;n] k]G;g kfpFb5Æ . ef/tsf] d'un k|zf;g / hfkfgsf] æ;f]u'g]6Æ k|zf;g o:t} s'nLg
/ /O;x¿af6 ;+rflnt x'GYof] .

g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf; x]bf{ km/s km/s zf;g Joj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf nflu km/s of]Uotfx¿ tf]lsPsf]
b]lvG5 . ls/ftsfndf e› enfbdLsf] ?kdf k+rx¿n] k|zf;g rnfpFby] . lnI5jLsfndf tNnf] txsf]
k|zf;g lgjf{lrt ækf+rfnLÆaf6 ;+rfng ul/GYof] . dNnsfndf eg] ;Lldt 3/fgfsf s'nLgx¿af6
k|zf;gsf] g]t[Tj x'GYof] eG‍g] tYo kf6gsf æ5 k|wfgÆ x¿sf] tfgfzfxLaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . g]kfnsf]
PsLs/0f kl5sf] k|zf;g k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ PsLs/0fdf ;3fpg] æy/3/Æ sf] g]t[Tjdf rNof] . kf+8],
kGt, vgfn, cof{n, af]x/f / /fgfdu/ oL 5 y/LnfO{ æ5qÆ klg elgGYof] / k|zf;g logLx¿af6 ;+rfng
x'GYof] . /f0ffsfnLg k|zf;g s]lG›s[t / ;fgf] 3]/faf6 ;+rflnt lyof] . /f0ff kl/jf/sf] x'g' ;aeGbf 7"nf]

6
of]Uotf lyof] / pRr ;}lgs kbx¿ ;a} logs} efOx¿df / cGo kbx¿ ef/bf/x¿df hfGYof] . /fhf /
/f0ff k|wfgdGqLsf ;Gtfg hGdg] lalQs} hg]{n x'Gy] . s]xL kbx¿ lglZrt hfltsf] nflu dfq lyof] .
zf/Ll/s sfd ug{' kg]{ ælkkfÆdf egf{ tfdfª hfltnfO{ dfq ul/GYof] . of]Uotf k/LIf0f ljlwnfO{ ærfs8LÆ
eG‍g] ul/GYof] . To;avtdf of] zAb g/fd|f] lyPg . hflu/sf nflu cfsf+IfLx¿ x/]s lbgh;f] /f0ff
k|wfgdGqLsf] bz{g e]6sf nflu pkl:yt x'g'nfO{ ærfs8LÆ elgGYof] . kl5 rG›zDz]/n] ærf/ kf;Æ /
æP3f/ kf;Æ ug{' kg]{ u/L of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf lyP . o;af6 a'‰g ;lsG5 ls of]Uotfsf cfwf/x¿
ljleG‍g sfnv08df km/s lyP / To;af6 ljsl;t x'+b} cfw'lgs of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .

of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;j{k|yd k|of]u ug]{ b]z eg] rLg xf] . O{=k"=@)^ df g} rLgdf lnlvt k/LIff dfkm{t
of]Uotf k/LIf0f ug{ ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . clxn] klg rLgsf] a]Olhªl:yt ækmlj{8]g l;6LÆ df To; a]nf
k/LIff lng] ul/Psf] xn ko{6sx¿nfO{ b]vfOG5 . rLgsf] oxL k|of]unfO{ tTsfnLg lj|l6z Ol08of x'+b}
klZrdL b]zx¿df lelqPsf] xf] eG‍g] ul/G5 . hxfF of]Uotf k|0ffnL lyPg, ToxfF klg ;f+s]lts cleofg
;'? x'g uof] . o"gfgdf j'l4sf] k|ltssf] ?kdf nf6f]sf];]/f] r/fnfO{ k"hf ug{ yflnof] h;nfO{ æcf]n
cfkm ldgjf{Æ elgGYof] . k|mfG;sf] qmflGtsf qmflGtsf/L g]tfx¿n] eujfg / zlQmzfnLx¿sf] k"hf ug]{
k'/ftgjfbL ;f]rnfO{ abNg gof+ ;f]r NofP . x]a6{n] æa'l4sf] pkf;gfÆ elgg] gof+ wd{ g} rnfP .
o;nfO{ kl5 csf{ g]tf /f]A;lko/n] æ;j{zlQmdfgsf] k"hfÆ hf]8 lb+b} kl/Tofu ug{ k|]l/t u/] . cfw'lgs
sd{rf/LtGqsf] ?kdf k|zf -xfnsf] hd{gL_ df c7f/f}+ ztflAbdf æj]al/og Ao"/f]qm]zLÆ sf] ?kdf of]Uotf
k|0ffnLsf] k|f/De ePsf] dflgG5 . To;kl5 ef/tdf Oi6 Ol08of s+kgLn] ;g\ !*%# df o; k|0ffnL
cjnDag u/]sf]df a]nfotdf Northcote-Trevlyan report, 1853 n] of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] d'Vo cfwf/sf]
?kdf k|lt:kwf{Tds v'nf k|ltof]lutfnfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;'emfj lbPkl5 ;g !*%& b]lv nfu" ug{
yfNof] . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf Civil Service Act, 1883 df of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ :jLsfl/P klg ;g\
!*** df /fi6«klt uf/lkmN8sf] xTof Pshgf ;/sf/L kbsf] cfsf+IfL rfn{\; lu§f]n] u/]kl5 Jojl:yt
?kdf nfu' ug{ yflnof] . g]kfndf @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kZrft\ @))* cfiff9 ! df æklAns ;le{;
sldzgÆ u7g ePkl5 ef› !* , @))* df hDdf ^ kbsf] nflu lj1fkg u/]/ of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;'?
u/]sf] lyof] (Agrawal, 1976) .

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf n'6 k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; hlt /f]rs 9+udf eof] Tolt g} of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf gof+
gf/f / ljlwsf] klg ljsf; pbfx/0fLo ?kdf ePsf] b]lvG5 .æHofS;gsf] nf]stGqÆ n] gLltut?kdf
g} æn'6 k|0ffnL (Spoil system)Æ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf leœofPsf lyP . pgn] æn'6 lah]tfsf] x'G5
(To the Victor belong the spoils)Æ eG‍g] gf/f g} lbP . ;/sf/ kl/jt{g x'gf;fy Hofb} 7'nf] ;+Vofdf
sd{rf/Lx¿ x6fOGYof] / cfˆgf] bnk|lt jkmfbf/x¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ul/GYof] . ca|fxd ln+sgsf] kfnfdf
o;sf] cEof; a9L g} eof] , sl/a gAa] k|ltzt pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx¿ x6fOP (Donovan,1968) .
n'6 k|0ffnLsf] lj/f]w / of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf lgDg gf/fx¿ k|rngdf cfPsf b]lvG5M

7
b'h{gx¿nfO{ aflx/} /fv (Keep the Rascals out)
uflkm{N8sf] xTofkl5sf] Pendleton Act n] of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf u/]kl5 lnlvt k/LIff dfkm{t
of]Uotfsf] hfFr lng ;'? eP klg ;'?df !) k|ltzt dfq juL{s[t ;]jfdf kg]{ -h;df of]Uotf k|0ffnL
nfu" ug{' kb{Yof]_, @% k|ltztnfO{ ljz]if 5'6 lbOof] eg] ^% k|ltzt /fi6«kltsf] sfo{sf/L cfb]z cg';f/
of]Uotf k|0ffnL leq kg]{ jf gkg]{ lgwf{/0f x'g] ul/of] . kl5 Ramspect Act, 1938 n] () k|ltzt
;+3Lo sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] bfo/fdf Nofof] . o; Joj:yfsf] cg'z/0f qmdzM ljleG‍g
/fHox¿n] ug{ yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn] klg s]xL /fHox¿df of]Uotf k|0ffnL sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . w]/} h;f]
sfp06Lx¿df ;'/Iff k|d'v nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ kbdf hgtfsf] dtåf/f lgjf{lrt JolQm lgo'Qm x'g] k|rng
/x]sf] 5 . t/, n'6 k|0ffnLsf] k|ltlqmof:j?k ;'? ul/Psf] æb'h{gnfO{ aflx/ /fV‍g]Æ k4lt gsf/fTds egf{
(Negative Recruitment) lyof] . o;sf] cfnf]rgf ub}{ J. Donald Kingsley n] eg]sf lyP–æb'h{gx¿
t aflx/ eP, zfob ;f]r / Ifdtfsf JolQmx¿ klg aflx/ ePÆ .

;a}sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ (Equal Opportunity For All)

cd]l/sfdf nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] sfnf / ;]tfx¿aLrsf] lje]b cGt ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;a} cd]l/sL
of]Uo gful/sx¿sf] nflu v'nf x'g] / ;a}nfO{ k|lt:kwf{df ;fd]n x'g kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lgZ‍lrt ul/of] .
kmn:j?k Equal Employment Opportunity Act hf/L ul/of] .

clt pTs[i6n] dfq /fHosf] ;]jf ug]{ (Only the best shall serve the state)
;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgn] cln a9L g} kl/kSjtf xf;Ln u/]kl5 / o;sf] If]q hl6n x'+b} uPkl5
of]Uotfsf] sl;df pTs[i6 x'g]n] ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L kfpg' kb{5 eG‍g] wf/0ffn] :yfg kfpg yfNof] . To;}
n] k/LIf0f ljlwdf dgf]j}1flgs k/LIf0fsf ljljw kIfdf hf]8 lbg yflnof] . k|yd ljZj o'4 kZrft\
of]Uotf k/LIf0fsf nflu sfo{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmd ;d]t ;'? ul/of] .

u'0f:t/sf] cGj]if0f (The Quest For Quality)

aL;f}+ ztflAbsf] pQ/fw{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf k+l8tx¿ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf pTs[i6tf k|fKt ug]{ pkfosf]
vf]hL ug{ yfn] . o; ;DaGwL ;+3x¿sf e]nfx¿n] gjLg k|jt{gnfO{ hf]8 lb+b} ;]jfleq l;h{gfTds v'jL
ePsfx¿ lgo'Qm x'g' kb{5 eG‍g]df ;d]t hf]8 lbg] qmd a9\g uof] . o;n] ubf{ of]Uotf k/LIf0fsf ljlw
k|lqmofdf ;d]t gjLg ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] .

of]Uotfsf] k/vsf] nflu v'nf k|lt:kwf{

sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf] ;aeGbf hl6n / dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]s} of]Uotf jf Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t egf{ k4ltsf]

8
ljsf; ug{' xf] . egf{ k|0ffnLn] w/} lj:t[t lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d]6\b5 . egf{n] pDd]bjf/x¿ vf]Hg], d"Nof+sg
ug]{, k|fKt ug]{b]lv lnP/ sfddf nufpg] jf kb:yfkg ug]{ / gof+ sfdsf] nflu cled'lvs/0f;Ddsf
sfdx¿ ;d]l6G5g\ . lgDg kl/efiffn] o;nfO{ cem :ki6 kfb{5M

"The purposes of a recruitment function are patently straight forward, to seek out, evaluate,
obtain commitment from, place and orient new employees to fill positions required for the
successful conduct of the work of an organization" -Roger H. Hawk

of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ug{'kg]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg ul/Psf b]zx¿df pDd]bjf/x¿sf]
lg:kIf?kdf d"Nof+sg ug]{ cfwf/x¿ ljsf; ug]{ jfWotf l;h{gf x'g k'Uof] . o;sf nflu k|flrg rLgdf
k|of]u ul/Psf] lnlvt k/LIff a9L e/kbf]{ dflgof] . t/, of] k/LIff ljBfno, ljZ‍jljBfnosf ;}4flGts
ljifox¿df cfwfl/t x'g uof] / sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿nfO{ dxTj lbOPg . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0fdf
la|l6z Ol08ofdf o; k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ Lord Macaulay sf] l;kmfl/znfO{ hfG5 . hf] JolQm
ljBfnox¿sf] lzIffdf pQd 5 pm cGo If]qx¿df klg pTs[i6 g} x'G5 eG‍g] pgsf] dfGotf lyof] .

"It seems to me that there never was a fact proved by a large mass of evidence, or more
unvaried experience than this that men distinguished themselves in their youth above their
contemporaries almost always keep to the end of their lives the start which they have gained".
-Macaulay, 1953

a]nfot, ef/t nufot hxf+ of]Uotf k|0ffnL k|rlnt lyof] oxL d]sfn] df]8]nsf] k/LIff k|0ffnLn] hf]8
klqmg uof] . t/, nfdf] ;do;Dd klg of] egf{ k4lt eg] gsf/fTds egf{ (Negative Recruitment)
df cfwfl/t lyof] -cd]l/sfdf k|rlnt æb"h{gx¿nfO{ aflx/ /fV‍g]Æ p2]Zo ;lxtsf] . qmdzM o;sf]
cfnf]rgf eO{ æl;tf/fx¿ leœofpg] (Star Employees In)Æ ;sf/fTds egf{ (Positive recruitment)
k4ltsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf ljz]iftfx¿ lgDg 5g\M

;sf/fTds egf{ gLltsf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿

yy ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf kbx¿sf nflu ahf/sf] klxrfg tyf kx'+r,
yy ;xL lj1fkg ;flxTo / To;sf] k|rf/,
yy pDd]bjf/x¿sf] Ifdtf klxrfg ug{ j}1flgs k/LIf0f ljlw,
yy ;]jf leqaf6 ;Ifd JolQmx¿ lng',
yy ;xL JolQm ;xL kbdf kb:yfkg ug{',
yy k/LIf0f sfnnfO{ egf{ k|lqmofsf] cGt/+u ?kdf :jLsfg{' .
of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf eljiojf0fL ug]{ (Predictor) s] s] x'g ;Sb5g\ < / k/LIf0fsf j}1flgs ljlw k|lqmof
s:tf] x'g] < hlxn] klg ljjfbsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL k|z:t k|of]ux¿ x'g yfn] . clxn];Dd

9
lgDg k/LIf0f ljlw a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5M

of]Uotf k/v ug]{ ljlwx¿ (Methods Of Determining Merit)

clwsf+z b]zx¿df lgDg k/LIf0f ljlw k|uf]udf NofOPsf] b]lvG5M

yy lgo'lQm lbg]sf] JolQmut d"Nof+sg,
yy rl/q / z}lIfs pkfwLsf] k|df0fkq,
yy klxn]sf] sfdsf] /]s8{,
yy k/LIff (Examination)
dflysf cGo cfwf/x¿ dWo] klg k/LIffsf] pknAwLnfO{ al9 g} e/kbf]{ dfG‍g] qmd a9\g uof] . k/LIff
klg ljleG‍g k|sf/n] lng yflnof]M
!= lnlvt k/LIff,
@= df}lvs k/LIff
#= sfo{s'zntfsf] k|bz{g,
$= cg'ej / z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] d"Nof+sg .
lnlvt k/LIff klg a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg ljljw vfnsf ljlwx¿ ljsl;t x'Fb} uP . clxn];Dd
k|rlnt lnlvt k/LIffsf ljljw ?kx¿ / o;sf] k'/ssf] ?kdf ljsl;t k|0ffnLx¿ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v
ug{ ;lsG5M
!= Ifdtf k/LIf0f (Ability test)M o;n] 1fgsf] :t/ / dfgl;s Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ vf]Hb5 . ljz]if
JolQmut u'0fx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{ cd]l/sfdf lgDg k/LIffx¿ ljsl;t ul/PM
yy ;fdfGo af}l4s hfFr (General Intelligence test)M o; ljlw Binet / Simon n] ;g\ !()%
df ljsf; u/]sf lyP .
yy PsfO{ u'0f (Unit trait System) : L.L. Thurstone n] k|jt{g u/]sf lyP .
yy ;fdflhs af}l4stf hfFr (Social intelligence test) : Thurston n] g} ljsf; u/]sf .
yy k|zf;sLo Ifdtf k/LIf0f (Administrative Ability test) : Gottshchold test sf] gfdn] lrlgg]
o; ljlwn] hgtfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg], tTsfn lg0f{o Ifdtf / ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] Ifdtf
klxNofpg vf]lhG5 .
yy oflGqs af}l4s hfFr (Mechanical Intelligence Test): oflGqs 1fg / ;Lk k/LIf0f .
@= em'sfj k/LIff (Aptitude Test): s'g} klg sfdsf nflu JolQmsf] cle?rL klxrfg ug{ o; ljlwsf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .
#= pknAwL k/LIff (Achievement Test): ;fdfGotof JolQmsf] z}lIfs pknAwLnfO{ d"Nof+sg ul/G5 .

10
$= JolQmTj k/LIf0f (Personality Test)M hl6n dgf]j}1flgs / dfgl;s k/LIffåf/f n's]sf] u'0fx¿
kQf nufpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
%= cGt/jftf{ (InterviewInterview): k/LIffsf cGo ljlwx¿af6 kQf nufpg g;lsg] Ifdtfsf]
k/LIf0f o;df ul/G5 .
^= r':tL k/LIff (Agility Test): vf; ul/ zf/Ll/s sfd a9L x'g] ;]gf, k|x/Lsf] egf{df of] hfFr
clgjfo{ dflgG5 .
dfly plNnlvt of]Uotf k/LIf0f ljlwx¿ s'g}n] klg k"0f{?kdf Ifdtfsf] dfkg ug{ ;s]gg\ . lnlvt k/LIff
ljifout x'+bf k/LIfssf] ljj]sn] c+s lgwf{/0f x'g] / j:t'ut x'+bf JolQmsf] tfls{s / ljZ‍n]if0ffTds
Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg x'g g;Sg] egL cfnf]rgf eof] cGtjf{tf{ t emg cfu|x, eg;'g / JolQmut k|efjn]
ubf{ lgikIf x'g g;s]sf] eg]/ a9L g} cfnf]lrt x'g uof] .æJolQmn] JolQmsf] d"Nof+sg x'G5 eg]
Toxf+ cfTdjfb\sf] tTjnfO{ k"0f{?kdf gsfg{ ;ls+b}g (Human being evaluate other human being,
an element of subjectivity cannot be completely ruled out-Kothari committee, India) . a9L
k|rngdf /x]sf lnlvt / cGtjf{tf{ h:tf k/LIf0fsf ljlwx¿nfO{ lgDg cfwf/df lj/f]w x'g yfNof]M

hfFrsf] HofbtL (The Tyranny Of Testing)

k|rlnt hfFrsf ljlwx¿sf] lj/f]wsf ts{x¿ w]/} eP klg d'Vo a'+bfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ b]lvPsf 5g\ M
yy 5gf}6 k|0ffnLsf] ;+oGqsf] ?kdf JolQmTj k/LIf0fnfO{ b'?kof]u ul/Psf] 5,
yy k|fo ;a} hfrsf r/0fx¿nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;+/rgf gul/Psf] cJojl:yt 5,
yy w]/}h;f] hfFrnfO{ s] k/LIf0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] eG‍g] k'li6s/0f ul/Psf] 5}g,
yy hfFrsf] glthfnfO{ dfq rflxg] eGbf a9L hf]8 lbg] ul/Psf] 5,
yy hfFr k|0ffnLn] cNk;+Vos / lk5l8Psfx¿, j[4 sd{rf/L, efj's / ;':tnfO{ e]befj u/]sf] 5,
yy hfFrn] JolQmsf lghfTds uf]kgLotf (Privacy) nfO{ cfqmd0f u/]sf] 5 .
5gf}6 k|0ffnL h:tf];'s} eP klg lnlvt, df}lvs, sfo{;Dkfbg h'g ljlw k|of]u u/] klg ztk|ltzt
JolQmsf] eljiosf] cfr/0f / pknlAwsf] Uof/]G6L ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . oL ljlwn] ug]{ eg]sf] eljiosf] ;+efljt
cfr/0fsf] k"jf{g'dfg;Dd xf] . t}klg o;nfO{ a9L e/kbf]{ agfpg 5gf}6 k|0ffnLsf s]xL dfGo cfwf/x¿
ljsl;t ul/Psf 5g\ .

k|efjsf/L 5gf}6 ljlwsf cfwf/x¿ (Criteria for the effective selection methods)

/fd|f] 5gf}6 ljlw to ug{ lgDg tLg kIfdf Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5M

yy j:t'lgi7tf (Objectivity): 5gf}6sf x/]s r/0fdf JolQmlgi6 (subjectiveSubjective)

d"Nof+sgnfO{ lgif]w ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . pDd]bjf/x¿sf] hft, wd{, ln+u, /fhgLlt, a;f]af;, ;d'bfo

11
 uf]q s'6'Da h:tf s'/fx¿n] ;d]t d"Nof+sgdf s'g} k|efj kg{' x'+b}g / ;a}sf] j:t'lgi7 tj/df
d"Nof+sg x'g' kb{5 eG‍g] o;sf] dfGotf xf] .

yy k'li6s/0f (ValidationValidation) : lnlvt k/LIff nufotsf hfFrsf ljlwx¿n] s'g u'0fsf]

k"jf{g'dfg ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] < :ki6 x'g' kb{5 . k/LIffn] hfFr ul/Psf] u'0fsf] k"0f{ k'i6L ug{ g;s]
klg plrt dfG‍g ;lsg];Ddsf] k'li6s/0f eg] u/]s} x'g'kb{5 (Reasonable validity is not only
possible but indispensable-Ghiselli) . s] eG‍g] ul/G5 eg] k'li6s/0f gul/Psf] hfraf6
5gf}6 ug{' eg]sf] tf; kN6fP/ 5fGg' h:t} xf] .

yy ljZj;gLotf (Reliability): hfFrsf ljlwx¿ o;/L Jojl:yt / j}1flgs x'g'kb{5 ls o;n]

lbg] glthfdf k"0f{ e/ kg{ ;lsof];\ . k"0f{ ljZj:t 5gf}6 k|0ffnL To:tf] ljlw xf] ls Ps}
JolQmnfO{ b'O{ k6s hfFr lnOof] eg] pxL k|fKtf+s cfpFb5 . o; lsl;dsf] k"0f{ k/LIff ljlwsf]
ljsf; x'g lgs} sl7g eP klg o;sf] glhs k'Ug] u/L 5gf}6 ljlw to ul/g' eg] ckl/xfo{
x'G5 .

plNnlvt cfwf/sf cltl/Qm egf{sf dfGo l;4fGtx¿ k|ltkflbt ePsf 5g\ . oL l;4fGtx¿n]
lg:kIf?kdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] cfzf ul/G5 .

egf{sf l;4fGtx¿ (Recruitment Principles)

• of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t (Merit):
o;n] dfly elgPsf u'0fx¿sf] k/LIf0f ub{5 . pknAw eP dWo]af6 ;a}eGbf of]Uo JolQmnfO{ lgo'Qm
ug{', lbOPsf] sfd ug{ ;Sg]nfO{ sfd lbg], h;n] ;a}eGbf /fd|f];Fu sfd ug{ ;Sb5 p;}nfO{ sfd lbg]
nufotsf dfkb08 k'/f ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
• :jR5 (Fair):
o;n] pDd]bjf/sf] d"Nof+sgdf cfu|x k"jf{u|xM gx'g', 5gf}6 k|0ffnL j:t'ut, lgikIf / ;fdGh:otfk"0f{ x'g'
/ pDd]bjf/sf] cg'ej / bIftf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L d"Nof+sg ug{' h:tf dfkb08 k'/f ePsf] cj:yfnfO{
hgfpFb5 .
• v'nf (Open):
o;n] kbk"lt{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs lj1fkg, ;+efljt pDd]bjf/sf] kx'+rdf ;"rgf pknAw x'g', lgo'lQm
ePsf] cj:yfdf ug{' kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt / To;sf nflu ck]lIft s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] x'g'kg]{,
5gf}6 k|0ffnL af/] pDd]bjf/nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{, w]/} / /fd|f pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ lj1fkgsf]
efiff / dfWodsf] 5gf}6 h:tf dfkb08 k'/f ug{' kb{5 .

12
• ;dGofo (Equity):
o;n] kl5 k/]sfx¿nfO{ ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df geO{ ;dGoflos b[li6sf]0fn] Jojxf/ ug]{, ;Ifdtf jfx]ssf
cGo cfwf/df s;}nfO{ klg /f]huf/Laf6 a+lrt gu/fpg] / ljljwtfsf] nfe lng k|of; ug]{ h:tf
s'/fx¿ ;d]6]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ls k'gMcfljisf/ <
cfw'lgs /fHosf] Joj:yfkgdf ylkb} uPsf] hl6ntf, ljZjJoflks/0fsf] a9\bf] k|efj tyf ;fj{hlgs
;]jfdf d"Nosf] l;h{gf ug]{ kfqx¿ (Value Creators) sf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 x'g'n] ca km/s k|ltefx¿sf]
cfjZostf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o; r'gf}tLk"0f{ kl/l:yltdf ljutdf cEof; ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf
sd{rf/L k|zf;gb]lv ;a} kIfx¿df gjLg ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'+b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . lghL Joj:yfkgsf
nf]enfUbf k|of]ux¿ leœofpg clt xtf/df cEof; ug{ yflnPsf] ægof+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgÆ sf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ænf]stGq, gful/stf / uj{ (Democracy, Citizenship and Choice)Æ sf] gf/f lbg]
ægof+ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf (New Public Service)Æ sf] cjwf/0ffn] lj:yflkt ul//x]5 . To;}n] km/s
Ifdtfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;]jfleq Nofpg egf{ / 5gf}6sf of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf klg Jofks ;'wf/ x'+b} uPsf]
b]lvG5 . of] ;'wf/ eO/x]sf] k|0ffnLdf s]xL ldnfpg] (Fine Tuning) ge} cfwf/e"t kIfx¿df g} kl/jt{g
ul/g] æk'gM cfljisf/ (Reinventing)Æ lt/ df]l8Psf] a'‰g ;lsG5 .

lxhf]cfh ;fj{hlgs If]qn] cfkm'nfO{ :jod\ k'gMcfljisf/ ug{' kb{5 eG‍g] ax;n] :yfg kfpg yfn]sf]
5 . t/, a9L g} ax;df cfpg] of] zAbn] s] cy{af]w u/fp+b5 :ki6 x'g h?/L x'G5 . æk'gMcfljisf/
eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf sfdx¿ h;/L ;+ul7t / ljt/0f eO/x]sf 5g To;df cfwf/e"t?kdf g} k'gM
larf/ ug]{ sfo{x¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . o;df k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] ul/g] sfdnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg], cfjZos
dflgPsf] sfo{x¿ gjLg / pQd k|sf/n] ug]{ tl/sfx¿ vf]h ug]{ / cfjZos gePsf sfdx¿ gug]{
s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ (Generally, Reinvention involves a fundamental rethinking of the way public
services and functions are organized and delivered= It involves challenging the traditional
ways of doing things; searching for new and better ways to do the tasks that need to be done;
not doing tasks that are no longer needed---www.lao.ca.gov) . o;af6 a'‰g ;lsG5 ls o;n]
cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] ;+s]t ub{5 .

egf{ / 5gf}6sf ljlw, l;4fGt / k|ljlwx¿df klg cfd"n kl/jt{g x'+b} uPsf] 5 . ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{
s'/f t clxn] of]Uotf k|0ffnL leq kg]{ u'0f / tTjx¿df g} kl/jt{g x'+b}5 . dfly pNn]v ePsf of]Uotf
k|0ffnLsf tTjx¿df cGt/ ;f+:s[lts ;Ifdtf (Cross Cultural competency) / ljljwtfsf nfex¿
klg yKg' kb{5 eG‍g] ax;;Fu} o;nfO{ ;d]6\g] sfdx¿ x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ a'‰g tnsf kl/efiffx¿
kof{Kt 5g\ .

13
"Services, supports or other assistance that are conducted or provide in a manner that is
responsive to the beliefs, interpersonal styles, attitudes, languages and behaviors of individuals
who are receiving services and in a manner that has the greatest likelihood of ensuring their
maximum participation in the program" -Margo L.Bailey

To:t} ljz]iftM klZrdf b]zx¿df ljljwtf Joj:yfkgn] dxTj kfpg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ljljwtf
Joj:yfkg eGgfn] Hofb} lj:t[t If]q ;d]6\b5 . oL ljljw hgzlQmnfO{ cfˆgf] ;+u7gdf k|efjsf/L?kdf
sfddf nufpg' / ;]jf lbg] If]qsf ljljwtfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/]/ km/s km/s z}nLdf ;]jf lbg] s'/fx¿
;d]l6G5g\ . ljljw vfnsf hgzlQm Pp6} ;+u7gdf /x+bf ljljw cg'ejx¿sf] of]un] ljljwtfsf] nfe
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eG‍g] ;f]rfO{n] :yfg kfpg yfn]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] nfu" u/]sf] æ8fOel;{l6
leiffÆ oxL p2]Zon] NofOPsf] dflgG5 . tnsf k/Lefiffn] o; cjwf/0ff af/] a'‰g d2t k'Ub5M

"Diversity refers to any perceived differences among people: age, race, religion, functionally
specially profession, sexual orientation, geographic origin and lifestyle, tenure with the
organizations or positions and any other perceived differences". -www.indianmba.com

"Diversity management is a tool for capturing the diversity dividend= Diversity management
focuses on managing the differences within a company's workforce, capitalizing on the benefits
of diversity and minimizing workforce challenges". -www.diversityworking.com

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fHon] ljt/0f ul/g] ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;+:yf ePsf]n] ;dfhsf ;aeGbf Ifdtf
ePsfx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . o:tf] lsg elgPsf] xf] eg] dfgjLo ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu
c;fwf/0f dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o:tf k|ltefx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfleq
leœof{pg] sfd lgs} hl6n x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] lj1fkgb]lv 5gf}6sf ;a} r/0fx¿df cfd"n kl/jt{g ug]{
qmd a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . xfn a9L k|rlnt lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ lnP/ lgs} cfnf]rgf x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
lnlvt k/LIffsf ljifoj:t' sfd;Fu ;DalGwt klg ePg / o;n] 1fgsf] :t/ dfq dfkg ug{ ;Sb}g .
kl/l:ylthGo lg0f{o Ifdtf, efjfj]u, l;h{gfTds b"/blz{tf (Innovative Far sight_ sf] k/v ug{ k]k/df
cfwfl/t lnlvt k/LIff / k/Dk/fut cGtjf{tf{ k|efjsf/L gx'g]df Joj:yfkgljb\x¿ ;d]t ;xdt 5g\ .
o;df ;'wf/ Nofpg ljljw vfnsf dgf]j}1flgs k/LIff nufot clego cEof; (Simulation Exercise),
kl/l:ylthGo lg0f{o k/LIff (Situational judgement tests), sfo{;Dkfbg k/LIff (Performance Tests),
;Ifdtf cfwfl/t cGt/jf{tf{ (CompetencyInterviewsed) ljlwx¿ k|of]udf NofOPsf 5g\ . a]nfotn]
ef/tdf k|of]u u/]sf] "House party" "Week-end" h:tf cGtjf{tf{df $* 306f;Dd ljleG‍g u'0fx¿sf]
klxrfg ul/GYof] . o:tf cGt/jf{tf{ pRr Joj:yfkg txdf nfu" x'g' kb{5 eG‍g] dfu a9\b}5 .

pRr txsf Joj:yfksLo kbx¿ / dWod :t/sf Joj:yfkg txsf kbx¿sf] nflu k/Dk/fut?kdf lnOb}
cfPsf] k]k/, k]lG;ndf cfwfl/t lnlvt k/LIff pko'Qm ePg eG‍g] u'gf;f] a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf

14
kbx¿df tTsfn / kl/l:ylthGo lg0f{o Ifdtfb]lv ;+u7gnfO{ gofF ;f]rdf xfFSg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] klxrfg
ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . To;}n] Sofgf8f, j]nfot h:tf egf{ / 5gf}6df nfdf] cg'ej ePsf b]zx¿df cfw'lgs
k/LIf0f ljlwsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . Sofgf8fdf pRr txsf kbsf nflu "In Basket Exercise" elgg]
gof+ k/LIf0f ljlw k|of]udf NofPsf] 5 . o;df ljleG‍g :yfgaf6 cfPsf kq, s]G›Lo lgb]{zg, k/:k/
lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ b]lvg] gLltut / cGo Joj:yfsf sfNklgs sfuhft af:s]6df /flvlbP/ tTsfn
lg0f{o lbg elgG5 . Sofgf8fn] g} ljljw gSsn cEof; ug{ nufpg] jf s'g} sfNklgs l:yltdf
;'wf/ of]hgf k]z ug{ nufP/ g]t[Tjsf ljljw vfn] u'0fx¿sf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{ ljlw Assessment centre
for the identification of middle management potential (IMMP), Identity path to executive
(IPEX), Middle management situational exercise (MMSE), Simulation for the identification of
leadership (SIL), Simulation for the selection of executive (SELEX) k|of]udf Nofpg yflnPsf]
5 . To:t} pDd]bjf/sf] k"j{ cg'ej;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] pknlAw ljj/0fsf] r]s ug]{ k4lt
"Enhanced structured che Sofgf8fsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k|rngdf NofPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} Online
test (supervised online testing or unsupervised internet testing) lng] qmd ;d]t a9b} uPsf] 5 .
of] ljlw k|foM k|f/lDes 5gf}6sf nflu k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . To:t} gof+ ;f]r, k|ljlw, k|jt{gåf/f rdTsfl/s
kl/jt{g Nofpg ;+u7gsf] kvf{n aflx/ k|ltefsf] vf]hL ug]{ "Talent Management" sf] cjwf/0ffn]
lghL If]qdf txNsf dRrfp+b} 5 . t/, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] b]zsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'g;Fu d]n vfg] egf{
gLlt dfq cjnDag ug{' kg]{ ePsf]n] oL /fd|f k|of]usf] gSsn ug{ eg] ldNb}g .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ k|of; ;'? ePsf] lj=;+= @))* ;fn cfiff9
! ut] g]kfn klAns ;le{; sldzg u7g ePkl5 xf] . To; a]nf ;/bf/ gu]G›dfg l;+x k|wfg æk|]l;8]G6Æ
ePsf] sldzgn] ef› !*, @))* df hDdf ^ kbsf nflu lj1fkg u/]/ k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffsf] ;'? u/]
klg o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/Psf] eg] @)!# ef› @@ df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g hf/L ePsf] xf] . o; P]gdf
jflif{s ¿= $)) . eGbf a9L tna ePsf lghfdtL kbdf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z j]u/ lgo'lQm ug{ gkfpg]
Joj:yf ul/of] . a9'jfdf klg sldzgs} cWoIf jf ;b:osf] cWoIftfdf l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g x'g]
k|fjwfg /flvof] . sldzgsf] cg'ej gePsf] / ;'¿sf s]xL jif{ /f0ffsfnLg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] æl:qmlgªÆ
df ;+nUg x'g' k/]sf]n] k/LIf0f ljlwdf Wofg lbg g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd ljBfno /
ljZ‍jljBfno;Fu ldNg] u/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . k/LIffdf cf}krfl/s lzIf0f ;+:yfs} h:tf k|Zgx¿
;f]lwg] / ;a} ;]jfsf nflu Pp6} k|Zgkqaf6 hfFr lng yflnof] . @)!( ;fnb]lv ;]jf lkR5] km/s
kf7\oqmd nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)@# ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg kl5 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L
5gf}6sf] sfd klg cfof]unfO{ ;'lDkof] . To; a]nfsf] cg's/0fLo sfd eg]sf] l;kmfl/z ul/Psf JolQm
of]Uo 5 5}g d"Nof+sg ug{ b'O{ jif{sf] uf]Ko /]s8{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf g} xf] . of] qmd
g/f]lsPsf] eP cfof]un] cfˆgf egf{ gLltdf ;dofg's'n ;'wf/ ug{ ;SbYof] . kl5 of] qmd /f]lsof] eg]

15
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] egf{ ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo l;4fGt kfngf u/] k'Ug] ul/of] / @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn] of]
Joj:yf klg x6fOlbof] .

;dsfnLg cfjZostfsf cfwf/df cfof]un] cfˆgf k/LIf0f ljlwdf ;'wf/ ub}{ uPsf] eg] b]lvG5 .
oxf+ Pp6f /f]rs 36gfsf] pNn]v ug{' ;fGble{s x'g] b]Vb5' . æ>L % sf] ;/sf/ / ;+o'Qm clw/fHo
;/sf/aLrsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ la|l6z kmf}hsf] s6f}tL sfo{qmd adf]lhd la|l6z ;/sf/n] tflnd lbO{
k7fPsf]df lgs} ljz]if1 ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z ul/ k7fp+bf w]/}h;f] sfof{non]
:jLsf/ gu/]sf] -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;'b[l9s/0f of]hgf_Æ . o;n] tTsfnLg k|zf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ O+lut
ub{5 . tfklg cfof]un] pknAw pDd]bjf/x¿ dWo] of]Uo JolQmx¿nfO{ 5gf}6 ug{df ;kmn g} /x]sf] To;
a]nfsf ;Gbe{x¿af6 k'i6L x'G5 . k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L j:t'ut / lgikIf agfpg cfof]un] lg/Gt/
k|of; ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . klxn] lnlvt k/LIffsf] k|fKtfÍnfO{ clGtd glthfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ghf]l8g]
ul/Psf]df cGtjf{tf{df b]lvg] JolQmlgi7 d"Nof+sgaf6 x'g ;Sg] ljs[ltnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ztk|ltzt
hf]8\g] ul/of] . kf7\oqmd a9L k|fl1s eof] / sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ePg eG‍g] u'gf;f cfPsfn] o;nfO{
al9 Jojxfl/s agfpg a]nf a]nfdf kf7\oqmd ;+zf]wg ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . clxn] km]/L jfXo ahf/af6
k|lt:kwf{ ug]{x¿nfO{ clxn]sf] kf7\oqmdn] cK7]/f] kf/]sf] eG‍g] u'gf;f] cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{
efiffut cj/f]w gxf]; eg]/ g]kfnL / c+u|]hL b'a} dfWoddf k/LIff lbg kfpg] Joj:yf eO;s]sf] 5 . s'g}
klg ljifout cfu|xM k/LIffdf gb]lvof];\ eg]/ g} ljleG‍g P]lR5s ljifox¿sf] Joj:yf s]xL kbx¿sf
nflu ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;/L ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfdnfO{ cfof]un] lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]s} 5 .

cfof]un] lng] k/LIffsf] lg:kIftfdf s;}n] cf}+nf 78\ofpg g;s] klg xfn;Dd cjnDag x'+b} cfPsf
k/LIf0f ljlwdf eg] k|Zg p7\g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ljz]if u/L /fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf kbx¿sf
nflu clxn]sf] b'O{ kqsf] k]k/df cfwfl/t k/LIff k|0ffnL Hofb} k/Dk/fut eof] / o;n] clxn]sf]
r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug]{ g]t[Tj lbg ;Sb}g eG‍g] cf/f]k 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] casf] d'Vo r'gf}tL
eg]s} s;/L cTofw'lgs / j}1flgs of]Uotf k/LIf0fsf ljlw k|lqmofx¿ nfu" ub}{ hfg] eG‍g] xf] . xfn
cfof]u ljsl;t b]zx¿df k|of]u eO{ k|efjsf/L l;4 eO;s]sf] Leadership Assessment Centre
Methodology nfO{ nfu" ug]{ u[xsfo{df nfu]sf] 5 . of] xfd|f] nflu gof+ sfo{ ePsf]n] o;sf hf]lvd
kIfsf] /fd|f] d"Nof+sg u/]/ dfq nfu" ug{' kg]{ ePsf]n] s]xL ;do nfUg ;Sb5 . o;afx]s clxn] k|rlnt
cGtjf{tf{nfO{ sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ;Ifdtf;Fu cfj4 u/fpg], dgf]j}1flgs k/LIf0fnfO{ a9L dxTj lb+b}
hfg], tNnf / dWod Joj:yfksLo kbx¿sf nflu ax';Lko'Qm agfpg ;Lk k/LIf0fdf hf]8 lbg cfjZos
x'+b} uPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;g ;DaGwL cGo kIfx¿df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf cfn+sfl/s dfq x'g]
u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf leq a9'jf k|0ffnL qmdzM h]i7tfdf cfwfl/t x'+b}5 . o;sf k|lqmofx¿df nf]s
;]jf cfof]usf] k|ltlglwTj ljns'n e"ldsfxLg eO/x]5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ h]i7tfn] lj:yflkt ug{'
/fd|f] xf]Og / o;n] cGttM k/Dk/fjfbLx¿sf] afx'No x'g uO{ ;]jfdf l;h{gzLntf db}{ hfg] lglZrt 5 .

16
To;}n] of]Uotf / Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{ a9'jf, ;?jf cflbdf ;d]t of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf
l;4fGt nfu" x'g' kb{5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf ;lrj h:tf pRr kbdf a9'jf ubf{ ;d]t /xg]
Joj:yf ug{' kb{5 . Sofgf8f, j]nfot cflb b]zx¿df :yfoL ;lrjx¿sf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x¿sf]
;"rL nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] g]t[Tj k/LIf0f u/]/ lbg] ub{5 . oxf+ klg ;lrj nufot s'g} klg pRr kbsf
nflu cfof]un] sfo{sf/L lgo'lQm k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg] Joj:yf ePdf w]/} ljjfbx¿ ;dfKt eP/ hfG5g\ .
egf{ k|lqmofsf] sfd 5gf}6 dfq xf]Og, kb:yfkgb]lv k/LIf0f sfn;Ddsf r/0fx¿ o;df ;d]l6G5g . t/,
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u 5gf}6sf] sfddf ;Lldt x'g' / o; k|lqmofdf ;+nUg g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo lgsfox¿sf]
cfof]u;Fusf] ;dGjo ck]lIft ?kdf /fd|f] x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . lghfdtL ;]jf afx]ssf cGo ;fj{hlgs
;]jfx¿df of]Uotf k|0ffnL ;'b[9 t'Nofpg cfof]usf] e"ldsf lgs} a9fpg cfjZos 5, lsgls lghfdtL
;]jfdf hlt klg tL ;]jfdf k|0ffnL :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cGtdf leotgfd o'4sf Ps hgf cd]l/sL
sdf08/n] eg]sf "We had destroyed the town in order to save it" oxf+ ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .
pgn] eg] em} of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ arfpg clxn] k|rlnt s}og cEof;x¿nfO{ eTsfp+b} gjLg / j}1flgs
ljlw k|lqmof nfu" ub}{ hfg' kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM
-EffronMark & Ort Maria- One page Talent Management, Harvard Business Press,
Boston,2010
-Chopra Anish-- Innovative State,Atlantic Monthly press, Newyork,2014
-Agrawal, Hemnarayan- The administrative system of Nepal, Vikash publishing House,
New Delhi,1976
-Basu, Rumki----- Public Administration,Concepts and Theories Sterling
publishers private Ltd., New Delhi,1990
-Avasthi,Maheshwari Public Administration,Lakshmi Narain agrawal, Educational
Publisher, Agra,1992
-Stahl,O Glenn- Public Personnel Administration, Oxford &IBH Publishing
company co. New Delhi,1971
-Donovan,J.J.- Recruitment And selection in the public service
Public Personnel Association,Chicago, 1968
-Pigors &Myers- Personnel Administration,McGraw Hill Book Co.Newyork,1969
-www.civilservicecommission.independent.gov.uk
-www.lao.ca.gov

17
;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd M Ps kl/ro

– s]bf/ axfb'/ clwsf/L*

;f/f+z
:jf:Yo eGgfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pj+ cfly{s ¿kn] lqmofzLn /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
:jf:Yosf] dxTjnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ;a} b]zn] cfˆgf gful/ssf] :jf:Yosf] cj:yf k|j4{g u/L
:j:y gful/s pTkfbg ug]{ lbzfdf dxTjk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ :jf:YonfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf]
¿kdf /fVg' kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbFb} u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx"Fr ;'lglZrt ub{} :jf:Yo
k|jfx ubf{ bIf lrlsT;saf6 ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] / pkrf/;+u ;DalGwt k|ljlw tyf cf}ifwLsf]
pknJwtf x'g'kg]{ ljifodf ;b:o /fi6«n] k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ ljifonfO{ k|d'vtfsf ;fy p7fPsf]
5 . ;g\ !(&* sf] cfNdf cf6f ;Dd]ngn] ;g\ @))) ;Dd ;a}sf nflu k|fylds :jf:Yo ;'lglZrt
ug{ hf]8 lbPsf], ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIon] :jf:Yotkm{ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd cfdf tyf aRrfsf] :jf:Yo
cj:yfdf ;'wf/df hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . :jf:Yo k/LIf0f pkrf/ ubf{ u/La x'g] cj:yfsf]
cGTo ug{ o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]hsf] dfWodaf6 ;a} gful/snfO{ lgjf/0ffTds, k|j4{gfTds,
pkrf/fTds / k'g:yf{kgf ;DaGwL pkrf/ k'/\ofpg] kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbO cfPsf] 5 . o:tf]
Joj:yf of t :jf:Yo aLdfsf] dfWodaf6 of t lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fP/ ug{ ;lsg]
x'G5 . a]nfot, hd{gL, hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of, lkmlnlkG;, yfOn}08 nufotsf d'n'sn] :jf:Yo
aLdfsf] dfWodaf6 :jf:Yof]krf/ ;]jf pknJw u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] klg cGtl/d
;+ljwfgdf k|hgg :jf:Yo, afn :jf:Yosf] ljifonfO{ clwsf/sf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 eg]
:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ ljifonfO{ lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf c+uLsf/ ul/ cfPsf] cj:yf 5 .
l;ldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf afjh'b lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g;g]{ /f]utkm{
klg cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf gful/snfO{ cfhLjg Psk6ssf nflu /f]usf] cj:yf x]/L
yk cfly{s ;xfotf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljQLo ;|f]t ;lxtsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf xfl;n ug{ g]kfnn]
klg :jf:Yo aLdf nfu" ug{ k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))# b]lv ^ :yfgdf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo
aLdf ;'? u/]tfklg ;f] aLdf lj:tf/ x'g ;s]g . tt\kZrft\, :jf:Yo aLdf gLlt;lxtsf] :jf:Yo
aLdf ;'? ug{ hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( b]lv :jf:Yo aLdf nfu" ug]{ ljifon]
/fli6«o k|fyldstf kfO{ ah]6sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf o;sf] pNn]v ul/of] . lj ;+= @)&! ;fn
a}zfvdf /fli6«o :jf:Yo aLdf gLlt NofOof] . o; gLltn] aLdf ;~rfng ug{ sf]if :yfkgf ug]{,
of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t :jf:Yo aLdf gLlt clVtof/ ug]{ / aLdf ;~rfngsf nflu 5'6\6} sfg"g /
lgsfosf] cfjZostf kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf]n] ;f]xL cfwf/ ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff ljsf;
;ldlt u7g ul/ cfly{s jif{ @)&! . &@ df # lhNnfdf :jf:Yo aLdf ;'? ug]{ tof/L ul/Psf] 5 .

* lgldQ ;lrj, g]kfn 6«i6sf] sfof{no

18
k[i7e"dL
:jf:Yo eGgfn] xfdL dfgj z/L/sf] lqmofzLn cj:yf a'Efm\b5f}+ . ;fdfGo cj:yfdf o;nfO{ dflg;nfO{
s'g} /f]u gnfuL sfddf ;lqmo /xg] cj:yfsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 . oltn] dfq dfgj :jf:Yosf]
kl/efiff k"0f{ ePsf] kfOFb}g . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] u/]sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ :jf:Yo eg]sf] /f]u jf
sdhf]//lxt cj:yf dfq geO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf :j:y / ;Ifd /x]sf] k"0f{
cj:yf g} :jf:Yo xf] . Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
t;y{, s'g} JolQmsf] :jf:Yosf] s'/f ubf{ xfdLn] p;sf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ¿kdf
;Ifd gful/ssf] kl/sNkgf ub{5f}+ .
:jf:Yosf] ljifonfO{ clxn] k|To]s h:tf] b]zn] gful/s df}lns xssf] ljifo agfPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnn]
klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df :jf:Yosf ;DaGwdf s]xL clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:t} ljZj
:jf:Yo ;+u7gn] :jf:YonfO{ clwsf/sf] ¿kdf JofVof ub}{ o;f] eg]sf] 5M
yy The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights
of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or
social condition.
:jf:Yosf If]qdf dfly plNnlvt clwsf/ xfl;n ug{ /fHon] ;+u7g, hgzlQm / cfly{s ;|f]tsf]
nufgL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . /fHosf] nufgLn] dfq :jf:Yo If]qsf] ;a} cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;Dej gePsf]
cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L :jf:Yosf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ub}{ o;nfO{ clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ JolQm
-lghL If]q_ / /fHosf] ;xof]u cfjZos 5 eg]sf] 5M
yy The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is
dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals and States.
o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;g\ !(&* df ePsf] Alma Ata ;Dd]ngn] ;g\ @))) ;Dd æ;a}+sf nflu
:jf:YoÆ sfo{qmddfkm{t k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf k'/\ofpg ;a} b]zn] gLlt, sfo{of]hgf agfO{ nfu' ug'{ kg]{
pNn]v lyof] . k|fylds :jf:Yotkm{ wf/f VII sf] pkwf/f @ df lgjf/0ffTds, k|j4{gfTds, pkrf/fTds /
k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL pkrf/ ;d'bfo:t/df pknJw u/fpg hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . ;f]xL wf/f VII sf] pkwf/f
# df pkwf/f @ cg';f/sf] ;]jf k'/\ofpg sd;] sd :jf:Yosf] ;d:of / ;Defljt lgjf/0f ;DaGwL
:jf:Yo lzIff / ;"rgf lbg], kf]if0fo'Qm ;kmf vfgfsf] cfk"lt{ / k|j4{g, :jR5 lkpg] kfgLsf] pknJwtf,
cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo x]/rfx, kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg, k|d'v ;+qmfds /f]u lj?4 vf]k ;]jf,
:yfgLo:t/df ;?jf /f]usf] /f]syfd, a9L /f]uef/ ePsf ;fdfGo /f]usf] pkrf/ / cf}ifwLsf] pknJwtf
x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . o;} cfwf/df sltko b]zx¿n] To:tf] ;'ljwf :jf:Yo aLdfsf
dfWodaf6 lbg] k|of; u/] eg] sltko b]zx¿n] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ lgMz'Ns kfpg] u/L pknJw

19
u/fpg] Joj:yf u/] . g]kfnn] klg cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf ;a} txdf k'/\ofpg] nIosf nflu ;g\ !(()
kl5 ;a} ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf :jf:Yo pkrf}sL vf]Ng] / lglZrt hg;+Vofdf :jf:Yo rf}sL, k|fylds
:jf:Yo s]Gb| / c:ktfn :yfkgf u/\of] . kmntM clxn] b]ze/sf ;a} ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf sDtLdf
Ps pk:jf:Yo rf}sL :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . xfn} g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pk:jf:Yo rf}sLnfO{ :jf:Yo rf}sLdf
kl/0ft ug{] sfo{ e};s]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd klxnf]n] ;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{
/0fgLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ lbzfdf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf NofPsf] lyof] . o:t} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# df cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd s]xL
:jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ lgMz'Ns ¿kdf pknJw u/fPsf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf ;dflxt dft[ lzz' b/
36fpg], afn d[To' b/ 36fpg] nufot Pr= cfO=eL= ;+qmldt gful/snfO{ :jf:Yof]krf/ ;]jfdf kx"Fr
a9fpg ;'/lIft dft[Tj ;]jf, aRrfsf] nflu !! P06Lh]gsf EoflS;g, le6fldg …PÚ nufot kf]if0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . kmntM dft[ d[To'b/ tyf d[To'b/df pNn]vgLo sdL Nofpg ;kmn
e} ;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . l;ldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf afjh'b d'6'/f]u, d[uf}nf,
SofG;/, :kfOgn OGh'/L tyf 6fpsf]sf] rf]6k6s, cNhdfO/ tyf kfls{G;; h:tf /f]ux¿sf nflu klg
ljkGg gful/snfO{ pkrf/df ?= Ps nfv b]lv ls8\gLsf] pkrf/sf] xsdf clwstd cf7 nfv ;Dd
yk ;xof]u k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . &% jif{dflysf gful/s / !% jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgMz'Ns
d'6'/f]usf] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s/La $) k|sf/sf cf}ifwLx¿ ljleGg :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6
lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 eg] o;} jif{b]lv yk #) k|sf/sf cf}ifwL lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] u/L
v/Lbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;a} k|of;x¿ o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]h k'/\ofpg] gLlt cg'¿k ePsf x'g\ .
o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]h
o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]hn] ;a} gful/snfO{ cfly{s sl7gfO{ lagf :jf:Yof]krf/ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg'
kg]{ dfGotf c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]hsf] p2]ZonfO{ o; k|sf/
pNn]v u/]sf] 5M

The goal of universal health coverage is to ensure that all people obtain the health services they
need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them.

o:t} s'g} b]zn] cfˆgf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]h 5, 5}g eg]/ x]g{ w]/} tTjx¿ :yflkt
ePsf] x'g'k5{ h;nfO{ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
• hgtfsf] :jf:Yo cfjZostf h:t} Ifo/f]u, cf}nf], g;g]{ /f]u, cfdf tyf aRrfsf] :jf:Yo, Pr=
cfO=le=x¿ k'/f ug]{ vfnsf k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿, h;n]
o hgtfnfO{ :j:y /xg / /f]uaf6 aRg] pkfosf af/]df ;';"lrt ub{5,
o :jf:Yosf] cj:yfaf/] k"j{ klxrfg ub{5,

20
 o /f]u nflu xfn]df pkrf/ ug]{ Ifdtf /fVb5, /
o la/fdLnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ;d]t ub{5
• :jf:Yo ;]jf ;a}n] ltg{ ;Sg] vfnsf] / cfly{s cefjdf pkrf/ g/f]lsg] cj:yf,
• pkrf/sf nflu cfj:os cf}ifwLsf] pknJwtf / k/LIf0f;+u ;DalGwt k|ljlwdf kx"Fr,
• bIf / kof{Kt hgzlQm h;n] pknJw c;n cEof;df cfwfl/t k2tLaf6 pkrf/ ug]{ Joj:yf
o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]hsf] cj:yfnfO{ bzf{pg tn Ps lrq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 h;af6 xfdL o'lge;{n
x]Ny se/]hnfO{ s;/L xfl;n ug{ ;S5f}+ egL x]g{ ;S5f}+ .

dfly plNnlvt lrqdf # j6f cfofd 5g\ . klxnf], hg;+Vofsf] slt lx:;f :jf:Yo ;]jfdf cfj4
5g\ . o;af6 :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx"FrnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;a} hg;+VofnfO{ ;d]6\g' o;sf] k|d'v
p2]Zo xf] . bf];|f], :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfx ubf{ s'g s'g ;]jfx¿ ;dflji6 ePsf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t :jf:Yosf
lgjf/0ffTds, k|j4{gfTds, pkrf/fTds / k'g:yf{kgf cGtu{tsf ;]jfx¿ slt ;d]l6Psf] 5 eGg] x]l/G5 .
hlt a9L ;]jf ;dfj]z eof] plt xfdL o'lge;{n x]Nytkm{ pGd'v ePsf x'G5f}{ . To:t} t];|f] cfofddf
;]jfsf] nfutdf sfo{qmdn] slt lx:;f Joxf]/]sf] 5 eGg] x'G5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg' kbf{ :jf:Yo pkrf/df
JolQmut vr{ hlt sd ug{ ;lsof] plt xfdL o'lge;{n x]Nytkm{ pGd'v x'G5f}+ . t/ o;sf] klg ;Ldf
5 . x/]s b]zdf s/sf afjh'b s]xL lx:;f eg] JolQmn] g} Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] lx:;f sDtLdf
k|Gw| k|ltzt b]lv b]zut ¿kdf km/s km/s 5 . t/ :jf:Yo If]qsf] vr{sf] aL; k|ltzt ;Dd JolQmut
lx:;f ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ /fd|f] dflgG5 .

21
t;y{, o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]h eGgfn] alnof] :jf:Yo ;+:yf, k|efjsf/L :jf:Yof]krf/ ;]jf, sd
JolQmut vr{ / bIf hgzlQm;lxtsf] ;]jf a'emfpF5 . x/]s b]zn] cfly{s Ifdtf cg';f/ o'lge;{n x]Ny
se/]hnfO{ nfu" ug]{ ul/ cfPsf] 5 .

o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]hdf nufgL

o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]hsf nflu nufgL s;n] / s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifo a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . hgtfnfO{
;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf :jf:Yo ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] ljifo ta dfq ;'lglZrt x'g ;Sb5 h'g a]nf ;/sf/n] lbuf]
/ e/kbf]{ dfWodaf6 o; sfo{qmdsf] nflu ah]6 pknJw x'g] cj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfdf
k|ltJolQm nufgLsf cfwf/df ah]6 k|fKt x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf gu/] ;Dd sfo{qmdn] ;f]r] cg'¿ksf]
;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{, :j:y hgzlQm pTkfbgdf :jf:Yo If]qsf] nufgLn] dxTjk"0f{
e"dLsf v]Nb5 / o;n] pTkfbsTjdf s}of}+ u'0ff a9L k|ToIf k|efj klg kfb{5 . o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/]/
:jf:Yo aLdf nfu" ePsf b]zx¿df :jf:Yo If]qdf s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] $ b]lv % k|ltztsf] nufgL
/x]sf] kfO{G5 . g]kfndf eg] :jf:Yodf s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @ k|ltzt eGbf klg sd nufgL ePsf]
cj:yf 5 / of] lg/Gt/ 36L /x]sf] 5 .

o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]hdf nufgLsf] s'/f ubf{ ljleGg b]zn] ljleGg k|sf/af6 nufgL u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;a}
b]zn] ckgfPsf] k|rlnt t/Lsf eg] ;/sf/L / cf}krfl/s If]qaf6 tnasf] lglZrt k|ltzt s6\6f u/L
sfo{qmdsf nflu pknJw u/fpg] t/Lsf g} xf] . o;df klg tnaaf6 p7fOPsf] o:tf] /sd s'g} b]zn]
/fhZjdf hDdf u/]/ ah]6af6 cfj:os /sd pknJw u/fpg] u/L cfPsf] / s'g} b]zn] eg] :jf:Yo
sfo{qmdsf] sf]ifdf /sd pknJw u/fpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . yfO{n}08df eg] ;a} /sd /fhZjdf hDdf ug]{ /
k|ltJolQm nufgL lx;fa u/L hg;+Vofsf] lx;fan] ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] O08f]g]lzofdf
To:tf] /sd :jf:Yo sf]ifdf hDdf x'G5 .

csf]{ t/Lsf eg]sf] :jf:Yosf nflu xfgL ug]{ j:t'df nufOg] s/ :jf:Yo s/ sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ xf] .
o:t} cgf}krfl/s If]qsf nflu eg] tf]s] adf]lhd lk|ldod lng] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf cnfjf
ah]6af6 nufgL ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t 5 . ;/sf/n] nufgLsf] cfwf/ ;'lglZrt gu/];Dd :jf:Yo aLdf
k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . k|Zg s]jn s;/L ;|f]t h'6fpg] eGg] g} xf] . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ljifosf
cfwf/df :jf:Yo aLdfsf nflu nufgLsf] /0fgLltnfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
-s_ kfl/>ldsdf cfwfl/t of]ubfg -/f]huf/bftf / /f]huf/stf{sf] ;fdfGotof kf/:kfl/stfdf cfwfl/t
;fd'lxs of]ubfg k|0ffnL_
-v_ :jf:YonfO{ xflg x'g] j:t'df s/ /fhZj / sf]ifdf of]ubfg
-u_ cgf}krfl/s If]qsf nflu tf]lsP adf]lhd of]ubfg
-3_ gk'u /sdsf nflu ah]6af6 of]ubfg

22
:jf:Yo aLdf / o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]h

:jf:Yo aLdf eGgfn] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] vr{nfO{ kl/jf/n] wfGg ;Sg] cj:yfdf Nofpg], :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf
sf/0fn] x'g ;Sg] cfly{s hf]lvdnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug]{ ;+oGqnfO{ a'emfFp5 . o;af6 ck|Tofl;t :jf:Yo
xfgLsf] sf/0fn] x'g] cfly{s hf]lvdaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .

o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]h klg ;a}+sf nflu ;xh / ;/n ¿kdf :jf:Yosf cfjZostfx¿ bIf hgzlQmaf6
u'0f:t/Lo ¿kdf kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;/sf/n] lbuf] nufgLsf] dfWodaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmd xf] h;n]
gful/snfO{ :jf:Yof]krf/ ubf{ x'g] ljQLo hf]lvd Go"g ug{ dbt k'Ub5 . lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf jf
:jf:Yo aLdf o'lge;{n x]Ny se/]h pknJw u/fpg] dfWod dfq x'g\ . b'j} cj:yfdf ;/sf/sf] nufgL
cfjZos kb{5 t/ :jf:Yo aLdf ubf{ nufgLdf ;xefuL kIfnfO{ klg s]xL c+z Joxf]g{ nufpg ;lsG5
h;n] aLdf sf]ifdf /sd Pslqts/0f ug{ / hf]lvdnfO{ cGo JolQmx¿df klg ;f/L Ps JolQmsf]
hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub{5 . To; cy{df lgMz'Ns sfo{qmd eGbf :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmd ;fwg
kl/rfngsf b[li6sf]0fn] a9L j}1flgs / ;fem]bf/Lo'Qm sfo{qmd xf] eGg ;lsG5 .

g]kfndf o'lge;{n :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cj:yfM

g]kfnn] klg gful/ssf] :jf:YonfO{ pRr dxTj lbb}+ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf lgDg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5M

-s_ jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs -wf/f !^_

• k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg] xs x'g]5 .
• k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns
¿kdf kfpg xs x'g]5 .
-v_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 . Wff/f @)-@_
-u_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kfngkf]if0f, cfwf/e't :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|fKt ug xs x'g]5 .
Wff/f @@-@_
;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/x¿ sfg"g agfP/ pknJw u/fpg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf eP klg :jf:Yo If]qdf ;f]
sf] nflu P]g lgdf{0f ePsf] cj:yf eg} 5}g . t/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o Pj+ jflif{s sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z
u/]/ lgMz'Ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . xfn :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnon] k|bfg ub}{
cfPsf] lgMz'Ns tyf cf+lzs ;xof]u k'/\ofPsf ;]jfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5M
– cfdf :jf:Yo ;'/Iff lgMz'Ns lb+b} cfPsf],
– aRrfnfO{ !) k|sf/sf vf]k lgMz'Ns lbPsf],
– !% jif{d'lgsf / &% jif{ dflysf nflu lgMz'Ns d'6'sf] pkrf/,
– $) k|sf/sf cf}ifwLx¿ lgMz'Ns rfn' cfly{s jif{df yk #) cf}ifwL lgMz'Ns lbg] u/L :jLs[t

23
 ePsf],
– d'6', SofG;/, :kfOgn OGh'/L, cNhdfO/, kfls{G;; h:tf /f]usf] nflu cfhLjg PskN6 ?= Ps
nfv / d[uf}nf /f]usf] pkrf/sf nflu cf7 nfv ;Ddsf] pkrf/ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdfkm{t k|fKt ug]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] .
xfn ;Ddsf] ;/sf/sf] k|of;n] :jf:Yo If]qdf cfzftLt pknJwL xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] eP klg ;'wf/sf
k|of;x¿ cem} ug{ af+sL g} 5 . lgMz'Ns :jf:Yosf nflu ;/sf/n] yk nufgL a9fpg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
clxn] ;/sf/L If]qaf6 :jf:Yodf ePsf] nufgL s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @ k|ltzt klg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .
k|lt jif{ :jf:Yo dGqfnonfO{ 5'6\ofPsf] ah]6 /sdsf] cfwf/df a9]sf] h:tf] b]lvPklg s"n ah]6df
:jf:Yosf] lx:;f qmdzM 36\b} uPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( lt/ s"n ah]6df :jf:Yosf] lx:;f ^
k|ltzt gf3]sf]df To;kl5sf jif{df qmdzM 36\b} uP/ cfly{s jif{ &!.&@ df %=$ k|ltzt / cfufdL
cfly{s jif{sf nflu %=@ k|ltzt 5'6ofOPsf] cj:yf 5 .

– ;/sf/n] lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo sfo{qmd cGtu{tsf ;a} ;]jf ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 b]ze/ nfu" ug{
g;s]sf] oyfy{tf xfd|f];fd' 5 . lgMz'Ns egL tf]lsPsf] &) cf}ifwL @% z}of / ;f]eGbf d'lgsf
c:ktfnaf6 dfq k|fKt ug{ ;lsg], k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|af6 %* k|sf/ / :jf:Yorf}sLaf6 #%
k|sf/sf cf}ifwL ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . h;af6 @% z}ofeGbf dflysf c:ktfn /x]sf] lhNnf /
;f] eGbf dflysf c:ktfnx¿af6 o:tf] ;'ljwf gkfpg] cj:yf 5 . xfn} ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] ;a}
&) k|sf/sf cf}ifwLx¿ ;a} c:ktfnaf6 lgMz'Ns pknJw u/fpg' egL ePsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog
ug{ klg tTsfn} s/La # cj{ ah]6 yk ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

g]kfndf xfn ;Dd :jf:Yo aLdfsf ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L tyf lghL:t/ ePsf k|of;x¿nfO{ tn ;+If]kdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
– ;/sf/L:t/df ;g\ @))# b]lv s]xL lhNnfsf ^ :yfgdf ;~rfngdf NofPsf] lyof] . xfn;Dd
;f] ;+Vofdf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5}g .
– lghL If]qaf6 :jf:Yof]krf/ aLdf ePsf 5g\ t/ of] ljQLo If]q, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf s]xL u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ afx]s Jofks ¿kdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
– b'j} If]qaf6 :jf:Yo aLdfdf Jofkstf cfpg g;s]sf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)^*. ^(
b]lv g} :jf:Yo aLdf nfu' ug{] gLlt lnPsf] lyof] .
– lqjif{L{o of]hgf -@)!)–!!÷@)!@–!#_ / bf];|f] :jf:Yo ;]jf sfo{qmd -@)!)–@)!%_ cg';f/
:jf:Yosf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf nflu /fli6«o :jf:Yo aLdf gLlt agfO{ nfu' ug]{ pNn]v
ePsf] .
;/sf/sf] pk/f]Qm sfo{qmd / 3f]if0ffsf cfwf/df :jf:Yo aLdf gLlt to ug'{ cl3 To:tf] gLlt cfjZos
x'g'sf sf/0fx¿sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] h;n] /fli6«o :jf:Yo aLdf gLlt lgDg sf/0faf6 cfj:os 5

24
eGg] b]vfPsf] lyof] h;nfO{ :jf:Yo aLdf gLlt hf/L ubf{ ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tL sf/0fx¿nfO{
tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M
!= :jf:Yo ;]jf pkof]u ubf{ cfpg;Sg] cfly{s cj/f]w x6fP/ :jf:Yo ;]jfdf d"ntM ul/a tyf
;LdfGts[t Hfgtf / nlIft ju{sf] kx"Fr / ;dtf clej[l4 ug{ .
@= ;dtfd"ns ¿kdf ljQLo ;fwg kl/rfng ub}{ /fli6«o :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmdåf/f k"j{ e'QmfgL tyf
hf]lvd PsLs[t ug]{ ;+oGqsf] k|j{4g ug{ .
#= :jf:Yo If]qdf x'g] vr{nfO{ pknlAwd"ns agfpg Pj+ :jf:Yo ;]jfk|jfxdf bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf /
hjfkmb]xL tyf u'0f:t/ a9fpg clek|]l/t ug{ .
$= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] PsLs[t ¿kdf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ .
%= ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ :ki6 sfo{ljlw, hgr]tgf clej[l4 / :jf:Yo ;]jfu|x0f ug]{ cEof;df kl/jt{gsf
nflu hgr]tgf hufO{ gful/ssf] :jf:Yo ;]jf pkof]u ug]{ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f]xL cfwf/df lj=;+= @)&! j}zfvdf /fli6«o :jf:Yo aLdf gLlt, @)&! hf/L u/\of] .
h;sf] bL3{sflng nIo, d'Vo p2]Zo / ljz]if p2]Zo b]xfodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

/fli6«o :jf:Yo aLdf gLltsf] bL3{sfnLg nIoM

:jf:Yo aLdf gLltsf] bL3{sflng nIo g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;du| :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug{' /x]sf] 5 .
d'Vo p2]ZoM
u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx"Fr / pkof]udf ;'wf/ NofO{ ;fdflhs :jf:Yo aLdfsf] cfwf/df ;a}+sf
nflu :jf:Yo ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] .
ljz]if p2]ZoM
!= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf If]qdf k"j{e'QmfgL / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] Joj:yf u/]/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu yk
ljQLo ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{] .
@= ljQLo ;fwgsf] ;dtfd"ns kl/rfng ug]{ .
#= :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxsf qmddf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf, bIftf / hjfkmb]xLtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
;+u7gfTds Joj:yf / ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g
:jf:Yo aLdf gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ Ps :jfoQ ;+u7gsf] cfj:ostf klxrfg u/]/ Ps :jf:Yo aLdf sf]if
:yfkgfsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu ;+u7g :yfkgf ug{ cy{ dGqfno / sfg"g, Gofo
;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnosf] ;xdtL lng] k|oTg ul/Psf]df aLdf P]g, @)$(df ;+zf]wg
gu/] ;Dd aLdf ;ldlt;+u cg'dtL lnP/ dfq} sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ jf aLdf zJb g/fvL sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ b'O ljsNkdWo] Ps /f]Hg' kg]{ afWofTds kl/l:yltdf tTsfn aLdf sfof{Gjog ug{ /fli6«o

25
:jf:Yo aLdfsf] ;6\6f ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd egL kl/eflift u/L ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!#
cGtu{t ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff ljsf; ;ldlt ;+:yf u7g ul/of] . ;f] ;ldlt dfkm{t g} :jf:Yo aLdf
elgPsf] ljifo cj ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g]5 .
;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] pNn]v ePsf]
5M–
-s_ pknJw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf cfwf/df :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
-v_ ;ldltsf] of]hgf, jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 :jLs[t ug{],
-u_ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] nflu of]ubfg /sd lgwf{/0f ug]{,
-3_ bkmf ^ adf]lhdsf ;'ljwf of]hgf agfO nfu" ug]{,
-ª_ v08 -3_ adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf of]hgfdf ;l/s x'g] JolQmnfO{ ;f] of]hgf adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf pknJw
u/fpg],
-r_ ;ldltsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t klxrfg u/L kl/rfng ug]{,
-5_ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ljsf;sf nflu cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug{], u/fpg],
-h_ gful/snfO{ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmddf ;l/s x'g clek|]l/t ug]{, u/fpg],
-em_ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd k|j4{gsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;+u ;xsfo{ ug]{,
-`_ ;ldltsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ kbx¿sf] b/jGbL >[hgf ug{],
-6_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo sfd ug{], u/fpg] .
;'ljwf of]hgfsf If]qx¿

;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff ljsf; ;ldltn] :jf:Yo ;]jf sfo{qmd cGtu{t b]xfosf ;]jf jf j:t' pknJw
u/fpg ;'ljwf of]hgf agfO sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] sfo{ If]q lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 M–
-s_ lg/f]wfTds tyf k|j4{gfTds ;]jf,
-v_ lgbfg tyf k/LIf0f ;]jf,
-u_ ;'/lIft dft[Tj ;]jf,
-3_ pkrf/;fdu|L jf ;]jf,
-ª_ cf}iflw, vf]k, ;fdu|L tyf ;xfotf pks/0f nufotsf cGo pks/0f,
-r_ z}of / cfxf/;]jf,
-5_ gj lzz';]jf,
-h_ PDa'n]G; ;]jf,
-`_ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s k'g:yf{kg ;]jf,

26
-6_ ;ldltn] pko'Qm 7fg]sf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL cGo ;]jf .
-!_ ;ldltsf] gfddf Pp6f 5'§} sf]if /xg]5 / ;f] sf]ifdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf /sdx¿ /xg]5g\M–
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt /sd,
-v_ :jb]zL JolQm, ;+3, ;:yf jf lgsfoaf6 k|fKt /sd,
-u_ ljb]zL JolQm, ;/sf/, jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 jf ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt /sd,
-3_ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd cGtu{t k|fKt /sd,
-ª_ ;ldltn] cfh{g u/]sf] cGo /sd,
-r_ cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt /sd
;f]xL cfwf/df ;ldltn] clxn] Onfd, afUn'ª / s}nfnL lhNnfdf ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf] sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ u/L tLa| ¿kdf tof/L u/]sf] 5 . o;} cfly{s jif{b]lv ;'? ug]{ elgP klg k|fljlws sfdx¿
;DkGg x'g ;do nfu]sf], aLdf btf{ ;xof]uL 5gf}6sf] k|s[of ;DkGg eO{ tflnd lbg] sfd ;'? ePsf],
c:ktfnnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/ tof/ u/L clGtd ¿k lbg af+sL /x]sf] h:tf sf/0fn] o;}
jif{b]lv nfu" x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5}g . tyfkL cfufdL jif{sf] ;'? b]lv g} ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff
sfo{qmd nfu" x'g]5 eGbf cTo'lQm x'g] 5}g .

;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf ljz]iftfx¿

;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf] ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd
-;~rfng_, lgodfjnL, @)&@ df ;dfj]z ePsf] s]xL ljz]iftfx¿ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M
• of] sfo{qmddf kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o ;xefuL x'g'kg]{5 . sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] lhNnfsf ;a}
hg;+Vof o; sfo{qmdsf nlIft ju{ x'g\ .
• :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 k|fylds pkrf/sf ;a} ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ nIo lnOPsf] 5 . ;fwgn] EofP
;Dd qmdzM ;'ljwf klg a9fpb}+ n}hfg] nIo 5 .
• s/La !#@ k|sf/sf cf}ifwLx¿ sfo{qmdaf6 pknJw x'g]5 h;n] jt{dfgsf] k|d'v
cfj:ostfx¿sf] kl/k"lt{ ub{5 .
• :yfgLo:t/sf c:ktfnaf6 ;'ljwf k|fKt gePdf k|]if0fsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ ljlzi6
k|s[ltsf] ;]jf kfpg] cj:yf 5 .
• ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] cfwf/df lghL If]qsf c:ktfn / lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 klg ;]jf kfpg] Joj:yf
5.
• ljkGg kl/jf/nfO{ of]ubfg /sddf cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cg'bfg
ljkGgtfsf] kl/ro kqsf] cfwf/df km/s km/s ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
• gjLs/0f u/]df :jf:Yo ;]jf cgj/t\ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .

27
 • cfsl:ds cj:yfdf h'g;'s} c:ktfnaf6 ;]jf lng ;lsg]5 .
• lgMz'Ns sfo{qmdsf ;]jfx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns ug]{ Joj:yf k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5.
• k|lt kl/jf/ ? @%)) of]ubfg /sd k|:tfj u/]sf] / ;f] jfkt ;fdfGo /f]usf] cj:yfdf k|lt
kl/jf/ ? %)))) sf] ;]jf kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
r'gf}tLx¿

;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] ljlQs} :jf:Yosf ;a} ;d:ofx¿ cfkm;] cfkm sd
x'G5g\ eGg] xf]Og . of] sfo{qmd hg:t/;Dd k'/\ofpg lgZro g} clxn]sf] ;/sf/ tyf lghL If]qsf] ;du|
:jf:Yo k|0ffnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg h?/L 5 . sd;] sd k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf clt ljlzi6Ls[t ;]jfx¿sf]
pknJwtf x'g] u/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] ;+hfnsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPg eg] :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf
;b:on] ljlzi6Ls[t ;]jf k|fKt ug{ s]Gb| wfpg' kg]{ / /f]usf] pkrf/sf] nflu c:ktfndf kfnf] s'g'{ kg]{
cj:yf cfpg ;Sb5 . o; cy{df :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd;+u} :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] tx lgwf{/0f u/L
txut :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] ljsf; / To:tf :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf nflu cfj:os lrlsT;s ;lxtsf] ljleGg
;Lko'Qm bIf hgzlQmsf] pknJwtf x'g' kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} cfj:os k/LIf0fsf ;'ljwf / cf}ifwLsf]
lg/Gt/ cfk"lt{h:tf ljifox¿ klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . To;}n] ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdsf
cfufdL k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ b]xfosf a'+bfx¿df ;d]6\g ;lsG5M
• ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf] sfo{Ifdtf j[l4 / la:tf/
• ;Lko'Qm lrlsT;s / :jf:YosdL{sf] pknJwtf / pkl:ylt
• lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cf}ifwL cfk"lt{ x'g] Joj:yf
• gful/ssf] ljZjf; cfh{g ug]{
• bLuf] nufgLsf] ;|f]t h'6fpg]
• sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / la:tf/ ug]{
• ljZj;gLo / ;an ;"rgf k|0ffnL
• lrlsT;sLo dof{bf / :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] OdfGbfl/tf
efjL /0fgLlt

clxn] ;'? ug{ nfluPsf] :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd Ps k|sf/n] k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf cfpg nfu]sf] 5 .
ah]6df !% lhNnfdf ;~rfng ug]{ elgPklg of] sfo{qmddf ljutsf] cg'ej gePsf]n] yf]/} lhNnfaf6
;'? u/L cg'udg / d"NofÍg Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ / ;'ljwf of]hgfdf lg/Gt/ ljZn]if0f ub}{ a9L
Jojxf/ pkof]uL / ;]jf k|bfos, ;]jf v/Lb ug]{ ;+:yf / ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ;b:o ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g] cj:yf
;[hgf ub}{ hfg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . t/ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd eGg] ljlQs} s8f /f]usf] ;a} pkrf/ x'G5
eGg] dfGotf /xL cfPsf]df To:tf] pkrf/nfO{ nufgL a9fpb}+ qmdzM ;d]6\b} hfg] ePsf]n] cfufdL lbgdf

28
:jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf nflu ljQLo lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug{ nufgLsf] /0fgLltsf ;fy} xfn ;~rfngdf
/x]sf] sfo{qmd PsLs[t ub}{ ;fwg kl/rfng ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu b]xfo cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf
x'g h?/L 5M
o :jf:Yo aLdfsf nflu ;/sf/L / cf}krfl/s If]qdf tnasf] lglZrt k|ltzt lk|ldod tf]sL /sd
;+sng ug]{ . o:tf] lk|ldod /sd clwstd # k|ltzt eGbf a9L gx'g] . lk|ldod /f]huf/bftf
/ /f]huf/ JolQmaf6 Joxf]g]{ . ;fy} pRr tnadfg ePsfsf] xsdf clwstd lk|ldodsf] xb
lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg],
o cgf}krfl/s If]qsf nflu k|lt kl/jf/ lk|ldod tf]Sg],
o cgf}krfl/s If]qsf ljkGg kl/jf/sf nflu ;/sf/n] lk|ldoddf cg'bfg ;x'lnot lbg],
o xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf lhNnfsf lgMz'Ns sfo{qmd cGtu{tsf ;]jf tyf cf}ifwLx¿nfO{
:jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmddf PsLs[t ub}{ ;|f]t kl/rfngnfO{ Psåf/ k|0ffnLdf cfj4 ub}{
hfg],
o :jf:Yo aLdfnfO{ clgjfo{ ug]{ u/L /fli6«o ;fdflhs :jf:Yo aLdf P]g hf/L x'g' kg]{,
o pRr:t/sf] /fli6«o ;xdtL / k|lta2tf x'g' kg]{ .
cg'udg Joj:yf

;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;km\6j]o/sf]
ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] ;"rgf k|0ffnLaf6 k|To]s kl/jf/nfO{ Ps o'lgs ;+s]t lbg] / k|To]s ;b:onfO{
5'6\6} ;+s]t ;lxtsf] kl/ro kq lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;b:on] lng] ;'ljwf /
;x'lnot tyf ;]jf k|bfos :jf:Yo ;+:yfnfO{ ug]{ e'QmfgLsf] ;"rgf klg ;f] k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf
5 . pQm;"rgf k|0ffnLaf6 cg'udg k|of]hgsf nflu k|d'v # k|sf/sf ;"rgfsf] cWoog ul/g] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
klxnf]M !* j6f k|fylds ;"rsx¿
bf];|f]M l8/fOe]l6esf !% j6f ;"rsx¿
t];|f]M ljQ;DaGwL $ j6f ;"rsx¿
pQm kl/;"rsx¿sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udgaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u, b'¿kof]u, nfut dxuf] jf Go"g ePsf]
ljQLo ¿kn] wfGg ;Sg] cj:yf /x] g/x]sf] h:tf ljifodf dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
ldnfOPsf] 5 .

lgisif{

;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd cyf{t\ :jf:Yo aLdf xfd|f] ;Gbe{df gofF k|of]u / ;'?cft xf] . o;sf]
k|efjsfl/tf sfo{qmdsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf e/ kb{5 . ;/sf/n] ug]{ nufgL / ;/sf/sf]

29
k|ltj4tfsf ;fy} xfnsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, hgzlQm tyf cfwf/e't ;fdu|Lsf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yf s;/L
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fn] o;sf] ;kmntf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . x/]s gofF sfo{df r'gf}tLx¿ cfpg] ePsf]n]
of] sfo{qmd klg r'gf}tL/lxt eg] x'g] 5}g . t;y{, o;nfO{ ;'? ub}{ / ;Rofpb}+ cufl8 a9]df xfdL klg
ljsl;t b]zn] h:t} ;an / ;fdflhs p2]Zo;lxtsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg ;Ifd x'g]5f}+ . c? b]zsf]
l;sfO klg oxL g} xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• cfly{s ;e]{If0f, cy{ dGqfno
• ah]6 aStJo, @)^*, @)&!
• /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt, @)&!
• /fli6«o :jf:Yo aLdf gLlt, @)&!
• ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff ljsf; ;ldlt u7g cfb]z, @)&!
• :jLs[ltsf nflu k|:tfljt ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff sfo{qmd-;~rfng lgodfjnL_, @)&@
• cfNdf cf6f 3f]if0ff kq, !(&*
• ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] j]e;fO6 www.who.int

30
 ;"rgfsf] xs M hgpQ/bfoL zf;sLo
k|0ffnLsf] d"n cfwf/
– bfdf]b/ /]UdL*

;f/f+z
;"rgf hgtfsf] df}lns clwsf/ xf] . of] g} ;Rrf nf]stGqsf] d"n cfbz{ klg xf] . k|hftflGqs zf;g
k|0ffnL jt{dfg o'usf] ckl/xfo{ / cfjZosLo kIf xf] . k|hftGqsf] lbuf]kgf / o;sf] jf:tljs
pkof]usf] nflu kf/bzL{ ;"rgf k|jfxsf] ;+oGq ;lxtsf] ;';"lrt gful/ssf] pkl:ylt Go"gtd
cfjZostf leq kb{5 . ;';"lrt gful/ssf] pkl:yltn] ;/sf/L sfd sf/jfxLdf k|efjsfl/tf
Nofpg], e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f x'g], hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] :yfkgfsf] dfu{ k|z:t e} ;'zf;gsf]
cjwf/0ffn] d"t{ ¿k kfpg] ub{5 . ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx"Frn] ;/sf/ hgpQ/bfoL jGg
/ k|hftflGqs ljlwsf] kl/kfngfdf ;xof]u k'Ug] dfq xf]Og ls ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] txdf ;d]t
;jnLs/0f x'g uO{ ;du| zf;g k|0ffnLdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ckgTj lgdf{0fdf ;d]t ;xof]u
k'Ug hfG5 . Nff]stGqdf hgtf g} /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;j]{;jf{ lg0ff{os x'G5g\ . hgtfn]
lt/sf] s/Ù /fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 ePsf] cfh{g / hgtfsf] gfddf cfPsf] ;xof]u af6 tna
/ ;l'jwf kfpg] hgk|ltlglw, sd{rf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿ ;a} hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g'
kb{5 . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf lg0f{o, sfdsf/jfxL, ah]6sf] Joj:yf OToflb ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf
hgtfn] kfpg'k5{ . o;y{ ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx"Frsf] nflu ;"rgfsf] sfg"gsf] :jtGqtfsf]
k|Tofe"tL hgpQ/bfoL zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] nflu cfjZosLo zt{sf] ¿kdf :jLsfg]{ ul/G5 .
:jL8]g ;"rgfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx"FrnfO{ sfg"gL cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ klxnf] b]z xf] . clxn] ;Dd
nueu !)) b]zx¿df /fli6«o txdf ;"rgfdf :jtGqtf ;DaGwL sfg"g k|of]udf cfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf klg ;"rgfsf] xs ;+j}wflgs df}lns xssf] ¿kdf Joj:yf x'gsf] cltl/Qm ;"rgfsf]
xs ;DaGwL P]g / lgodfjnL @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] pknAwtf / k|of]udf
x'g] v'nfkg tyf kf/blz{tfn] k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] clej[l4df cTolws ;xeflutfsf]
k|j4{g, hg ;jnLs/0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf clej[l4, hgpQ/bfoL zf;sLo
;+oGqsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u, e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u, ;/sf/ k|lt hgljZjf;df clej[l4,
sfg"gL zf;gsf] kl/kfngfdf ;xhtf, ;/sf/sf] sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l4, ;/sf/L
;]jf k|jfxsf] kx"Frsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l4 h:tf sfo{df ;xof]u k'Ub5 . ;"rgfdf kx"Frsf]
cj;/n] kf/blz{tf clej[l4 ub{5 / o;n] cGttM ;'zf;gsf] Pp6f alnof] cfwf/:tDe tof/
ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . kf/blz{tfsf s]xL ;Ldfx¿ cjZo x'G5g\ . cfjZosLo ;Ldfx¿nfO{
sfg"gaf6} :ki6 agfpg' cfjZos x'G5 eg] cGo k|lqmofut, k4ltut / ;+:s[ltut ;LdfnfO{
qmdzM Go"gLs/0f ub]{ hfg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

* pk dxflgb]{zs -;x;lrj_, eG;f/ ljefu

31
ljifo k|j]z

zf;g k|0ffnLdf k|hftflGqsLs/0f jt{dfg ;dosf] ckl/xfo{ / cfjZosLo kIf xf] . k|hftGqsf] lbuf]kgf
/ o;sf] jf:tljs pkof]usf] nflu kf/bzL{ ;"rgf k|jfxsf] ;+oGq ;lxtsf] ;';"lrt gful/ssf] pkl:ylt
Go"gtd cfjZostf leq kb{5 . ;';"lrt gful/ssf] pkl:yltn] ;/sf/L sfd sf/jfxLdf k|efjsfl/tf
Nofpg], e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f x'g], hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] :yfkgfsf] dfu{ k|z:t e} ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn]
d"t{ ¿k kfpg] ub{5 . ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx"Frn] cfk"lt{ kIf -;/sf/_ hgpQ/bfoL jGg /
k|hftflGqs ljlwsf] kl/kfngfdf ;xof]u k'Ug] dfq xf]Ogls ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] txdf ;d]t ;jnLs/0f
x'g uO{ ;du| zf;g k|0ffnLdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ckgTj lgdf{0fdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug hfG5 . o;y{
;"rgfdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx"Frsf] nflu ;"rgfsf] sfg"gsf] :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"tL hgpQ/bfoL zf;sLo
k|0ffnLsf] nflu cfjZosLo zt{sf] ¿kdf :jLsfg]{ ul/G5 . o;}sf] cfwf/df ;/sf/ slt kf/bzL{ /
hgpQ/bfoL 5 eGg] dfkg ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 1.

Nff]stGqdf hgtf g} /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;j]{;jf{ lg0ff{os x'G5g\ . hgtfn] lt/sf] s/ /fHosf]
;|f]t ;fwgaf6 ePsf] cfh{g / hgtfsf] gfddf cfPsf] ;xof]u af6 tna / ;l'jwf kfpg] hgk|ltlglw,
sd{rf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿ ;a} hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g' kb{5 . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf
lg0f{o, sfdsf/jfxL, ah]6 OToflb ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf hgtfn] kfpg'k5{ . ;"rgf hgtfsf] df}lns clwsf/
xf] . of] g} ;Rrf nf]stGqsf] d"n cfbz{ klg xf] . ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] hgtfsf]
;"rgfsf] lhDdf lng] / Jojl:yt ug{] / dfu]sf] a]nfdf pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . of] nf]stGqsf] ljlzi6
cfwf/ / ;+:sf/ klg xf] 2.

;"rgfsf] clwsf/ k|To]s gful/ssf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xf] . ljVoft k|mfG;]nL bfz{lgs Michel Focaut
n] zlQm 1fgjf6 k|fKt x'G5 / ;"rgf 1fgsf] cfwf/e"t kIf xf] eg]sf 5g\3 .

;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL l;4fGtx¿

ARTICLE 19 ;g\ !(*& df n08gdf :yflkt Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o , u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] o;n] ;"rgfsf]
clwsf/ / cleJoJolQm :jtGqtfsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{ ub{5 . o; ;+:yfsf] cg';f/ ;"rgfsf] xssf

1 Sri Keshabananda Borah, Right to Information Act: A Key to Good Governance, International
Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319
– 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 2 ǁ March. 2013,PP.11-22
2 /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^*—@)^( /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, sf]6]Zj/, k]l/;8fF8f, sf7df08f}+, g]kfn
3 Sri Keshabananda Borah, Right to Information Act: A Key to Good Governance, International
Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319
– 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 2 ǁ March. 2013,PP.11-22

32
lgDg l;4fGtx¿ -Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation_ 5g\ 4M
Principle 1: "Freedom of information legislation should be guided by the principle of maximum
disclosure."
Principle 2: "Public bodies should be under an obligation to publish key information."
Principle 3: "Public bodies must actively promote open government."
Principle 4: "Exceptions to the right to access information should be clearly and narrowly
drawn and subject to strict ‘harm’ and ‘public interest’ tests."
Principle 5: "Requests for information should be processed rapidly and fairly and an
independent review of any refusals should be available."
Principle 6: "Individuals should not be deterred from making requests for information by
excessive costs."
Principle 7: "Meetings of public bodies should be open to the public."
Principle 8: "Laws which are inconsistent with the principle of maximum disclosure should be
amended or repealed."
Principle 9: "Individuals who release information on wrongdoing - whistleblowers - must be
protected."
pk/f]Qm l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;f/df lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M
yykx"Frsf] l;4fGt -;"rgfsf] kx"Fr / k|flKtsf] k|lqmof ;/n / ;xh x'g' kg]{
yyGo"gtd nfutsf] l;4fGt -;"rgf k|flKtsf] nfut Go"gtd x'g' kg]{
yyclgjfo{tfsf] l;4fGt -;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ;"rgf clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{
yyckjfbsf] l;4fGt -k|sflzt gul/g] ;"rgf ckjfbsf] ¿kdf dfq x'g' kg]{ / o;sf] Joj:yf
sfg"gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g'kg]{
yy;"rgfbftfsf] ;+/If0fsf] l;4fGt- ;"rgfbftfsf] ;+/If0f x'g' kg]{
yy:jtGq Goflos pkrf/sf] l;4fGt -;"rgfsf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg :jtGq Goflos pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf x'gkg]{
yy;zlQms/0fsf] l;4fGt -;"rgf k|jfx gug]{ ;+:s[lt lj?Wb gful/s ;dfh / ;~rf/ hutsf]
;zlQms/0f ug]{

4 The Public's Right to Know, Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation ARTICLE 19 _

ARTICLE 19, London ISBN 1 902598 10 5 , June 1999 Citizen’ Campaign for Right to Information,
http://www.ccrinepal.org

33
cGt/f{li6«o k|rng / cg'ej
:jL8]g ;"rgfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx"FrnfO{ sfg"gL cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ klxnf] b]z xf] . ;j{k|yd l:j8]gdf
;g\ !&^^ df ;/sf/L sfdsfh v'nf ug{] sfdsf] yfngL ePsf] lyof] . :jL8]gsf ;f+;bx¿sf] rfxgf
/ ;lqmotfdf ;g\ !&^^ df :jL8]gn] o:tf] sfg"g agfPsf] lyof] . :jL8]gdf Freedom of Press Act
-kqsf/sf] :jtGqtf P]g_ sf] Joj:yfåf/f ;g\ !&^^ df sfg"gL dfGotf lbO{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;'?cft
ePsf] kfO{G5 . o; P]gn] hgtfn] cfkm"n] lt/]sf] s/af6 s;/L vr{ e}/x]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L kfpg
;Sg] tyf gful/s / kqsf/n] ;/n ¿kjf6 ;"rgf kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] 5.

:jL8]gsf] of] pbfx/0fnfO{ cg';/0f ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] ;g\ !(^^ df, gj]{n] !(&) df, k|mfG;
/ g]b/Nof08n] ;g\ !(&* df, ci6«]lnof, Go'hLNof08 / Sofgf8fn] ;g\ !(*@ df, 8]gdfs{n] ;g\ !(*%
df, u|L;n] ;g\ !(*^ df, cli6«ofn] ;g\ !(*& df O{6fnLn] ;g\ !(() df ;"rgfdf :jtGqtf ;DaGwL
sfg"g (Freedom of Information-FOI) agfof] . o;sf] yk ;fy{s cleofgsf] ¿kdf ;g\ @)))df
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights aGof] h;df cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf ;"rgfhGo ;fdu|Lx¿df
kx"Frsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . clxn] ;Dd nueu !)) b]zx¿df /fli6«o txdf ;"rgfdf
:jtGqtf ;DaGwL sfg"g k|of]udf cfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))@df ;"rgfsf] xsdf :jtGqtf ;DaGwL sfg"g
agfpg] d]lS;sf] of] k|fjwfgsf] ;kmn / pbfx/0fLo k|of]ustf{sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

o;}u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g\ !($^df cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;"rgf k|jfx ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngn]
Freedom of information is the fundamental human rights and is the touch stone of all freedom
eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] lyof] .

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq -!) l8;]Da/ @)!)_ sf] wf/f !( n] Everyone has the right
to freedom of opinion and expression . This right includes freedom to hold opinion without any
interference and to seek, receive and impact information and ideas through any media and
regardless of frontiers cjwf/0ff NofPsf] lyof] 6.

gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cle;GwL !(^^ n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 kfl/t dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqs} cjwf/0ffnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .

;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwdf ePsf oL ljsf; / k|of]usf cfwf/df ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿df o; ;DaGwL
;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL x}l;ot k|fKt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot, Sofgf8f, o"/f]k]nL

5 yfxf kfpg] clwsf/ ;"rgfsf] xsaf/] lh1f;f / hjfkm ljZj yfxf lbj;, @)^% c;f]h !@, International Right
to Know Day September 28, 2008 sf] cj;/df k|sflzt, /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]]u, g]kfn
6 Rebecca Zausmer, Towards open and transparent government, International experiences and best
practice Global Partners and Associates, December 2011

34
o"lgog, hfkfg, ci6«]lnof, Go"hLNof08 cflb b]zx¿df ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|efjsf/L k|j4{gsf] nflu
;zQm sfg"gL cfwf/zLnfsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] kfO{G5 . blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g (SAARC)
n] gof+ lbNnL 3f]if0ffkq dfkm{t ;b:o /fi6«x¿df ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL :jtGqtfnfO{ sfg"gL Joj:yf
dfkm{t k|Tofe"tL ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf] cj:yf 5 . ef/tdf ;g\ @))% b]lv sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf]
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg"gn] u/LaL 36fpg / hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 7.

;g\ !($^ df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 n] Pp6f k|f/DesfnLg k|:tfj kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . Tof] k|:tfjdf ;"rgfsf]
xs dflg;sf] df}lns clwsf/ xf] === of] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 h'g :jtGqtfsf nflu ;dlk{t 5 tL ;a}
:jtGqtfnfO{ hfRg] cfwf/÷s;L xf] elgPsf] 5 .

;g\ !($* df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] hf/L u/]sf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffsf] wf/f !( df ;"rgfsf]
clwsf/nfO{ æx/]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ 5 . of] clwsf/leq s'g}
afwf lagf s'g} klg ljrf/ dfGg] / s'g} klg dfWodaf6 / ;Ldfsf] aGwglagf ;"rgf vf]Hg], kfpg] / afF8g]
:jtGqtf k5{Æ egL :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M

cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf ;DaGwdf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^
df klg dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf /x]sf] Joj:yf ;/x g} ;"rgfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5M

• k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lagf s'g} x:tIf]k cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

• k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ x'g]5, h;cGtu{t s'g} aGb]h jf ;Ldf lagf
cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;"rgf tyf ljrf/ vf]Hg], k|fKt ug]{ tyf To:tf] ;"rgf jf ljrf/ df}lvs, lnlvt
jf dl'b|t ¿kdf jf snfTds ¿kdf jf cfˆgf] 5gf}6sf] cGo s'g} dfWodåf/f k|;f/ ug{ kfpg]
:jtGqtf x'g]5 .

To:t}, dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL o"/f]k]nL cle;lGw !(%) sf] wf/f !)
dfÙ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cd]l/sL cle;lGw !(^( sf] wf/f !# dfÙ dfgjclwsf/ tyf dflg;sf]
clwsf/;DaGwL clkm|sL a8fkq !(*! sf] wf/f ( df cleJolQm :jtGqtf / ;"rgfsf] xssf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .

o"/f]ksf ljleGg d'n'sdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;+ljwfg / sfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] nfdf] Oltxf; 5 . l:j8]gsf]
;+ljwfgdf !&^^ b]lv g} ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] lyof] . s'g} ljz]if sfg"gn] g/f]s];Dd

7 Sri Keshabananda Borah, Right to Information Act: A Key to Good Governance ,International
Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319
– 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 2 ǁ March. 2013,PP.11-22

35
;/sf/L lgsfosf sfd sf/jfxL kf/bzL{ x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotfn] Toxf+sf] ;dfhdf, ljrf/ / Jojxf/df
b/f];Fu h/f ufl8;s]sf] 5 . lkmgNof08df ;g\ !(%! df æ;/sf/L lnvtx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs :j¿ksf
af/]df sfg"g ag]sf] lyof] eg] 8]gdfs{ / gj]{df ;g\ !(&) df ;"rgfdf kx"Fr;DaGwL P]g nfu" ePsf]
lyof] . ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !(^^ df ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL P]g nfu" ePsf] lyof], h;df
v'nfkg÷kf/blz{tf cyf{t\ ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfd :jfefljs / ;"rgf n'sfpg] sfd ckjfb dflgG5 .

ef/tdf ;g\ @))% b]lv ;"rgf clwsf/ P]]g, b]z el/ nfu" eof] . ef/tdf ;"rgfsf] xssf] nflu rn]sf]
cfGbf]ng c¿ ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf nflu klg pbfx/0fLo 5 . ef/tdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;+ljwfgdf
pNn]v gePtf klg jfs\ tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf ;"rgfsf] xs /x]sf] JofVof u/]/
o;nfO{ an lbPsf] lyof] eg] ufpFnx]¿sf] sfd ug{ kfpg], plrt Hofnf / sfd u/]sf] clen]v x]g{
kfpgsf nflu ePsf] gful/s cfGbf]ngn] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg"g agfpg ;/sf/nfO{ afWo kf/]sf]
lyof] .clxn] ;+;f/sf ;o eGbf a9L w]/} d'n'sdf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g nfu" ePsf] 5 . ;"rgfsf]
xs;DaGwL :jtGqtfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;fem]bfl/ k|bfg ug{ ljleGg
;Dd]ngx¿ ;d]t cfof]hgf ePsf 5g\ hf] lgDgfg';f/ 5g\8 M
• International Conference on the Right to Public Information February 27-29, 2008
• Atlanta Declaration and Plan of Action for the Advancement of the Right of Access to
Information"
• Budapest Declaration on the Right of Access to Information Budapest, Hungary 12-14
December 2008
• Open Society Justice Initiative : "Ten Principle on the Right to Know"
• International Mechanisms for Promoting Freedom of Expression, 6 December 2004
• Five Principles for an Open and Accountable NATO 4th April 2009
• Transparency Charter for International Financial Institutions: Claiming our Right to
Know 2003
• Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and
Access to Justice in Environmental Matters
• Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, 2009
• Maputo Declaration Fostering Freedom of Expression, Access to Information and
Empowerment of people, 3 May 2008

8 The Public's Right to Know, Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation ARTICLE 19 _

ARTICLE 19, London ISBN 1 902598 10 5 , June 1999 Citizen’ Campaign for Right to Information,
http://www.ccrinepal.org

36
 • Brisbane Declaration: Freedom of Information, The Right to Know , 3 May 2010
• Freedom of Information Resolution (SAARC Countries) , India, 2010 :"Towards More
Open and Transparent Governance in South Asia."
• The Johannesburg Principles on National Security Freedom of Expression and Access
to Information , October 1, 1995
;"rgfsf] xssf] :jtGqtfsf kmfO{bfx¿
;"rgfsf] pknAwtf / k|of]udf x'g] v'nfkg tyf kf/blz{tfn] ;/sf/ / hgtfsf] txdf lgDg kIfx¿df
;xof]u k'Ub5 M
!= k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] clej[l4df cTolws ;xeflutfsf] k|j4{g, hg ;jnLs/0f / lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf clej[l4
@= hgpQ/bfoL zf;sLo ;+oGqsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u
#= e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u
$= ;/sf/ k|lt hgljZjf;df clej[l4
%= sfg"gL zf;gsf] kl/kfngfdf ;xhtf
^= ;/sf/sf] sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l4
&= ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] kx"Frsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l4
g]kfnn] u/]sf k|of;
g]kfndf klg ;"rgfsf] xs ;+j}wflgs df}lns xssf] ¿kdf Joj:yf x'gsf] cltl/Qm ;"rgfsf] xs
;DaGwL P]g / lgodfjnL, @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] / /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u gfds ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf]
:yfkgf e};s]sf] l:ylt 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @& df k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 t/ sfg"gåf/f uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{
;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf 5 eg] wf/f @* df JolQmut
;"rgf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cgltqmDo x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o;} ;+j}wflgs w/ftndf
/x]/ @)^$ efb| # b]lv ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgfsf]
xsnfO{ ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ tyf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g lgdf{0f ug{ lgDg kIfsf]
dxTjk"0f{ el"dsf /x]sf] 59 .
• cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwx¿

9 /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^*—@)^( /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u sf]6]Zj/, k]l/;8fF8f sf7df08f}+, g]kfn

37
 • cbfntsf] ;lqmotfjfbL e"ldsf
• nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng
• kqsf/ / gful/s ;dfhsf] cfGbf]ng cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwx¿ g]kfnsf /fli6«o sfg"gx¿n]
g]kfnåf/f cg'df]bg jf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g;/x
dfGotf lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] sf/0fn] klg ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ g]kfnn] kfng ug'{ kg{] cj:yf
l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw
!(^^ nfO{ ;g\ !((! sf] d] !$ df cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf ( n] g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿ g]kfnsf sfg"g;/x nfu" x'G5g\ / To:tf
;lGwx¿sf] k|fjwfg k|rlnt g]kfnL sfg"g;Fu aflemPdf aflemPsf] xb;Dd ;lGws} k|fjwfg
dfGo x'G5 . o;}n] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwdf lglxt
cleJolQm :jtGqtf tyf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL k|fjwfg g]kfnsf nflu /fli6«o sfg"gs} Ps
efu klg xf] .
g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfg"gL ljsf; >[ª\vnf10
• g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+l+jwfg, @)$& n] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;"rgfsf] xs df}lns xssf] ¿kdf
Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df klg ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] ¿kdf
Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5 M
o k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] /
kfpg] xs x'g]5 . t/ sfg"gåf/f uf]Ko /fVg'kg{] ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ klg
s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .-wf/f @&_
• @)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfsf] kmn:j¿k k'g:yf{lkt Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] @)^$
;fn ;fpg @ ut] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ kfl/t u/\of] / ;fpg % ut] ;efd'vaf6
k|dfl0ft eof] . P]gsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ P]g k|dfl0ft ePsf] tL; lbgkl5 cyf{t\ @)^$ ;fn ebf}
# ut]b]lv of] P]g nfu" eof] .
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;fjh{lgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;"rgfdf kxF'rsf] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .
• g]kfnL gful/sn] ;"rgfsf] xs ;j{k|yd df}lns xssf] ¿kdf kfPsf] ;q jif{kl5 dfq ;"rgfsf]
xs;DaGwL P]g aGof] .
• ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] kl/efiffnfO{ Jofks agfP/ gful/s;Fu ;/f]sf/
/fVg] ;a} vfnsf lgsfo / ;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL agfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs

10 /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^*—@)^(, /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, sf]6]Zj/, k]l/;8fF8f, sf7df08f}+, g]kfn

38
 lgsfodf ePsf ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx"Frsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf ;a} ;"rgf gful/sn] gdfu]sf] cj:yfdf klg tLg÷tLg dlxgfdf ;fj{hlgs
ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} gful/sn] cfˆgf] af/]sf] ;"rgf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fu dfUg
kfpg] clwsf/ klg lbPsf] 5 . o;/L ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf
gful/sn] kfpg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ xsnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf pkef]]u ug{ ;Sg] af6f] vfl]nlbPsf]
5.
;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gsf] d"n p2]Zo
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]]g, @)^$ sf] k|:tfjgf, ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @& sf] d"n k|ltljDa xf] . ;/sf/n]
ug{] x/]s sfd, x/]s lg0f{o / lgdf{0f ug{] x/]s gLltdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ ;dfj]; ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n]
P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ v'nf / kf/bzL{ agfpg,] ;/sf/nfO{ gful/sk|lt lhDd]jf/
/ hfjkmb]xL agfpg] / ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ljifosf] ;"rgfdf cfdgful/ssf] kx"Fr ;/n / ;xh agfpg]
p2]Zon] pQm P]g ag]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:tfjgfdf P]gsf] dd{, efjgf / p2]Zo b]lvG5 . P]gsf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{
a[xQ/ /fli6«o lxtdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg{] ;Dj]bgzLn ljifox¿df afx]s ;/sf/sf] cGo sfd sf/jfxLdf
;/sf/ pbf/ kf/bzL{ eP/ ;/n tl/sfn] gful/snfO{ ;"lrt ug{ kg{] :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf /fHosf sfd sf/afxL nf]stflGqs k4ltcg'¿k v'nf / kf/bzL{ agfO{ gful/sk|lt
hjfkmb]xL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg, ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ;"rgfdf cfd gful/ssf]
kx"FrnfO{ ;/n / ;xh agfpg, /fHo / gful/ssf] lxtdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ ;+j]bgzLn ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f
ug{ / gful/ssf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ ;+/If0f / k|rng u/fpg] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{] p2]Zo
/x]sf] 5 11.

;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] klxrfg

;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]]g, @)^$ n] lgDg lgsfox¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf klxrfg u/]sf]
512 M
-!_ ;+ljwfg cGtu{tsf lgsfo,
-@_ P]gåf/f :yflkt lgsfo,
-#_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t lgsfo,
-$_ sfg"gåf/f :yflkt ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos ;Ël7t ;+:yf jf k|lti7fg,
-%_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf /fhg}lts bn tyf ;+u7g,
-^_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTj jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]] jf cg'bfgdf ;~rflnt jf g]kfn

11 ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g @)^$, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}

12 ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g @)^$, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}

39
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u/]/ ;~rfng ePsf u}/–;/sf/L ;+3÷;:+yfx¿,
-(_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfo egL tf]s]sf cGo lgsfo
jf ;+:yf .
;"rgfsf] kl/efiff
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]]g, @)^$ cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] sfd,
tT;DaGwL sf/afxL jf lg0f{o;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} lnvt jf ;fdu|Lsf] hfgsf/L ;"rgf x'g\13 .

;"rgfsf] xs
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5 . k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ o; P]gsf] clwgdf /xL ;"rgfsf] xs x'g] / k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{
;fj{hflgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;"rgfdf kx"Fr x'g] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] ePtf klg 5 lgDg ljifox¿;Fu
;DalGwt ;"rgf k|jfx ug'{ cfjZos gx'g] Joj:yf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]]g, @)^$ n] u/]sf] 514M–
-s_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;fj{hlgs zflGt;'Joj:yf jf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf
uDeL/ vnn kfg]{,
-v_ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft tyf cleof]hgfdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg{],
-u_ cfly{s, Jofkfl/s tyf df}lb|s lxt jf af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f jf a}lͪ jf Jofkfl/s uf]kgLotfdf
uDeL/ cf3ft kfg]{,
-3_ ljleGg hfthflt jf ;Dk|bfoaLrsf] ;';DaGwdf k|ToIf ¿kdf vnn kfg]{,
-ª_ JolQmut uf]kgLotf / JolQmsf] hLp, Hofg, ;DklQ, :jf:Yo, jf ;'/Iffdf vt/f k'¥ofpg] .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]]g , @)^$ n] u/]sf cGo d'Vo Joj:yfx¿M
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] bfloTj ;DaGwL Joj:yf M

13 ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g @)^$, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}+

14 ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g @)^$, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}

40
 o k|To]s ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug'{ u/fpg'
kg]{ .
o ;"rgf juL{s/0f / cBfjlws u/L ;do ;dodf ;fj{hlgs, k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug]{
u/fpg],
o ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx"Fr ;/n / ;xh agfpg],
o cfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL v'nf / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf ug]{
o cfˆgf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu pko'Qm tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{.
o ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs, k|sfzg jf k|;f/0f ubf{ ljleGg /fli6«o efiff
tyf cfd;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 ug{ ;Sg] .
• ;"rgf ;"lrs[t u/L k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{ M–
o lgsfosf] :j¿k / k|s[lt,
o lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/,
o lgsfodf /xg] sd{rf/L ;+Vof / sfo{ ljj/0f,
o lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf,
o ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfosf] zfvf / lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L,
o ;]jf k|fKt ug{ nfUg] b:t'/ / cjlw,
o lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmof / clwsf/L,
o lg0f{o pk/ ph'/L ;'Gg] clwsf/L,
o ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] ljj/0f,
o ;"rgf clwsf/L / k|d'vsf] gfd / kb,
o P]g, lgod, ljlgod, lgb]{lzsfsf] ;"rL,
o cfDbfgL, vr{ tyf cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ;DaGwL cBfjlws ljj/0f,
• /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yfM
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjogsf] nflu /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]usf] Joj:yf
e} cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ lgDg adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]]g,
@)^$ n] u/]sf] 5M–
-s_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ;"rgf;DaGwL clen]v, lnvt tyf
cGo ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog tyf cjnf]sg ug]{,
-v_ To:tf] lgsfodf /x]sf] clen]v, lnvt jf cGo ;fdu|L ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;"lrs[t u/L
ldnfO{ /fVg cfb]z lbg],
-u_ gful/ssf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ cfb]z
lbg],
-3_ ;do ls6fg u/L lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] ;"rgf lbg ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ cfb]z

41
 lbg],
-a_ o; P]g adf]lhdsf] bfloTj kfngf ug{ u/fpg ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ cfb]z lbg],
-r_ g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;"rgf ;~rf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfox¿nfO{ ;"rgfsf] xssf]
;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf nflu cfjZos ;'emfj lbg] jf l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
-5_ ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / k|rng ug{sf] nflu cfjZostf kg]{ cGo pko'Qm
cfb]z lbg] .
g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] ;jn kIf
• ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
• pbLodfg cjwf/0ff / k|j[lQsf] cfwf/df ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]]g / lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf
• ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf :jtGq lgsfosf] ¿kdf clwsf/ ;DkGg /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]usf] Joj:yf
• k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cjnDagn] sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf
• j9\bf] gful/s ;r]tgf / gful/s ;dfhsf] rf;f]sf] ljifo
• ;a} lgsfodf ;"rgf clwsf/L tf]Sg' kg]{ clgjfo{tf
g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] sdhf]/ kIf
• sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] jf/]df pko'Qm k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g g;Sg'
• ;+:yfut Joj:yf ePklg dfgjLo / ;+/rgfut Ifdtf clej[l4 e}g;Sg'
• gful/s ;r]tgf j9]sf] / gful/s ;dfhsf] rf;f]sf] ljifo x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;Lldt ju{n] dfq o:tf]
xssf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf]
;"rgfdf kx"Fr kf/blz{tfsf] clej[l4
kf/blz{tf ljgfsf] k|hftGq sNkgf aflx/sf] ljifo xf] . Kff/blz{tfsf b'O{ d'Vo cfwf/e"t tTjx¿
x'G5g\ klxnf] ;"rgfsf] pknAwtfdf k"j{ ;lqmotf (Pro-active disclosure of the information) / bf]>f]
;"rgfsf] k|flKtdf hgtfsf] clwsf/ . oL b'j} kIf /fHo ;+oGqsf] clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ ljifox¿ x'g\15 /
;/sf/n] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f Jbf/f kf/bzL{o'Qm k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug'{ k|fylds cfjZostf
leq kb{5 . Kff/blz{tf ;'zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ cjoj xf] . ;"rgfdf kx"Frsf] cj;/n] kf/blz{tf clej[l4
ub{5 / o;n] cGttM ;'zf;gsf] Pp6f alnof] cfwf/:tDe tof/ ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]]g, @)^$ cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ;"rgf dfUg]

15 The Public's Right to Know, Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation ARTICLE 19 _

ARTICLE 19, London ISBN 1 902598 10 5 , June 1999 Citizen’ Campaign for Right to Information,
http://www.ccrinepal.org

42
/ kfpg], s'g} lnlvt, ;fdu|L jf ;f] lgsfosf] sfd sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnf]sg ug]{, To:tf]
lnvtsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk k|Kt ug]{, ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ e}/x]sf] :ynsf] e|d0f /
cjnf]sg ug]{ s'g} ;fdu|Lsf] k|dfl0ft gd"gf lng] jf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] oGqdf /flvPsf] ;"rgf To:tf]
oGq dfkm{t k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf]] 5 . x/]s cj;/df s]xL ckjfbx¿ /x]s} x'G5g\ ;"rgfsf] xs
klg o; j:t'tYoaf6 km/s /xg ;Sb}g . k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ o; P]gsf] clwgdf /xL ;"rgfsf]
xs x'g] / k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;fj{hflgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;"rgfdf kx"Fr x'g] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf]
ePtf klg g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;fj{hlgs zflGt;'Joj:yf jf cGt/f{li6«o
;DaGwdf uDeL/ vnn kfg]{, ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft tyf cleof]hgfdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg{],
cfly{s, Jofkfl/s tyf df}lb|s lxt jf af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f jf a}lͪ jf Jofkfl/s uf]kgLotfdf
uDeL/ cf3ft kfg]{, ljleGg hfthflt jf ;Dk|bfoaLrsf] ;';DaGwdf k|ToIf ¿kdf vnn kfg]{, JolQmut
uf]kgLotf / JolQmsf] hLp, Hofg, ;DklQ, :jf:Yo, jf ;'/Iffdf vt/f k'¥ofpg] ljifox¿;Fu ;DalGwt
;"rgf k|jfx ug{ cfjZos gkg]{ Joj:yf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]]g, @)^$ n] u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ of]
sfg"gL dfWodjf6 kf/blz{tfdf nufO{Psf] afWofTds ;Lldttf xf] .

To:t} u/L aGb ;+:s[ltsf] k/Dk/fut ;Ldf/]vf leq} /Dg rfxg] k|j[lQaf6 dfly p7\g grfxg] oyfl:yltjfbL
rl/q, sdhf]/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, sdhf]/ clen]v Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs
k|ltaWbtfsf] cefj, cfjZostfx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0fdf cfjZos ;fwg >f]tsf] cefj, cfjZos
sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f,;f] cg'¿ksf] ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] ljsf; / sfg"g kl/kfngfdf ;d:of, sdhf]/
Ifdtfo'Qm ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / hgr]tgfsf] cefj h:tf k|lqmofhGo, kl/l:ylthGo / ;+:s[lthGo kIfx¿
klg kf/blz{tfsf cj/f]wfTds ;Lldttf leq kb{5g\ . o:tf ;Lldttfx¿ cNksfnLg x'g] / ;dfwfghGo
k|s[ltsf x'g] ub{5g\ .

pk;+xf/
;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L ¿kdf eof] eg] o;n] /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ c+u / ;fj{hlgs
lgsfox¿nfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, ;+j]bgzLn / ;lqmo agfpg ;S5Ù uf]kgLotfsf] ;+:sf/df
x's]{sf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5 / hgpQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{ nf]stflGqs zf;g Jo:yfnfO{
alnof] agfpg ;S5 . o;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogn] zf;s / g]t[Tjju{nfO{ hgpQ/bfoL aGg afWo
agfpF5 . e|i6frf/sf] rqmJo"xaf6 ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ hf]ufpFb} nf]stGqnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . jf:tjdf
;"rgfsf] xslagf hgtfsf c¿ clwsf/x¿ cw'/f x'G5g\ . ;';"lrt gful/ssf] pkl:yltn] ;/sf/L sfd
sf/jfxLdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg], e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f x'g], hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] :yfkgfsf] dfu{ k|z:t
e} ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn] d"t{ ¿k kfpg] ub{5 . ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx"Frn] ;/sf/ hgpQ/bfoL
jGg / k|hftflGqs ljlwsf] kl/kfngfdf ;xof]u k'Ug] dfq xf]Og ls ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] txdf ;d]t
;jnLs/0f x'g uO{ ;du| zf;g k|0ffnLdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ckgTj lgdf{0fdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug
hfG5 . k|hftGqsf] lbuf]kgf / o;sf] jf:tljs pkof]usf] nflu kf/bzL{ ;"rgf k|jfxsf] ;+oGq ;lxtsf]

43
;';"lrt gful/s sf] pkl:ylt Go"gtd cfjZostf leq kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljZj kl/j]zdf ;"rgfsf]
xs ;DaGwdf ljsl;t gjLgtd k|of;sf] ;Gbe{df cfd hgdfg;n] ;"rgfsf] xssf] lgjf{w pkef]u
u/L nf]stGqsf] ljsf;df 6]jf lbg ;Sg] / of] xssf] pkef]uåf/f ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ hgd'vL agfO{
nf]stGqnfO{ hgtfsf] nf]stGqdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ tyf hgpQ/bfoL zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] d"n cfwf/
agfpg] tkm{ xfd|f k|of;x¿ kl/nlIft x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• kGy, >L/fd -@)&)_, ;"rgfsf] xs / kf/blz{tf, k/fu rf}yf] ljz]iffÍ, /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;+u7g,
lghfdtL ljefuLo ;ldlt, cy{ dGqfno, ! kmfu'g @)&)
• /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^*—@)^( /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, sf]6]Zj/, k]l/;8fF8f
sf7df08f}+, g]kfn
• ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
• ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^$, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
• yfxf kfpg] clwsf/ ;"rgfsf] xsaf/] lh1f;f / hjfkm, ljZj yfxf lbj;, @)^% c;f]h, !@
International Right to Know Day September 28, 2008 sf] cj;/df k|sflzt, /fli6«o ;"rgf
cfof]]u g]kfn
• Sri Keshabananda Borah, Right to Information Act: A Key to Good Governance
,International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 –
7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 2 March. 2013,PP.11-22
• Rebecca Zausmer, Towards open and transparent government, International experiences
and best practice Global Partners and Associates, December 2011
• Access to Information: Building a Culture of Transparency Jamaica , One Copenhill 453
Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307, June 2006
• National Strategic Plan of Action on Right to information in Nepal (2013-2018), National
Information Commission Nepal
• Right To Information, Master Key to Good Governance, Second Administrative Reforms
Commission,Government of India 2nd Floor, Vigyan Bhawan Annexe, Maulana Azad
Road, New Delhi 110 011 e-mail : arcommission@nic.in website : http://arc.gov.in, June
2006
• The Public's Right to Know, Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation ARTICLE
19 _ ARTICLE 19, London ISBN 1 902598 10 5, June 1999 Citizen’ Campaign for Right
to Information, http://www.ccrinepal.org

44
 ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

– 8f= emds k|;fb zdf{*

;f/f+z
Gofo eg]sf] sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cfwf/zLnf xf] . ;fdflhs Gofon] ;a} kIfdf ;dfg Gofosf] vf]hL
ug]{ / ;dfhsf k|To]s ;b:ox¿ k|lt ;Ddfgk"j{s tyf clje]bk"j{s ;dfg Jojxf/ u/L ;xsfo{
/ ;xof]usf] dfWodaf6 ;lxi0f'tf sfod ub}{ Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t kx"Frof]Uo ;dfgtfsf]
k|j4{g ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;nfO{ ljt/0ffTds Gofosf] dfWodaf6 /fHon] gful/sk|lt ug]{
;dfg Jojxf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;sf] Jojxfl/s k|of]u k|hftGqdf dfq ;Dej x'G5 . o;n]
k|To]s gful/ssf nflu cj;/df ;dfgtf / ;dfhdf /x]sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s c;dfgtf
x6fpg clwsf/sf] k|of]udf k5fl8 k/]sf JolQm jf ;d'bfonfO{ ;aeGbf a9L kmfObf x'g] u/L
cj;/x¿df k|fyldstf lbO{ :jR5 ¿kdf ;dfgtf sfod ug{ hf]8 lbG5 . ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0f
o;sf] Wo]o xf] . o;n] /fHo ;+oGqsf] x/]s txdf ;a} gful/ssf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf sfod ug]{
ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . of] dflg;sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljifo xf] . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf c;'/lIft jf hf]lvddf /xL cfˆgf] lhljsf]kfh{g cfkm}+ ug{ c;dy{
/x]sf JolQmnfO{ /fHosf] tkm{af6 ljz]if ;x'lnot, ;xfotf / ;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{
ljifonfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . of] /fHon] ;+/If0f lbg' kg]{ ju{, ln·,
hfthflt tyf If]qsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ dfWod xf] . of] Gofo / nf]sNof0fsf/L
Joj:yfsf] k|j4{g ug]{ lbzfdf nlIft gLltut tyf sfo{qmlds pks/0f / dfGotf xf] . ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] ;DaGw /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
gful/s sNof0fsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{' /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . ;a} gful/sx¿ k|lt
;dfg Pj+ clje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/ /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . cfw'lgs /fHo Joj:yfdf ljleGg sf/0faf6
/fHosf] d"nwf/df ;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf] au{, ln· / If]qsf JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf]
x/]s ;+oGqdf ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfaf6 dfq Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
Gofok"0f{ ;dfh Toltj]nf ;Dej x'G5 hj /fHo ;+oGqsf] ;a} txdf ;a} gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg kx"Fr
/ ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] ;fy} ;a}+sf] efjgfsf] ;Ddfgk"j{s ;+jf]wgsf] ;'lglZrttf
/x]sf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] dfWodaf6 /fHon] ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0f ug]{
/ gful/sx¿ k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/sf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug]{ cfˆgf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 . oL
b'j} ljifox¿ Gofok"0f{ ;dfh :yfkgfsf nflu ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

* ;x;lrj, hn tyf phf{ cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

45
ljifo k|j]z

sfg"gsf b[li6df ;dfg x'g' g} Gofo xf] eGg] k/Dk/fut dfGotf / sfg"gsf] b[li6sf] ;fy ;fy} Jojxf/d}
;dfg x'g' Gofo xf] eGg] cfw'lgs dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . oxL kl5Nnf] dfGotf cg';f/ ;fdflhs Gofosf]
ljsf; x'g uPsf] kfOG5 . ;fdflhs GofonfO{ ljt/0ffTds Gofosf] dfWodaf6 /fHon] gful/s k|lt ug]{
;dfg Jojxf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf cfly{s ;fdflhs c;dfgtfnfO{ 36fO{ ;dtfd"ns
Joj:yf sfod u/L ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t /fHo Joj:yf sfod ug]{ ljifo ;fdflhs Gofo xf] . ;fdflhs
Gofosf] d'Vo nIo ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0f ug{' xf] . ;fdflhs Gofon] /fHo ;+oGqsf] x/]s txdf ;a}
gful/ssf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf sfod ug]{ ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ dflg;sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s
afFRg kfpg] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

/fHon] gful/sk|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ ub}{ hfFbf ;Ifd ju{ / b'a{n ju{sf] ljsf;sf] ult ;dfg x'g uO{
b'a{nx¿ ;an ju{sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'Ug ;Sb}gg\ h;sf] sf/0f tL b'O{ ju{ aLrsf] lje]bsf] vf8n oyfjt\
sfod /xg hfG5 . t;y{ oL b'O{ ju{ aLrsf] lje]bsf] vf8n sd ug{ ljt/0ffTds Gofosf] dfWodaf6
cfˆgf] lhljsf]kfh{g cfkm}+ ug{ g;Sg] JolQm, ju{ / ;d"bfonfO{ /fHoaf6 k|jfx ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿sf]
pkof]u / pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttf k|Tofe"t ug]{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf;
ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] ljsf; nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} ePsf] xf] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffn]
/fHon] ;+/If0f lbg' kg]{ ju{, lnË, hfthflt tyf If]qsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf]
x'G5 .

g]kfndf ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljifo gjLgtd ljifosf] ¿kdf /x] klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf
Hofb} dxTj kfPsf] ljifo xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ku]{Nbf ;dfgtfsf] xs, :jtGqtfsf]
xs, lzIff ;DaGwL xs, wd{ ;DaGwL xs cflb ljifonfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf /fvL ;fdflhs Gofo
tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] efjgfnfO{ d'vl/t u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n]
;dfgtfsf] xs tyf /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ljifox¿nfO{
;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . 5'§} df}lns xssf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;Daf]wg u/L of] ljifonfO{ a9L cfjZostf / dxTj lbPsf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs
k|fjwfgnfO{ s]nfpFbf ;fdflhs Gofosf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;dfj]zL /fHo :yfkgf ug]{ lbzfdf s]lG›t /x]sf]
kfOG5 eg] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;fdflhs GofonfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ Pp6f dfWod jf pks/0fsf] ¿kdf
c+uLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|:t't n]vdf log} ljifox¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df hf]8]/ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

Gofo tyf ;fdflhs Gofo

Gofo cd"t{ zJb ePsf]n] o;nfO{ g s;}n] 5'g ;S5 g t b]Vg . of] s]jn dx;"; ul/g] ljifo dfq
xf] . Gofo s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljåfgx¿ aLr dt}Sotf /x]sf] kfO+b}g eg] o;sf] ;j{:jLsfo{

46
kl/efiff klg kfO+b}g . Gofosf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] cf–cfˆg} lsl;dn] kl/efiff u/]sf] kfOG5 .
Gofo ;dfhn] cfljisf/ u/]sf] ;Totfdf cfwfl/t l;4fGt, k4lt / ljifosf] ;du|tf xf], of] ljj]ssf]
cfwf/df ljj]s;+ut tj/af6 Pp6f JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ug]{ Jojxf/ xf] -rational treatment’
by one human being to another_1 . /:sf] kp08 sfg"gnfO{ ;fwg / GofonfO{ ;fWo2 sf] ¿kdf
kl/eflift ub{5g\ eg] Kn]6f]n] k|To]s dflg;n] csf]{ JolQmsf] sfo{dfly x:tIf]k gu/L cfˆgf] :jefj /
u'0fn] ug{ plrt 7x¥ofPsf] sfo{ ug{' Gofo xf] h'g JolQm tyf /fHo b'j}sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]3 egL
Gofosf] cy{ ub{5g\ . hf]g /N; GofonfO{ Justice as fairness4 -:jR5tf g} Gofo xf]_ egL kl/eflift
ub{5g\ .

Gofo sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cfwf/zLnf xf] . of] dfgjLo Jojxf/sf] Bf]ts xf] . ;fdflhs Gofo b'O{j6f
zJbx¿sf] ;+ld>0faf6 ag]sf] zAb xf] . o;n] ;a} kIfdf ;dfg Gofosf] vf]hL dfq ub}{g ;dfhdf /x]sf
k|To]s ;b:ox¿ k|lt ;Ddfgk"j{s tyf clje]bk"j{s ;dfg Jojxf/, ;xsfo{ / ;xof]usf] dfWodaf6
;lxi0f'tf sfod u/L Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t kx"Frof]Uo ;dfgtfsf] k|j4{g ug]{ s'/fdf ;d]t hf]8
lbG5 . ;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ff c7f/f}+ ztflAbsf] cGToaf6 ;'? eO{ ;f7Lsf] bzskl5 o;sf]
k|of]un] ult k|fKt u/]sf] kfOG5 .

;fdflhs GofonfO{ ljt/0ffTds Gofosf] dfWodaf6 /fHon] gful/sk|lt ug]{ ;dfg Jojxf/sf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 . Social justice is about assuring the protection of equal access to liberties, rights
and opportunities, as well as taking care of the least advantaged members of society.5
John Rawls n] ;fdflhs–cfly{s Gofo -ljt/0ffTds Gofo_ sf] Jojxfl/s ¿kdf k|of]u k|hftGq
ljgf ;Dej x'Fb}g eGb} ljt/0ffTds Gofosf] nflu JolQmut :jtGqtf ckl/xfo{ x'g] s'/f cufl8 ;f/]sf
5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ /fhgLlts :jtGqtf / JolQmut :jtGqtf -political freedom and liberties_
Gofosf nflu klxnf] / ckl/xfo{ zt{ xf] eg] k|To]s gful/ssf nflu cj;/df ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt
ul/g' / ;dfhdf /x]sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s c;dfgtf x6fpg clwsf/sf] k|of]udf k5fl8 k/]sf JolQm
jf ;d'bfonfO{ ;aeGbf a9L kmfObf x'g] u/L cj;/x¿df k|fyldstf lbO{ :jR5 ¿kdf ;dfgtf sfod
ul/g' ljt/0ffTds Gofo xf] .6 ctM cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{, lnË, hflt
tyf ;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf NofO{ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t /fHo Joj:yf sfod ug{' ;fdflhs

1 Dr. Yubaraj Sangroula, Jurisprudence The Philosophy of Law, First edition (Bhaktapur: Kathmandu
School of Law: 2010), p. 501.
2 Ibid, p. 149
3 Ibid, p. 148-149
4 M.D.A. Freeman, LLOYD'S Introduction to Jurisprudence, Eighth Edition (London: Thomson
Reuters (Legal) Limited, 2008), p. 633.
5 Ibid.
6 LLOYD'S ( No.4), p. 642-643.

47
Gofosf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0f o;sf] Wo]o xf] . of] dflg;sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]
clwsf/;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 .

;fdflhs Gofo ;dfhsf x/]s kIfdf Gofo k|fKt ug]{ Pp6f cjwf/0ff xf] . Social justice is a crucial
ideal in contemporary political thought.7 ;fdflhs Gofo ;fdflhs bz{gsf] ;}4flGts tyf
Jojxfl/s ;/f]sf/sf] s]G› xf] . o;n] ;dfhsf k|To]s ;b:o tyf ;d"xnfO{ lgikIf Jojxf/ / ;fdflhs
tyf cfly{s kmfObfsf] lx:;f k|fKt x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .8 ;fdflhs Gofon] ;dfhdf gful/s
clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg lbg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5 . dflg; dflg; aLrsf] c;dfgtf, cljj]s, cGofo,
cTofrf/ / lyrf]ldrf]sf] cGTo u/L ;do ;fk]If¿kdf dfgjf]lrt Gofo k|fKt ug]{, u/fpg] / ;dfhdf ;a}
;d x'g eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg] dfGotfsf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs GofonfO{ lng] ul/G5 . ;fdflhs
Gofon] JolQmn] ;d'bfo / /fHo k|lt lgjf{x ug{' kg]{ g}lts lhDd]jf/L Pj+ /fHon] JolQmx¿ k|lt ug]{
clje]bk"0f{ / Gofof]lrt Jojxf/nfO{ a'emfpF5 . ;fdflhs Gofo cj;/ gkfpg]sf nflu cj;/, ;+/If0f
ljxLgx¿sf] nflu ;+/If0f / oL b'j} k|fKt ug]{x¿sf nflu efjgfTds cg'e"lt xf] .9 ;dfhdf ljleGg
sf/0fn] ljBdfg /x]sf] c;dfgtf x6fO{ gful/s :jtGqtf, ;xeflutf, zlQmsf] ljt/0f, ;fdflhs–
;fF:s[lts Gofo, ;DklQ, cj;/ / cfosf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fdf hf]8 lbg] cjwf/0ff ;fdflhs Gofo xf] .

;fdflhs Gofosf] cfjZostf

;fdflhs Gofo ;a} dflg;sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g tyf k|j4{g u/L ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]
l:ylt lgdf{0fsf] lbzfdf lgb]{lzt dfGotf xf] . dflg; dflg; aLr lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ o;n] lt/:sf/
ub{5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo x'g] / gx'g] aLrsf] b"/L cGTo ug{' tyf /fHo ;+oGqdf ;a} gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg
/ cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{' /x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs Gofo Natural School of Thought ;Fu a9L
glhs /x]sf] 5 . dflg; k|fs[lts ¿kdf ;dfg x'G5g\, ;dfhdf ;a} dflg;x¿sf] ;dfg clwsf/x¿
x'G5g\, ;a} dflg;nfO{ ;dfg / ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{' k5{ eGg] ljifox¿ Natural School of Thought
af6 lg;[t ljifo x'g\ . t;y{ ;fdflhs Gofo dflg; dflg; aLrsf] lje]bsf] cGTo u/L Gofo /
g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] sf/0f ljZj ;fF3/' f] 3]/fdf Pp6f ufpFsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t ePsf] 5 h;n] ubf{ s]xL
bzsb]lv ljZjdf wgL / u/Lj b]zx¿sf] ;+Vofdf ptf/ r9fj x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lxhf]sf sltko u/Lj jf
cljsl;t b]zx¿ cfh wgL / ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t ePsf 5g\ eg] sltko b]zx¿ ljz]if u/L

7 The Conceptual History of Social Justice, Ben Jackan, Political Studies Review: 2005 vol. 3, 356-
373.
8 ljb'/ sf]O/fnf ;d]t, ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;|f]t ;fdu|L, -sf7df8f}+M ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^(_ k[= !#*
9 PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] uGtJodf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if, 6+s kfG8]o, k|zf;gM jif{ $$ c+s # k"0ff{Í !@$,
@)&), ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, k[= %(

48
t]>f] ljZjsf k|foM b]zx¿ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . klxn] b]lvsf wgL b]zx¿ cem
wgL /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . o;/L ljZjdf wgL / u/La b]z aLrsf] vf8n cem km/flsnf]
ePsf] 5 . of] vf8nsf] cGTo u/L wgL / u/La b]zaLr ;dfgtf sfod ug{ ;fdflhs Gofo cfjZos
kb{5 .

;fdflhs Gofosf] cfjZostfnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5
• k|To]s JolQmsf] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / k|a4{g ug{
• k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg] cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{
• u/Lj tyf alGrtLdf k/]sf JolQm, ju{, lnË / ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f ug{ / pgLx¿sf] cfjfhnfO{
;+jf]wg ug{
• ljZjaf6 u/LaL / ef]sd/L cGTo ug{
• ;a}nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff / :jf:Yo pknJw u/fpg
• n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{ tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ug{
• ljleGg sf/0faf6 alGrtLdf k/]sf÷kfl/Psf JolQm, ;d'bfo, lnË, ju{ / hfthfltnfO{ /fHosf]
d"nk|jfxLs/0fdf Nofpg
• wgL / u/La -wgL / u/La /fHo aLrsf] tyf JolQm_ aLrdf /x]sf] lje]bsf] vf8n cGTo ug{
• cj;/ gkfPsfx¿sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf u/L cj;/df k|fyldstf lbg
• dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj cGTo ug{
• dlxnf lj?4 x'g] of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ cGTo ug{
• 3/]n' lx+;fsf] cGTo ug{
• ;dfhdf /x]sf] e]befj tyf c;dfgtf x6fpg
• hfthfltsf] cfwf/df x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj cGTo ug{
• c;xfo tyf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ tyf pgLx¿sf] plrt ;Ddfg
ug{
• Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{
• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/L ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0f ug{
;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug]{ pkfox¿

;fdflhs Gofosf] dfWodaf6 /fHosf] x/]s txdf ;a}sf] ;dfg / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf u/fO{ ;dfj]zL
;dfh / /fHo lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|hftGq ljgf ;fdflhs Gofo ;Dej x'Fb}g . ;a} JolQmx¿sf]
efjgfsf] sb/ ug{ g;Sg] /fHo ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;Sb}g . nf]stGqdf cfwfl/t

49
zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs Gofo k|Tofe"t ug]{
ljleGg pkfox¿ 5g\ .
• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL k|aGw u/]/
• ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] dfWodaf6
• ;zlSts/0fsf] dfWodaf6
• ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] dfWodaf6
• sf]6f / cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6
• hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿sf] dfWodaf6
• ;'zf;gsf] dfWodaf6
• sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgf u/]/
• ;"rgfdf kx"Frsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg u/]/
• x/]s s[ofsnfkdf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/]/
• n}lËs lje]b x6fP/
• lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh / u}/;/sf/L If]qjLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] dfWodaf6
• c?sf] sb/ / ;Ddfg ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/]/
g]kfndf ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;Gbe{df ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

g]kfndf @))$ b]lv xfn;Dd ^ j6f ;+ljwfgx¿ th{'df eP . tL dWo] % j6f ;+ljwfgx¿ sfof{Gjogdf
NofOof] eg] g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$ h'g g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5
sfof{Gjogdf cfPg . clxn];Ddsf ;+ljwfgx¿nfO{ s]nfpFbf ;a} ;+ljwfgx¿df df}lnsxssf] Joj:yf
u/L ;fdflhs Gofo ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ s]xL g s]xL ¿kdf ;+jf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& ljZjd} pTs[i6 ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] ;+ljwfg xf] . ;f] ;+ljwfgn] sfg"gsf] zf;g,
:jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf, ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
h:tf ljifonfO{ c;+zf]wgLo rl/qsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf], df}lns xssf] ¿kdf afFRg kfpg] xsnfO{
;jf]{k/L xssf] ¿kdf lnPsf] / ;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf /fHo ;+oGqsf] d"nk|jfxdf
cfpg g;s]sf ju{, lnË, hfthflt, ;d'bfo, s[ifs nufotsf JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf] nflu
/fHon] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] egL ;fdflhs Gofosf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fHosf
lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf ;fdflhs Gofo ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ub}{ zf]if0f /lxt ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{, ;fdflhs
Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{s pknlJwsf] ;dfg / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg], hgtfsf] ;fdflhs,
cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts If]q nufot /fli6«o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug]{, ;a}
lsl;dsf cfly{s / ;fdflhs c;dfgtf x6fO{ Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t :jtGq ;fdflhs hLjgsf]
:yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{, ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g]

50
cj;/ h'6fpg] egL ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kn]
lk5l8Psf hghflt / ;d'bfosf] pTyfg ug]{ nufotsf gLlt /fHon] lng]5 egL ;fdflhs Gofosf]
dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . t/ klg pQm ;+ljwfgn] 5'§} df}lns xssf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs GofonfO{
/fv]sf] lyPg .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnnfO{ ;dfj]zL /fHosf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ub}{ ljleGg df}lns
xsx¿sf] Joj:yf u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! df ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsnfO{ ;d]t df}lns xssf] ¿kdf
5'§} Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] wf/fdf æcfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt,
cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L ;d'bfo, pTkL8Lt ju{, u/Lj ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5æ10 eGg] /x]sf] 5 . wf/f !#-#_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghftL, dw];L jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s
;fdflhs jf ;fF:s[lts b[li6n] lk5fl8Psf] ju{ jf afns, a[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s
¿kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf u/L ;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ df}lns xss} ¿kdf cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . wf/f @)
df dlxnf ePs} sf/0fn] s'g} e]befj gul/g], s'g} klg dlxnf lj?4 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g}
lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfo{ gul/g] / k}t[s ;+klQdf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg xs x'g] egL n}lËs lje]b
cGTo ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf afnaflnsfsf] xs, ;dfgtfsf] xs, ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]
xs, lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs, ;"rgfsf] xs nufotsf @! j6f df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ePsf]
5 . /fHosf] bfloTj, /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿df ;fdflhs Gofo cg';f/ zf;g Joj:yf
;~rfng ug]{ k|ltj4tfx¿ pNn]v 5g\ . v'nf ;dfhdf cfwfl/t nf]ssNof0fsf/L Joj:yf clej[l4
ug]{, :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fpg],
b]zdf pknJw >f]t ;fwgnfO{ Pp6} JolQmdf s]lG›t x'g glbg], ;a} lsl;dsf cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs
c;dfgtf x6fO{ ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, efiff, j0f{, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfosf aLr ;fdGh:o :yfkgf
u/L Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t :j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ ljifonfO{ ;fdflhs
p2]Zosf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . cfly{s ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw];L ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . /fHosf] gLlt cGtu{t dlxnf ju{sf]
lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{, lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB;Dk|e'tf / /f]huf/Ldf
lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw];L, blnt nufot ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gLsf dhb'/ ls;fgsf] pTyfg
ug]{, cNk;+Vos, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, ckfË, lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ;d'bfo / åGå kLl8tsf nflu
;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ nufotsf ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;/L cGo
% j6f ;+ljwfgsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] ;Gbe{df w]/}

10 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, wf/f @!

51
k|ultzLn b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs GofonfO{ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjogdf Nofpgsf] nflu w]/} P]gx¿ lgdf{0f u/L
sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] kfOG5 .

;fdflhs ;'/Iff

;dfhdf ;a} vfnsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kdf w]/} ;Ifd, w]/} wgL, af}l4s
¿kdf ;Ifd / /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf k|v/ /x]sf JolQmx¿ b]lv cfˆgf] 6fpsf] n'sfpg] c ‌ f]t / ef]s dfg]{
rLh s]xL gePsf, cfˆgf] af/]df a'‰g, ;f]Rg / hfGg g;Sg] vfnsf JolQmx¿ Pj+ cfˆgf] af/]df a'‰g
;Sg] / ;f]Rg ;Sg] eP klg zf/Ll/s ckfËtf tyf c;Qmtf jf dfgl;s ¿kdf c;Sttfsf] sf/0f
cfˆgf] nflu s]xL ug{ g;Sg] JolQmx¿ klg ;dfhsf ;b:osf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;dfh a[4, afns,
c;xfo, c;Qm b]lv ;Ifd / k|efjzfnL JolQmx¿af6} ag]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhdf cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{g
ug{ c?sf] e/ kg{' kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf JolQm, ;d'bfo / ju{sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] kl/k"lt{
/fHosf] tkm{af6 ug{' kg]{ s'/f;Fu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
cjwf/0ff nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf] pkh xf] . o;n] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf
c;'/lIft jf hf]lvddf /xL cfˆgf] lhljsf]kfh{g cfkm}+ ug{ c;dy{ /x]sf JolQmnfO{ /fHosf] tkm{af6
ljz]if ;x'lnot, ;xfotf / ;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . of] Gofo /
nf]sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] k|j4{g ug]{ lbzfdf nlIft gLltut tyf sfo{qmlds pks/0f / dfGotf xf] .
ljsl;t b]zx¿df cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{g cfkm}F ug{ g;Sg] jf kfsf] pd]/ e};s]sfx¿nfO{ /fHo cfkm}Fn]
nfng kfngsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ub{5g\ t/ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df /fHon] ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ eQfsf] ¿kdf cufl8
NofPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ x]bf{ a[4 eQf, ckfË tyf c;Qmx¿sf nflu k|bfg
ul/g] eQf, lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo tyf nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf] pTyfgsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] eQf, Psn dlxnf
eQf, dft[ ;+/If0f, cfl>t kl/jf/ ;'ljwf, ;a}+sf nflu :jf:Yo pkrf/ ;'ljwf, vfB ;'/Iff, clgjfo{
lzIff h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o; cy{df ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofodf k'¥ofpg] tyf
;fdflhs GofonfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ Pp6f dfWod tyf pks/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] csf]{ kf6f] s'g} klg JolQmn] /fHosf] nflu jf s'g} lgsfosf] nflu nufgL u/]sf]
lghsf] ;do tyf 1fgsf] nflu lbOg] Ifltk"lt{sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . of] bf]>f] cjwf/0ff cg';f/
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljifo /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/;Fu a9L glhs /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ klg ;]jf cjlwdf k|bfg
ul/g] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;]jf lgj[Q eP kl5 k|bfg ul/g] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ¿kdf 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .

;]jf cjlwdf k|fKt x'g] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf tna, eQf, cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{, k'/:sf/, ljbf, bz}+ vr{,
tflndsf] cj;/, ;]jf ;'/Iff, kf]zfssf] Joj:yf, pko'Qm sfo{ jftfj/0f, /fd|f] sfdsf] sb/, ;Ddfg,
;GttL 5fqj[lQ tyf cGo ljleGg cj;/x¿ kb{5g\ eg] ;]jf lgj[Q ePkl5 k|fKt ul/g] ;fdflhs
;'/Iffdf pkbfg, lgj[QLe/0f, kfl/jfl/s lgj[QLe/0f, ;GttL j[lQ -;]jfdf 5Fb} d[To' ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf
gfjfns ;GtfgnfO{ !^ jif{ pd]/ k"/f geP;Ddsf] nflu ;/sf/ jf ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 k|bfg ul/g] eQf_
cflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . /f]huf/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf a]/f]huf/ eQf ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf]

52
x'G5 . s'g} klg /fHon] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ gkfPsf cfˆgf gful/sx¿nfO{ a]/f]huf/ eQfsf] ¿kdf
lglZrt /sd lbg] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zdf o:tf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljifonfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# eGbf cufl8sf ;+ljwfgx¿df 5'§}
Joj:yf ePsf] lyPg . ljleGg df}lns xsx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft
ug{ vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . t/ pQm ;+ljwfgdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] nflu 5'§} Joj:yf ePsf] kfOb}g .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# -$_ df æ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLr
kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf e]befj ul/g] 5}gÆ11 egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] wf/f !* df /f]huf/L
tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf ub}{ ædlxnf, >lds, a[4, ckfË tyf c;Qm / c;xfo
gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5Æ12 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .
df}lns xssf] ¿kdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf cGo xsx¿n] klg k|ToIf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{
;+jf]wg eg] u/]sf 5g\ . /fHosf bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltx¿df ;d]t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL
Joj:yfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{sf] nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf ljifox¿ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
;Gbe{df cfslif{t x'g] g} x'G5g\ . /fHosf] gLltdf Psn dlxnf, cgfy, afnaflnsf, c;xfo, j[4,
ckfË, czQm / nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{
tyf j[4, czQm, dlxnf tyf a]/f]huf/nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L eQf lbg] gLlt lng] egL ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfnfO{ eQfsf] Joj:yfsf] dfWodaf6 sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg vf]h]sf] 5 .

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf ljifox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpgsf] nflu
ljleGg P]g h:t} afnaflnsf ;+aGwL P]g, h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, 5fqj[lQ ;DaGwL P]g cflb P]gx¿,
lgod, lgb{]lzsf tyf gLltx¿ th{'df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 .

lgisif{

gful/s sNof0fsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{' /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . ;a} gful/sx¿ k|lt ;dfg Pj+
clje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/ /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . cfˆgf] bfloTj lgjf{x u/L gful/s sNof0f clej[l4 ug]{ sfd
Gofod"ns ;dfh :yfkgfaf6 g} ;Dej x'G5 . /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ /fHosf tLgj6} lgsfodf b]zsf
;a} hflt ju{ ;d'bfo / lnËsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf cfjZos x'G5 . s'g} Pp6f hflt, ju{, ;d'bfo
jf lnËnfO{ j]jf:tf u/]/ /fHodf Gofo / g}ltstf sfod ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . cfw'lgs /fHo Joj:yfdf
ljleGg sf/0faf6 /fHosf] d"nwf/df ;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf] ju{, lnË / If]qsf JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] /fHo
;+oGqdf ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfaf6 dfq Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

11 ;+ljwfg -g+= !)_ wf/f !#

12 P]= P]= wf/f !*

53
gful/sx¿nfO{ /fHo ;+oGqsf] x/]s txdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t ;dfh
l;h{gf u/L nf]stGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] gful/sx¿sf] xs ;'lglZrt ug]{ lbzfdf /fHon]
;b}j Wofg lbg' kb{5 . s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|bQ xs clwsf/df s'g} k|sf/sf] c+sz '
nufpg] jf x:tIf]k ug]{ 5'6 s'g} klg lgsfo jf JolQmnfO{ x'Fb}g . Gofok"0f{ ;dfh Toltj]nf ;Dej x'G5 hj
/fHo ;+oGqsf] ;a} txdf ;a} gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg kx"Fr / ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf ePsf] x'G5 /
;a}+sf] efjgfsf] ;Ddfgk"j{s ;Daf]wgsf] ;'lglZrttf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
dfWodaf6 /fHon] ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f / gful/sx¿ k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/sf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug]{
cfˆgf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 . oL b'j} ljifox¿ Gofok"0f{ ;dfh :yfkgfsf nflu ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf 5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
• pk|]tL, e/t/fh / yfkf, sgs ljqmd, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg"g, klxnf] ;+:s/0f -sf7df8f}+M
sfg"g cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; kmf]/d -lk|ml8n_, @)$(_
• sf]O/fnf, ljb'/ ;d]t, ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;|f]t ;fdu|L, -sf7df8f}+M ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^(_
• /]UdL, 8f= hubLzrG›, g]kfnsf] a}wflgs k/Dk/f, t[tLo ;+:s/0f -sf7df8f}+M tGg]/L k|sfzgsf
nflu ljb'/ uf}td ;d]t, @)^)_
• l;+x, 6f]kaxfb'/, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+j}wflgs sfg"g, -sf7df8f}+M /Tg k':ts e08f/, @)$^_
• g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, cfly{s /fli6««o b}lgs -@)&@.#.!% af6_
• k|zf;g -;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf, jif{ $$, cÍ #, k"0ff{Í !@$, @)&)
• ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf, Zofd clwsf/L, ;f}o{ b}lgs -@)&@.#.* af6_
• Freeman, M.D.A.: LLOYD'S Introduction to Jurisprudence, Eighth Edition (London:
Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited, 2008
• Pant, Dr. Sastra Dutta, Comperative Constitutions of Nepal (Kathmandu: SIRUD, 2001)
• Sangroula, Dr. Yubaraj, Jurisprudence The Philosophy of Law, First edition (Bhaktapur:
Kathmandu School of Law: 2010)
• The Conceptual History of Social Justice, Ben Jackan, Political Studies Review: 2005 vol. 3
• ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf, xl/ljgf]b clwsf/L, available at http://navinsandesh.com/article/575,
accessed on 2015/4/4.

54
 /fhgLlts cl:y/tf;“u hf]l8Psf]
Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno
– /fdz/0f l3ld/]*

;f/f+z
lj=;+=@))$ ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd ^* jif{sf] cjlwdf 5j6f ;+ljwfg alg;s]sf 5g\ . kfFr k6s
/fhgLlts Joj:yf ablnPsf] 5 . of] b]zdf g /fhgLlts Joj:yfn] :yfloTj kfpg ;s]sf] 5, g
t ;+ljwfgn] g} . o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ Joj:yflksfdf k/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf k|d'v tLg c·x¿dWo]
Ps c· Joj:yflksf xf] . o;sf] 9fFrf, gfd / :j¿kdf klg kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . hlt;'s}
cu|ufdL kl/jt{g eg] klg, hlt;'s} k|ultzLnsf] b'xfO{ lbP klg Joj:yflksf eg]sf] hgtfsf
k|ltlglwx¿ /xg] lgsfo xf] . o;sf ;b:ox¿ lglZrt cjlwsf nflu lgjf{lrt ePsf x'G5g\ .
o;sf] d'Vo sfd eg]sf] sfg"g agfpg] g} xf] . sfg"g agfpgsf] nflu of] geO klg x'Fb}g . o;nfO{
:yfloTj k|bfg ug{ / sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cfjlws lgjf{rg ;do ;dodf x'g} k5{ .
of] hlt cjlwsf] nflu u7g ePsf] x'G5, Tolt cjlw;Dd sfod /xg' k5{ .
Joj:yflksfsf] sfo{df ;xof]usf] nflu Joj:yflksfsf] ;lrjfno /x]sf] x'G5 . Joj:yflksfsf]
gfd;Fu ;lrjfnosf] gfd hf]l8bF} cfPsf] klg 5 . of] lgsfo gePsf] cj:yfdf o;sf] ;lrjfnosf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] klg vf;} sfd x'Fb}g . sfd ljgf sd{rf/L /xg' eg]sf] Ps lsl;dsf] ;hfo h:t}
x'Fbf] /x]5, o:tf] cj:yfdf ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Ln] cfk"mnfO{ 6'x'/f] dx;"; ubf{ /x]5g\ . g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;df @)!& b]lv @)@) ;Dd Ps k6s, @)$& df bf];|f] k6s, @)%* b]lv @)^# ;Dd t];|f]
k6s / @)^( h]7b]lv @)&) d+l;/;Dd rf}yf]] k6s u/L sl/j !! jif{ o:t} kl/l:ylt /Xof] .
/fhgLlts :yfloTj / Joj:yflksfn] lg/Gt/tf gkfPsf] cj:yfdf ;+;b ;]jfdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]jn pRr /xg ;s]sf] kfOb}g / ul/df klg a9\g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;+;bLo sfd sf/jfxLdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug]{ sfo{df klg k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf]
kfOG5 . /fhgLlts :yfloTj gx'g] xf] / Joj:yflksfn] lg/Gt/tf gkfpg] xf] eg] ;+;b ;]jfsf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu 5'§} P]g / 5'§} ;]jf cfjZos x'Fb}g .

* ;x;lrj, Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno

55
ljifo k|j]z
clxn];Dd g]kfndf g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g,@))$, cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))&, g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg @)!%, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!(, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^$ u/L ^ j6f ;+ljwfg hf/L e};s]sf 5g\ / u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efsf]
ue{df 5 . k|To]s ;+ljwfgdf ;/sf/sf tLg cË Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . oL tLg cËdWo] Joj:yflksfn] sfg"g agfpg], sfo{kflnsfn] To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ /
Gofokflnsfn] sfg"gsf] JofVof / ;+/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf ;a} ;+ljwfgn] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf k|d'v
tLg cËdWo] Joj:yflksf klxn]f cË xf] . Joj:yflksfsf] k|d'v sfd ljwfog ;DaGwL xf] tfklg
o;n] u}/ljwfog ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ klg ub{5 . o;n] ug]{ ljwfog ;DaGwL sfo{x¿df sfg"g lgdf{0f,
ljQLo sfo{, ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ eg] u}/ljwfog ;DaGwL sfo{x¿df ;/sf/dfly
lgoGq0f ug]{, ;d;fdlos 5nkmn / ljrf/ ljdz{,lgjf{rg ;DaGwL / Goflos sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ .
sfg"g lgdf{0f
Joj:yflksfsf] ;a}eGbf k|d'v sfo{ eg]sf] sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] . nf]stGq sfg"gL zf;gdf cfwfl/t
x'G5 . sfg"geGbf dfly sf]xL x'Fb}g . sfg"g eg]sf] dflg;sf] cfr/0fnfO{ lgoldt ug{ /fHoåf/f lgwf{l/t
lgodx¿sf] ;+slnt ¿k xf] . /fHoåf/f agfOPsf] sfg"g s;}n] pNn+3g u/]df jf ckx]ngf u/]df
To;nfO{ ck/fw dflgG5 / ck/fw ug]{nfO{ bl08t ul/G5 . csf]{ cy{df eGg' kbf{ sfg"gnfO{ /fHosf]
cfb]z elgG5 / To;sf] kfngf zlQmsf] k|of]u jf k|of]usf] wDsLaf6 x'G5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] sfg"g
agfpg] clwsf/ hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw;ef Joj:yflksfnfO{ x'G5 .
ljQLo sfo{
Joj:yflksfnfO{ /fli6«o /fhZjsf] dflns jf k|aGws dflgG5 . o;sf] :jLs[lt / ;xdlt ge} s'g} s/
nufpg, s6f}lt ug{ jf yk ug{ / /fli6«o 9's'6Laf6 ;/sf/L /sd vr{ ug{ kfOFb}g . ;/sf/sf] gLlt /
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{ cy{ dGqfnon] ;/sf/sf] cfo Joo ljj/0f -ah]6_ tof/ u/]/ Joj:yflksfdf
k]z u5{ / Joj:yflksfn] :jLs[lt lbPkl5 dfq Tof] ah]6 sfof{Gjog x'G5 .
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
nf]stflGqs d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg Joj:yflksfn] ub{5 . o;sf] nflu Joj:yflksfdf ;+zf]wg
k|:tfj k]z ul/G5 . sltko d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ljw]os c? ;fwf/0f ljw]os h:t} ;+;bsf]
;fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ug{] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 eg] sltko b]zdf ljz]if ax'dt cyf{t\ b'O{ ltxfOsf]
ax'dtaf6 ;+zf]wg k|:tfj kfl/t ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cg';f/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] b'O{ ltxfOsf] ax'dtn] kfl/t ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

56
5nkmn / ljrf/ ljdz{

Joj:yflksfnfO{ jfbljjfb / ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{ ynf]sf] ¿kdf klg lnOG5 . oxfF /fHosf ;a} k|sf/sf
gLlt, nIo, sfo{qmd tyf ;d;fdlos ljifodfly 5nkmn / ljrf/ljdz{ x'G5 . o;/L ePsf] ljrf/–
ljdz{sf] cfwf/df dGqfnox¿nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] / sdLsdhf]/L ;Rofpg lgb]{zg lbg] ul/G5 . tyflk
clxn];Dd klg ;+;b / o;sf ;ldltx¿df gLltdfly 5nkmn ug]{ sfo{nfO{ Tolt dxTj lbOPsf] kfOb}g .
sfg"gsf] cfwf/ g} gLlt x'g] / gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ g} sfg"g lgdf{0f x'g] ePsf]n] ;+;b jf o;sf
;ldltx¿df ;/sf/n] agfpg] gLlt -h:tf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt, phf{ gLlt, l;+rfO{ gLlt cflb_ dfly
klxn] 5nkmn u/L ;+;b jf ;+;bLo ;ldltaf6 cg'df]bg u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;/sf/dfly lgoGq0f

dlGqkl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿ JolQmut / ;fd'lxs ¿kn] Joj:yflksfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ . ;/sf/ dfly
lgoGq0f ug]{ tl/sfx¿df dGqLx¿;Fu k|Zg ;f]Wg], Wofgfsif{0f k|:tfj, ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] k|:tfj, vr{
s6f}ltsf] k|:tfj, ;+sNk k|:tfj nufotsf ljleGg k|:tfj /fv]/ ;bgdf 5nkmn u/fO{ dGqLsf] hjfkm
dfu]/ ;+;bk|lt ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL agfpg] ljifox¿ kb{5g\ . ;jeGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t
k|wfgdGqL jf dlGqkl/ifb\ lj?4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj /fVg' xf] . k|wfgdGqLsf] ;Fw} Joj:yflksfsf]
ljZjf; k|fKt /xL /xg' kb{5 . cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj /fvL kfl/t ePdf k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbg' k5{ /
k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbPkl5 p;sf] g]t[Tjdf u7g ePsf] dlGqkl/ifb\ :jtM lj36g x'G5 .

lgjf{rg / Goflos sfo{

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bnfO{ s]xL lgjf{rg ;DaGwL / s]xL Goflos clwsf/
klg lbPsf] 5 . lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfo{df /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] r'gfj, Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf ;efd'v
/ pk;efd'vsf] lgjf{rg, ;efdf k]z x'g] k|:tfjx¿df dtbfg u/fOg] nufotsf sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ eg]
Goflos sfo{x¿df /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfgGofofwLz / GofofwLzx¿, ;+j}wflgs
cfof]usf k|d'v / ;b:ox¿nfO{ dxfleof]u nufpg] /x]sf] 5 . plNnlvt kbflwsf/LdWo] s;}nfO{
dxfleof]u nufOPsf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf Tof] kbflwsf/LnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/G5 . s;}n] ljz]ifflwsf/sf]
pNn+3g u/]df 5fgljg x'Fbf bf]ifL b]lvPdf klg Joj:yflksfn] ljz]ifflwsf/ pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ ;hfo
ug{ ;S5 . dfly plNnlvt sfo{x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ Joj:yflksfdf ;ldltx¿sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .

;lrjfno ;DaGwL Joj:yf

Joj:yflksf / o;sf ;ldltx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u / ;Nnfx lbg Joj:yflksfsf] nflu

;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] Oltxf; vf]tNb} hfFbf s] kfOG5 eg] g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs

57
sfg"g, @))$ nfu" ePg . t;y{ To;sf] ;lrjfno x'g] s'/} ePg . cGtl/d +ljwfg, @))& hf/L x'Fbf
lghfdtL ;]jf Tolt Jojl:yt lyPg . g]kfn ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lx¿n] g} ;Nnfxsf/;efsf] ;lrjfnosf]
sfd u/]sf lyP . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg cGtu{tsf] ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf ;xof]u ug{ klg
;+;b ;lrjfnosf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( cGtu{tsf] Joj:yflksfsf] gfd
/fli6«o k~rfot lyof] . /fli6«o k~rfotsf] sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{t /fli6«o k~rfot
;]jfsf] u7g ePsf] lyof] / ;lrjfnosf] gfd /fli6«o k~rfot ;lrjfno /x]sf] lyof] . o; ;lrjfnodf
sfd ug]{ ;'?sf sd{rf/Lx¿ @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ul7t ;+;b ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿ g}
lyP . @)$# ;fndf d Joj:yflksfsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ubf{ tL ;fyLx¿;Fu a;]/ sfd l;lsPsf] lyof] .
@)$& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L geP;Dd o; ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ljljw
;]jfdf /flvof] / ;lrjfnosf] gfd Joj:yflksf ;lrjfno /flvof] . @)$& ;fndf gofF ;+ljwfg
hf/L ePkl5 Joj:yflksfsf] gfdd ;+;b /flvof] / ;lrjfnosf] gfd ;+;b ;lrjfno / ;lrjfnosf
sd{rf/Lx¿ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{t g]kfn ;+;b ;]jfsf sd{rf/L ePsf lyP .

/fli6«o k~rfot Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf lyof] . o;sf] ;lrjfnosf] k|zf;sLo k|d'v ;lrj x'Gy],
h;sf] lgo'lQm /fhfaf6 x'GYof] . @)$& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf ePkl5 Joj:yflksfsf] gfd ;+;b
/Xof] . o;sf b'O{j6f ;bg k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o;ef lyP . k|To]s ;efsf] ;lrjfnosf] k|zf;sLo
k|d'vdf ;lrj /xGy], k|ltlglw;efsf] ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm ;efd'vsf] l;kmfl/zdf / /fli6«o;efsf] ;lrjsf]
lgo'lQm cWoIfsf] l;kmfl/zdf /fhfaf6 x'g] Joj:yf lyof] . ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf ;+;bsf
dxf;lrj /xg] / dxf;lrjsf] lgo'lQm ;efd'v / cWoIfsf] l;kmfl/zdf /fhfaf6 x'g] Joj:yf lyof] . c?
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm / ;]jfsf zt{x¿ @)%* eGbf cufl8;Dd lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL adf]lhd
x'g] Joj:yf lyof] . @)%* ;fn d+l;/ @* ut] ;+;b ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf / zt{ ;DaGwL 5'§} ;+;b
;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g aGof] . o;kl5 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{t /x]sf g]kfn ;+;b ;]jfdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx¿ o;} P]g cGtu{t /x] . ;+;b ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu 5'§} ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"g aGg'sf]
sf/0fx¿dWo] ;+ljwfgdf g} ;+;bsf] sfd sf/jfxL ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f]
;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g] eGg] Joj:yf x'g', Joj:yflksfnfO{ sfo{kflnsfaf6
:jtGq /fVg' kg]{ cj:yf / cGo k|hftflGqs d'n'sx¿sf] ;+;b ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf /
zt{ ;DaGwdf klg 5'§} sfg"g ePsf sf/0fx¿ x'g\ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^$ n] klg o;nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df P]gsf] gfd Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL
P]g,@)^$ / lgodfjnLsf] gfd Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnL,@)^% /x]sf]
5 . ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g cg';f/ ;lrjfno ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;efd'v ;efklt /
pk;efd'v, dxf;lrj, ;lrj / ;lrjfno ;lrj ;b:o /x]sf]] ;lrjfno ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . o; ;ldltsf] sfo{x¿df ;lrjfnosf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL
sfo{ ug]{,;+ljwfg;ef÷Joj:yflksf–;+;b tyf ;lrjfnosf] jflif{s ah]6 lgwf{/0f ug]{,Joj:yflksf–
;+;b ;]jfdf /xg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL lgwf{/0f / /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ug]{,;lrjfnosf

58
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf; Pj+ ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{,;+ljwfg;ef÷Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]
ef}lts lgdf{0f / ;'wf/ ;DaGwL gLlt to ug]{,;+ljwfg;ef÷Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf ;ldltx¿aLr ;dGjo
/ ;fd~h:otf sfod ug]{, u/fpg],;b:osf] bIftf tyf Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sfo{ ug]{,
g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;+ljwfg;ef÷Joj:yflksf–;+;b tyf ;ldltsf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf tof/
ug]{ / o;sf] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg of]hgfagfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg] /x]sf 5g\ .

nf]stGq / o;sf] sfof{Gjog

/fhgLlt zf:qdf xfdLn] k9\g' kYof]{ nf]stGqsf] ljifo klg . nf]stGqsf] kl/efiffkl5 o;sf u'0f /
cju'0fsf] klg rrf{ ug'{ kb{Yof] . o;sf u'0fx¿df d'Vo ¿kn] hgdtdf cfwfl/t zf;g, :jtGqtf,
;dfgtf / aGw'Tj, hgsNof0f, b]zelQmsf] efjgfsf] ljsf;, /fhgLlts hfu/0f, zflGtk"0f{ ;Qf
x:tfGt/0f kb{5g\ . cju'0fx¿df cof]Uox¿sf] zf;g, ax'dtåf/f cNkdtsf] zf]if0f, :jtGqtfsf] gfddf
:jR5Gbtf ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk, ;do / wgsf] ckJoo, ljz]if1x¿sf] pk]Iff, wgLx¿sf] af]njfnf,
e|i6frf/ a9\g hfg], bnut :jfy{sf] k|wfgtf /x]sf 5g\ . @)$* ;fnb]lv hgtfsf] ck]Iff nf]stGqsf
u'0fx¿n] k|wfgtf kfcf];\ eGg] xf] . t/ /fhgLlts bn / g]tfx¿sf] lqmofsnfk x]bf{ cju'0fx¿n]
k|>o kfPsf] b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt cju'0fx¿dWo] sltko cju'0fx¿sf] k|j]z xfd|f] /fhgLltdf eof] .
;QfkIfn] cfˆgf] :jfy{ cg's"n sfd ug]{, k|ltkIfLx¿n] ;bg ca?4 ug]{, ;+;bnfO{ lg0f{osf] aGbL
agfpg] lqmofsnfk eP, h;sf] sf/0f gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6 lgoldt ¿kdf cfpg], 5nkmn x'g],
kfl/t x'g] k|lqmof g} ;xh ePg .

s'g} klg /fhgLlts bn jf bnsf g]tfn] eg]sf / u/]sf sfd 7Ls xf];\ jf a]7Ls To;sf] lgikIf
d"NofÍg gu/L tnb]lv dfly;Ddsf kf6L{ k+lQm / To; bnk|lt cf:yf /fVg]n] cGweQm eP/ ;dy{g ug]{,
To;sf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{ / csf]{ bnn] u/]sf] hlt;'s} /fd|f] sfd eP tfklg To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds 9Ën]
glng] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ /fhgLlts lvrftfgL a9\g uof] / To;sf] kl/0ffdn]
ubf{ @)%* b]lv @)^@ ;Dd b]z ;+;bljxLg cj:yfdf /Xof] .

Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] ;/sf/dfly lgoGq0f ug]{ dfWod eg]sf] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj dfq xf]Og, ljleGg
lsl;dsf k|:tfj /fVg], 5nkmn u/fpg], dGqLx¿af6 :ki6Ls/0f lng], dGqLnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf
k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] g} xf] . o:tf Joj:yfx¿ ;+;bLo cEof;leq kb{5g\ . k|Zg / k|:tfj Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]
dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ g} xf] t/ kl5Nnf lbgx¿df k|Zgn] ;bgdf k|j]z} kfPsf] 5}g . a? ;+;bLo Oltxf;df g}
s'g} dxTj gkfPsf] ljz]if ;do / 9\ofk\9\ofk]n] dxTj kfPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ dxTj g} gePsf] ljifon] dxTj
kfPsf] 5 / o;}n] g} a9L ;do lnPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] s'/f /fVg] c?sf] s'/f g;'Gg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .
;+;bdf ;dodf ah]6 k]z e} ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ¿kdf 5nkmn eP/ ljgf la£gafwf cWofb]z gNofOsg ah]6
kfl/t eof] eg] cfZro{ dfGg' kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . ;bg cj?4 / g]kfn aGb t ;fdfGo s'/f
ePsf 5g\ .

59
@)$* b]lv @)%* ;Ddsf] ;+;bLo cEof;

@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ ;+;bsf] clwj]zg jif{sf] b'O{ k6s a:g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . jif]{
clwj]zgnfO{ jh]6 clwj]zg / lxpFb] clwj]zgnfO{ ljw]os clwj]zgsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ vf]lhPsf]
lyof] t/ jif]{ clwj]zg nfdf] cjlw rNg] ePsf]n] ljw]osx¿ klg jif]{ clwj]zgdf g} a9L cfpg]
ub{y] .

@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg ePsf]n] ;+;bdf bnLo k|ltlglwTj x'g' :jfefljs} xf] .
To;df ;Qfwf/L bn / k|ltkIfL bn x'g' klg :jfefljs} xf] . ;+;bdf ;Qfwf/L bnsf ;ef;baf6
;/sf/n] u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;dy{g ug]{ / k|ltkIfL bnn]] lj/f]w ug]{, jfr 8usf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{
s'/fnfO{ klg k|hftflGqs dfGotf dflgG5 . k|hftflGqs cEof; / ;'ema'emtfsf] sdLn] ubf{ ;+;bdf
;Qfwf/L bnsf ;b:ox¿ ;/sf/af6 ePsf 7Ls a]7Ls h'g;'s} lqmofsnfk x'g\ cfFvf lrDn]/ ;dy{g
ug]{ / k|ltkIfLx¿ ;/sf/n] hlt;'s} /fd|f] sfd u/] klg Tof] /fd|f] kIfnfO{ gb]Vg] lj/f]w dfq ug]{ o:tf]
cj:yfsf] ;"qkft eof] . o;sf] c;/ ;+;bLo ;ldltdf klg k¥of] . o;n] ubf{ ;+;bsf a}7sx¿sf]
cfsif{0f a9\g ;s]g .

Tolt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿df Pp6f dfGotf :yflkt eof], Tof] lyof] ;ldltx¿df bnut
¿kdf cfˆgf] c8fg g/fvL oyfy{k/s ¿kdf k|:t't x'g] . cyf{t\ ToxfF ;Qfwf/L / k|ltkIfLsf] efjgf
g/fVg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; . h;nfO{ ;sf/fTds g} dflgG5 . o;n] ;ldltdf sfd ug]{ ;lrjfnosf
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg lgs} ;lhnf] eof] .

/fhgLlts :yfloTj ge} cfly{s ljsf;df b]zn] ult lng ;Sb}g . cfly{s ljsf; ljgfsf] nf]stGq
lbuf] klg x'g ;Sb}g . k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfkl5 @)$* ;fnsf] lgjf{rgåf/f ul7t k|ltlglw;ef /fhgLlts
:yfloTj k|bfg ug{ kfFr jif{;Dd /xg' kg]{df @)%! ;fndf g} lj36g eof] . Tof] g} /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf]
k|f/De lyof] /fhgLlts bnx¿ / ;+;bn] klg ;+;bLo Joj:yf / ;+;bsf] dxTjjf/] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
kl/ro u/fpg] / o;sf] ljz]iftfsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ ;s]gg\ . ;sf/fTds ;f]r g ;+;bdf b]lvof], g
;dfrf/ dfWoddf g} b]lvof], g t k|hftGq ¿kL 3/nfO{ alnof] agfpg], /+u/f]ug ug]{tkm{ nfluof], g t
/fhgLlts bnx¿df efjgfTds Pstf g} b]lvof] . Pp6} /fhgLlts bnleq klg ljleGg u"6 / pku"6
b]lvP . /fhgLlts bnx¿df /fli6«o :jfy{sf] hu]gf{ s;/L ug]{ / b]zsf] ljsf; s;/L s'g tl/sfaf6 ug]{
eGg] s'/fdf lrGtg dgg x'g ;s]g . log} sf/0fn] bnx¿ k|lt hgtfsf] ;sf/fTds zf]r aGg ;s]sf]
5}g\ .

@)$* b]lv @)%* ;Dd ;+;bsf] tLg k6s r'gfj eP . o; cjlwdf ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿
;+;bLo sfd sf/jfxLdf ;+nUg x'g] cj;/ k|fKt u/]/ ;+;bLo k|lqmof / k|of]ujf/] w]/} 1fg k|fKt ug]{
cj;/ k|fKt u/] . nueu !) jif{sf] cjlwdf s]xL xb;Dd ljz]if1tf xfl;n klg eof] . ;+;bsf]

60
lg/Gt/tfaf6} ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] klg ul/df /xG5 eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{ dt /xGg . @)%*
df k|ltlglw;ef eË ePb]lv @)^# j}zfv;Dd nueu kfFr jif{ b]z ;+;bljxLg cj:yfdf lyof] .
o; cjlwdf ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;+;bLo k|lqmof / k|of]u ;DaGwL sfdaf6 ljd'v /xg' k¥of] /
ePsf] 1fgsf] klg ;b'kof]u ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePg . @)^# j}zfv !! ut] k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf
kl5 ;+;b ;lrjfno / o;sf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;d]t hLjGttf kfPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] 1fg / lzksf]
;b'kof]u ub}{ ljif]z1tf xfl;n ug]{ cj;/ klg kfPsf 5g\ . ljBdfg cj:yfdf t Joj:yflksf–;+;b
;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfnosf] ;d]t sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/klg /fhgLlts
l:y/tfsf] l:ylt cGof}ndf g} b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;, b]zsf] :jtGqtf
/ ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ dfq c;/ kf/]sf] xf]Og, o:tf] kl/l:yltdf ;+;b ;]jfn] klg cfˆgf] dxTj / ul/df
h'g ¿kdf kfpg' kg]{ xf], Tof] kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

;'?sf jif{x¿df ;/sf/ u7g ePkl5 s'g} klg ;ef;bnfO{ s'g} klg dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L lb+bf v';L;fy
;DxfNg] cj:yf lyof] . kl5NNff jif{x¿df ljs[lt a9]/ ;a}nfO{ /fd|f] dGqfno rflxg], dGqfnosf] nflu
n8fO x'g] l:ylt b]lvof] . of] klg d'n'ssf] nflu Pp6f b'ef{Uo g} xf] .

lgisif{

nf]stGq eg]sf] ljZjdf pTs[i6 zf;g Joj:yf xf] . o;sf] ;xL ¿kdf sfo{fGjog eof] / u'0fx¿n]
:yfg kfof] eg] Tof] bLuf] x'G5 . cju'0fx¿n] :yfg kfof] eg] ToxfF c/fhstf x'G5 . h;n] /fhgLlts
Joj:yfnfO{ bLuf] agfpg / /fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod x'g ufx|f] k5{ . ;/sf/sf tLg cËdWo] ;+;b eg]sf]
k|hftGqsf] klxnf] / dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] . of] gx'Fbf ;/sf/n] unt sfd u/]df To;nfO{ c+s'z nufpg]
sf]xL x'Fb}g . ;+;bnfO{ ul/dfdo / cf]h:jLk"0f{ agfpg] sfd ;ef;b\x¿sf] xf] .

b]zsf] k|d'v cfjZostf eg]sf] /fhgLlts l:y/tf xf] . /fhgLlts l:y/tf u/fpg] sfd /fhgLlts
bnx¿s} xf] . o;sf] nflu /fhgLlts bnx¿n] hgtfsf] cledtnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . hgtfn]
;/sf/ agfpg Dof08]8 lbPsf] bnnfO{ ;/sf/ rnfpg lbg' k5{ . /fhgLlts bnleq klg g]t[Tjsf]
n8fO{, u"6 pku"6 x'g' x'Fb}g . bnut :jfy{ / JolQmut :jfy{sf] nflu ;+;b lj36g ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;a}df
;sf/fTds ;f]r x'g' k5{ . s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnn] cfkm"nfO{ hgtfeGbf dfly 7fGg' x'Fb}g / d]/f] ljrf/
g} hgtfsf] ljrf/ xf] eGg' klg x'Fb}g .

g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf s'g} klg ;ef;b k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 To;sf] lj/f]w k|ltkIfL bnn] t u/] u/]
;Qfwf/L bnleqaf6 klg p;sf] lj?4 l5s]{ xfNg] sfd @))& ;fnb]lv g} x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . jt{dfgdf
cfOk'Ubf;Dd of] ljs[lt x6\g' t k/} hfcf];\ emg df}nfpFb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] 5 ;+;b
;lrjfno / o; ;lrjfnodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ .

61
Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]gn] ;efd'vsf] ;efkltTjdf u7g x'g] ;lrjfno ;~rfng tyf
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt sfo{kflnsftkm{sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ h:t} b]lvG5 . ;+;bn] lg/Gt/tf kfof], cfjlws r'gfj
;dodf eof] eg] of] ;ldlt klg ;Fw} k|efjsf/L x'G5 . @)%* b]lv @)^@ ;Ddsf] / @)^(÷@÷!$ b]lv
@)&) ;fn dfu{sf] cjlw h:tf] ;+;b ljxLg cj:yf /Xof] . of] ;ldltsf] ;efkltTj ug]{ ;efd'vsf]
cefjdf ;ldlt g} nË8f] x'g hfG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgdf k|ltlglw;ef lj36g eP klg
;efd'v / pk;efd'v k|ltlglw;efsf nflu x'g] lgjf{rgsf] pDd]bjf/L bflvnf ug]{ lbg;Dd cfˆgf]
kbdf sfod /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] t/ of] Joj:yf clxn]sf] ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5}g . ;+;b ;]jfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg / g]t[TjljxLg cj:yf cfpg glbg k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rg e} csf] ;efd'vsf]
lgjf{rg geP;Dd ;fljss} ;efd'v / pk;efd'v sfod x'g] Joj:yf ca aGg] ;+ljwfgdf x'g' k5{ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• g]kfnsf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# .
• g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts bk{0f – u[idjxfb'/ b]jsf]6f
• /fhgLlt zf:qsf] l;4fGt – s[i0f kf]v/]n
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,@)!(
• g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$&

62
 g]kfndf ljkb\ ÷ k|sf]k Joj:yfkgM
;+lIfKt ljj]rgf
– s]bf/gfy zdf{*

;f/f+z
k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] sfj' aflx/sf] kl/l:yltnfO{ g} ljkb\÷k|sf]k
elgG5 . ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ xfn df}h'bf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]g, @)#( lqmoflzn /x]sf]
5 . of] P]g Hofb} k"/fgf] ePsf]n] o;sf] k|lt:yfkg u/L gofF P]g Nofpg] s;/t ePtfklg
xfn;Dd gofF P]g th{'df / kfl/t x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . kmn:j¿k ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ /
o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df xfd|f k|of;x¿ k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . g]kfn ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf
b[li6n] cToGt hf]lvdo'Qm d'n's ePsf] x'Fbf xfdLx¿n] o;sf] /f]syfd, hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f, k"j{
tof/L, ;fdgf ug{], vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt sfo{, k'gM:yfkgf, k'gM lgdf{0f, jrfj6, ljsf; /
;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ ug{ u/fpgs]f nflu x/ ;do tof/L cj:yfdf /xg' h?/L e};s]sf] 5 . t/
xfn ;Dd klg g t xfd|f] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ vfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5 g t
ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] af/]df clwsf/ ;DkGg lgsfo g} u7g x'g ;s]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf ljutsf
xfd|f ljkb\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf lqmofsnfkx¿ Jojl:yt x'g ;s]gg\, ;dGjofTds ¿kn] cufl8
a9\g ;s]gg, vf]h p4f/ / /fxt sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]gg . h;sf] kmn:j¿k ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf]
;dodf b]zsf ljs6 :yfgdf j;f]jf; ug]{ gful/sx¿n] ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt ;d]t dxz'; ug{
;s]sf] b]lvPg . o;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df s]Gb|Lt /x]/ k|:t't n]vdf 5f]6f] rrf{{ ul/Psf] 5 .

!= k[i7e"dL

k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo ;lqmotf, lqmofsnfk Pjd\ ultlzntfaf6 pTkGg x'g] dflg;sf] sfa' aflx/sf]
kl/l:yltnfO{ ljkb\\ elgG5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu xfn;Ddsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/ b}jL k|sf]k
p4f/ P]g, @)#( lqmoflzn /x]sf] 5 . pQm P]gn] ljkb\\nfO{ æb}jL k|sf]kÆ sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf]
kfOG5 . pQm P]g cg';f/ æb}jL k|sf]kÆ eGgfn] e"sDk, cfunfuL, cfFwLj]x/L, af9L klx/f], cltj[i6,
cgfj[li6, clgsfn, dxfdf/L tyf o:t} cGo k|fs[lts k|sf]knfO{ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] cf}Bf]lus

* ;x;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

63
b'3{6gf, ljikmf]6s tyf ljiffQm kbfy{åf/f x'g] b'3{6gf tyf o:t} cGo s'g} klg k|sf/sf] k|sf]knfO{ ;d]t
hgfPsf] b]lvG5 .

"Disaster is an impact of natural or man made hazards negatively affecting society or

environment."

b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]gn] d'ntM k|fs[lts k|sf]knfO{ hf]8 lbP tfklg jt{dfg cj:yfdf ljkb\\÷k|sf]k
dfgjLo sf/0fn] ;[lht csNkgLo cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t a'emfpg] u/]sf] 5 . pQm P]g k'/fgf] ePsf]n] o;sf]
;§fdf ljkb\\nfO{ ;fFlRrs} ;Daf]wg u/L To:t} cg'¿ksf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ u/L ;dofg's"n gofF P]gsf]
cfjZostf dx;'; u/L lj=;+= @)^% ;fnd} ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg ljw]ossf] d:of}bf tyf ;f] cg'¿k x'g]
u/L ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLltsf] ;d]t d:of}bf agfOPtfklg xfn;Dd ltgLx¿n] sfg'gL
dfGotf k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f g]kfnsf] ljkb\\ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ d"ntM b}jL k|sf]k p2f/ P]g, @)#(
cg';f/ g} x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

ljkb\\ hf]vLd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^% df pNn]v eP cg';f/ pQm /0fgLltsf] bL3{sflng
;f]+r æg]kfnnfO{ ljkb\\af6 pTyfgzLn ;dfhsf] (Disaster Resilient Community) ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{Æ
eGg] /x]sf] 5 .

@= ljkb\\÷k|sf]k pTkGg x'gfsf sf/0fx¿

jf:tjdf ljkb\\÷k|sf]k PSsf;L pTkGg x'g] cfkt\sflng kl/l:ylt jf cj:yf ePsf]n] ;fdfGotof o;sf]
k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;ls+b}g . t/ klg d"ntM jftfj/0fsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofg glbO{ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf]
hyfefjL cltqmd0f jf cTolws bf]xg jf pkof]usf sf/0f ljkb\\÷k|sf]k pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . To:t}
ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg jf cf0fljs e§Lsf] lgdf{0fsf sf/0f klg ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . dfgj l;lh{t sf/0fx¿df cJojl:yt a;f]af;, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] nfk/jfxLk"0f{
k|of]u, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf bL3{sflng ;f]+rsf] cefj, lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0fftkm{sf] Go"g Wofg tyf
hyfefjL jg ljgfz cflbnfO{ klg lng ;lsG5 . o;sf] ;fy} r/d u/LaLn] ubf{ klg k|fs[lts ;|f]t
;fwgx¿sf] hyfefjL bf]xg, pkof]u, pTvgg cflbsf sf/0fn] klg ljkb\\÷k|sf]k pTkGg x'g] ub{5 .

To:t} ljkb\\÷k|sf]k pTkGg x'g] sf/0fx¿df u/LaLsf] cnfjf k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df
x]nr]qmfO{ tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf ;a} rqmx¿df cfjZostf cg';f/
pkof]u ug{ g;Sgfn] klg jf/Daf/ ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . ljkb\\sf sf/0fx¿sf] af/]df
pNn]v ug]{ qmddf o;sf k|sf/x¿ klg hfGg' h?/L b]lvG5 . ljkb\\÷k|sf]k pTkGg x'g] sf/0f eGg' jf
ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf k|sf/ eGg' p:t} p:t} x'g] ePsfn] klg o;sf k|sf/sf] af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg ;lsof]
eg] o;sf] hf]lvddf Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . ljkb\\sf k|sf/ lgDg adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M

64
-s_ k|s[lt l;lh{t ljkb\\÷k|sf]k M af9L, klx/f], cfFwLj]x/L, e"sDk, dxfdf/L cflb .
-v_ dfgj l;lh{t ljkb\\÷k|sf]kM cJojl:yt a;f]af;, kmf]x/d}nf, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cTolws
bf]xg cflb .
-u_ h6Ln ljkb\\÷k|sf]kM u/LaL, jftfj/0f, jg ljgfz cflb .
ljkb\\ cjZoDefjL 5 . To;}n] o;sf] k"jf{g'dfg u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;fdgf u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
ug{sf nflu lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k"j{ tof/Lsf sfo{x¿ ug{ ;s]df o;af6 sd eGbf sd Iflt u/fpg ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df d"ntM k|fs[lts / dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿sf sf/0f g} ljkb\\÷k|sf]k pTkGg x'g] u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .

#= ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg sfo{

"Mitigating the impacts of natural calamities"

;fdfGo cy{df Joj:yfkg eGgfn] of]hgf, ;+u7g, g]t[Tj / lgoGq0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 .o;nfO{ csf]{
cy{df eGbf lglZrt jftfj/0fdf lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu dfgjLo, ef}lts / ljlQo ;fwgx¿sf]
ljj]sk"0f{ ¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{ k|lqmof g} Joj:yfkg xf] .

"Management is getting things done through others"

ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ;fdgf u/L sd eGbf sd Iflt x'g lbg] d"n p2]ZonfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL
dflg;x¿sf] dfWodaf6 gofF gofF k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u u/L nlIft p2]Zo k|fKt ug'{ g} Joj:yfkg xf] .
To;}n] ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;dod} k"jf{g'dfg ug]{, hf]vLd Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDag
ug]{, k"j{ tof/Lsf sfo{x¿ ug]{, kof{Kt ;|f]t, ;fwg / k|ljlwsf] Joj:yf ug]{, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr
k|efjsf/L ;+rf/ / ;dGjosf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, vf]h, p2f/, /fxt k'gM:yfkgf / k'gMlgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿nfO{
oyf;dod} ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg' g} ;kmn Joj:yfkg xf] .

$= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljkb\\÷k|sf]k

g]kfn ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf b[li6n] cToGt hf]vLdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] tYo k'li6 e};s]sf] 5 . e'sDkLo
k|sf]ksf b[li6n] t g]kfn ljZjs} !! cf}+ hf]vLdo'Qm d'n'sdf kb{5 . ljutdf klg xfdLn] e'sDksf]
cnfjf dxfdf/L, cfunfuL, af9L klx/f], cflbsf] ;fdgf ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . Pp6f cWoogn] g]kfndf ;g\
!()) b]lv @))% ;Ddsf] ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ s"n ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] %) k|ltzt
dxfdf/L / $$ k|ltzt af9L klx/f]sf] lx:;f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] xfdL e"sDkeGbf klg a9L cGo
ljkb\\÷k|sf]kaf6 k|lt jif{ k|efljt eO/xg] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5f}+ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg
x'g] hf]lvdaf6 klg xfdL TolQ g} k|efljt eO/xg] cj:yfdf 5f}+ . ljZjJofkL pi0ftfsf sf/0f xfd|f
w/f]x/x¿sf ¿kdf /x]sf pRr lxd>[ª\vnfx¿sf] lxpF klUng] qmd lg/Gt/ ¿kdf a9L/x]sf] 5 . lxdtfn

65
lj:kmf]6 x'g] vt/fsf 306Lx¿ ahL/x]s} 5g\ . ljkb\\÷k|sf]kn] xfd|f] 9f]sfnfO{ lg/Gt/ 9s9sfO/x]sf] tYo
xfdL ;a}nfO{ 1ft g} 5 . t/ klg ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf nflu xfd|f] tof/L cToGt ;':t ultdf 5
eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljutsf xfd|f lqmofsnfkx¿n] k'l:6 ul/;s]sf 5g\ . plrt ;dGjosf] cefjsf sf/0f
k|fKt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf} . Go"g z}lIfs:t/, cGwljZjf;L ;dfh
cflbsf sf/0f xfdLn] ljkb\\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf Wofg lbg ;s]sf 5}gf} . xfd||f] ;Gbe{df
ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg sfo{df sdhf]/L /xg'df lgDg sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .

!= ljkb\\÷k|sf]k / ljsf; aLr s'g} lsl;dsf] ;DaGw x'Fb}g eGg] cfd wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k
ljsf;sf gfddf xfdLn] hyfefjL ¿kdf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ ul/ /x]sf 5f}+ . k|fs[lts
;|f]t ;fwgsf] cToGt a9L dfqfdf bf]xg ul//x]sf 5f} . jftfj/0fLo ljgfz x'g glbO{ jftfj/0fLo
;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ sfo{df xfd|f] oy]i6 Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .

@= ljkb\\÷k|sf]k lgtfGt b}jL sfo{x¿ x'g eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf /xL cfPsf] 5 . dfgjLo v/fjLsf
sf/0f klg ljkb\\÷k|sf]k cfpF5 eGg] x]Ssf xfdLdf /x]sf] 5}g . kmn:j¿k lg/Gt/ ¿kdf xfdLn]
ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿ nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
;s]sf 5}gf} . ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] 36gf 36\of] eg] b}jL ljklQ eg]/ k|s[ltnfO{ dfq bf]if lbg] u/]sf
5f}+ .

#= ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] s'/f ;+s6sflng cj:yfdf dfq ug]{ xf] eGg] xfd|f] a'emfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljj]sk"0f{ pkof]u u/L lbuf] ljsf;df Wofg lbg' kb{5 / ljkb\\÷k|sf]k k"j{
g} k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{df dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ jf k"j{
;fjwfgL ckgfpg' k5{ eGg]tkm{ xfdLn] b[li6 g} k'¥ofpg ;s]sf 5}gf+} . ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf]
sfo{ eg]sf] ljkb\\ k"j{ jf ljkb\\ kZrft\;Dd klg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ xf] eGg] hfgsf/L /
;f]xL adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{ h?/L e};s]sf] 5 .

$= ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf k"0f{tM ;/sf/sf] dfq xf] eGg] dfgl;stfn] xfdL u|l;t ePsf
5f|} . ;/sf/sf] cnfjf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] klg plQs} ¿kdf st{Jo xf]
eGg] tkm{ xfdLn] cToGt sd ;f]+r]sf 5f}+ . ;fd'lxs k|of;af6 dfq ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug]{
sfo{df ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]tkm{ klg xfd|f] Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 .

%= ;|f]t÷;fwgsf] cefjn] ubf{ k|sf]k÷ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 eGg] xfd|f]
a'emfO{ /x]sf] 5 . ljkb\\÷k|sf]k cfpg glbgsf] nflu klg plQs} dfqfdf ;r]tgf tyf tof/L
h?/L x'G5 . ljkb\\÷k|sf]k k"j{ ug'{kg]{ sfo{df vf;} yk ;|f]t ;fwg / ;Lksf] cfjZostf kb}{g .
ljkb\÷k|sf]k k"j{sf] ;fgf] nufgLn] klg hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] tkm{ xfdLn] sd}
;f]r]sf 5f} . ljkb\÷k|sf]k k"j{ ug'{kg]{ nufgLsf] nfuL :yfgLo ;|f]t g} kof{Kt x'G5 t/ o;tkm{ xfd|f]
Wofg hfFb}g . pknAw ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf xfdL;Fu 5}g ;fy} ;|f]t

66
 ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{df cfjZos kg]{ ;dGjosf] klg cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;tkm{ klg kof{Kt
Wofg lbO{ sdhf]/L ;'wfg]{ tkm{ klg yk kxn ug{ cfjZos 5 .

pk/f]Qm d"No, dfGotf Pjd\ wf/0ffx¿sf] jr{:j /x]sf] xfd|f] dfgl;stfsf] sf/0f ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
ug]{ sfo{df xfd|f k|of;x¿ k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ljkb\\÷k|sf]k k|fs[lts sf/0fn] dfq geO{
dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f klg cfpF5 / o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ ;/sf/sf] dfq geO{ cfd
gful/ssf] ;d]t xf] eGg] efjgf hfu[t x'g g;s];Dd ljkb\\÷k|sf]kaf6 hf]lug, hf]vLd Go"lgs/0f ug{ /
k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df xfd|f] k|of; c;kmn g} /xG5 .

%= ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg s;/L <

ljkb\\÷k|sf]k k"j{ ;'rgf ljgf cgk]lIft ¿kn] cfpg] ePsf]n] o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ cToGt
r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . k"j{ cg'dfgljgf ljkb\\÷k|sf]k cfpg] ePsfn] tTsfnsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{ g}
ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] ;kmn Joj:yfkg xf] . ljkb\\÷k|sf]k k|To]s If0f xfd|f] ;fd' /x]sf] 5 / h'g;'s} ;dodf
klg o;sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotf Psftkm{ /fVg] / csf]{tkm{ ljkb\\ dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf
sf/0fn] cfpg] ePsf]n] ljkb\\÷k|sf]k cfpg glbg] tkm{ jf ljkb\\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{tkm{ xfd|f
lqmofsnfkx¿ s]lGb|t ug'{kb{5 eGg] efjgf cfd gful/sdf hfu[t u/fpg ;Sg] xf] eg] dfq ljkb\\af6
pTkGg x'g] hf]vLdnfO{ sd jf Go"lgs/0f u/fpg ;lsG5 . ljkb\\n] ljgfz dfq} ub}{g o;n] ljsf;sf]
af6f] klg vf]lnlbG5 . To:t} ljsf;n] ljkb\\ a9fpg] / 36fpg] b'j} sfo{ ub{5 . t;y{ ljsf; / ljkb\\
aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ubf{ u/fpFbf jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{
plrt Wofg lbg] tyf ljkb\\ Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox¿nfO{ klg cjnDjg ub}{ hfg ;s]sf] v08df dfq
ljsf;n] ljkb\\ 36fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . ljsf;sf gfddf hyfefjL ¿kdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] bf]xg
ug]{ / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ kIfdf s'g} klg Wofg glbgfn] dfq ljsf;n] ljkb\\ a9fpg] ub{5 .
ljkb\\ cjZoDefjL x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] ;kmn / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ lgDg r/0fx¿sf] k|To]s
kIfdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf sfo{x¿ ul//xg' kb{5 .
!= /f]syfd (Prevention) ug]{ .
@= hf]lvd sd (Mitigation) ug]{ .
#= k"j{ tof/L (Preparedness) ug]{ .
$= k|sf]ksf] (Disaster) ;fdgf ug]{ .
%= vf]h, p4f/, /fxt (Search, Rescue, Relief) Joj:yfkg .
^= k'g:yfkgf (Rehabilitation) ug]{ .
&= k'gMlgdf{0f÷arfj6 (Reconstruction/Recovery) ug]{ .
*= ljsf;÷;'wf/ (Development/Reform) ug]{ .

67
ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf nflu cToGt pkof]uL dflgPsf] Hyugo Framework of Action (HFA-
2005-2015) df pNn]lvt lgDg kIfx¿df Wofg lbg ;s]df klg ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;kmntf k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= ;+:yfut Joj:yf / k"j{ tof/L ug]{ .
@= b]zsf gLlt, sfg"g, of]hgf cflbdf ljkb\\sf] cfj4tf ;dfj]z ug]{ .
#= ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
$= cg'udg, d"Nof+sg / k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ .
ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljifo Cross Cutting Issues ePsf]n] ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;dfg /
cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf cfjZos x'G5 .

^= ljkb\\÷k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fdf Cluster Approach sf] cfjZostf

;fdfGotM ljkb\\÷k|sf]k k"j{ x'g] ;ef, a}7s, uf]i7L, sfo{zfnf cflbsf] tfdemfd x]bf{ nfU5 h:tf];'s}
ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ klg xfdL ;Ifd 5f}+ . t/ o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] hj ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] 36gf 36\5
tj xfdL s'lx/fsf] sfu h:tf] aGb5f}+ . g ;dGjo 5, g ;"rgf Joj:yfkg 5 g cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ 5g\,
g t tf]lsPsf If]qut k|d'vx¿n] cfˆgf] sfd ub{5g\ . nfU5 ljkb\\÷k|sf]k k"j{sf] tof/L k6Ss} ePsf]
5}g . o:tf] cj:yf xfn}sf] e"sDkdf klg :ki6;Fu b]lvof] . ljkb\\sf] ;dod} plrt ¿kn] ;fdgf ug{
;lsof]; eg]/ g} ljleGg /0fgLlt cGtu{t cluster x¿ agfpg] / pQm cluster k|d'vn] tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L
k'/f ug'{kg]{ xf] t/ Jojxf/df o;/L sfd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . gLltut Joj:yf ePtfklg ljljw sf/0fj;
pQm cluster x¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvPsf] 5}g .

ljkb\ hf]vLd Go"lgs/0f ug]{ sfo{df d'Vo ¿kn] lgDg Cluster x¿ agfPsf] kfOG5 .
!= s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff .
@= :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f .
#= z}lIfs If]q .
$= cfjf;, k"jf{wf/ / ef}lts of]hgf .
%= cflhljsfsf] ;+/If0f -Livlihood) .
^= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ .
&= ;'rgf, ;+rf/, ;dGjo / k|jGwut Ifdtf .
*= vf]h, p4f/, /fxt Ifltsf] lgwf{/0f / cfjZostf klxrfg .
(= dlxnf, afnaflnsf / h]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f .

68
pk/f]Qm adf]lhd s]Gb|, If]q / lhNnf:t/Lo b}jL k|sf]k p2f/ ;ldltn] Cluster agfP tfklg sfof{Gjog
kIfdf oL cluster x¿n] :jt:km"t{ ¿kdf k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfo{ ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

&= g]kfnsf] ;Geb{df ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg

ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{ u/fpgsf] nflu g]kfndf ljleGg k|sf/sf gLltut
Joj:yfx¿ ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfg'g / gLltsf] dg;fo / efjgf cg';f/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;dod} ;DkGg
x'g g;Sbf ljkb\\÷k|sf]k /f]syfd, hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df eg] xfdLx¿ v/f] ¿kdf
pqg ;s]sf 5}gf+} . d"ntM ljkb\\÷k|sf]k tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflu lgDg sfg'gL / gLltut
Joj:yfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
-s_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg – @)^#
wf/f !^ M jftfj/0f / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs .
wf/f ##=u M d'n'sdf ljBdfg hn;|f]t nufot k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] /fi6« lxtdf k|of]u ug]{ .
wf/f #$=$ M lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf d'n'ssf] cfly{s p2]Zo .
wf/f #%=$ M k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ gLlt .
wf/f #%=% M jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf sfod ug]{ gLlt cflb .
-v_ rfn' t]x|f} lqjlif{o of]hgf -)&)÷&!–)&@÷&#_
/0fgLltx¿ M hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's'lnt x'g] u/L ljsf; sfo{x¿ ;+rfng ug]{ .
k|fyldstf M k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f .
cGt{;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx¿M u/LaL lgjf/0f, jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g, ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg,
hn pTkGg k||sf]k lgoGq0f cflb .
-u_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL, @)%^ adf]lhd :yfgLo lgsfon] ug'{kg]{
ljkb\\÷k|sf]k / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ .
-3_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# / lgodfjnL @)%$ sf k|fjwfgx¿ .
-ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf jflif{s ah]6, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx¿ .
-r_ ljleGg If]qut gLlt tyf /0fgLltx¿
-5_ ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt tyf
gLltx¿ cflb .
-h_ b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]g, @)#( .
-em_ ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg ljw]ossf] d:of}bf, @)^% / ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLltsf]
d:of}bf, @)^% .

69
pk/f]Qm sfg'gL / gLltut Joj:yfx¿ ljBdfg /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ljutdf xfdLsxfF ePsf ljkb\\÷k|sf]k
36gfx¿df ;dod} plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPg . d"ntM !(() / @)$% df ePsf e'sDk, t]x|y'd
cfunflu, sf]zL gbLsf] af9L, h'/]sf] klx/f], ;]tL gbLsf] af9L cflbaf6 xfdLn] kf7 l;Sg g;Sbf k6s
k6s ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . xfn} @)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@, !# / @( ut]sf] e"sDksf
;dodf klg vf]h p2f/, /fxt / k'g:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{df xfdLn] klxn] xNnf u/]h:tf] k"j{ tof/L ePsf]
b]lvPg . ;dod} ljkb\\df k/]sfx¿nfO{ vf]h, p4f/ / /fxtsf sfo{x¿df ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsPg . ljkb\\
k|efljt lhNnfx¿sf ufpFa:tLdf ;/sf/sf] bx|f] / k|efjsf/L pkl:ylt ePsf] dx;'; gful/sx¿n] ug{
;s]gg\ .

ljkb\\ afhf ahfP/ cfpFb}g . slxn,] s'g ;dodf, s] ljkb\\÷k|sf]k, s;/L cfpF5 / slt Iflt k'¥ofpF5
eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L s;}nfO{ klg x'Fb}g . t/ klg o;sf] ;fdgf / Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n]
klg k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljj]sk"j{ pkof]u, ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng / dfgjLo
lqmofsnfkx¿ jftfj/0fd}qL agfpg ;s]df ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] /f]syfd, Go"lgs/0f / hf]lvd sd ug{ u/fpg
;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;ls+b}g . To;sf] nflu ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg rqmsf k|To]s kIfx¿df
plrt / kof{Kt Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . g]kfndf ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo # r/0fx¿sf] cj:yf
lgDgfg';f/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

-s_ ljkb\\÷k|sf]k k"j{sf] r/0f

dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhd ljkb\\ k"j{sf] r/0fdf d'ntM lgDg # kIfx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5
!= ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] /f]syfd ug]{ .
@= hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf sfo{x¿ ug]{ .
#= k"j{ tof/Lsf sfo{x¿ ug]{ .
ljkb\\ cjZoDefjL 5 t/ klg dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf] sf/0faf6 ljkb\\÷k|sf]k 36fpg a9fpg ;lsG5 .
To;}n] ;/sf/ nufot gful/s ;dfhn] ljkb\\sf] /f]syfd ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] vfnsf lqmofsnfkx¿
;+rfng ug{ u/fpg pTk|]/0ff hufpg' kb{5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, jftfj/0fLo
d}qL k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{x¿, Jojl:yt a;f]af;, jftfj/0fd}qL ljsf; lgdf{0f, of]hgfj4
zx/L ljsf;, lbuf] ljsf;, kfgLsf] d'xfgsf] ;+/If0f cflb kIfdf ;dod} Wofg lbg ;s]sf] v08df
ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] oL ;fgf t/ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ kIfdf uDeL/tfk"j{s
Wofg lbg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:t} ljkb\\÷k|sf]k cfpg] t lglZrt g} 5 . To;}n] o;sf] hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f ug]{ sfo{df klg xfdLn] oy]i6 Wofg lbg' kg]{df ;f] cg'¿k x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf]
;DefJo hf]lvdsf] klxrfg, To;sf] ljZn]if0f, hf]lvd ePsf j:tLx¿nfO{ ;fg]{ ;DaGwL u[xsfo{, ljkb\\
af6 sd eGbf sd Iflt k'¥ofpg ckgfpg' kg]{ /0fgLltx¿ cflbsf] af/]df klg xfd|f] k|of; s]lGb|t x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu lxdtfn lj:kmf]6sf] vt/f, k|To]s jif{ af9L, klx/f] hfg ;Sg] ;DefJo

70
:yn, e'sDkLo b[li6n] hf]lvdo'Qm b]z ePsf] sf/0f zx/L ljsf; / ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df x'g] u/]sf
nfk/jfxLk"0f{ sfo{x¿ / sfg'g ljkl/tsf sfo{x¿n] ubf{ g} ljkb\\÷k|sf]kaf6 xfdLn] csNkgLo Ifltsf]
;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . Psftkm{ /f]syfd / hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f xfd|f lqmofsnfkx¿ ;zQm / k|efjsf/L
x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g eg] csf]{tkm{ k"j{ tof/Lsf sfo{df klg xfdL cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf] tYo xfn}sf]
e"sDkdf :ki6;Fu b]lvof] . e'sDk k"j{ eP u/]sf elgPsf k"j{ tof/Lsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf
k6Ss} b]Vg ;lsPg . ljkb\\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf ;/sf/L÷u}/ ;/sf/L s'g}
klg lgsfox¿n] k"j{ tof/Lsf ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L a}7sx¿df eGg] u/]h:tf] tof/L s]xL klg b]Vg kfOPg .
k"j{ tof/Lsf sfo{df ug}{ kg]{ Go"gtd vfB / u}/ vfB j:t'x¿sf] Go"gtd df}Hbft;Dd klg s'g} klg
lgsfodf /x]sf] b]lvPg . vf]h / p2f/ sfo{df ;'/Iff lgsfon] b]vfPsf] ;zQm / k|efjsf/L sfo{sf] eg]
;j{q k|z+;f eof] t/ cGo lgsfox¿aLr x'g' kg]{ Go"gtd ;"rgf cfbfg–k|bfg plrt ;dGjo / g]t[Tj
s;n] lng] eGg] ;fgf dl;gf s'/fdf g} jf/Daf/ dt dtfGt/ eO g} /x]] . ;a}nfO{ yfxf lyof] g]kfn ljkb\\
hf]lvdo'Qm d'n's xf] / jt{dfg b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]g k'/fgf] ePsf]n] gofF cfjZos eGg] s'/f . t/ klg
k"j{ tof/Ldf x'g' kg]{ / ug'{kg]{ s'g} klg sfo{x¿ ePgg . x'Fbf x'Fbf t dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7s ;Dd klg l5d]sL
d''n's ef/tn] vf]h, p4f/ sfo{df ;}lgs / u}/ ;}lgs 6f]nL kl/rfng ul/;s]kl5 dfq a:g ;s]sf]
cj:yfn] xfd|f] k"j{ tof/Lsf] r/0fnfO{ :ki6;Fu b]vfO;s]sf] 5 . xfd|f sfuhL tof/Lx¿ egfO / u/fOdf
b]lvPsf ;a} sfo{x¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ug'{ ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . xf]Og
eg] ljkb\\df ;w} e/L csf{s} d'v tfs]/ a:g' l;jfo s]xL x'g ;Sg] b]lv+b}g .

-v_ ljkb\\sf] ;fdgf ug]{ r/0f

ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf xfdLn] k"j{ tof/Lsf] r/0fdf u/]sf sfo{x¿n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ub{5 .
dfyL g} pNn]v u/L ;lsof] ls k"j{ tof/Ldf xfd|f] k|of; cToGt sdhf]/ /Xof] . ckof{Kt /Xof] / ;zQm
Pjd\ k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g . To;}n] sdhf]/, ckof{Kt, k|efjxLg Pjd\ czQm tof/Ln] ljkb\\÷k|sf]ksf]
;fdgf ug{ ;ls+b}g . kmn:j¿k ljkb\\÷k|sf]kaf6 Iflt a9L x'G5 . ljklQdf k/]sfx¿nfO{ ;dod} vf]h,
p2f/ / /fxt sfo{ k'¥ofpg ;ls+b}g . Pscfk;L bf]iff/f]k0f dfq x'g] ub{5 . g]t[Tjsf] xf]8afhL x'g]
ub{5 . ;dGjo sdhf]/ x'G5 . h'g xfn}sf] e"sDkdf b]lv ;lsPsf] x'Fbf o;af6 kf7 l;Sg' cToGt
h?/L e};sf]sf] 5 . ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ ljifodf clwsf/ ;DkGg lhDd]jf/ lgsfo tf]Sg l9nf
e};s]sf] 5 .

-u_ ljkb\\ kZrft\sf] r/0f

o; r/0f cGtu{t d'ntM lgDg pkfox¿ kb{5g .
!_ vf]h p4f/ / /fxt Joj:Yffkg ug]{ sfo{x¿ .
@_ k'gM :yfkgfsf sfo{x¿ .
#_ k'g lgdf{0f / jrfj6 ug]{ sfo{x¿ .
$_ ljsf; / ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{x¿ .

71
pk/f]Qm rf/ r/0fx¿ dWo] vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf ljkb\÷k|sf]k cjZoDefjL ePsf]
x'Fbf o; ;+u ;DalGwt kIfx¿sf] jf/]df k|of{Kt ljZn]if0f u/L ljkb\ k"j{ g} cfjZos ;fdu|L, hgzlQm
Pj+ vfB / u}/ vfB /fxt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / e08f/0f ljkb\ k"j{ g} ul/;s]sf] x'g'k5{ . t/
xfdL sxfF ljkb\ k"j{sf] tof/Lsf af/]df ePsf uf]i7L, ;]dLgf/ tyf 5nkmn sfo{qmdx¿df ;a} 7Ls7fs
ePsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] 36gfkZrft\ eg] z'Goaf6 g} ;'?cft ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
ljutsf 36gfx¿af6 klg ultnf] kf7 l;Sg ;s]sf] b]lvPg . xfn} uPsf] e"sDkdf ;d]t oL ;a} s'/fx¿
bf]xf]l/Psf] kfOof] . vf]h ;fdu|Lx¿ kof{Kt gx'+bf 36gfsf] xKtf lbg kl5 dfq lhljt} JolQmsf] vf]h /
p4f/ u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] /fxtsf] jf/]df Go"gtd ;+Vofdf ;Dd klg kfn÷lqkfn tyf vfB / u}/ vfB
;fdu|Lx¿sf] plrt e08f/0f u/]sf] b]lvPg . t;y{ vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt sfo{df xfdL cToGt k5fl8
/x]sf 5f}+ . lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L / lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg' ckl/xfo{ e} ;s]sf] 5 . k'gM:yfkgf,
k'gMlgdf{0f, ljsf; / ;'wf/sf sfo{df klg xfdLn] 6fn6'n] k|j[ltnfO{ g} c+ufn]sf] b]lvof] . Psk6s
ljkb\sf] 36gf 36] kZrft\ pQm :yfgsf] of]hgfj4 / Jojl:Yft ¿kn] ljsf; u/L cfufdL lbgdf To;
k|s[ltsf ljkb\sf 36gfx¿ 36g glbg], 3l6 xfn]df hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug]{ tyf vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt
sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L / ;zQm jgfpgsf] nflu cfjZos tof/L / k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug'{kg]{df ;f] tkm{ klg
plrt Wofg lbg ;s]sf] kfOPg .

ljutdf 36]sf ljkb\sf 36gfx¿ h:t} t]x|y'd cfunflu, sf]lz gbLsf] af9L, ;]tLgbLsf] af9L, h'/]sf]
klx/f] cflbsf] ;dodf k'gM:yfkgf, k'g lgdf{0f, arfj6 , ljsf; / ;'wf/sf ljifox¿df ulDe/tfk"j{s
sfd sf/jfxL ePsf] b]lvPg . k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿df jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ k"0f{tM pk]Iff u/]sf]
b]lvof] . IEE / EIA gfd dfqsf eP . logLx¿sf k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx¿sf] klg k"0f{tM
sfof{Gjog eP u/]sf] b]lvPg . Jojl:yt zx/L ljsf;sf nflu ePsf sfdx¿df klg df}h'bf sfg"gx¿sf]
kl/kfngfsf] cefj b]lvof] . ejg lgdf{0f sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] cfkmgf sfg"gx¿sf] alv{nfk x'g]
u/L :jLs[tL lbg], sfg'g ljkl/t lgdf{0f ePsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg gx'g] ltgLx¿nfO{ sfg'g
;Ddt ug]{ u/fpg] tkm{ klg oy]i6 Wofg k'u]sf] b]lvPg . ejg lgdf{0f cfrf/ ;+lxtf klg b]vfpgsf]
nflu dfq eof] . o;sf k|fjwfgx¿sf] kl/kfngf klg cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvof] . zx/x¿df lgdf{0f
ul/g] k"jf{wf/x¿sf sfo{x¿ h:t} ;8s, k"n, vfg]kfgL, b'/;+rf/, ljB't nfOg lgdf{0f, s]jn g]6js{,
cflbx¿ jgfpFbf klg ljkb\sf kIfx¿df oy]i6 Wofg lbg ;s]sf] b]lvPg . lglZrt b'/Ldf /fVg} kg]{ v'nf,
:ynx¿ /fVg]tkm{ klg rf;f] lbg ;s]sf] kfOPg . kmn:j¿k ljkb\jf6 xfdLn] ;f]r]eGbf a9L Ifltsf]
;fdgf ug'{k¥of] .

o; k|sf/n] cWoog ubf{ ljkb\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df o;sf ltgj6} r/0fx¿df xfd|f lqmofsnfkx¿
tyf tof/L ck"0f{ g} b]lvP . h;n] ubf{ k|To]s k6s 36g] ljkb\÷k|sf]kdf æhj k¥of] /ftL clg a'9L
tftLÆ eg] em} clGtd ;dodf dfq ;lqmotf b]vfpg] u/]sf] kfOof] . h;n] ubf{ Ifltsf] dfqf a9\g'sf]
;fy} ;dod} k"0f{ k|efjsf/Ltfsf;fy o;sf] ;fdgf ug]{, Ifdtfdf sdhf]/L b]lvof] . dfyL pNn]v u/]
em} ljkb\÷k|sf]k cjZoDefjL 5 . o;nfO{ xfdL s;}}n]klg /f]Sg ;Sb}gf} eGg] s'/fnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/

72
xfd|f lqmofsnfkx¿df ;Gt'ng ldnfpg ;s]gf}+ . h;n] ubf{ ljutsf k|To]s ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿sf]
;fdgf ug{ xfdLx¿ k"0f{ ¿kn] ;kmn x'g ;s]gf} . ljkb\÷k|sf]k cfpg] lbg / ;do dfq xfdLnfO{ yfxf
gePsf] xf] t/ of] eg] lglZrt 5 ls k|To]s If0f xfd|f ;fd' ljkb\÷k|sf]k cjZo 5 . To;}n] k|To]s
If0fsf] xfd|f] tof/L r':t, ;Ifd Jojl:Yft x'g}k5{ . h'g;'s} ;dodf klg h:tf];'s} k|sf/sf] ljkb\÷k|sf]k
36]tfklg xfdL To;sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd 5f} eGg g;s];Dd ljutsf 36gfx¿ k'gM gbf]xf]l/Pnfg eGg
;lsb}g .

* eljiosf] of]hgf M

g]kfn k|fs[lts b[li6n] g} ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] pRr hf]vLdo'Qm d'n'ssf] cu|k+lQmdf kb{5 . To;}n] xfdL x/
;do o;sf] /f]syfd, hf]vLd Go"lgs/0f, k"j{ tof/L / ljkb\s]f pko'Qm tj/n] ;fdgf / Joj:yfkgsf
sfo{df k"j{ lqmoflzn eP/ a:g'kb{5 . ljutdf k6s k6s o;sf] ;fdgf ubf{ klg xfdLn] k"0f{ kf7
l;s]/ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;s]gf}+ . b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]g, @)#( Hofb} k"/fgf] eof] eg]/ k6s k6s cfjfh
p7fof} t/ xfn;Dd klg gofF P]g Nofpg ;s]gf} . ljkb\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ ;DkGg lhDd]jf/
lgsfo rflxG5 eg]/ af]Nof} / n]Vof} klg t/ klg xfn;Dd To;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]gf+} . t;y{ cfufdL
lbgx¿df xfdLx¿n] ug'{kg]{ of]hgfnfO{ a'bfFut ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg P]g, / /0fgLlt oyflz3| tof/ ug]{ .
v_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu :yfoL k|s[ltsf] clwsf/ ;DkGg lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] u7g ug]{ . - xfn}
u7g ePsf] /fli6«o k'g lgdf{0f k|flws/0f c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf
;jn / b'j{n kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ :yfoL k|s[ltsf] ;+/rgf u7g ug'{k5{ . )
Uf_ ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] ;dodf vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt sfo{sf] nflu ;'/Iff lgsfox¿df k|of{Kt dfqfdf p4f/
/ /fxt ;fdu|Lx¿ tyf x]lnsf]K6/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
3_ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf k"jf{wf/ tyf ;+/rgfx¿ tof/ ubf{ ;/f]sf/ /fVg] jftfj/0f tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿;+u
;DalGwt df}h'bf sfg"gx¿sf] kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
ª_ s'g}klg k|sf/sf] JolQmut, ;fd'bflos, Joj;flos ejg, d7 dlGb/, ljBfno, c:ktfn cflb lgdf{0f
ubf{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng] Joj:yfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
r_ cfˆgf] If]qleq lgdf{0f e}/x]sf k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L sfg'g ;Ddt lgdf{0f ug{
u/fpg :yflgo lgsfox¿n] k"j{ ;lqmotfk"j{s sfo{ ug]{ / gug]{ ÷gu/fpg] lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/LnfO{
sf/jfxL ug]{ .
5_ Jojl:yt zx/L ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf tof/ ug]{ / gu/ tyf gu/f]Gd'v zx/x¿df km/flsnf ;8s
k|of{Kt v'nf 7fFp cflbsf] Joj:Yff ldnfpg] .
h_ ljkb\÷k|sf]ksf] ;dodf tTsfn lkl8tx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] k|To]s jif{ lglZrt ;+Vofdf

73
 kfn÷lqkfn tyf vfB ;fdu|Lx¿sf] e08f/0f Joj:yf b]zsf ljleGg efux¿df ldnfpg] .
em_ ljkb\÷k|sf]k hf]lvo'Qm :ynx¿sf] gSzf+sg ug]{, To:tf :yfgs]f a:tL :yfgfGt/0f ug]{, hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
`_ ljkb\÷k|sf]k;+u ;DalGwt ljifox¿ ljBfno÷ljZjljBfnosf kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug]{, ;/sf/L
tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿ ;+u ;DalGwt tflnd sfo{qmdx¿df ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{ .
6­_ :yfgLo lgsfox¿ ;a}n] cfˆgf] cfDbfgLsf] lglZrt k|ltzt /sd ljkb\÷k|sf]k Joj:yfkg sf]ifsf]
vftf vf]nL hDdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
( ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# .
• rfn' lqjlif{o of]hgf, -@)&).&!–)&@.&#_ .
• b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]g, @)#(.
• k|:tfljt ljkb\ Joj:yfkg P]gsf] d:of}bf–@)^% / /fli6«o /0fgLlt–@)^% .
• ;f]kfg -;|f]t ;fdu|L_ ;d]tsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .
• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# / lgodfjnL, @)%$ .
• :yfgLo :jfot zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL, @)%^ .
• b}lgs kqklqsfx¿ .

74
 lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:yltM
Ps ljZn]if0f
– xl/bQ kf08]o*

;f/f+z
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnL ;dfh / zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ nf]stGqfTds 9+un] ;'b[9
kfb}{ n}hfg] clei6 lnPsf] 5 . nf]stGqfTds zf;g k4ltsf] cfwf/ g} ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f
ePsf] s'/f o:tf] zf;g k4lt ckgfpg] d'n'sx¿n] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf]
jt{dfg ;++ljwfgn] ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fdfly ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
cjwf/0ffn] dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckf· / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] /fhgLlts,
cfly{s, k|zf;lgs, ;fdflhs If]qx¿df plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ ljifonfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 .
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] s'/f ubf{ /fhgLlts If]q, z}lIfs If]q, k|zf;lgs If]q, cfly{s If]q, ;fdflhs
If]q cflbnfO{ b[li6ut ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . oL ljleGg If]qx¿nfO{ ;dfj]zL t'Nofpg ;+ljwfg nufotsf
sfg"gx¿n] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df laBdfg ;+ljwfg nufot ljleGg sfg"gx¿n] o;
;DaGwdf ljleGg sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . o; cfn]vdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|jwfg ;dflji6 x'g'k"j{ / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|jwfg ;dflji6
eO{ ;f] k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] ^ jif{sf] cjlwdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx¿sf]
k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yfsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
lj=;+=@)&! c;f/ d;fGt;Dd lghfdtL ;]jfleq s"n b/jGbL !,!@,@(% dWo] *),!*(
b/jGbLx¿dfq k"lt{ ePsf / ;f] dWo] dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf !@,*)* -!%=(& k|ltzt_ dfq
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ laBdfg Go"g cj:yfaf6 ck]lIft cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg xfn
k|rlnt ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg;lxt yk ;'wf/sf nflu
pko'Qm k|of;sf] vfFrf] b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf]>f] ;+zf]wg_ n] ;dfj]zLs/0f
;DaGwdf u/]sf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ bz jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ k|fjwfg u/]sf] x'Fbf cj cfpg] tLg
jif{df tL k|fjwfgx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] g} 5 . t}klg tj;Dd s]xL yk k|of;sf] ck]Iff ul/Psf]
5.

* ;]jf lgj[Q ;x;lrj

75
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff

ljZjsf ;a} /fi6«x¿n] /fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf /

Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] kfOG5 . sfo{kflnsfleq lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cToGt dxTjk"0f{
:yfg /lxcfPsf] 5 . o; ;]jfsf] k|f/De rLgaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 . pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWofjlw;Dd
o'/f]ksf clwsf+z b]zx¿df ;/sf/n] cfk\mgf /fhg}lts bnsf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z
u/fpg] rng lyof] . ;g\ !*%% df a]nfotn] o; k|yfdf kl/jt{g NofO{ ;xfos txsf sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{
qmddf k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] yfngL u¥of] . kl5 cfP/ ;g\ !*&) b]lv lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lsf]
lgo'lQmsf nflu k/LIff k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/of] . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] kl/eflift ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . s]–s:tf / s'g If]qdf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfo lghfdtL ;]jf xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6tfsf] cefj
b]lvG5 . s'g} d'n'sn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ u}/;}lgs ;/sf/L ;]jf eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] s'g} d'n'sn]
lghfdtL ;]jf xf]Og egL tf]lsPsf ;]jf afx]s cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf eGb} cfPsf5g\
-e§, @)^%_ .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ljleGg ;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿sf wf/0ffx¿ tn
k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ M

OG;fOSnf]k]l8of ckm ;f];n ;fOG; -!(#&_ n] sfg"gL dfGotf, sd{rf/L k|zf;g OsfO, sd{rf/L
k|zf;g ;~rfng k|lqmof, ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff tyf dof{bf / /fhg}lts t6:ytfnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf kfFr
cfwf/e"t u'0f dfg]sf]5 .

a]nfotdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kl/efiff lgDgcg';f/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 – "Those servants of the
crown other than holders of political or judicial offices, who are employed
in a civil capacity and whose remuneration is paid wholly and directly out
of monies voted by parliament…"

a]nfotdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ pQmfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] eP tfklt k|mfG; / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf
;+3Lob]lv gu/kflnsf tx;Dd sfo{/t ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ¿kdf :jLsfg]{ ul/Psf]5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@^ -!_ sf] :ki6Ls/0fdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kl/eflift ub}{
lgDg Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf]5 M æ===;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / ;z:q k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf
jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kb afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf
c? ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg]5Æ -g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#_ .

76
g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;qmd

g]kfndf lj=;+= @))& eGbf klxn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ePsf] kfOFb}g oBlk k|zf;g ;~rfngsf
l;nl;nfdf o;sf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] ljleGg sfnv08df
tTsfnLg cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . ls/fFtsfnsf] y'd k|zf;g :yfgLo
enfbdL …k+rÚ x¿åf/f ;~rflnt x'GYof] . lnR5jLsfndf ;+3Lo 9fFrfsf] tLg txsf] k|zf;g lyof] –
/fhf -e§f/s dxf/fh_ sf] g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|Lo k|zf;g, s]Gb|af6 lgo'Qm …;fdGtÚ sf] g]t[Tjdf k|fb]lzs
k|zf;g / …k+rÚ x¿sf] g]t[Tjsf] u|fd k|zf;g . zfxsfnsf] ;'?sf cjlwdf …y/3/Ú k|zf;g k|rngdf
lyof] h;df PsLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 j6f y/x¿ -5q_ nfO{ pRr kbx¿df k|fyldstf lbOGYof] .
of] k|yf lj=;+=!()& ;Dd sfod /Xof] -cu|jfn, !(&^_ . /f0ffsfnLg k|zf;g s]Gb|Ls[t lyof] h;sf]
g]t[Tj >L # sf k|yd tLg efOaf6 ;~rflnt x'g] ub{Yof] . tTsfnLg k|zf;g ;}lgs tyf gful/s
k|zf;gsf] ldl>t ¿k lyof] . ;}lgs hg/nx¿ dftxt k|zf;lgs ;+oGq /x]sf] lyof] -e§, @)^%_ .

g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ b]xfo cg';f/sf ^ j6f sfnv08df ljefhg u/L cWoog
ug{ ;lsG5\ M

s_ k|f/lDes sfnv08 -lj=;+=!*@%–!()#_

lj=;+=!*@% eGbf k"j{ g]kfn ;–;fgf /fHo / /hf}6fx¿df ljeflht lyof] . tTsfnLg afO;L–
rf}la;L /fHox¿nfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] PsLs/0f u/L cfw'lgs g]kfn /fi6«sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf
lyP . /fHo lj:tf/sf] l;nl;nfdf cof{n, kf08], vgfn, kGt, af]x/f / /fgf u/L ^ y/sf
hfltx¿n] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]n] ltg} y/sf hfltnfO{ k|zf;gsf] d'Vo
kbdf /flvPsf] kfOG5 . ljho k|fKt u/L a[xt g]kfndf uflePsf /fHox¿nfO{ :yfgLo k|zf;gdf
kl/0ft u/L lhNnfsf] k|d'v k|zf;sdf :yfgLo /fhfx¿nfO{ g} lgo'lQm ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfOof] .
To:tf k|zf;snfO{ …;'AafÚ sf] bhf{n] af]nfOGYof] -e§, @)^%_ . lj=;+=!()# df /fhfsf]
clwsf/ /f0ff k|wfgdGqLn] lnP . o; cjlwleq k|zf;g If]qdf w]/yf]/ kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 .
/fHo;~rfngsf] l;nl;nfdf clw/fHonfO{ #% lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/of] . b}lgs k|zf;g
;~rfngsf nflu ;fdfGo k|zf;g cGtu{t -s_ 5]8e]n c•f -v_ x'nfs c•f -u_ d'G;Lvfgf,
/ -3_ h}zL sf]7f :yfkgf ul/P . To;}u/L cfly{s k|zf;g cGtu{t -s_ s'df/Lrf]s c•f, -v_
sf};L tf]iffvfgf, -u_ 6S;f/ c•f, / -3_ bˆt/vfgf tyf Gofok|zf;g cGtu{t OnfOrL sf]7f
Pj+ ;}lgs k|z;fgcGtu{t ;d/hË sDkgL tyf rk/f;L c•f :yfkgf eP . o;/L zfxsfnsf]
klxnf] &% jif{sf] k|zf;lgs ljz]iftf b]xfosf a'Fbfaf6 cjut ug{ ;lsG5 .
-!_ ef/bf/L kb …y/3/Ú sf ;b:onfO{ dfq lbOGYof] . oL ef/bf/x¿ lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x
ub{y] .

77
 -@_ sd{rf/L k|zf;g /fhfsf] cfb]zaf6 rNbYof] . ;}lgs / lghfdtL ;]jfdf vf; cGt/ lyPg
/ ;}lgs kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;d]t lghfdtLtkm{sf] sfd nufOGYof] .
-#_ sd{rf/LnfO{ tnasf] ¿kdf lhG;L tyf hUuf;d]t lbOGYof] . hUuf k|fKt ug]{ sd{rf/Ln]
/fhZj p7fpg' kb{Yof] .
-$_ /fi6«;+usf] ;Demf}tf, o'4sf] 3f]if0ff cflb sfo{ /fhfsf] cfb]zaf6 x'GYof] .
-%_ /fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf zlQm ljefhgsf] l;4fGt cg'¿k Joj:yf gldnfOPsf]n] ;do–
;dodf kbflwsf/LaLr dgf]dflnGo, snx, å]if / e}m–emu8f eO/xGYof] .
-^_ k|zf;gdf jflif{s khgLsf] rng ljBdfg lyof]] . dg gk/]sf ef/bf/ Pj+ cGo sd{rf/LnfO{
To;} ;dodf kbd'Qm ul/GYof] .
-v_ bf]>f] sfn -lj=;+=!()#–@))&_

lj=;+=!()# df hËaxfb'/ /f0ffaf6 cfof]lht sf]tkj{n] pgnfO{ g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL aGg] dfu{ k|z:t
u¥of] . >L % dxf/fhflw/fhsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|wfgdGqLn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L pgn] ljleGg lg0f{o
u/fP . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL æ>L # dxf/fhÆ x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOof] . hËaxfb'/n] cfk"m ;Qfdf cfpg]lalQs}
;Dk"0f{ k|zf;gdf s]Gb|Ls/0f u/] / b]zdf hxflgofF zf;gsf] k|fb'ef{j eof] . b]zdf zf;gJoj:yf ;~rfng
ug{ >L # hËaxfb'/n] b]znfO{ k"j{, klZrd, pQ/ / blIf0f u/L rf/ v08df ljefhg u/fP / rf/hgf
sdfl08ª hg/n lgo'Qm u/] . oL hg/nx¿nfO{ lghfdtL / ;}lgs b'j} clwsf/ ;'lDkPsf] lyof] .
k|zf;g ;~rfngfy{ ;j{k|yd pgn] g} lj=;+=!(!) df d'n'sL P]gsf] lgdf{0f ug{ nufP . hËaxfb'/ /
pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] b]zdf !)$ jif{;Dd hxflgofF PstGqL zf;g ;~rfng u/] . o; cjlwdf
/fhb/jf/nfO{ zlQmxLg t'NofOPsf] lyof] . /f0ffsfndf ljBdfg k|zf;gsf ljz]iftf b]xfo cg';f/ lyP
-kf08]o, @)%#_ .
-!_ k|zf;gdf kfl/jfl/s ;b:osf] jr{:j lyof] . d'Vo / nf]enfUbf kbx¿ kb]g ¿kdf >L
# dxf/fhsf kl/jf/ jf ghLssf gftfuf]tfsf JolQmx¿ ;b:osf nflu ;'/lIft ul/Gy] .
;j{;fwf/0fn] …j8fsfhLÚ eGbf dflyNnf] kbdf hflu/ vfg kfpFb}gy] .
-@_ lghfdtL / hËL zf;gdf s'g} cGt/ ul/Psf] lyPg .
-#_ /fhZjsf] art k|wfgdGqLsf] lghL 9's'6Ldf hDdf ul/GYof] .
-$_ /fhZj lxgfldgf u/]df ;ft k':tf;DdnfO{ hjfkmb]xL t'NofOGYof] .
-%_ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfddf vf;} Wofg k'¥ofOPsf] lyPg .
-^_ khgL k|yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] lyof] .
-&_ rfs8L k|yfsf] afx'No lyof] . sfof{no ;do cl3–kl5 klg sd{rf/Ln] xflsdsf] 3/df uO{
pkl:ylt / ;]jf lbg'kb{Yof] .

78
 -*_ ah]6 th'{df ug]{ k|rng lyPg .
-(_ ;do–;dodf ljz]if bf}8fxf ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo tx d} Gofo lg;fkm lbg] sfd ul/GYof] .
-u_ t]>f] sfn -lj=;+=@))&–@)!&_

g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'gM :yfkgfkl5 k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ;d]t s]xL ;'wf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . lzlIft
hgzlQmsf] cefj, ljutdf nfdf] ;do;Dd PstGqL zf;gsf] afu8f]/, lgodsfg"gsf] cefj cflb
ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ k|zf;lgs If]qdf cg]sg ;d:of b]vf k/] . oL ;d:ofaf6 kf/ kfpg k|hftGqsf]
k|fb'ef{j ePkl5 ljleGg kxn hf/L /x] . /fhf lqe'jgaf6 @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] cGtl/d zf;g
ljwfg, @))& sf] 3f]if0ffdf sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ >L % / dlGqd08ndf lglxt, Gofo, k|aGw, cfly{s
sfo{k|0ffnL, klAns ;le{; sld;gsf] Joj:yf cflb pNn]v ul/of] .

lj=;+=@))& kZrft\ dfq d''n'sdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfjZostf dxz'; ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+=@))*
df ;j{k|yd sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL k|of]hgsf nflu klAns ;le{; sldzgsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 lghfdtL
;]jfsf] k|¿k v8f eof] . klAns ;le{; sldzg ;~rfngsf nflu lj=;+=@))( df ljleGg $ j6f
sfg"g lgdf{0f ul/Psf lyP t}klg lj=;+=@)!@ ;Dd g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;+:yfut :j¿k u|x0f ug{
;s]sf] kfOb}g . lj=;+=@))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 k'/fgf] k|zf;gnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L cfw'lgs lghfdtL
;]jf u7g ug]{ k|of; ;'? eof] . /f0ffsfnLg c•fx¿ vf/]h u/L dGqfno–ljefux¿ u7g ul/P . tL
dGqfnox¿df /f0ff / sfFu|];sf] efuj08fdf ;lrjx¿sf] lgo'lQm eof] -!# dfu{ @))* sf] /fhkq_ .
sfFu|];n] k9]n]v]sf o'jfx¿nfO{ lgo'lQm u¥of] eg] /f0ffx¿n] ;]gfsf hg]{nx¿nfO{ lgo'lQm u/]sf] lyof] .

k|hftGqsf] cEo'bo;+u} g]kfnsf] ljBdfg k|zf;goGq ;'b[9 ug{ ef/t;Fu ;Nnfxsf/sf] ;xof]u dfluof]
/ ;f]xL cg'¿k lj=;+ @))( df Pg=Pd=a'rsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltn]
lghfdtL / hËL zf;g Pp6} JolQmaf6 ;~rfng x'g gx'g], sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 nf]s ;]jf cfof]udfkm{t
x'g'kg]{, sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ljifout k|lzIf0f lbOg'kg]{, ;+u7gfTds ;'wf/ cflbsf ;fy} ;lrjfnosf] sfd
;~rfngsf nflu ;lrj kb;d]t ef/taf6 NofO{ k"lt{ ul/g'kg]{ h:tf y'k|} l;kmfl/z k|ltj]bgdf ;dflji6
u/]sf] kfOG5 -;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, @)&!_ .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodsf] cefjdf lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfng c;Dejk|foM b]lvPsf]n] :j=6Ík|;fb
cfrfo{sf] k|wfgdlGqTj sfndf k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g cfof]u lgdf{0f ul/of] / o;} cfof]usf] kxndf
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# th'{df ul/P . pQm P]gn] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] u7g, lgo'lQm, ;]jfsf] cjlw, bhf{ 36fpg] jf dgdfgL avf{;Laf6 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] arfp,
egf{ / ;]jfsf] ;t{, ;?jf / k|df]zg Jojl:yt ug]{ ljljw ljifodf k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 . tTsfn sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotf k/LIf0f ug{ b'O{j6f 5gf}6 ;ldlt u7g ul/P t/ ;ldltn] k/LIffkmn k|sflzt
ugf{;fy 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{nfO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 x6fOof] . k/LIffdf ;kmn x'g]x¿nfO{ cjsfz lbOof] eg]

79
cg'QL0f{ x'g]x¿nfO{ kbf]Gglt lbOof] . oL s'g} klg sfddf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lnOPg -cu|jfn,
!(&^_ . k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu' ePkl5 nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lgnDag u/L k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g tLg r/0fdf ul/Psf] lyof]– k|yd r/0fdf s]Gb|Lo k|zf;g, To;kl5 lhNnf
k|zf;g / cGTodf EofnL k|zf;gdf Jofks vf];'jf / x]/km]/ ul/of] -d}gfnL, @)&)_ .

k~rfot Joj:yfsf] k|f/De kZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!#df ;+zf]wg ul/of] / lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)!# vf/]h eO{ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)@! lgdf{0f ul/of] . To; cg';f/ krf{ v8f
u/]/ klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ avf{:t ug{ kfOg], tTsfnLg k~rfotL Joj:yfdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]
cf:yfjfg x'g}kg]{, @) jif{ ;]jf k'u]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 lga[Q ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf pQm P]gdf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf lyP -lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!#_ .

lj=;+=@)!% df cfdr'gfjdfkm{t\ ul7t g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] ;/sf/n] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] qmddf ;j{k|yd
d'Vo ;lrjsf] kb vf/]h u/L dlGqd08n ;lrjdf kl/0ft u¥of] . ljleGg dGqfnodf !! hgf ;lrjx¿
lgo'lQm ul/P . k|zf;g ;]jfsf clwsf+z kbx¿ k'gu{7g ul/P, ljutb]lv k|of]udf /x]sf …sÚ …vÚ / …uÚ
>]0fLsf lhNnfdf ljleGg txsf j8fxflsdsf] ;§f g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jfsf låtLo >]0fLdf j8fxflsdsf]
b/jGbL sfod ul/of] -kf08]o, @)%#_ . pko'{Qm ;'wf/ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf gftfjfb–s[kfjfb
/ r'SnLvf]/sf] afx'No a9b} uof] . ;/sf/n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;d]t k/fdz{ glnO{ cf:yfsf cfwf/df
k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ug]{ k|s/0fn] lghfdtL ;]jsx¿aLr ljleGg zÍf tyf eo pTkGg u/fpg k'Uof] . o;}
qmddf /fhf dx]Gb|af6 ! k'; @)!& sf lbg ;+;bLo Joj:yf lj36g u/L b]zdf lgb{nLo k~rfotL
Joj:yfsf] k|f/De ul/of] h'g em08} tLg bzs hlt sfod /x\of] -e§, @)^%_ .

-3_ rf}yf] sfn -lj=;+=@)!&–@)$^_

lj=;+=@)!& sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf qmddf cg]sg kxn hf/L /x] . /fHo–/hf}6fsf]
pGd'ng, /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] u7g, ljz]if clwsf/ ;DkGg bf}8fxf bnsf] Joj:yf cflbsf ;fy}
lj=;+=@)!* a}zfv ! ut]b]lv g]kfn clw/fHonfO{ !$ c~rn / &% lhNnfdf ljeflht ul/of] .
lj=;+=@)!* b]lv g} c~rnfwLz / lj=;+= @)@@ b]lv lhNnfdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Låf/f :yfgLo
k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOof] -e§, @)^%_ .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]lvPsf sdL q'l6 ;'wf/ ug]{ x]t'n] lj=;+= @)@% ;fn a}zfv ! ut] >L j]bfgGb emfsf]
cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u u7g ul/of] . o;}u/L @)#@ ;fndf 8f=e]ifaxfb'/ yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf
csf]{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u u7g ul/of] . oL cfof]un] lbPsf ;'emfj cg'¿k b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf
s]xL kl/jt{g ePsf] s'/f gsfg{ ldNb}g -kf08]o, @)%#_ .

k|zf;g ;'wf/s} qmddf lj=;+=@)@* df :yfgLo k|zf;g cWofb]z hf/L ul/of] h;cg';f/ ljutb]lv
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] lhNnf k~rfotsf ;b:o–;lrjsf] sfo{ef/ lghaf6

80
cnu u/L k~rfot ljsf; clwsf/LnfO{ ;'lDkof] . oxL qmddf lj=;+=@)#! df lhNnf k|zf;g of]hgf
nfu" u/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ lhNnfsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] sfo{ef/ ;'lDkof] eg] :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/LnfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj t'NofO{ lghnfO{ lhNnfsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f th'{df
tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ clVtof/ lbOof] .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of]hgn] /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL / ;f]eGbf dflysf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{
;d]t k|lzIf0f lbg lj=;+=@)@^ df g]kfn ;/sf/, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno / cd]l/sL kmf]8{ kmfp08]zgsf]
lqkIfLo ;xdltdf cfly{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;g cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -;]8f_ sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . cfk\mgf]
p2]Zo cg';f/ o; s]Gb|n] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lnufot cGo låtLo >]0fLsf clws[tx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt
ljifodf k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{ k|f/De u¥of] . ;lrj, ;x;lrj kbsf nflu ;d]t ;do–;dodf uf]na}7s
;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ul/P . kl5 cfP/ o; s]Gb|n] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] k|lzIf0f sfo{ lj=;+= @)#(
df :yfkgf ul/Psf] g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgn] ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOof] .

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ l;nl;nfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;zQm t'Nofpg] p2]Zon]
lj=;+=@)#) df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/of] . oxL of]hgfcg'¿k cfof]un]
lghfdtL / ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{;d]t k|f/De u¥of] .

qmlds ¿kn] a9\b} uPsf] sd{rf/L ;+Vof, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] l56f]–l56f] ;+zf]wg, sd{rf/Lsf]
a[lQ ljsf;;DaGwL lemgf] ;Defjgf, ;/sf/L :t/df eP ul/Psf sltko tby{ lg0f{on] sd{rf/Lju{df
k|lts"n c;/ kg{ uof] -kf08]o, @)%#_ . k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& n] lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ jf/] gofF dfu{ k|z:t u¥of] .

lj=;+=@)!& b]lv @)$^ ;Ddsf] cjlwsf k|zf;lgs ljz]iftf b]xfocg';f/ kfOG5g\ M

-!_ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# sf] ;§f @)@! sf] lgdf{0f,
-@_ a8fxflsdsf] 7fpFdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm,
-#_ lj=;+= @)@% / @)#! df k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u u7g,
-$_ lj=;+= @)@^ df ;]8fsf] u7g,
-%_ lj=;+= @)@* df :yfgLo k|zf;g cWofb]z hf/L,
-^_ lj=;+= @)#) df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf nfu',
-&_ lj=;+= @)#! df lhNnf k|zf;g of]hgf nfu',
-*_ ;fwf/0ftkm{sf sd{rf/Lsf] t'ngfdf k|fljlws sd{rf/Lsf] a9f]Q/L,
-(_ ;+u7g lbUbz{g @)@^, @)@(, @)#! / @)#$ tof/,
-!)_ lj=;+=@)#( df ;]8faf6 ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] k|lzIf0f sfo{ g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f
k|lti7fgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f .

81
-ª_ kfFrf}F sfn -lj=;+=@)$^–@)^#_

@)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngkZrft\ b]zdf k'gM ax'bnLo zf;g–Joj:yf sfod eof] . o; qmddf gofF
;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf]n] k~rfotsfndf th'{df ul/Psf y'k|} P]g–lgodx¿ klg ;+zf]wg eP jf
k'glgdf{0f ul/P . k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L / hgd'vL t'Nofpg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f !@$ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOP . k|zf;gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ k|wfgdGqLs} cWoIftfdf pRr:t/Lo
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* u7g ul/of] . ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf] k]zfut xs–lxtsf]
;+/If0fsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]gd} sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] Joj:yf ul/of] .

o;}u/L k|zf;gdf clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/ xb ^) af6 36fO{ %* sfod ul/of] .
P]gdf of] Joj:yf x'g'eGbf k"j{ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)@! sf] @(cf}F ;+zf]wgåf/f %* jif{ pd]/
k'u]sf jf #) jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ lga[Q ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvof]

pQm Joj:yfsf afjh'b ljutsf jif{df cfdhgtfn] k|zf;gaf6 jfl~5t ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] cg'e"lt
x'g ;s]g . l56f]l56f] ;/sf/sf] kl/jt{g, sd{rf/Lx¿ /fhgLlts v]df cg'¿k ljleGg ;+3, ;+u7gdf
cfj4 x'g] k|a[lQnfO{ k|>o, k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg] ;?jf / a9'jf k|0ffnL, ljifout, ckf/bzL{ /
ca}1flgs sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnL h:tf ljljw sf/0fx¿n] Psftkm{ sd{rf/Lju{ aLrdf g}
g}/fZotf, c;Gtf]if / cfqmf]z ljBdfg x'g k'Uof] eg] csf]{tkm{ sd{rf/L / hgtfaLrsf] b"/L emg\emg\ a9\b}
uof] . /fhgLlts O;f/f cg'¿k sfdsfh ug'{kg]{, ckof{Kt ;'ljwf / sfdsf] plrt d"NofÍg gx'g] h:tf
sf/0fx¿af6 sd{rf/Lx¿ sdk|lt pTk|]l/t x'g g;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] atfOG5 -e§, @)^%_ .

k~rfot Joj:yfsf] ;dflKtkl5 ;/sf/n] c~rnfwLz kb vf/]h u/]sf]n] s]Gb| / lhNnf k|zf;gnfO{
;dGjofTds 9Ën] ;~rfng ug{ ;/sf/n] cWofb]zdfkm{t !* kmfu'g @)%& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L If]qLo
k|zf;s kb l;h{gf u/L kfFr} ljsf;If]qdf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no :yfkgf u¥of] . k|zf;gnfO{
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGt cg'¿k ;~rfng ug{ If]q, c~rn, lhNnf / Onfsf tx;Dd cfjZos b]lvPsf
;+u7g :yfkgf u/L ToxfF sfd ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ qmdzM :jfoQtf k|bfg ug'{ cfjZos b]lvP tfklg To;
cg'¿k u/]sf] kfOb}g .

;dli6df lj=;+=@)$^–@)^# sf] cjlwsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ b]xfo cg';f/
cf}FNofpg ;lsG5 M
-!_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%) sf] lgdf{0f .
-@_ ;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ o'lgogsf] ;b:o aGg kfpg] clwsf/ .
-#_ sd{rf/Lsf] clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu pd]/sf] xb %* jif{ sfod .
-$_ :j]lR5s cjsfzsf] cj;/ .
-%_ ;+u7gfTds :j¿kdf lj:tf/÷dGqfnosf] ;+Vof @^ k'¥ofOPsf] / k'gM kl5 @! sfod ul/Psf] .

82
 -^_ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf] u7g .
-&_ s]Gb|Lo ;+u7g lbUbz{g @)%$ sf] lgdf{0f .
-*_ If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nosf] :yfkgf .
-r_ 5}7f}F sfn -lj=;+=@)^# pk|fGt_

b]zdf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;+u} lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg To;sf] k|efj b]lvFb}cfPsf] 5 . lj=;+=@)^@–
@)^# df ;~rflnt bf]>f] hgcfGbf]ngdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t k|ToIf ;+nUgtf b]vfP . o;
cfGbf]ngkZrft\ lj=;+=@)^# h]7 $ ut]blv >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;§f g]kfn ;/sf/ n]Vg yflnof] .
o;}u/L g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& nfO{ vf/]h u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L
ul/of] .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efjgf cg'¿k @)^$.$.@# df lghfdtL ;]jf -bf]>f] ;+zf]wg_
P]g, @)^$ / ldlt @)^$.*.@) df lghfdtL ;]jf -;ftf}F ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)^$ nfu" ul/of] .
o;/L ;+zf]wg ul/Psf P]g / lgodfjnL cg'¿k -s_ k//fi6« ;]jf 5'§} ul/of] . -v_ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{
;dfj]zL t'Nofpg $% k|ltzt kb dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfË / lk5l8Psf
If]qsf nflu 5'§ØfOof] . -u_ bkmf @$-3_ ! df sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] ljz]if
a9'jfsf] k|fjwfg /flvof] . -3_ >]0fLlaxLg sd{rf/Lsf] :t/ j[l4 u/L kfFrf}+ :t/;Dd sfod ul/g] lg0f{o
lnOof] . -ª_ /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/LnfO{ 6«]8 o'lgogdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] Joj:yf
ul/of] .

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 b]zdf ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf sfod ul/g] k|:tfljt k|fjwfgn] ;+3Lotfdf
uO;s]kl5sf] d'n'ssf] / /fHo÷k|fGtsf] k|zf;g ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g], nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf s] x'g],
s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;DaGw s:tf] /xg] cflb ljljw ljifox¿df ;3g u[xsfo{sf] cfjZostf
dxz'; ul/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;g Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ t/ Ps ljwfn] csf]{ ljwfdfly
k|ToIf–k/f]If bvn k'¥ofpg uPdf To;n] l;h{gf ug]{ kl/0ffdsf af/]df ;d]t ;dod} Wofg k'¥ofpg
cfjZos x'G5, lsgeg] /fHosf] bk{0f dflgg] k|zf;gdf ljrng cfPsf] cj:yfdf /fhgLlts clei6
k"/f ug{ s7Lg x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL t'Nofpg ul/Psf k|of;x¿

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo]
k+}tfln; k|ltzt kb 5'§ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL b]xfo adf]lhdsf pDd]bjf/aLrdf dfq
5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
dlxnf – t]QL; k|ltzt
cflbjf;L÷hghflt – ;QfO; k|ltzt

83
 dw];L – afO; k|ltzt
blnt – gf} k|ltzt
ckfË – kfFr k|ltzt
lk5l8Psf] If]q – rf/ k|ltzt
o;/L g} k|x/L lgodfjnL, ;z:q k|x/L lgodfjnL, ljleGg ;+:yfgsf ljlgodfjnL nufotsf ;]jfx¿df
cf/If0fsf Joj:yfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj a9fpg ul/Psf] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yf

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ljBdfg b]xfosf k|fjwfgx¿n] k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf
dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj a9fpg of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
-!_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g -;+zf]wg ;lxt_, @)$( sf] bkmf @ -3_ df kl/jf/sf] kl/efiff ug]{ qmddf
dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;d]t ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5 M ækl/jf/Æ
eGgfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/L a:g] tyf lgh cfk}+mn] kfng kf]if0f ug'{kg]{ klt, kTgL, 5f]/f, cljjflxtf
5f]/L, wd{k'q, cljjflxtf wd{k'qL, afa', cfdf jf ;f}t]gL cfdf ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] k'?if /
cljjflxtf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf] afh], aHo} tyf ljjflxtf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
lghsf] ;f;", ;;'/fnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-@_ bkmf &-&_ cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo]
k}FtfnL; k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL ;f]sf] t]QL; k|ltzt kbx¿df
dlxnfsf] nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-#_ o; P]gsf] bkmf !) df lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'gsf] nflu cof]Uotf tf]lsPsf]
5 h; cg';f/ k'?if pDd]bjf/sf] xsdf k}+tL; jif{ / dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] xsdf rfnL; jif{ pd]/
k'/f e};s]sf JolQmx¿ pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg] u/L jGb]h nufOPsf] 5 t/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljsf;
cfof]hgf jf ljsf;tkm{sf] s'g} kbdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{b]lv c:yfoL lgo'lQm kfO{ cljlR5Gg
¿kdf ;]jf ul//x]sf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu x'g] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
lj1fkgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g pd]/sf] aGb]h nfUg] 5}g eGg] k|fjwfgnfO{ dlxnf–d}qL dfGg ;lsG5 .
-$_ o; P]gsf] bkmf !^ df k/LIf0fsfnsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :yfoL kbdf gofF
lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf 5 dlxgf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf Ps jif{sf] k/LIf0fsfndf
/xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-%_ P]gsf] bkmf @! -@_ df a9'jf x'gsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g rflxg] Go"gtd ;]jf cjlw / z}lIfs
of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf ;d]t dlxnf nufotsf ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
gLlt b]xfo cg';f/ cjnDag ul/Psf] kfOG5 M

84
 -s_ a9'jf lgldQ pDd]bjf/ x'g a9'jf x'g] kbsf] >]0fLeGbf Ps >]0fL d'lgsf] kbsf] nflu
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf / b]xfoadf]lhdsf] Go"gtd ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{5 M
-c_ /fhkq cglÍt kbsf] lgldQ tLg jif{,
-cf_ /fhkqflÍt kbsf] lgldQ kfFr jif{ .
-v_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L,
blnt, ckfË / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] plNnlvt
;]jf cjlwdf Ps jif{ sd ;]jf cjlw eP klg a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g]5g\ .
-%_ P]gsf] bkmf !* -%_ df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkq cg+lst >]0fLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] klt–kTgL
b'a} lghfdtL ;]jfdf eP l/Qm kb ldn];Dd Pp6} lhNnfdf ;?jf ul/g] .
-^_ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod %( n] dlxnf lghfdtL sd{rf/L ue{jtL ePdf
lghn] ;'Ts]/Lsf] cl3kl5 u/L ^) lbg k|;'lt labf lng kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] labf
;]jf cjlwe/ b'O{ k6s lng kfOg] / cfjZos k/] s'g} klg labfaf6 s§f gx'g] u/L yk ^ dlxgf
;Ddsf] a]tnaL k|;'tL labf lng kfpg] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . k|;'lt :ofxf/ labf kfPsf
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ aRrfsf] :ofxf/sf] lgldQ b'O{j6f aRrfsf] nflu hgxL Psd'i7 kfFrxhf/
¿k}ofF lzz':ofxf/ eQf lbg] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 .
-&_ lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^) adf]lhd s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] s"nwd{ cg';f/ cfkm}F lsl/of a:g'
k/]df jf To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] afa'–cfdf, afh]–ah}, 5f]/f–5f]/L jf ;f;'–;;'/fsf] d[To' ePdf jf
k'?if lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf] kTgLsf] d[To' ePdf !% lbg lsl/of labf kfpg] Joj:yf
5 . dlxnf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kltn] lsl/of a:g' k/]df lghnfO{ klg TolQs} lbg lsl/of labf
lbOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-*_ lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^@s -@_ n] s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] klt jf kTgL ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL
b"tfjf; jf s'g} lgof]udf vl6O{ uPdf To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] Ps} k6s jf k6s k6s u/L ;]jf
cjlwdf kfFr jif{;Dd a]tnaL labf kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-(_ dlxnf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu dfq tLh, Clif k~rdL / cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf lbj;sf lbg labf lbg]
Joj:yf 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf sd{rf/L / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;+VofTds ljZn]if0f

-s_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf lj=;+= @)^% cfiff9df lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;]jfx¿df dlxnf /
k'?ifsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf tflnsf ! / lrq ! af6 k|i6 x'G5 .

85
 tflnsf !
lj=;+=@)^% cfiff9df lghfdtL ;]jfdf n}l·s k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf
l;=g+ ;]jf k'?if dlxnf hDdf
! g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf #@@ -(%=^Ü_ !% -$=$Ü_ ##&
@ g]kfn s[lif ;]jf $%&% -(^=!Ü_ @#& -$=(Ü_ $*!@
# g]kfn Gofo ;]jf @^** -(^=&Ü_ !@# -$=#Ü_ @*!!
$ g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf #*!@! -(#=#Ü_ @&^! -^=&Ü_ $)**@
% g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf ##! -(&=@Ü_ !# -#=*Ü_ #$$
^ g]kfn jg ;]jf $()) -(*=Ü_ (( -@Ü_ $(((
& g]kfn ljljw ;]jf (@^ -(&=^$Ü_ @*^ -@=#^Ü_ !@!@
* g]kfn lzIff ;]jf !### -()=&Ü_ !#& -(=#Ü_ !$&)
( g]kfn ;+;b ;]jf &* -*^=&Ü_ !@ -!#=#Ü_ ()
!) g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf ()$( -^%Ü_ $**& -#%Ü_ !#(#^
!! g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf *#$@ -(&=*Ü_ !() -@=@Ü_ *%#@
s"n hDdf &)^^% -**=(&Ü_ *&^)-!!=)#Ü_ &($@%
Source : Dhungel et.al, (2010), "Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration, EROPA
paper presented on Seminar on Public Administration and Disaster Management" MOGA, Nepal.

dfly tflnsf ! df plNnlvt tYofÍLo k|:t'tLnfO{ tnsf] lrq ! df ;d]t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
lrq !
lj=;+=@)^% cfiff9df lghfdtL ;]jfdf n}l·s k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf

86
-v_ lj=;+= @)&! cfiff9 d;fGtdf lghfdtL ;]jfleq k"lt{ ul/Psf] kb;+Vof / ;f] kbx¿df k'?if
sd{rf/L / dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf ;]jfut cfwf/df tflnsf–@ / lrq–@ df
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf–@
lghfdtL ;]jfdf lj=;+=@)&! cfiff9 d;fGtdf k'?if / dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf
l;=g+ ;]jf k'?if dlxnf hDdf
! g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf ###-*(=)$Ü_ $!-!)=(^Ü_ #&$-)=$&Ü_
@ g]kfn s[lif ;]jf $$^#-(!=)#Ü_ $$)-*=(&Ü_ $()#-^=!!Ü_
# g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf #@(!*-()=)&Ü_ #^@(-(=(#Ü_ #^%$&-$%=%*Ü_
$ g]kfn jg ;]jf $^#$-(^=!@Ü_ !*& -#=**Ü_ $*@!-^=)!Ü_
% g]kfn lzIff ;]jf !$@# -*%=(*Ü_ @#@-!$=)@Ü_ !^%% -@=)^Ü_
^ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf !)$@$ -^!=$&Ü_ ^%#%-#*=%#Ü_ !^(%( -@!=!%Ü_
& g]kfn ljljw ;]jf @!#$-&)=%&Ü_ *()-@(=$#Ü_ #)@$-#=&&Ü_
* g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf &$%#-($=%(Ü_ $@^-%=$!Ü_ &*&(-(=*#Ü_
( g]kfn Gofo ;]jf @^*^-*(=@$Ü_ #@$-!)=&^Ü_ #)!)-#=&%Ü_
!) g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf !&# -*@=&*Ü_ #^-!&=@@Ü_ @)(-)=@^Ü_
!! g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf #)(-()=^@Ü_ #@-(=#*Ü_ #$!-)=$#Ü_
!@ g]kfn Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jf !*^ -*^=(@Ü_ @*-!#=)*Ü_ @!$-)=@&Ü_
!# cGo @$%-(^=*$Ü_ *-#=!^Ü_ @%#-)=#@Ü_
s"n hDdf ^&#*!-*$=)#Ü_ !@*)* -!%=(&Ü_ *)!*( -!))Ü_
>f]t M nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] krkGgf}F jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&! .
dfly tflnsf @ df k|:t't tYofÍLo ljj/0fnfO{ tnsf] lrq–@ af6 ;d]t k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
lrq–@
lghfdtL ;]jfdf lj=;+=@)&! cfiff9 d;fGtdf k'?if / dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf

87
pko'{Qm tflnsf @ nfO{ x]bf{ lj=;+=@)&! cfiff9 d;fGtdf lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{t g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf
tyf tYofÍ ;]jf, g]kfn s[lif ;]jf, g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, g]kfn jg ;]jf, g]kfn lzIff ;]jf, g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jf, g]kfn ljljw ;]jf, g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf, g]kfn
n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf / g]kfn Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jfdf k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] / dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltlglwTjsf]
k|ltztnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj cGo ;]jfsf] t'ngfdf ;a}eGbf a9L
-#*=%# k|ltzt_ b]lvG5 eg] dlxnfsf] ;a}eGbf sd k|ltlglwTj -#=**_ k|ltzt g]kfn jg ;]jfdf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L dflysf tflnsf ! / @ n] ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] Joj:yf nfu'
eO{ tbg'¿k kbk"lt{ ul/g' k"j{ dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj !!=)# k|ltzt /x]sf] b]vfpF5 eg] o; ;]jfdf
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] Joj:yf nfu' ePsf] ^ jif{sf] cjlwdf - lj=;+=@)&! cfiff9 d;fGtdf_ dlxnfx¿sf]
k|ltlglwTj !%=(& k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 :ki6 x'G5 ls lj=;+=@)^% cfiff9sf] t'ngfdf
lj=;+=@)&! sf] cfiff9 d;fGtdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj s]an $=($ k|ltztn] dfq j[l4 ePsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm j[l4 x'g'df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|fjwfgsf ;fy} cGo sf/0fx¿af6 klg of]ubfg k'u]sf] x'g
;S5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|fjwfgaf6 slt / cGo s'g s'g sf/0faf6 s] slt j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] xf] eGg]
af/]df cWoog cfjZos b]lvG5 .

-u_ lj=;+=@)^% cfiff9 / lj=;+= @)&! cfiff9 d;fGtdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf]
t'ngfTds cj:yf tflnsf–# / lrq–# af6 :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf–#
lghfdtL ;]jfdf lj=;+=@)^% cfiff9 / lj=;+=@)&! cfiff9 d;fGtdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf]
t'ngfTds cj:yf
qm=;+ ;]jf @)^% cfiff9 @)&! cfiff9
! g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf !% -$=$Ü_ $! -!)=(^Ü_
@ g]kfn s[lif ;]jf @#& -$=(Ü_ $$) -*=(&Ü_
# g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf @&^! -^=&Ü_ #^@( -(=(#Ü_
$ g]kfn jg ;]jf (( -@Ü_ !*& -#=**Ü_
% g]kfn lzIff ;]jf !#& -(=#Ü_ @#@ -!$=)@Ü_
^ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf $**& -#%Ü_ ^%#% -#*=%#Ü_
& g]kfn ljljw ;]jf @*^ -@=#^Ü_ *() -@(=$#Ü_
* g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf !() -@=@Ü_ $@^ -%=$!Ü_
( g]kfn Gofo ;]jf !@# -$=#Ü_ #@$ -!)=&^Ü_
!) g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf – #^ -!&=@@Ü_
!! g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf !# -#=*Ü_ #@ -(=#*Ü_
!@ g]kfn Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jf !@ -!#=#Ü_ @* -!#=)*Ü_
!# cGo – * -#=!^Ü_
s"n hDdf *&^) -!!=#Ü_ !@*)* -!%=(&Ü_

88
 lrq #

lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{t ;]jfut cfwf/df lj=;+=@)^% cfiff9 / lj=;+=@)&! cfiff9 d;fGtdf
dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj -k|ltztsf] cfwf/df_ sf t'ngfTds cj:yfsf] k|:t'lt

lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4sf] nflu s]xL ;'emfjx¿

lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4sf] nflu tn s]xL ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ M
yy ;dfj]zL ;d"xleq klg ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] sdhf]/ /x]sf ju{n] k|fyldstf
kfpg] u/L laBdfg ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fsf] gLltut Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ .
yy nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] /fhkq cg+lÍt kbx¿sf k/LIff s]Gb|x¿ lhNnf:t/;Dd la:tf/
ug]{ .
yy /fhkq cglÍt kbx¿sf] k/LIffsf] tof/Lsf] nflu cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn] k5fl8
k/]sf dlxnfx¿sf] nflu lgMz'Ns tof/L sIffsf] Joj:yf lhNnf:t/;Dd lj:tfl/t x'g'kg]{ .
yy pRr df=lj=/ ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] lzIff k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿df ;fj{hlgs If]qdf /f]huf/sf
cj;/ ;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g'kg]{ .
yy pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] k/LIffx¿df k|fl1s ljifoj:t'x¿sf ;fy}
kbLo lhDd]jf/L;+u ;DalGwt cfjZos ;Lk tyf Jojxf/ut kIfx¿sf] k/LIf0f ;d]tsf] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .
yy lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fsf] k|fjwfgn] dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fpgdf k'¥ofPsf]
of]ubfg / cGo sf/0fx¿af6 dlxnf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{df k'u]sf] of]ubfgsf] tYok/s
klxrfg u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df eljiodf k|efjsf/L x'g;Sg] gLlt tyf /0fgLlt th'{df tyf
sfof{Gjog x'gk' g]{ .

89
 yy ljBdfg ;sf/fTds lje]b tyf cf/If0fsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .
yy ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] Pp6} JolQmn] cf/If0fsf] ;'ljwf k6s–k6s pkof]u ug{ kfpg] ljBdfg
cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .
yy lzIff cfh{g ug]{ qmddf ;d]t dlxnfk|lt lxF;fhGo Jojxf/ ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf lg?T;flxt
ug{ s8f sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
yy dlxnf afx]ssf ;dfj]zL ;d"xleq klg dlxnfsf] ;L6 cf/lIft ug]{ .
yy dlxnf ;zlQms/0fdf ce}m a9L hf]8 lbg] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}+ M sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g -;+zf]wg ;lxt_, @)$(, sf7df8f} M sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
• lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), sf7df8f} M sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^, sf7df8f} M sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^&, sf7df8f}+, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ -pgGrf;f}+, krf;f}+, PsfpGgf}+, afpGgf}+, lqkGgf}+, rjGgf}+ /
krkGgf}+_ .
• lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf ;seflutf ljBdfg cj:yf / r'gf}tL ljifos cWoog k|ltj]bg
-ck|sflzt_, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, @)&@ .
• e§, eLdb]j -@)^%_, g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf, sf7df8f}+ M >LdtL OGbL/f e§ .
• xf8f, uDeL/ axfb'/ -@)%(_, æg]kfndf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] cfjZostf tyf dxTj Ps rrf{Æ,
;zQmLs/0f, jif{ @, c+s !, k[i7 !–!# .
• kf08]o, xl/bQ -@)%$_, ælghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)@! / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
df j[lQ ljsf;sf] Joj:yf, Jojxfl/s kIf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] cfjZostfÆ ljifos ;f]wkq –
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno cGtu{t hgk|zf;g ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflwsf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf]_ .
• d}gfnL, pd]z k|;fb -@)&)_, ælghfdtL ;]jfsf r'gf}tL / ;'wf/sf pkfox¿Æ, lghfdtL ;]jf
klqsf c+s #$, ;+Vof–@, cfiff9, @)&), k[i7 !*–#& .
• Dhungel et.al, (2010), "Eaxtern Regional Organization fot Public Administration,
EROPA Paper, presented on a Seminar on Public Administration and Disaster
Management," MOGA, Nepal.
• Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, Inc. Records, 1927-1937, Hampshire college
Archives.
• Pathak, P.K. (2004), "Gender Equality and Affirmative Action: Some Conceptual
Foundations", Empowerment, Vol.6, December, 2004,pp 48-58.

90
 cfk|jf;g / cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df
o;sf] k|efj
– k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n*

;f/f+z
ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] ufFh]sf] ljZjsf b]zx¿df cfk|jf;g :jefljs aGg
uPsf] 5 . pko'Qm cj;/sf] vf]hLdf vf;u/L o'jfk':tf ljZjsf b]zx¿ rfxfg]{ k|j[lQ a9\bf]
5 . cfk|jf;gn] pTklQsf d'n'sdf w]/yf]/ kmfObf eP klg o;sf] cTolws kmfObf eg] uGtJo
d'n'sn] g} lnO/x]sf 5g\ . pTklQsf] d'n'sdf >ldssf] cefj tyf k|ltef knfogsf] ;d:of rsf]{
¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . hgzlQm tof/ ug{ 7"nf] nufgL ug]{ pTklQsf d'n'sx¿ eP klg hg;f+lVos
nfe (Demographic Dividend) lng] uGtJo d'n'sx¿ ePsf 5g\ . o;f] eg]/ cfk|jf;gnfO{
gsfg{ t ;lsFb}g t/ o;af6 a9LeGbf a9L s;/L nfe lng] To;tkm{ eg] uDeL/ eP/ ;f]Rg'
h?/L ePsf] 5 .
cfk|jf;gn] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;df eg] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . pRr lzIff /
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . g]kfndf u/LaL Go"gLs/0f, e'Stfg ;Gt'ng sfod ug{,
;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ tyf ;fdflhs k"FhL lgdf{0fdf cfk|jf;gn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 . t/ o;sf] nflu /fHon] w]/} ;fdflhs d"No r'sfPsf] 5 . o'jfzlQmsf] cefjdf
d'emf{Psf xfd|f ufpF3/, n]s, a];L / 6f/x¿, cfˆgf 5f]/fsf] k|ltIffdf lk9Ldf 6f]nfO/x]sf
a[4a[4fx¿, kltsf] k|ltIffdf /x]sf kTgL tyf afa'sf] k|ltIffdf /x]sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] l66nfUbf]
l:yltsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . sltko cfh{gsf] cfzfdf a;]sfx¿n] sf7sf] afs;df nfz
:jLsfg'{kg]{ bb{gfs kl/l:ylt em]Ng kl//x]sf] 5 . h] eP klg cfk|jf;g xfd|f] nflu tLtf] oyfy{sf]
¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf]n] lxnf]df sdn km'nfpg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . k|lts"n kl/l:yltnfO{ cgs"n
agfpFb} hfg'kb{5 . cfk|jf;gaf6 clwstd nfe lng s] s:tf gLltut, sfo{ut, ;+:yfut tyf
;+/rgfut k|aGw ug'{kb{5 . g]kfnh:tf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿;Fu ldnL cGt/f{li6«o kmf]/dx¿df
cfjfh a'nGb agfpg ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ug{ /fHon] Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . cfk|jf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt
agfpg Comprehensive Migration Governance cfjZos 5 . cfk|jf;gdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3sf] e"ldsf ;d]t k|efjsf/L agfOg'kb{5 .

* pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

91
ljifo k|j]z
k|frLg sfnb]lv g} dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] b]z 5f]8]/ sfdsf] vf]hLdf ljleGg b]zdf hfg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf vf; u/L ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5 dfq g]kfnLx¿ sfdsf] vf]hLdf cfk|jf;gdf hfg] u/]sf] tYox¿
kfOG5g\ . of] sl/a @)) jif{sf] Oltxf;df g]kfnLsf] /f]huf/Lsf] uGtJo, :j¿k / If]q km]l/O/x]sf 5g\ .
ljutdf uGtJo jdf{, e'6fg, j]nfot, ef/t, ltAat, yfOn}08, dn]l;of h:tf b]zdf /x]sf] lyof] eg]
clxn] vf; u/L dn]l;of, dWok"j{sf b]zx¿, hfkfg, ci6«]lnof, o'/f]k nufotsf b]zx¿ uGtJodf k/]sf]
b]lvG5 . lxhf]sf lbgx¿df a]nfot, dnfof, l;+ufk'/, ef/tsf ;]gfdf egf{ x'g] Jofks k|rng lyof],
h'g cBlk sfod 5 . klxnf] / bf];|f] ljZjo'4df w]/} g]kfnLx¿ egf{ eP, sltn] jL/ult k|fKt u/],
sltn] axfb'/L b]vfP/ kbs / ;Ddfg kfP . kl5Nnf bzsdf /f]huf/sf] vf]hLdf ljb]lzg] g]kfnLsf]
;+Vof cTolws dfqfdf a9]sf] kfOG5 . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0f;Fu} o'jfju{sf] cGt/f{li6«o
cfk|jf;g ljZje/ a9\b} u}/x]sf] 5 . cfh #% nfv eGbf a9L g]kfnL j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf]
cj:yfn] o;sf] JofkstfnfO{ a'em\g ;lsG5 .
kl/efiff
;fdfGotof Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf a;f]af;sf] :yfg kl/jt{g ug]{ cj:yfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g
elgG5 . ! jif{ eGbf a9L cfˆgf] b]z 5f]8]/ cGo b]zdf a;f]af; ug'{nfO{ nfdf] cjlwsf] cfk|jf;g
(Long Term Migration) elgG5 eg] ;f] cjlw eGbf sdnfO{ 5f]6f] cjlwsf] cfk|jf;g (Short Term
Migration) elgG5 . nfdf] cjlwsf] cfk|jf;gdf JolQmsf] cfˆgf] cnUu} af;sf] :yfoL k|aGw (Usual
place of residence) u/]sf] x'G5 . 5f]6f] cjlwsf] cfk|jf;g vf; u/L dgf]/~hgsf nflu 3'd3fd,
cf}iflw pkrf/, Jofkf/, cfkmGthg;Fu e]63f6 cflb sfo{sf nflu x'g] ub{5g\ . nfdf] cjlwsf] cfk|jf;g
/f]huf/L tyf cWoogsf nflu x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . z/0ffyL{x¿ klg nfdf] cjlwsf] cfk|jf;gdf kg]{
l:ylt /xG5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] u/]sf] kl/efiff o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
• nfdf] cjlwsf] cfk|jf;L (Long Term Migrants) M-Long-term migrants are persons
who move to another country for a period of at least one year, and should be counted
in the country of destination (which becomes their new country of usual residence).
• 5f]6f] cjlwsf] cfk|jf;L (Short Term Migrants) M-Short-term migrants are persons who
move to another country for a period of at least three months but less than one year,
and should be counted in the country of origin (which remains their country of usual
residence).
o'jf cfk|jf;gsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] kl5Nnf] cg'dfg cg';f/ @# s/f]8 @) nfv dflg;x¿ cfk|jf;gdf hfg] u/]sf]
b]lvG5 h'g ljZj hg;+Vofsf] #=@ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . oL dWo] # s/f]8 %) nfv t @) jif{ d'lgsf

92
5g\ eg] @) b]lv @( jif{;Ddsf $ s/f]8 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljb]zLg] cfk|jf;LdWo] cfwfcfwL dlxnf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljb]zLg] dWo] cfˆgf] b]zdf gkmsL{ pt} :yfoL a;f]af; u/L j:g]sf] ;+Vof klg lgs} 7"nf]
/x]sf] 5 . of] k|j[lQn] pTklQsf] b]z (Country of Origin) df gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ b]lvG5 .

g]kfndf s"n hg;+Vofsf] sl/a #) k|ltzt cw{a]/f]huf/ hgzlQm /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . xfn $ nfv %)
xhf/ eGbf a9L JolQmx¿ >d ahf/df k|j]z ub{5g\ t/ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ ;Lldt x'gfn] g]kfndf Hofb}
Go"g ;+Vofn] dfq /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . emg\ nlDaFbf] ;+qmd0fsfn, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf
/ ljsf; lqmofsnfksf] lzlyntfn] nufgL a9\g g;Sbf :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{
emg\ sl7g aGg uPsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 b}lgs ;/b/ !%)) JolQm /f]huf/sf] vf]hLdf ljb]z hfg] u/]sf]
cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . tLdWo] clwsf+z cbIf / ;:tf] d"Nodf >d a]Rg]x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cfly{s ;j]{If0f,
@)&).&! cg';f/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]dWo] &$ k|ltzt t cbIf g} 5g\ eg] @% k|ltzt c3{bIf /
! k|ltzt bIf /x]sf 5g\ . !)( d'n's j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu v'nf ul/Psf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! sf] kmfu'g d;fGt ;Dddf s"n % nfv *% xhf/ ^ ;o ^@ hgfnfO{ j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Lsf] nflu k"j{ :jLs[lt lbOPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]x¿sf] ;+Vof s/La #%
nfv k'lu;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

d'Vo d'Vo >d uGtJo ePsf b]zdf >d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;'/lIft
u[x ;d]t :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

cfk|jf;gsf] uGtJo (Destination of Migration)

g]kfnaf6 ljb]zLg] clwsf+z o'jfsf] uGtJo vf8L d'n's / dn]l;of /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s ;j]{If0f,
@)&).&! df pNn]v eP cg';f/ g]kfnLx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu hfg] b]zdf qmdzM
dn]l;of, stf/, ;fpbL c/]laof, o"=P=O{ /x]sf 5g\ . oL d'n'sx¿df Hofb} Go"g j]tg / hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf
g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ nufpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;'/lIft sfo{, plrt kfl/>lds,
sfdbf/sf clwsf/ Uof/]G6L ePsf ljsl;t b]zdf g]kfnaf6 /f]huf/sf] l;nl;nfdf hfg]x¿sf] ;+Vof
Psbd Go"g b]lvPsf] 5 .

cfk|jf;gsf sf/0fx¿

cfk|jf;gsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ . g]kfnLx¿sf cfk|jf;gsf sf/0fx¿df ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts /

cfly{s cj:yf d'Vo ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . u/LaL ;a}eGbf d'Vo sf/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . b]zleq /f]huf/sf
cj;/sf] cefj x'g' / /f]huf/sf] cGo ljsNk gx'gfn] c;'/lIft hLjg;Fu} ;:tf] d"Nodf >d a]Rg
k/]klg dflg;x¿ ljb]zL e"lddf k'Ub5g\ . b]zdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cem} algg;s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf]
5 . nufgL / nufgLstf{sf] ;'/Iffdf cfZj:t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf cem} l;h{gf ePsf] 5}g . rGbf, aGb,

93
x8tfn, xTof, ckx/0f, dxËf] 9'jfgL nfut h:tf sf/0fn] g]kfndf ck]lIft dfqfdf pBf]uwGbf :yfkgf
x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . 7"nf vfnsf hnljB't cfof]hgfdf nufgLsf s]xL ;Defjgf a9] klg /fhgLlts
lvrftfgLn] cfZj:t x'g] cj:yf cem} b]lvPsf] 5}g . ljutdf cfˆgf] Ifdtfn] wfGg} g;Sg] u/L dfu
ul/Psf] rGbf lbg g;Sbf, tf]8kmf]8, ckx/0f, xTof, s'6lk6df k/]sf nufgLstf{sf] dgf]an j9\g] vfnsf]
jftfj/0f cem} l;h{gf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|z:t nufgL geP;Dd /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf x'g g;Sg]
x'gfn] /f]huf/sf nflu x'g] cfk|jf;g g]kfnLx¿sf] nflu jfWotf ag]sf] 5 .

lzIff cfh{gdf cfk|jf;df hfg] cfd k|rng aGg yfn]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . ljb]zsf /fd|f ljZjljBfnodf
lzIff cfh{gsf] nfn;f, lzIff / /f]huf/nfO{ ;Fu;Fu} a9fpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf, >dsf] plrt d"No /
;Ddfgn] g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿ cfk|jf;gdf hfg] u/]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .

kl5Nnf jif{x¿df cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nfn;fn] klg cfk|jf;df cj;/sf] vf]hLdf nfUg] g]kfnLx¿sf]
;+Vof klg 7"nf] /x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L ;fyLefOsf] b]vfl;sL, c?n] ljb]z uP/ cfly{s x}l;ot /fd|f]
agfPsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ ;d]t dgg u/L g]kfnLx¿ ljb]zLg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sltko z/0ffyL{sf] ¿kdf
klg cfk|jf;df hfg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f / ;fdflhs ;~hfnn] cfk|jf;gnfO{ phf{ lbPsf]
cg'e"lt x'G5 . h] xf];\, log} / o:t} cGo Pull Factors / Push Factors n] cfk|jf;gnfO{ lgb]{lzt
u/]sf] 5 .

cfk|jf;gsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds k|efj

s'g} klg s'/fsf /fd|f /fd|f g/fd|f b'O6} kf6f eP em} cfk|jf;gsf klg /fd|f g/fd|f b'j} k|efjx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

;sf/fTds k|efj
-!_ /f]huf/L / u/LaL Go"gLs/0f M @)$^ ;fnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngn] jx'bnLo Joj:yfnfO{
k'gM:yfkgf u/L lg/+s'z /fhtGqnfO{ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqdf kl/0ft ug{ ;kmn eof] . @)$*
;fnsf] cfd lgjf{rgkl5 u7g ePsf] ;/sf/n] v'nf cy{tGqnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cf7f}+ cfjlws
of]hgf -@)$(–%$_ hf/L u/L ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ yfNof] . lj= ;+= @)$(
;fndf $( k|ltzt hgtf u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf lyP . cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf; nufot
u/LaL Go"gLs/0fdf /fHosf] nufgL / k|ofzsf cltl/Qm j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f
cfoaf6 k|ToIf k/f]If ¿kdf g]kfndf u/LaL Go"gLs/0fdf d2t k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . xfn u/LaLsf]
/]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof @#=* k|ltzt /x]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfpF5 .
-@_ ljk|]if0f cfon] e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngdf ;sf/fTds k|efj M g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt ljk|]if0f cfo s"n u|fx:y
pTkfbgsf] sl/a #) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'Ug nfu]sf] l:ylt 5 . xfnsf lbgx¿df ljk|]if0f cfo
g} ;/sf/nfO{ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f k"lt{ ug]{ bl/nf] dfWod ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf]

94
 kl/df0f jif}{lkR5] j[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 . @)&).&! sf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df s"n Jofkf/df g]kfnsf]
cfoft lgof{t cg'kft sl/a *M! 5 . pQm cjlwdf g]kfnsf] s"n Jofkf/ ?= &(( ca{ )%
s/f]8 ePsf]df cfoft ?= &)* ca{ &^ s/f]8 / lgof{t s]an ?= () ca{ @( s/f]8sf] lyof] .
j}b]lzs Jofkf/df /x]sf] o:tf] r/d c;Gt'ngsf afah'b klg g]kfnsf] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt cg's"n
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« j}+ssf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df cfly{s jif{ @)&).&! sf] cGTo;Dddf ;du|
zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt !@& ca{ !# s/f]8n] artdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ljk|]if0f cfon] e'QmfgL
;Gt'ng tyf zf]wgfGt/ artdf v]n]sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
-#_ lzIff, :jf:Yo nufot ;fdflhs kl/;"rs ;sf/fTds M j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 l;lh{t cfon]
g]kfnsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo nufotsf ;fdflhs kl/;"rsdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;x;|fJbL nIo xfl;n ug{ ljk|]if0f cfon] e/k'/ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . afn d[To'b/ 36fpg, dft[
d[To'b/df sdL Nofpg, ;fIf/tf a9fpg, dlxnf lzIff / ;zQmLs/0f, /f]u / ef]s pGd'ng ug{ o;n]
ljz]if e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 .
-$_ cfly{s j[l4 M cfly{s j[l4 w]/} s'/fx¿df lge{/ /xg] s'/f xf] . o;sf] nflu nufgL / nufgLsf]
pko'Qm jftfj/0f klxnf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;df w]/yf]/ ljk|]if0f cfosf] klg e"ldsf /x]sf]
5 . b]zsf] cy{tGq rnfodfg agfpg klg ljk|]if0f cfosf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
-%_ /fhZj j[l4 M kl5Nnf jif{x¿df cfly{s j[l4b/ Go"g /x]tf klg /fhZj j[l4 eg] pT;fxhgs
/x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&).&! df /fhZj j[l4 @)=% k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s"n u|fx:y
pTkfbg cg'kftdf /fhZj !*=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnh:tf] cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf] lgldQ
of] j[l4 pT;fxhgs g} dfGg'kb{5 . o;df ljk|]if0f cfosf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f cfon] j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]u cTolws dfqfdf a9\g hfgfn] /fhZjdf ;d]t cg's"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 .
-^_ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u M u/LaLsf] bnbndf km;]sf sltko g]kfnL b"/b/fhsf dlxnf,
afnaflnsf, Psn dlxnf, c;xfo, a[4a[4f ;d]tnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] k|ToIf k/f]If¿kdf
;xof]u k'/\ofPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] cflh{t cfon] pkrf/ tyf kf]if0fdf
;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
-&_ dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fdf ;xof]u M j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] cTolws dfqfdf k'?ifx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
yf]/} k|ltzt eP klg dlxnfx¿ klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] 3/d'nLnfO{ ljb]zdf
k7fP/ dlxnfx¿ Psflt/ cfˆgf] 3/Jojxf/ rnfpg], ;fdflhs Jojxf/df v/f] ¿kdf pqg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ljb]z uPsf dlxnfx¿n] cfly{s pkfh{g u/]/ 3/vr{ tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf
nflu bl/nf] cfosf] hf]xf] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] pgLx¿df k'?if;/xsf] Ifdtf ePsf] cfTdljZjf;
a9\g] u/]sf] tyf o;af6 lg0f{o Ifdtf ;d]t a9\g uPsf] kfOG5 . 3/ Jojxf/df k'?if;/xsf]
e"ldsfdf /xg'n] n+}lus ;dfgtfdf an k'/\ofPsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .
-*_ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fdf ;xof]u M j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ;Gbe{df l;s]sf] ;Lk tyf xfl;n u/]sf] 1fg /
Ifdtfn] k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fdf ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zdf l;s]sf] ;Lkaf6 g]kfnd} Joj;fo tyf

95
 pBd ;~rfng u/L cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf x'g] k|j[lQ a9\bf] 5 . o;n]
/fHosf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf;df ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] dx;'; x'G5 .
-(_ ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fdf ;xof]u M cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gn] b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fdf klg
;xof]u k'/\ofpb} cfPsf] 5 . ?9Lu|:t ;fdflhs cGwljZjf;sf] cfj/0f wf/0f u/]sf sltko
;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotfnfO{ z'4Ls/0f u/L ;du| ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fdf cfk|jf;gn] w]/yf]/ d2t
u/]sf] 5 .
-!)_ ;Eo / ;Eotfsf] ljsf; M /xg;xg, lzi6tf, dof{bf, ;fdflhs ;xof]u h:tf ;Eotfsf
nflu cfjZos s'/fx¿ cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gn] l;sfPsf] 5 . ctM ;Eo ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf
cfk|jf;gsf] dxTj 5 .
gsf/fTds k|efj

cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx¿ dfq /x]sf 5}gg\ o;af6 y'k|} ljsf/ / lj;+ult klg
b]lvPsf 5g\ . h'g tnsf ljleGg a"Fbfx¿df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-!_ ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf cf}Bf]lus >dzlQmsf] cefj M cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo hgzlQmlagf ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . g]kfnaf6 jif]{gL /f]huf/L, cWoog, jf cGo ljleGg
sf/0fn] cfk|jf;gdf hfg]x¿sf] +;+Vof tLj| ¿kdf al9/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 :jb]zdf ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{df hgzlQmsf] cefj x'g uPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿ ;d]tn] >dzlQmsf]
cefj em]ln/x]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ Brain Drain and loss of demographic dividend :– g]kfn h:tf cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf
k9]n]v]sf of]Uo hgzlQm tyf kfv'/fdf tfut el/Psf o'jfzlQm cfk|jf;gdf hfFbf b]zdf k|ltef
knfog e} b]zdf of]Uo hgzlQmsf] cefj x'g] l:ylt Psflt/ 5 eg] ug{ ;Sg] 7"nf] o'jfzlQm
ljb]zdf kl;gf lehfpg] u/]sf] tLtf] oyfy{n] g]kfnsf] hg;f+lVos nfe c? g} b]zn] lnPsf]
cj:yf 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljk|]if0fsf] cfzfdf b]z xfl//x]sf] 5 . sltko cj:yfdf t cfF;'sf]
cfxfndf ljk|]if0f¿kL df]tL vf]h]sf] cfef; ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
-#_ 3D sfo{ ug'{kg]{ M vt/gfs (Dangerous), kmf]xf]/ (Dirty) / s8f kl/>d kg]{ sfo{ (Difficult)
nfO{ ;du|df 3D eGg] ul/G5 . g]kfnaf6 cfk|jf;gdf hfg] clwsf+z sd k9]n]v]sf o'jfzlQmn]
vf8L d'n'sx¿df o:t} sfo{ 3D ug'{kg]{+ jfWotf /x]sf] ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . nxnx
cGgsf afnfx¿ em'Ng] b]zsf ljleGg j];L / 6f/x¿ afFem} /fv]/ ljb]lzPsf o:tf o'jfzlQmsf]
Hofg g} vt/fdf kg]{ u/]sf] / kl5Nnf jif{x¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]x¿sf] d[To' x'g] qmd klg
al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df cfk|jf;gn] kmfObf eGbf gf]S;fg a9L k'/\ofO/x]sf] t 5}g eGg] k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf]
5.

96
-$_ ;:tf] d"Nodf >dsf] laqmL M g]kfnaf6 /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ljb]lzPsfx¿n] ;:tf] d"Nodf
cfˆgf] >d a]lr/x]sf] cg'e"lt ul/Psf] 5 . s7f]/ d]xgt u/] klg >dsf] zf]if0f ePsf] cj:yf
ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .
-%_ Transfer of Diseases M– ljb]z uPsf :jb]z kms]{/ cfpFbf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;?jf /f]u af]s]/
cfpg] / sltko cj:yfdf kl/jf/} ;vfk x'g] l:ylt klg b]lvPsf] 5 . ;'b"/ klZrd If]qdf
Pr=cfO{=eL= P8\;sf] k|sf]k o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
-^_ Human Capital Flight M– cfly{s ¿kdf ljkGg d'n'sn] lzIff, :jf:Yodf 7"nf] nufgL u/]/
x'sf{Psf] hgzlQm k|ltkmn lbg] Ifdtf ePkl5 e'/{ r/f p8] em} u/L cfk|jf;gdf hfFbf g]kfnsf]
dfgjLo k"FhL l/lQPsf] 5 . o;n] /fHosf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df g/fd|f] k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 .
-&_ kfl/jfl/s ljv08g M cfk|jf;gn] kfl/jfl/s ljv08gnfO{ a9fPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . a}b]lzs
/f]huf/sf] l;nl;nfdf k|jf;L ePsf sltko dflg;x¿sf] kl/jf/} l5GgleGg e}/x]sf] cj:yf
ljBdfg 5 . Gofofnosf] tYofÍaf6 ;d]t ;DaGw ljR5]bdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/L Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f
ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
-*_ j[4 j[4fsf] x]/rfxsf] cefj M ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQm ljb]lzPkl5 3/sf] lk9L 5f]8\g g;Sg] /f]uL
a[4a[4fsf] x]/rfx ug]{ sf]xL gx'Fbf csf]{ ;fdflhs ;d:of b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
-(_ Gender Imbalance M– g]kfnaf6 cfk|jf;gdf hfg] clwsf+z k'?ifx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnfsf]
;+Vof Psbd Go"g /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 n}+lus c;Gt'ng a9fPsf] 5 .
-!)_ 7uL M cfk|jf;gdf hfg]x¿ pk/ x'g] 7uL al9/x]sf] 5 . o;n] cfk|jf;Lx¿ pk/ C0fdfly C0fsf]
af]em a9fPsf] 5 .
cfk|jf;gsf d'Vo d'Vo ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿

g]kfnaf6 cfk|jf;df hfg] uGtJo b]zx¿ d'VotM vf8L d'n's tyf dn]l;of kb{5g\ . ljsl;t b]zx¿
hxfF >dsf] pRr d"No, sfo{:yn / jftfj/0f pko'Qm 5 To:tf b]zdf g]kfnh:tf b]zsf] kx"Fr k'Ug
;s]sf] 5}g . o'/f]k]nL ;d'bfo, cd]l/sf tyf ci6«]lnof h:tf b]zn] ljleGg cNemg nufP/ g]kfn
h:tf b]zsf] hgzlQmnfO{ leq l5g}{ lbb}gg\ . wgL ljsl;t b]zn] g]kfnh:tf cltsd ljsl;t b]znfO{
/f]huf/sf cj;/ k|bfg ug{ sGh':ofO u/]sf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] e"ldsf o; ;Gbe{df sdhf]/
cg'e"lt ul/Psf] 5 .
cfk|jf;gdf hfg]x¿ 6«flGh6 b]zdf ;d:of ef]Ug'kg]{ l:ylt ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . 6«flGh6 b]zsf] sfg"gsf
af/]df hfgsf/L, cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf ;'ljwfsf] cj:yf, 6«flGh6 b]zdf ckgfpg' kg]{ ;ts{tfx¿
h:tf kIfn] cfk|jf;Lx¿nfO{ k'Ug] ;'ljwf lge{/ ub{5 . g]kfnaf6 /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ljZj >dahf/sf]
vf]hLdf nfUg] cfk|jf;Lx¿ sltko cgk9, sd k9]n]v]sf ePsf] x'gfn] 6«flGh6 b]zdf ljleGg ;d:of
ef]Ug'kg]{ / sltko t h]nsf] xfjf vfg k'Ug'kg]{ jfWotf cfOk/]sf] l:ylt klg /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} 6«flGh6
b]zdf /x]sf avt lj/fdL k/]df ltgsf] cj:Yff s] x'g] xf] < ljrf/0fLo 5 .

97
Overstay sf] ;d:of klg TolQs} b]lvPsf] 5 . >d ug{ tf]lsPsf] cjlweGbf a9L cjlw a;L lbg]
ugf{n] ;DalGwt b]zsf] sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g] l:yltn] sltkosf] a]xfn ePsf] l:ylt klg /x]sf]
5.
Valid document x/fpFbf cfk|jf;Ln] ef]Ug'kl//x]sf] ;d:of klg rsf]{ /x]sf] 5 . lagf ck/fw h]ng]ndf
kl/g] tyf hl/jfgf ltg'{kg]{ kl/aGwfTds l:yltn] cfk|jf;LnfO{ cfnf] 3fpdf g"gr's nufpg] sfd u/]sf]
5.
vf; u/L cfk|jf;L dlxnf sfdbf/x¿n] ef]Ug'kl//x]sf of}ghGo lx+;f, zf]if0f, / b"Jo{jxf/ klg rsf]{
;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] nflu ;+:s[lthGo cj/f]wx¿n] cfk|jf;gnfO{ emg\ sl7g
agfO lbPsf] 5 .
cfk|jf;gsf] uGtJo sxfF xf] < To:tf uGtJo b]zsf] af/]df cfk|jf;Lx¿df kof{Kt hfgsf/L cfjZos
kb{5 . cfk|jf;gdf hfg] b]zsf] efiff, >d tyf cWofudg sfg"g tyf cGo ;fGble{s ;"rgfx¿sf af/]df
g]kfnL cfk|jf;Ldf hfgsf/L sd /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
ljZjsf cfk|jf;Lsf] ;du| Joj:Yffkg tyf ltgsf xs clwsf/ /Iffdf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] e"ldsf
k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+3n] cfk|jf;gnfO{ cfˆgf] k|fyldstfdf kf/]sf] b]lvb+}g .
7"nf] ;+Vofsf g]kfnL cfk|jf;Lx¿ cfk|jf;gsf] vf]hL tyf tf/tDo ldnfOlbg] bnfns} rk]6fdf kg]{
u/]sf 5g\ . 7uL sfo{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /fHo ;+oGqn] o:tf] 7uLnfO{ ck]lIft dfqfdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g .
sltko efiff, To; b]zsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ghfg]sf] sf/0f h]n k/]sf 36gf 5g\ . cfˆgf] b]zdf s;"/
gdflgg] t/ uGtJo b]zdf s;"/ dflgg] cj:yf cfPdf ;d]t h]n ;hfo cjZoDefjL 5 .
cfk|jf;Lx¿n] 6«flGh6df :jf:Yo ;d:of ef]Ug'kg]{ l:Yflt klg b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ oy]i6
;Daf]wg x'g ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
/f]huf/bftf d'ns ' df cfly{s dGbL nufot /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ 36\g] 8/n] cfk|jf;Lx¿df 8/ k}bf x'g]
u/]sf] 5 . vf; u/L a]nfa]nfdf t]nsf] d"No 36\g,' cfly{s j[l4b/ sd x'g hfg'n] cfly{s dGbLnfO{ an
k'¥ofpg] x'gfn] lgdf{0fdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/sf] hflu/ u'Dg] 8/n] ;tfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o'jf cfk|jf;gsf] ;fdflhs d"No

o'jf cfk|jf;gsf] ;dfhdf kg]{ k|efj s] s:tf] /Xof] eg]/ ljZn]if0f tyf dgg ug]{ xf] eg] ;du|df
3/, kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhn] 7"nf] d"No r'sfPsf] cg'e"lt ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfk|jf;gnfO{ s]nfpFbf
;du|df Low skill migration g} xf] eGg s/ nfUb5 . o:tf] cbIf hgzlQmn] kfl/>lds klg sd kfpg'
:jefljs} xf] . ;:tf] d"Nodf >d a]r]/ /fHodf leq\ofPsf] ljk|]if0f cfon] kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fHonfO{
k'/\ofPsf] of]ubfgeGbf lghsf] cg'kl:yltn] /fHo, ;dfh / 3/ kl/jf/n] u'dfPsf s'/fx¿sf] d"No rsf]{

98
5 . kfl/jfl/s ljv08g (family separation) clxn] rsf]{ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . >Ldfg
>LdtLaLr dgd'6fj, ;DaGw ljR5]b, bf];|f] ljjfx x'g] ;d:ofn] kl/jf/leq tgfjsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g'sf]
;fy;fy} afnjRrf c;xfo x'g] l:ylt klg b]lvPsf] 5 . sltko cfk|jf;Ln] sdfPsf] ;DklQ ;a} lnP/
bf];|f] ljjfx ug]{ u/]sf 36gf klg k|z:t b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ .

cfk|jf;gsf] k|ToIf df/ a"9fa"9Lx¿df klg k/]sf] 5 . sdfpg ;Sg], :ofxf/ ug{ ;Sg] 3/sf] o'jfzlQm
ljb]lzPkl5 a"9fa"9Lsf] x]/rfx ug]{ dflg;sf] cefj x'g] u/]sf]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

g]kfnLx¿sf] cfk|jf;g clwsf+ztM 3D df ;Lldt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k b'3{6gfaf6 d[To'
x'g]sf] ;+Vof klg 7"nf] /xg u/]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf jif{df sf7sf] afs;leq ;/b/ b}lgs tLgj6f nf;
cfpg] u/]sf] b'MvbfoL l:ylt 5 . o;n] b]zdf 6'x'/f 6'x/Lsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 x'g uPsf] 5 . afnaRrfx¿
cleefjs ljxLg x'Fbf ltgsf] dgf]lj1fgdf g/fsfTds k|efj kg{ hfg] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ltgsf] plrt
guide ug]{ cleefjs gx'Fbf af6f] la/fpg] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 . ;dfhdf o:tf y'k|} 36gf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
af6f] lj/fPsfx¿ nfu" kbfy{sf] b"Jo;{gL x'g ;Sg] / o:tf] hgzlQm kl/jf/ / ;dfhsf] nflu dfq xf]Og,
/fHosf] nflu klg af]em x'g] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf gfddf x'g] u/]sf] dfgj t:s/L /fHosf] k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of]
;d:ofnfO{ /fHon] oy]i6 ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .

cfk|jf;L dlxnfx¿df of}ghGo lx+;f, lje]b, zf]if0f x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ;dfhdf b]lvPsf o:tf csNkgLo
36gfx¿n] To:tf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ ;d:of klg /x]sf] 5 .

cfk|jf;gdf hfg]x¿ g lhpFbf]df hGtL g dbf{sf] dnfdL x'g] l:ylt 5 . clwsf+z ufpF3/x¿ s]6fs]6L
/ a'9fa'9Ln] el/Psf 5g\ o:tf] l:ylt cfpg' lgZro g} b'Mvsf] s'/f xf] .

/fHosf] ;du| ljsf;df k/]sf] k|efj

b]zdf u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vofdf sdL Nofpg cfk|jf;gn] d2t k'/\ofPsf] 5 . b]zdf /f]huf/sf
kof{Kt ;Defjgf g/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ljb]zdf k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] /f]huf/L u/LaL Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]uL ag]sf]
5 . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fn] ;d]t j}b]lzs /f]huf/ u/LaL Go"gLs/0fsf] k|d'v sf/0f dfg]sf] 5 .
kl/0ffd:j¿k u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vof xfn @#=* k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]hfuf/ cfly{s j[l4 pRr agfpg ;d]t ;xof]uL ag]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f
cfon] k|ToIf k/f]If ¿kdf cfly{s j[l4df ;xof]u k'/\ofO/x]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f cfoaf6 nufgL klg a9\g
hfG5 . o:tf] nufgLn] cfly{s j[l4 ug{ d2t k'/\ofpF5 . cfo:t/ j[l4 ;Fu} dflg;x¿df pkef]u k|j[lQ
a9\b} u}/x]sf] 5 . To;n] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf a9f]Q/L x'G5 . Jofkf/ 3f6f pRr x'Fbf x'Fb} klg e'Qmfg
;Gt'ng cg's"n x'g'df ljk|]if0f cfos} d'Vo e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

99
;fdflhs kl/;"rsdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{df klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/ pkof]uL l;4 ePsf] 5 . Human
Capital formation df o;sf] pRr dxTj /x]sf] 5 . ;fIf/tf j[l4 tyf :j:Yo / u'0f:t/o'Qm hgzlQm
lgdf{0fdf ;d]t o;n] k'/\ofPsf] of]ubfg ljz]if dxTjsf] 5 . ;x;|fJbL nIo xfl;n ug{ o;n] k'/\ofPsf]
of]ubfg Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

k|jf;af6 kms]{/ cfpFbf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;Lk l;s]/ :jb]z kms{g] / Tof] ;Lkaf6 s'g} pBd, Joj;fo ug]{
x'gfn] /fHo nfelGjt e}/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnaf6 ljb]lzg] gful/sx¿df 7"nf] hTyf o'jfx¿sf] 5 . kfv'/fdf tfut ePsf] 7"nf] zlQm g}
ljb]lzPkl5 o;sf] /fHosf] ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . ug{ ;Sg] JolQm g} ljb]lzP kl5
3/ kl/jf/ dfq xf]Og, ;d'bfo klg k|efljt x'G5 . ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ lzlyn aGg hfG5g\ .
lj=;+= @)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L dxfe"sDkn] Jofks hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] tyf b]z g} tx;gx;
ePsf] / Jofks lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] cj:Yffdf b]zdf ug{ ;Sg] >d zlQm lgs} sd dfq /x]sf]
cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ k'/\ofpg] lglZrt 5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy}
ug{ ;Sg] JolQmsf] cefjdf nxnx cGg kmNg] a];L, af/L / 6f/Lx¿ afFlemb} uPsf 5g\ . o;n] b]zdf
vfBfGg cfoftnfO{ c? a9fpb} nu]sf] 5 . o;af6 xfdL emg\ cfTdlge{/tfaf6 k/lge{/tftkm{ ws]lnFb}
uPsf 5f}+ . bIf >dzlQm ljb]lzbf emg\ /fHon] w]/} u'dfpg] l:ylt cfpg ;S5 . bIf >ldssf] cefj
e} dx+uf] d"Nodf cGoqaf6 >lds Nofpg kg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 . cfly{s j[l4b/ 36\g ;S5 . o;/L
x]bf{ t ;fFRr} ljk|]if0f cfo cfF;'sf] cfxfndf vf]lhPsf] df]tL h:tf] k|tLt x'G5 .

cfk|jf;g / ljk|]if0f cfo

g]kfndf kl5Nnf jif{x¿df ljk|]if0f cfo eg] XjfQ} a9]/ uPsf] b]lvG5 . s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] sl/a
sl/a Ps ltxfO ljk|]if0f cfosf] lx:;f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] /fHosf] cy{tGqnfO{ /fd|} e/y]u ul//x]sf]
5 . e'Stfg ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ljk|]if0f cfosf] 7"nf] e"ldsf 5 . g]kfndf Jofkf/ 3f6f r/d ¿kdf
al9/x]sf] cj:yfdf klg e'Qmfg ;Gt'ng ;sf/fTds cj:yfdf /fvL /fVg ljk|]if0f cfon] cxd\ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] klg e'Qmfg ;Gt'ng ;sf/fTds x'g ljk|]if0f cfon] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] hgfPsf] 5 .

ljk|]if0f cfo ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df a9\b} u}/x]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ;g\ @)!@
sf] tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ u/]sf] cWoogdf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df $)! cj{ 8n/ ljk|]if0f cfo hfg]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljk|]if0f /sd leqfpg] b]zdf ef/t -&! ca{ 8n/_, rLg -^) cj{ 8n/_,
lkmlnlkG; -@^ ca{ 8n/_, d]lS;sf] -@@ ca{ 8n/_, gfOh]l/of -@! ca{ 8n/_ /x]sf 5g\ .

To;} u/L ;g\ @)!@ sf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df s"n u|fx:y pTkfbg cg'kftdf ljk|]if0f cfo tfhls:tfgsf]
$* k|ltzt, lslu{lh:tfg -#! k|ltzt_, n];]yf], -@% k|ltzt_ g]kfn -@% k|ltzt_ df]Nbf]jf -@$

100
k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f cfo s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] !) k|ltzt a9]df u/LaL ;/b/ #=! k|ltzt
36\g hfg] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] ljsf;zLn b]zsf] u/LaL Go"gLs/0fdf ljk|]if0f cfon] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg u/LaL pNn]Vo dfqfdf 36\g'df ljk|]if0f cfodf ePsf] j[l4 klg
dxTjk"0f{ sf/0fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&).&! cg';f/ @)^(.&) df $#$=^ cj{ ljk|]if0f cfo k|fKt ePsf] 5 h'g s"n
u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] @%=& k|ltzt xf] . ljk|]if0f cfo a9\g] qmd lg/Gt/ hf/L /x]sf] 5 .

efjL kfOnf

h;/L 3fF; / xl/of ag:kltdf cfl>t k|f0fLn] xl/of 3fF;] d}bfg / xl/of vs{x¿sf] lg/Gt/ vf]hL ub}{
xl/of] 3fF;sf] cfgGb lnG5g\ To;} u/L ljZjsf o'jfk':tfn] cfsif{s kfl/>lds / pko'Qm sfo{ jftfj/0f
ePsf] b]zsf >d ahf/ vf]hL ub{5g\ . o;sf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpg] sfo{ ;DalGwt b]zx¿sf]
xf] . sfg"g, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdn] dfq pko'Qm jftfj/0f aGg ;S5 . o:tf gLlt, sfg"g tyf sfo{qmd
cfk|jf;Lsf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ vfnsf x'gk' b{5 .
-!_ Comprehensive Migration Governance M cfk|jf;g zf;gdf vf; u/L cfk|jf;g ;DaGwL
gLlt, sfg"gsf] cltl/Qm To; ;DaGwL dfkb08, k|rng tyf cEof; kb{5g\ . ;/sf/åf/f g]t[Tj,
lgb]{zg tyf lgodg ul/Psf] cfk|jf;g ;DaGwL ;du| cj:yfnfO{ o;n] hgfpF5 . To;}n] If]qut
gLltsf] cnfjf Comprehensive Migration Governance sf] ;jnLs/0f x'g' cfjZos 5 .
-@_ Capacity BuildingM /fHosf ;+oGqx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ljgf cfk|jf;gnfO{ /fHon] Jojl:yt
agfpg ;Sb}g . /fHo ;+oGqsf] ;jnLs/0f klxnf] cfjZostf xf] .
-#_ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf M cfk|jf;g ;DaGwL gLlt th'{dfdf ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}+sf] ;xeflutf x'g'kb{5 .
-$_ >d ;Demf}tf M >dsf] pTklQ / uGtJo d'n'saLr >d ;Demf}tfn] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf clwsf/
;+/If0fdf d2t k'Ub5 .
-%_ cfk|jf;gsf] jf:tljs cj:yfsf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg M o:tf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgn]
cfk|jf;g gLlt, cWofudg sfg"g tyf gLlt, >d sfg"g tyf gLlt to ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . oltdfq
xf]Og, o;af6 ;du| cfk|jf;g zf;gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg klg o;n] 7"nf] ;xof]u k'/\ofpF5 .
-^_ Best and Good Practice sf] cjnDag M cfk|jf;g ;DaGwL ljZjsf b]zx¿n] ckgfPsf
g]kfnnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] pQd cEof;x¿ g]kfnn] klg ckgfpg pko'Qm x'G5 .
-&_ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g, ;lGw tyf ;Demf}tfsf] kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] M >d clwsf/ nufot dfgj
clwsf/sf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g, ;lGw tyf ;Demf}tfsf] kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{n] cfk|jf;Lsf
clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df g]kfn klg cGo b]zx¿;Fu xft]dfnf] u/L cufl8 a9\g'kb{5 .

101
-*_ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] e"ldsf M cfk|jf;gnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] cfˆgf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kb{5 .
cGoyf ljZj cfk|jf;g ck]lIft dfqfdf Jojl:yt x'g ;Sb}g .
-(_ :jb]zleq} /f]huf/ / :j/f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gfdf hf]8 M >dsf] pTklQsf ljz]if If]q
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df vf;u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] ljz]if k|aGw u/L /f]huf/sf] nflu
cfk|jf;gdf hfg] k|j[lQdf sdL Nofpg' cfjZos 5 .
-!)_ ljk|]if0f k7fpg nfUg] z'Nsdf Go"gLs/0f M cfk|jf;Lx¿n] ljk|]if0f cfo k7fpbf nfUg] z'Ns tyf
vr{df sdL Nofpg /fHon] ljz]if k|aGw / kxn ug'{kb{5 .
-!!_ bnfntGqsf] lgd"{nLs/0f M cfk|jf;gnfO{ cfˆgf] pj{/ e"ld dfgL ljleGg 7uL wGwf ug{ kNs]sf
jLrsf bnfnsf] huhuL cGTo x'g'kb{5 .
-!@_ b]zsf] j}b]lzs gLltn] cfk|jf;gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{kb{5 . >ldssf] pTklQ / uGtJo d'n'sn] >d
tyf /f]huf/ gLlt o:tf] agfpg' kb{5 h;n] Brain gain xf];\ Brain Drain gxf];\ .
-!#_ E Consultation M cfk|jf;Ln] jf:tljs ;d:of s] em]ln/x]sf 5g\, To;sf] oyfy{ cj:yf a'em\g
ltgLx¿;Fu E consultation ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
-!$_ cfk|jf;gdf hfg OR5'sx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 M cfk|jf;gdf hfFbf efiff 1fg tyf ;Lkd"ns
tflnd clgjfo{ ug'{kb{5 .
-!%_ b]zaf6 cGo b]zdf hfg] JolQmx¿ clwsf+z o'jfx¿ x'g] / tL kms]{/ cfˆgf] b]z gcfpg] pt} j:g]
;Defjgf ePsf] x'gfn] ltgnfO{ kmsf{pg /fHosf] tkm{af6 b]xfosf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 M
-s_ ;'/lIft / of]Uotf cg';f/sf] plrt kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f :jb]zdf g}
ldnfpg] .
-v_ l;h{gfTds ;f]r ePsfx¿nfO{ ;f]rsf] oyfy{df kl/0ft ug{ /fHosf tkm{af6 cfly{s
;xfotf tyf cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ .
-u_ b]zsf cfly{s ljsf;sf ;DefJotf ePsf If]qx¿sf] e/k"/ ljsf; / k|of]usf nflu
/fhgLlts ;xdlt u/L ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ .
-3_ Survival Migration M g]kfnsf] cfk|jf;g vf;u/L Ps uf;sf] hf]xf] ug{sf] nflu ePsf]
Survival Migration xf] . o:tf] cfk|jf;gnfO{ /f]Sg ;Sg' g} /fHosf] ;kmntf x'g]5 .
To;sf] nflu b]zleq} pko'Qm /f]huf/ tyf :j/f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug'{ g} xf] .
@)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L dxfe"sDkaf6 ePsf] ejg tyf ljsf; k"jf{wf/sf] ljgfzsf]
k'gMlgdf{0fdf o:tf] o'jfzlQmnfO{ nufpg kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . k|jf;df
/x]sf] 7"nf] o'jfzlQmnfO{ :jb]z kmsf{pg cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ of] pko'Qm ;do xf] .

102
lgisif{

cfk|jf;g jt{dfgsf] tLtf] oyfy{ xf] . ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] cfh ljZj g} Ps
ufpF (Global Village) ePsf] 5 . ca s'g} b]zsf gful/snfO{ To; b]zsf] /fhgLlts ;Ldf (Political
Boundary) df ;Lldt ug{ ;lsb}g . cfk|jf;Lsf clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 nufot
ljZjsf b]zx¿sf] e"ldsf cxd\ /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zaf6 ljsl;t b]zdf / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf]
sfo{df 5nfª dfb}{ u/]sf b]zdf o'jfx¿ sfdsf vf]hLdf hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf JolQmx¿sf] >dsf]
plrt d"No, vt/fd'Qm sfo{sf nflu ;DalGwt d'n's;Fu >d ;Demf}tf ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . o'jf k':tf
;a} ljb]lzPkl5 b]zsf] ljsf; 5fofdf kg{ uPsf] 5 . b]zdf >dzlQmsf] r/d cefj x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 pRr ljk|]if0f cfo ug]{ b]zx¿ klg ljsf;sf] b[li6«sf]0faf6 k5fl8 k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 b]zsf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . ljk|]if0f cfon] /fHosf] cy{tGqdf w]/yf]/
e/y]s u/] klg of] lbuf] >f]t eg] xf]Og . cfˆgf] b]zsf] hgzlQmnfO{ b]zleq} c8\ofpg ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf]
l;h{gf ug{' clxn]sf] klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . o;sf] nflu b]zsf ;DefJo >f]tx¿ –s[lif, ko{6g,
hn>f]t, jghGo kbfy{sf] ljsf; ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 .

ljZjsf s'g} klg b]zsf nflu cfk|jf;g clgjfo{ jfWotf ePsf] s'/fnfO{ lj;{g ldNb}g . To;}n]
cfk|jf;gnfO{ k"/} /f]Sg ;lsb}g . To;}n] /fHo nfeflGjt x'g] u/L o;nfO{ a9L Jojl:yt agfpg'
cfjZos 5 . pko'Qm gLlt tyf sfg"gn] dfq cfk|jf;Lsf clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu
;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}+sf] ;xeflutfdf cfk|jf;g gLlt pko'Qm agfpg' kb{5 . cfk|jf;gsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf
ck]lIft ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu Comprehensive and effective Migration Governance cfjZos
kb{5 . cfk|jf;gaf6 g]kfn h:tf b]zn] Brain gain ug{ ;Sg'kb{5, Brain Drain xf]Og . tjdfq
cfk|jf;gn] /fHonfO{ lxt ug{ ;Sb5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• Youth and Migration (2013), United Nations, New York 10017
• www.nrb.org.np
• cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&).&!, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}+ .
• t]x|f}+ of]hgf -@)&).&!–@)&@.&#_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}+ .
• ljleGg j]e;fO6x¿
• g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 k|sflzt cf=j= @)&).&! sf] b]zsf] jt{dfg cfly{s l:ylt

103
 Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff, l;4fGt /
s]xL kIfx¿
– /d]zs'df/ s]=;L=*

;f/f+z
Joj:yfkgsf ljifodf w]/} cfofd / kIfx¿af6 JofVof ul/Psf] eP klg o;nfO{ lgwf{l/t
nIo k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] k|of;sf] ;femf cy{df a'em\g] ul/G5 . dfgljo k|j[lQ nIof]Gd'v x'g]
ePsfn] Joj:yfkgsf] k|of]u hLjgsf ;a}h;f] If]qdf x'G5 . ;'? ;'?df Joj:yfkg eg]sf] lghL
If]qsf] dfq ;/f]sf/ xf] eGg] cy{df lnO{GYof] kl5 ;fGble{stf / e"ldsf cg';f/ Joj:yfkgnfO{
Jofkstfsf] kof{osf ¿kdf x]g{ yflnof] . Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;+u7g, k|zf;g / k|aGw h:tf ljifosf]
glhsaf6 klg x]g]{ ul/G5 . Joj:yfkg Ps hl6n / Jofks cjwf/0ff klg ePsfn] o;sf] ;Ldf
/ If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ s7Lg 5 . qmlds ljsf;sf cfwf/df Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|d'v z}nL jf l;4fGt
cGtu{t ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿sf] cWoogaf6 klg yfxf x'G5 o;sf]
z}lndf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df o;sf] dxTj . ;+u7gsf] ;kmntf Joj:yfkgsf]
pTs[i6tfdf lge{/ /xg] ePsf] x'Fbf s] s;/L Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg] eGg]
;jfn lg/Gt/ ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . Joj:yfkgsf cg]s kIfx¿ 5g\ vf; u/L g]t[Tj, pTk|]/0ff,
lg0f{o, ;dGjo / 6f]lnut sfo{ h:tf ;jfnx¿df /x]sf] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;'wf/ ub}{ uPdf
;du| Joj:yfkdf ;'wf/ x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

k[i7e"ld

dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;df s'g} g s'g} ljifo Joj:yfkg;+u ufFl;P/} cfpF5 . cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ef}lts,
dfgljo nufot ;a} If]qsf] ;d'Gglt / ljsf; pTs[i6 Joj:yfkgsf] glthf xf] eGbf km/s kb}{g . hl6ntf
/ Jofkstfsf sf/0fn] Joj:yfkg s] xf] jf s] xf]Og eGg] ljifosf] ;lhnf] pQ/ lgsfNg ;lsFb}g .
lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ul/g] ;dGjofTds pkqmd g} ;fdfGo cy{df Joj:yfkg xf] . Joj:yfkgnfO{ k"j{
lgwf{l/t p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Jojl:yt 9+un] kl/rfng ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf
ldnfpg] /0fgLlts k|lqmof jf lgwf{l/t nIo k|ltsf nflu ljBdfg >f]t ;fwgsf] of]hgf, g]t[Tj, lgoGq0f,
;+u7g, ;dGjo ug]{ dfgljo cu|;/tf jf k|s[of klg eGg ;lsG5 . Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGw dflg; /
;+u7gsf ljr cGof]Gofl>t ¿kn] /x]sf] x'G5 . Joj:yfkgdf pTkfbgsf >f]tx¿ -dfgljo, cfly{s,
*
pk;lrj, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

104
ef}lts, ;"rgf O{Toflb_sf] pkof]u u/L g]t[Tj, of]hgf, ;+u7g, lgb]{zg, ;dGjo lgoGq0f h:tf dfWodsf]
k|of]uaf6 O{lR5t nIo k|fKt ug]{ ul/G5 . o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs jf lghL, cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s,
;/sf/L jf Jofj;flos ;a} ;+u7gx¿df plQs} dxTjsf ;fy x]g]{ ul/G5 .

kl/efiff tyf k|s[ltM Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljleGg cfofd / k|s[lt cg';f/ kl/efiff ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .
Pkm=8ANo'= 6]n/n] Joj:yfksn]] >ldsaf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf] sfo{ lskmfotL / pko'Qm 9+un] s;/L ug{
;lsG5 eGg] cjut ug'{ g} Joj:yfkg xf] eg]sf 5g\ . kfpn PKnLafO{n] Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|zf;gsf]
glhsaf6 lrgfpFb} ;fdfGo sNof0fsf lglDt ;]jf ug{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] k|zf;gsf] d'6' g} Joj:yfkg
xf] eg]sf 5g\ . -The heart of administration is the management of programmes designed to
serve the genteal welfare. -Paul H. Appleby) To:t} d]/L dfs{/ kmf]n]6n] c?af6 sfd lng] snfnfO{
Joj:yfkg dfg]sL l5g\ . -Management is the art of geting things done through others.- Mary
Parker Foilet) xf/f]N8 s'Ghsf cg';f/ Joj:yfkg eg]sf] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;+ul7t ;d"xdf c?af6
/ c?;+u sfd lng] snf xf] eg]sf 5g\ . (Management is the art of getting things done through
and with people in formally organised groups. -Harold Koontz.) u|LkmLgn] Joj:yfkgnfO{ Ps
k|lqmofsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;+u7gsf] nIo k|efjsf/L ¿kn] xfl;n ug{ ;+u7gdf
ljBdfg dfgj >f]t, ef}lts >f]t, cfly{s >f]t tyf ;"rgf >f]tnfO{ of]hgf ug]{, ;+u7g ug]{, g]t[Tj ug]{
/ lgoGq0f ug]{ k|s[of g} Joj:yfkg xf] . To:t} Joj:yfkg c? s]xL geP/ Joj;flos k|zf;g xf] eGg]
egfO{ l;tf/fd dx]Zj/Lsf] 5 .

Joj:yfkgsf k|s[lt tyf ljz]iftfx¿ M ljleGg kl/efiff Pj+ ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df Joj:yfkgsf s]xL
;femf k|s[lt jf ljz]iftf klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5, lt x'g,
o p2]Zod"ns ÷nIod"ns Jojl:yt lqmofsnfk xf] .
o of] Ps tl/sf / k|s[of klg xf] .
o Joj:yfkg nfO{ k]zfsf ¿kdf lnO{G5 .
o clwsf/ jf zlQm Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/ xf]
o Joj:yfkg ljZjJofkL cjwf/0ff xf] .
o ;d"xut k|oTg;+u cleGg ¿kn] ufl;Psf] ultlzn k|lqmof xf] .
o Joj:yfkgdf kl/eflift sfo{e"ldsf / Jojl:yt ;ª\u7g x'G5 .
o dfgjLo tyf cGo ;fwg, k|0ffnL / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u k|of]u u/L lglZrt pknlJw xfl;n ug]{
k|of; x'G5 .
k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgdf leGgtfM k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg ;dfgcyL{ ¿kdf k|of]u eP tfklg oL b'O{df s]xL
leGgtf kfpg ;lsG5 . h:tf] ls, k|zf;g zAb ;/sf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf a9L k|of]u x'G5 hasL
Joj:yfkg Jofj;flos ;+u7gdf a9L k|of]u x'G5 . k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ;Dj4 lqmofsnfkdf

105
klg TolQs} ;+nUg x'G5 hjsL Joj:yfkg To:tf gLlt sfof{Gjogdf dfq ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . k|zf;lgs
lg0f{o / gLltx¿ ;fj{hlgs wf/0ffx¿af6 k|efljt x'G5g\ eg] Joj:yfkgsf gLlt tyf lg0f{o ;+u7gsf
p2]Zoåf/f k|]l/t x'G5g . k|zf;g ;fdfGo x'G5, o;n] sfo{ljlwdf a9L hf]8 lbG5 / of] lgb]{zgd"ns
x'G5 eg] Joj:yfkg /0fgLlts x'G5, kl/0ffddf hf]8 lbG5 / ;xeflutfd"nstfdf ljZjf; ub{5 . To:t}
k|zf;g jfXo jftfj/0f;+u a9L ;DalGwt x'G5, ;dli6ut cj:yfnfO{ cjnf]sg ub{5 / Ps¿ktfdf
hf]8 lbG5 eg] Joj:yfkgn] cfGtl/s jftfj/0f;+u ;DaGw /fVb5, Jofj;flos cj:yfsf] cjnf]sg
ub{5 / sfo{ljljwtfdf hf]8 lbG5 .

Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj tyf sfo{M Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj ;a} ;+u7gx¿sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ / ljlzi7 ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 . lk6/ 8«'s/n] pNn]v u/]sf] ljrf/n] Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj emNsG5 pgsf] egfO{ 5 ljZjdf
s'g} klg d'n's cljsl;t 5}g dfq To:tf b]zx¿sf] l;h{gf Joj:yfklso sdLsf sf/0f dfq ePsf]
xf] . Joj:yfkgn] nIo lgwf{/0fdf d2t k'¥ofpF5 / ;'b[9 Joj:yfkgaf6 nIo k|fKtLdf ;xof]u x'G5 .
>f]tx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug{, pko'Qm tl/sf / z}nLsf] cg';/0f ug{ / nufgL / k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg
klg Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL x'G5 . To:t} Joj:yfkgn] >f]t kl/rfng ;xhtf, ljz]if lsl;dsf ;d:of
;dfwfgdf ;3fp k'Ug] / ;du| cfly{s ;anLs/0fdf 6]jf klg k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5 .

Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿M Joj:yfkgnfO{ xfdL s;/L kl/eflift ub{5f}+ tb\g'¿k g} o;sf sfo{x¿nfO{
lgSof}{n ug{ ;lsG5 . x]g/L kmf]onn] Joj:yfkgsf kfFr sfo{x¿ egL of]hgf, ;+u7g, lgb]{zg, ;dGjo
/ lgb]{zgnfO{ dfg]sf lyP . Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ s] s] x'g eGg] ;Gbe{df ;g\ !(#& df n'y/ u'lnsn]
oLg} sfo{x¿nfO{ lj:tf/ u/L of]hgf, ;+u7g, sd{rf/L, lgb]{zg, ;dGjo, l/kf]6L{ª / ah]l6+u cyf{t
POSDCORB sf] ;"q k|:t't u/] . g"h / cf]8]gnn] Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿ of]hgf, ;+u7g, sd{rf/L,
g]t[Tj / lgoGq0fdf ;d]6\g vf]h] .

Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿ M Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGt, z}nL jf pkfudx¿nfO{ o;sf] ljsf;qmd tyf k|s[ltsf
cfwf/df zf:qLo, gjzf:qLo jf dfgj ;DaGw ;DaGwL / cfw'lgs cjwf/0ff u/L d'Vo ¿kdf tLg
efudf afF8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .

zf:qLo cjwf/0ffM Joj:yfkgsf cjwf/0ff / l;4fGtsf] ljsf; qmddf ;g\ !()) b]lv !(#) ;Dd
ef}lts kIfnfO{ dfq a9L hf]8 lbO{ >f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L a9L eGbf a9L pTkfbg bIftf xfl;n ug]{
dfGotf /flvPsf] lyof] . o; cjwf/0ffn] dflg;nfO{ eGbf a:t' pTkfbgnfO{ clws hf]8 lbO{ dflg; k|lt
oflGqs ¿kdf Jojxf/ x'g k'u]sf] eGg] ul/G5 . zf:qLo cjwf/0ffsf k|d'v tLg k|ltlglw l;4fGtx¿M

s_ j}1flgs Joj:yfkg -Pkm=8ANo"= 6]n/, km|of+s tyf lnlnog lunay{, x]g/L uf06_M pTkfbgdf
sfo{s'zntf a9fpg, sfdsf] j}1flgs k|aGw ug{ Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿dWo] cfwf/ :tDesf ¿kdf
lng] ul/G5 . o; z}nLdf d'Vo ¿kdf,

106
 o ;xL 9+uaf6 j}1flgs sfo{k4ltsf] ljsf;,
o sfdbf/sf] j}1flgs tj/n] 5gf}6 / ljsf;,
o sfdsf] lj1fg / j}1flgs tj/n] 5gf}6 u/L tflnd kfPsf sfdbf/nfO{ cfk;df hf]8\g] /
o Joj:yfkg / sfdbf/sf lar sfo{ / bfloTjsf] ljefhg h:tf ljifonfO{ cGof]Gofl>t ¿kdf
hf]8 lbg] ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} sfd ug]{ tl/sf xr'jf x}g lj1fgdf cfwfl/t ug]{, lju|xtkm{ x}g
d]nldnfktkm{ pGd'v x'g], JolQmjfb x}g kf/:kl/s ;xof]u, l;ldt pTkfbgsf ;6\6f clwstd\
pTkfbg / pRrtd sfo{s'zntf / ;Dj[l4sf] ljsf; h:tf ljz]if tl/sfx¿ klg o; l;4fGtdf
hf]8 lbO{Psf ljifox¿ x'g .
v_ sd{rf/LtGq -DofS; j]j/_M DofS; j]j/n] s'g} klg ;dfhdf ;Qfsf] j}wflgstfsf lglZrt cfwf/
cg';f/ k/Dk/fut, cf]h:jL jf rfdTsfl/s / j}wflgs ljj]sL u/L tLg efudf afF8]sf lyP . h'g
;Qf j}wflgs ljj]sL x'G5 To;sf] k|zf;lgs ;+u7g sd{rf/LtGqLo x'g] k|lt¿k pNn]v u/] . j]j/n]
cf}+NofPsf sd{rf/LtGqsf ljz]iftfx¿df,
o lgj}{olQmstf,
o kb;f]kfgdf cfwfl/t,
o >d ljefhg / ljlzli6s/0f,
o sd{rf/Lsf] :jtGq rog / kbk"lt{,
o lglZrt kfl/>lds,
o sfof{no g} d"n j[QL x'g],
o lnlvt b:tfj]h tyf clen]v,
o ljj]szLntf / t6:ytf Pj+
o sfg"g tyf lgoddf cfwfl/t /xg] .
u_ k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkg -x]g/L k|m]of]n_M x]g/L k|m]of]nn] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljZjJofkL / nrstfo'Qm
7x¥ofpb} oL s'/fx¿ Jojl:yt ePkl5 dfq sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy ;a} If]qdf
nfu" x'g] !$ a"Fbfsf ;fdfGo l;4fGt pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGt elgg] oL
;"qx¿ kmfof]nsf cg';f/ ;a} l:yltdf ;Fw} Ps} :t/df eg] g/xg ;Sg] elg ;'emfPsf 5g\ . k|zf;lgs
Joj:yfkgsf rf}w l;4fGtx¿df,
o sfdsf] ljefhg (Division of work)
o clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L (Authority & Responsibility)
o sfo{ cg'zf;g (Descipline)
o lgoGq0fsf] Ps¿ktf (Unity of Command)

107
 o lgb]]{zgsf] Ps¿ktf (Unity of Direction)
o JolQmut :jfy{ jf rfvdfly ;f+u7lgs rfvsf] lgoGq0f (Sobordination of individual
interest to general interest)
o sd{rf/L ;'ljwf (Remuneration of personnel)
o s]Gb|Ls/0f (Centralization)
o kbLo ;f]kfg (Scalar chain)
o cfb]z (Order)
o ;dGofo (Equity)
o :yfoLTj / j[lQ ;'/Iff (Stability of tenure of personnel)
o clek|]/0ff jf sfo{rfv (Initiatives)
o ;d"x efjgf (Espirit de corps) .
gjzf:qLo jf dfgj ;DaGw cjwf/0ffM gjzf:qLo z}nL klg elgg] dfgj ;DaGw cjwf/0ff jf l;4fGt
Ps Jojxf/fTds b[li6sf]0f xf] . dfgj ;DaGw cawf/0ffn] Joj:yfksnfO{ ;+u7gdf sfo{ ;d"x tyf
dfgj Jojxf/sf ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . dfgj ;DaGw cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;+u7gdf cf}krfl/s
eGbf cgf}krfl/s ;d"xsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf dfgjLo pTk|]/0ffn] ;sf/fTds
k|efj kfb{5 . Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;fdflhs zLk cfjZos x'G5 / Joj:yfkgn] sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf
ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . dfgj ;DaGw cjwf/0ff cGtu{t ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkgnfO{ oflGqs /
;"qa4 Joj:yfkg ge} Ps hLjGt / dfgjLo kIfsf] cGto{sf ¿kdf JofVof tyf j0f{g ug]{ u/]sf]
kfO{G5 . o; cjwf/0ff cGtu{tsf k|d'v k|ltlglw l;4fGt tyf cjwf/0ff cGtu{t,

s_ dfgj ;DaGw cjwf/0ff -O{N6g dfof]_M O{N6g dfof]4f/f ;g\ !(@& b]lv !(#@ ;Dd l;sfuf] l:yt
xyf]g{ KnfG6df ul/Psf] k|of]u ljlw -sfo{If]qdf k|sfz Joj:yfkg, cGt/jftf{ / Aof+s jfO{l/ª_ sf]
glthf kl5 Joj:yfkgdf dfgljo kIfnfO{ s]Gb|Lo dxTj lbg'kg]{ / JolQmnfO{ ;fdflhs k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf
k|:t't ul/g' kg]{ ljifon] dxTj kfof] . j}1flgs Joj:yfkgn] pTkfbg, kfl/>lds / sfo{ ;/ntfdf dfq
hf]8 lbg] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df cgf}krfl/s ;d"xn] pTkfbsTj a9fpgdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Ng] s'/f dfgj
;DaGw cjwf/0ffn] k|i6\ofpF5 .

v_ cfr/0f jf Jojxf/ut l;4fGtx¿M cfr/0f cGtu{t ;+u7gfTds Jojxf/ ;DaGwL l;4fGt dxTjk"0f{
5 . ;+u7gfTds Jojxf/ eg]sf] s'g} klg ;+u7gdf /xg] tTjx¿ JolQm, ;+/rgf, k|ljlw / jftfj/0fsf]
oyf]lrt cGtlqm{ofaf6 dfq lgwf{l/t nIo k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 eGg] dfGotf /xG5 . To:t} ;d"x ;DaGwL
l;4fGtdf ;d"x lsg u7g x'G5 < dflg; ;d"xdf lsg cfa4 x'G5g < / ;d"x lgdf{0fsf k|lqmof s]
x'g < eGg] ljifodf ljZn]if0f ub}{ sfo{ut-km+;gn_, sfo{-6f:s_ / cgf}krfl/s-O{Gkmd{n_ ;d"xnfO{
ljZn]if0f u/L ;+u7gdf clwstd pknAwL xfl;n ug{ o:tf ;d"xx¿sf] kl/rfng Jojl:yt ug]{ ;DaGwL
ljifonfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] kfO{G5 .

108
u_ pTk|]/0ff / dgf]an ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff -df:nf], xh{au{, Dofs u|]u/_ M Joj:yfkgdf JolQmsf] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf /xG5 . / JolQmn] s'g} klg sfd ug{ jf gug{df dgf]jnn] sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . ca|fxd df:nf]n]
dfgjLo pTk|]/0ff a9fpg cfjZostf >[+vnf ;DaGwL l;4fGtsf] ljsf; u/] . df:nf]sf cg';f/ JolQmsf
zf/Ll/s , ;'/Iff, ;fdflhs, cfTd;Ddfg / cfTdaf]w ;DaGwL cfjZostfx¿ >[+vnfa4 ¿kdf /x]sf
x'G5g\ . cl3Nnf] cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{;+u} csf]{ To; eGbf dflyNnf] cfjZostf jf cfsf+Iffsf]
l;h{gf x'g hfG5 . 8un; Dofs u|]u/n] s:tf k|j[lQsf dflg; pTk|]l/t x'G5g eGg] ;Gbe{df b'O{ lsl;dsf
dfgljo k|j[lQnfO{ PS; / jfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L pTk|]/0ff hufpg s;/L dflg;nfO{ csf]{ k|j[lQdf
¿kfGt/0f ug]{ eGg] ljifonfO{ hf]8 lbP . To:t} xh{au{n] dflg;df pTk|]/0ff hufpg] / cg'Tk|]l/t x'g glbg]
ljleGg tTjx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ub]{ o:tf tTjx¿sf] ljBdfgtfaf6 sfddf pTk|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
cfˆgf] l;4fGtdf hf]8 lbP .

Joj:yfkgsf cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffM Joj:yfkgsf cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffn] ljBdfg hl6ntf, dfgjLo

cGt/;DaGw tyf Joj:yfkgdf x'g] clglZrttf h:tf ljifox¿nfO{ k|sfz kfg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . cfw'lgs
cjwf/0ffsf s]xL k|ltlglwd"ns l;4fGt tyf cjwf/0ffx¿,
s_ k|0ffnLut cjwf/0ff -6fNsf]6 kf;{G; nufot_M Joj:yfkgnfO{ v08 v08df xf]O{g l;+uf] k|0ffnLsf
¿kdf cWoog ug'{kg]{ u/L ;g\ !(%) lt/ cufl8 NofO{of] . 6fNsf]6 kf;{G;, r]:6/ agf{8, n'8lju,a6f{nfGkmL
h:tf k|d'v ljrf/sx¿n] k|f0fLzf:q ef}ltszf:qaf6 k|efljt eO{ Joj:yfkgdf leq\ofPsf] k|0ffnLut
cjwf/0ffn] >f]t;fwgsf] k|of]u, k|lqmof, pTkfbg / k[i6kf]if0f (Input, Process, Output and Feedback)
;lxtsf] Ps lg/Gt/ k|0ffnLdf hf]8 lbG5 . x/]s k|0ffnLsf pk k|0ffnL x'g], jftfj/0f;+u cGt/lqmofsf
cfwf/df v'nf / aGb k|0ffnL x'g], O{G6«lk / l;ghL{ h:tf s'/f k|0ffnL cjwf/0ffsf k|lqmof x'g .
v_ kof{j/0fLo Joj:yfkg -km|]8 l/U;_M Joj:yfkgnfO{ kof{j/0fn] c;/ kfl//x]sf] x'G5 eGg] ;dfhzf:q,
hLjzf:q / ef}ltszf:qsf wf/0ffnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf cfofdaf6 l/U;n] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . s'g} Ps
:yfgdf ;kmntf kfPsf] Joj:yfkg z}nLn] Tolx cg'kftdf csf]{ :yfgdf k|ltkmn lbg ;Sb}g To;sf]
sf/0f jftfj/0f jf kof{j/0f xf] . l/U;n] cfˆgf] l;4fGtnfO{ k|i6\ofpg ;dfhnfO{ lk|HDofl6s -ljljwtf
cf}krfl/stf / cf]e/Noflk+u o'Qm_, lkmpH8-k/Dk/fut s[lifdf cfwfl/t_ / l8km|ofS6]8-cf}Bf]lus jf
ljsl;t ;dfh_ ul/ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/ cWoog u/]sf lyP .
u_ kl/l:yltlso jf e}kl/ cfpg] -slG6Gh]G;L_ cjwf/0ffM Joj:yfkg kl/l:yltdf lge{/ /xG5 ;a}
cj:yf / ;dodf Pp6} z}nLsf] Joj:yfkg pQLs} sfdofj gx'g ;Sb5 / Joj:yfkg Ps Jojxfl/s
1fgsf] If]q ePsfn] ;Fw} k"jf{g'dfg u/] h:tf] gx'g ;Sb5 eGg] 5'6\6} wf/0ffnfO{ kl/l:ylthGo l;4fGtsf
¿kdf ljsl;t ul/Psf] 5 . o; l;4fGtn] olb To;kl5 ("If", " then") eGg] sfof{Tds ;DaGwnfO{
JofVof ug]{ ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof jftfj/0f, nIodf clgR5f, kl/jt{g cj/f]w, afWotf, ;do / >f]t
;fwgsf] l;ldttfn] of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkgdf k|efj kfg]{ s'/f lu|lkmgn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

109
3_ ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg tyf p2]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg - /]G;L; lns6{ tyf lk6/ 8'\s/_ M ;dfgk|fo
jftfj/0fdf lsg Pp6f Joj:yfks pTs[i6 / csf]{ ;fdfGo x'g hfG5 eGg] cWoog ubf{ Joj:yfkssf]
cfr/0f / p;sf ;xof]uL;+u ug]{ Jojxf/sf ljifodf lns6{n] u/]sf] cWoogaf6 b'O{ lsl;dsf -sfddf
s]Gb|Lt / ;xof]uL sd{rf/L s]Gb|Lt u/L_ Joj:yfks klxrfg u/] . ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg -Pd=
lj=cf]=_ n] ;+u7gdf Joj:Yffks / sd{rf/Lx¿jLr ;dGjo / ;dembf/Ln] dfq nIodf k'Ug ;xof]u
k'Ug] cf}NofPsf] kfO{G5 . p2]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ffn] sfdbf/sf] JolQmut p2]Zo / ;+u7gsf]
p2]Zodf tfnd]n ug'{kg]{, ;+u7gsf] nIonfO{ JolQmsf] nIodf cg'jfb ug]{ dfGotfsf ;fy nIo lgwf{/0f,
sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f, :jo+ lgoGq0f / cfjlws ;ldIff h:tf k|lqmofnfO{ hf]8 lbO{G5 .
ª_ gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg tyf cfw'lgs wf/0ffx¿M ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf dfu{/]6 Yofr/-a]nfot_ /
/f]gfN8 /]ug-;+/fc_ af6 cl3 ;fl/Psf] :jtGq ahf/ df]8]n cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6, Go' /fO{6 d'ed]G6
/ lk|lG;kn Ph]G6 Yof]/Ln] gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf ;}4flGts cfwf/ k|bfg u/] . o; cjwf/0ffn]
Joj:yfkgdf lskmfolt, s'zn / k|efjsf/Ltfsf] cfjZostf cf}Nofp5 . gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg;+u}
kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;'zf;g, ;/sf/sf] k'gaf]{w -8]lj6 cf]:ag{ / UofAn/ nufot_ tyf cem zf;g Pj+
;fj{hlgs ;]jf -8]gxf6{4o_ h:tf ljifox¿n] dxTj kfPsf 5g\ .
;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ;/sf/sf] k'gjf]{w cjwf/0ff cg'¿k ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df dfgjnfO{
/flvg' k5{ eGg] ;f]r ljsf; eof] / ;fwg ;|f]tk|lt ;+j]bgzLn pBdzLn ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff cl3
;fl/of] . o;} bzsdf lqmi7f]km/ x'8, kf]ln6 h:tf Joj:yfkgljbx¿n] lghLIf]qsf cfbz{ cEof;x¿nfO{
;fj{hlgs If]qdf k|j]z u/fpg] gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/] h;n] ljsl;t
ljsf;zLn b'a} vfn] ;dfhdf lgs} VoftL kfof] . gofF ;x;|fAbL;Fu} Responsive Governance sf]
cjwf/0ffn] jn kfof] / gful/s÷;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ;zQmLs/0fdfkm{t gful/s
/ ;/sf/sf] ;DaGw ljsf; (Closer to people movement) ug]{, cfr/0f / g}ltstfdf hf]8 lbg],
;+f:s[lts ljljwtfk|ltsf] ;+jf]wg (need for response cultural diversity) / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf
r'gf}tLsf] Joj:yfkg (Need for moving global changes and effects) h:tf dfGotfn] Joj:yfkgdf
k|j]z kfPsf 5g\ . o;y{ Joj:yfkg lg/Gt/ ultzLn cjwf/0ff / k|of]usf] If]q xf] . gful/s rfxgf,
/fHobz{g / ;|f]t / ;dosf] ;Dj]bgzLntf a9\g] qmd;+u} Joj:yfkg cEof; klg ablng] ub{5 . ;hLj
;ª\u7g o; k|jfx;Fu cg's"lnt x'Fb} hfg'kb{5 eGg] Jojxfl/s lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . To;}n] ljutsf
l;4fGt / Jojxf/nfO{ k|:yfgljGb' dfg]/ Joj:yfkg kl/dflh{t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

Joj:yfkgsf s]xL ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ M Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] rrf{ ubf{ Joj:Yffkgsf]
;du| k|lqmof jf tx b]lv g} x]g{ cfjZos x'G5 . Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo tLg txx¿ klxnf] >f]t ;fwgsf]
pkof]u jf kl/rfng, bf]>f] of]hgf, ;+u7g, g]t[Tj, ;dGjo lgoGq0f h:tf k|lqmofut kIfx¿ / t]>f] nIo
lgwf{/0f Pj+ nIo k|fKtL k|ltsf] ultlzntfdf /x]sf sdL sdhf]/L tyf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ s]nfpg cfjZos
x'G5 . k|To]s txdf st} g st} ;d:of tyf sdhf]/L /xG5g\ . o:tf vf8nx¿sf] ;dod} klxrfg u/L

110
tbg'¿k ;Daf]wg u/]df dfq nlIot p2]Zo xfl;n x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf cnfjf cGo s]xL ;d:ofx¿df,
>f]t ;fwgsf] l;ldttf jf kl/rfng Ifdtfsf] sdL g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf] ;femf ;d:of xf] . g]t[Tj
Ifdtfdf x|f;, ;dGjo, ;+u7g, hgzlQm kl/rfng / lgoGq0f sdhf]/, Go"g pTk|]/0ff:t/ h:tf ;d:ofx¿
klg TolQs} b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L pko'Qm nIo lgwf{/0f x'g g;Sg' jf nIo k|lt ljZjf; gx'g' h:tf
sdhf]/L klg ;d:ofsf ¿kdf b]vf kb{5g\ . cGo ;d:ofx¿df, glthf eGbf k|lqmof kIfdf a9L hf]8,
ljZjJofkLs/0f / k|lt:kwf{ Ifdtfsf] Go"gtf, g}lts d"Nodf x|f;, pBdzLntf / k]zfljåtfsf] sdL,
cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / O{–Joj:yfkgsf] /fd|f] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sgfn] klg k|efjsf/L ¿kn] nIo
xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fdflhs ljsf;df Go"gtf, Joj:yfkgnfO{ 1fgdf cfwfl/t agfpg g;lsg',
gfddfqsf] cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;, cJojl:yt ahf/ ;e]{ / hgzlQm egf{df pTs[i6 jf of]Uotd\
pDd]bjf/ lng g;Sg' klg Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tL / ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ gLltut, ;+/rgfTds, Jojxfl/s, jftfj/0fLo kIfaf6

klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . gLltut tkm{ cToflws /fhgLlts/0f / s]Gb|Ls/0f, gLltut lg/Gt/tfsf] cefj,
gLlt th'{df / ljZn]if0fdf sdL h:tf ljifox¿ d'Vo 5g\ To:t} ;+/rgfTds ;d:ofsf ¿kdf k/Dk/fut
;f+u7lgs 9fFrf, k|lqmofut / sfg"gL hl6ntf, Joj;foLstfsf] cefj, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf
sl7gfO{, ;dGjosf] cefj k|d'v 5g\ . Jojxfl/s ;d:ofdf Go"g dgf]jn, sdhf]/ ;d"x kl/rfng, v:sbf¸
cg'zf;g / g}ltstf, xr'jf d"NofÍg k|0ffnL, nfut nfe ljZn]if0f gx'g' /x]sf 5g\ . k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtfdf x|f;, c;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f, d"No dfGotfsf] cfwf/ sdhf]/ x'g' tyf jfXo x:tIf]k jf
k|efjx¿nfO{ jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy}, cfˆgf] dfG5], eg;'g, klbo cxd,
c;dfj]zLtf, >f]t;fwgsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] cefj O{TofbL ;d:of 5g\ . ;+u7gsf nIo;+u JolQmsf
p2]Zo Psfsf/ x'g g;s]sf], glthf eGbf k|lqmof pGd'v /x]sf], tby{jfbL ;f]rfO{ / kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\
ug{ g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ klg Joj:Yffkgsf ;d:ofs} k+ª\ltdf /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .

Joj:yfkgsf s]xL kIfx¿ -g]t[Tj, pTk|]/0ff, lg0f{o, / 6f]nLut sfo{_

s_ g]t[Tj (Leadership) M ;fd"lxs p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu nIo / em'sfjsf cfwf/df c'gofoLnfO{
k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf g} g]t[Tj xf] . g]t[Tj eg]sf] sfo{ xf] kb xf]Og . of] snf jf zLk klg xf] .
g]t[TjnfO{ g]tfsf] sfo{sf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . t/ sfo{nfO{ u'0f jf :jefjn] k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] g]t[Tj
eg]sf] g]tfsf] u'0f, sfo{ / :jefjsf] ;dli6 xf] . g]t[Tj–dftxtsf cg'ofoLsf] Jojxf/ jf OR5fdf k|efj
kf/]/ nIo k|fKt ug]{ sfd xf] . g]t[Tjsf nflu zlQm jf clwsf/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . dflg;nfO{ sfddf
nufpg ;Sg], cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ k|efjdf kfg{ ;Sg], pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] / ;du|df ;+u7gsf]
nIo xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] sfo{ g]t[Tjsf] xf] .

g]t[Tj z}nL / l;4fGtM g]t[Tj z}nL cGtu{t g]tfn] b]vfpg] Jojxf/sf cfwf/df k|hftflGqs, lg/+s'z /
:jtGq z}nLnfO{ lng] ul/G5 eg] g]t[Tjsf l;4fGt jf pkfudsf ¿kdf u'0fdf cfwfl/t g]t[Tj, sfof{Tds
g]t[Tj, Jojxfl/s g]t[Tj / kl/l:yltdf cfwfl/t g]t[Tjdf ljefhg u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . u'0fdf cfwfl/t

111
l;4fGt (Trait Thoery) eg]sf] g]tf hGdhft x'G5, agfOFb}g eGg] dfGotf xf] . g]t[Tjsf u'0fx¿ hGdhft
x'G5g\, g]tfdf rfdTsfl/stf jf sl/Zdf, af}l4stf, ljz]if u'0f, cfTdljZjf; / lg0f{o rft'o{ h:tf
u'0fx¿ ljBdfg x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /xG5 . lsy 8]le;n] u'0fdf cfwfl/t g]t[Tjsf] ;kmntfsf nflu
a'l4dQf, ;fdflhs kl/kSjtf, cfGtl/s pTk|]/0ff / dfgj ;Dks{ x'g'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

sfof{Tds jf ;d"x l;4fGt (Functional or Group Theory) Mg]t[Tjsf u'0fx¿ j}olQms ge} sfo{d"ns
x'G5g\ . h'g;'s} sfo{ ;d"x xf]; ToxfF g]t[Tj :jtM ljs;Lt x'G5 . h:t} sfo{sf/L, of]hgfsf/ g]]tfn]
;d"xnfO{ s;/L k|efljt u5{ eGg] o;sf] d'n dd{ xf] . ANofs P08 df]6{gsf] Dofg]hl/on lu|8 g]t[Tj
l;4fGt cg';f/ g]t[TjnfO{ hgtf s]Gb|Lt / sfd s]Gb|Lt Kn6df b]vfpFbf ljleGg kfFrj6f cj:yfx¿ b]vf
kg{ ;Sb5g . h:tf] 6f:s, slG6« Sna, O{Dkf]el/:8, l6d / ldl8n ckm /f]8 .

Jojxf/jfbL l;4fGt (Behavioral Theory) M g]tf s:tf] 5 eGbf klg p:n] s:tf] Jojxf/ ub{5 eGg]
x]b{5 . sd{rf/L s]lGb|t jf pTkfbg s]lGb|t s:tf] Jojxf/ 5 eg]/ g]t[Tjsf] kb, JolQmTj / sfdnfO{
x]b{5 . b'a} Jojxf/df ;Gt'ng gePdf g]t[Tj ;kmn x'Fb}g . kl/l:ylthGo l;4fGt (Situational Theory)
cg';f/ g]t[Tj eg]sf] ;j{:jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb}g of] kl/l:ylt / jftfj/0fdf e/ kb{5 . o; dfGotf cg';f/
Pp6f ;+u7gdf jf jftfj/0fdf pko'Qm g]t[Tj cGoq pko'Qm gx'g ;Sb5 .

g]t[Tjdf x'g' kg]{ zlQm / u'0fx¿ M g]t[Tj;+u s]xL ljz]if zlQm x'G5 h;sf sf/0f cg'ofoLx¿ hj/h:t
g]t[Tjsf] kl5 nfUg k'Ub5g\ . g]t[Tj;+u cGtlg{lxt x'g] zlQm jf clwsf/ (Authority or Power) x¿df
sfg"gL jf j}wflgs clwsf/ (Legitimate power), ank"j{s jzdf Nofpg ;Sg] zlQm (Coercive
power), >f]t ;fwgdf kxF'r / lgoGq0fsf] clwsf/ (Resource power), k]zf jf lj1tfsf] zlQm
(Professional power) d"NofÍg, b08 / k'/:sf/ lbg ;Sg] clwsf/ (Control power) / ;"rgf zlQm
(Information power) k|d'v ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

g]t[Tjdf x'g] u'0fx¿df k|efjk"0f{ jfszlQm, s'6g}lts Ifdtf, dWo:ytf ug{ ;Sg], ljleGg ;d:ofx¿;Fu
kl/lrt, h:tf] ;'s} sl7g kl/l:ylt;+u h'Wg ;Sg] u'0f cfjZos dflgG5 . To:t} g]t[Tjn] ljj]sk"0f{
Gofok"0f{ 5fgjLg ug]{, af}l4stfo'Qm, tTsfn lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, hjfkmb]lxtf lng ;Sg], zf/Ll/s
;Ifdtf, cfzfjfbLtf, lglZrttf / lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] u'0fnfO{ klg dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .

v_ pTk|]/0ff (Motivation)M s'g ljz]if tTjn] dflg;nfO{ s'g} ljz]if sfd ug{ jf gug{ k|]l/t ub{5
eGg] ljifo dfgjLo pTk|]/0ff;+u ;DaGwLt 5 . JolQmnfO{ sfd ug{ k|]l/t ug'{, s'g} sfd ug{ pTkGg OR5f
jf hfFu/ pTkGg x'g' jf ;+u7gdf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd u?F u?F eGg] efjgf ;[hgf u/fpg] sfd g} pTk|]/0ff
xf] . pTk|]/0ff dflg;sf] cfGtl/s cj:yf xf], of] dflg;sf] ;Gt'li6sf] ;fwg / ;+u7gsf] nflu nufgL
klg xf] . JolQmsf] sfo{ pTkfbg sfd ug]{ OR5f, sfo{ Ifdtf / jftfj/0faf6 lgb]{lzt x'G5 . pTk|]/0ffnfO{
;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds, df}lb|s tyf u}/ df}lb|s, JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs / cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ul/
ljleGg k|sf/df afF8\g ;lsG5 .

112
;+u7gdf >f]t ;fwgsf] cTo'Qd pkof]u ug{, sfo{k|lt tTk/tf a9fpg, sd{rf/Lsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
/ ;+u7gdf oyf]lrt ;dGjo sfod /fVg pTk|]/0ffsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . To:t} sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg tyf
Ifdtf a9fpg, kl/jt{g tyf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ / ;+u7gsf] 5jL pRr /fVg klg pTk|]/0ffsf]
dxTj x'g] ub{5 .

pTk|]/0ffsf l;4fGtx¿M

df:nf]sf] cfjZostf >[+vnf l;4fGt cg';f/ dflg;df x'g] cfjZostfsf txx¿nfO{ kfFr k|sf/df
afF8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . JolQm pTk|]l/t x'g p;sf ;fdfGo cfjZostf k'/f x'g} kb{5 . ;fy} ef}lts, ;'/Iff,
;fdflhs, cfTd;Ddfg / cfTd;Gt'li6 ;DaGwL cfjZostf dWo] tNnf] txsf] cfjZostf k'/f eP kl5
qmdzM csf]{ cfjZostf l;h{gf x'Fb} hfG5 .

xh{au{sf] låtTj pTk|]/0ff l;4fGtn] s'g} klg sfd k|lt pTk|]l/t x'g b'O{ lsl;dsf tTjx¿n] sfd ub{5g
eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . o; l;4fGt cg';f/ klxnf], ;+ef/ jf cg'Tk|]l/t x'g glbg] cfWff/e"t tTj h;
cGtu{t sfdsf] ef}lts cj:yf, ;+u7gsf] gLlt, k|zf;g, ;'kl/j]If0f, ;xfos;+usf] ;DaGw, kfl/>lds
O{Toflb kb{5g eg] csf]{ pTk|]/s tTjdf sfdsf] pknAwL, pRr sfdsf] dfGotf, j[lQ ljsf;, hf]lvd
lng] cj;/, sfo{lhDd]jf/L h:tf tTjn] sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd k|lt pTk|]l/t u/fpg] sfd ub{5g\ .

Dofs u|]u/sf] PS; jfO{ l;4fGtn] JolQmsf :jefj leGg leGg b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . PS; k|sf/df
b]vfpg ;lsg] dfgjLo k|j[lQdf cN5L, sfdrf]/, ef}lts ;'ljwfdf dfq Wofg lbg], 8/ / qf; gb]vfO{
sfd gug]{ dflg;x¿ x'G5g\ eg] jfO{ k|sf/sf dflg;x¿ :jefj}n] dfgjLo Jojxf/ k|lt ;hu, sfd k|lt
:jo+ hfu?s, ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f /fVg] x'G5g\ . ;+u7gdf dfgjLo :jefjsf] klxrfg u/L tbg'¿k sfd
k|lt k|]l/t ug'{ kg]{ dfGotf o; l;4fGtsf] 5 .

o:t}, Dofs Sn]Nof08sf] cfjZostf pknAwL l;4fGtn] pTk|]/0ffsf nflu km/s km/s tLg cfjZostfx¿
h:tf] k|fKtL jf pknAwLsf] cfjZostf, ;DaGwsf] cfjZostf / zlQmsf] cfjZostf /xG5 / pTk|]l/t
x'gsf nflu JolQm pko'Qm e"ldsfdf /dfpg rfxG5 elgG5 . PN8/km/sf] O{=cf/=hL= l;4fGt cg';f/
cl:tTj-O{_, cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw-cf/_ / j[l4-hL_ ;DaGwL cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wgn] pTk|]/0ff
a9fpg ;xof]u ub{5 . / leS6/ e'|dsf] ck]Iff l;4fGtn] pTk|]l/t x'g tLg ;DaGwsf] n]vfhf]vf u/]sf
5g\ . k|of; / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;DaGw,;Dkfbg / glthfsf] ;DaGw / glthf / JolQmut nIosf] ;DaGw .

g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff gsf/fTds x'g'sf s]xL sf/0fdf cfly{s ;'ljwfsf] ckof{Kttfn]
Go"gtd hLjg lgjf{xdf sl7gfO{, clglZrt j[lQ ljsf;, sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] xr'jf k|0ffnL / sfo{
jftfj/0fsf] sdhf]/L d'Vo 5g\ . To:t} ;]jf / ;'ljwfdf c;dfgtf, /fhgLlts/0f / clglR5t sfd ug'{
kg]{ jfWotf klg pTk|]/0ff a9\g g;Sgfsf sf/0f /x]sf 5g\ .

113
u_ lg0f{o k|lqmof (Decision Making) M Joj:yfksn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ug'{ kg]{ k|d'v sfo{ lg0f{o lgdf{0f
xf] . lg0f{osf] k|efjsfl/tf jf ;kmntfaf6 g} ;+u7gsf] ;kmntf xfl;n x'G5 . lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ pknAw
ljsNkx¿ dWo] pko'Qm ljsNk 5gf}6sf] k|lqmof dflgG5 . ;d:ofsf] r/0faf6 ;dfwfgsf] cj:yfdf
k'Ug] af6f] g} lg0f{o xf] . lg0f{o ubf{ ljutnfO{ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf, jt{dfgnfO{ 5gf]6sf ¿kdf / eljionfO{
sfof{Gjogsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 .

lg0f{o lgoldt (programmed) / clgoldt (non programmed) u/L b'O{ au{df afF8g ;lsG5 .
lgoldt lg0f{odf jf/Daf/ e} /xg], ljsNkx¿sf] / glthfsf] klg yf]/ax't hfgsf/L klxNo} ePsf] x'G5
t/ clgoldt lg0f{o PsfPs cfpg] ub{5g\ ;fy} ljsNk jf glthfsf af/] Hofb} sd hfgsf/L x'g] jf
hfgsf/L g} gx'g] klg x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ clglZrt lg0f{o klg elgG5 . ;+u7gdf tNnf
txdf x'g] lg0f{ox¿ a9L lgoldt k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ eg] pRr jf dflyNnf txdf x'g] lg0f{o clglZrt
k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . lg0f{onfO{ gLltut lg0f{o, k|zf;lgs lg0f{o / tby{ lg0f{o u/L ;d]t juL{s/0f ug{
;lsG5 .

lg0f{o lgdf{0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lglZrt r/0fx¿ kf/ ug'{ kb{5 . /ljG; tyf sfpN6/sf cg';f/
To:tf lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf * r/0fx¿df, -!_ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, -@_ lg0f{o ug]{ cfwf/x¿sf]
klxrfg, -#_ lg0f{osf] ef/ lgwf{/0f, -$_ ljsNkx¿sf] ljsf;, -%_ ljsNkx¿sf] ljZn]if0f, -^_
ljsNksf] 5gf}6, -&_ ljsNksf] sfof{Gjog / -*_ lg0f{osf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg /x]sf 5g\ .

xa{6 P ;fO{dgn] eg] lg0f{o k|s[ofnfO{ rf/ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] qmda4 r/0f dfg]sf 5g\, rf/ lqmofsnfkdf
vf]h lqmofsnfk, ljlw gS;f+sg lqmofsnfk, 5gf}6 lqmofsnfk / k'g/fjnf]sg jf ;dLIff lqmofsnfk .

lg0f{o k|lqmofsf l;4fGtx¿ M

o ljj]szLn ;demsf] l;4fGt (Rational Comprehensive): lg0f{o ubf{, ;d:ofsf] klxrfg,
ljsNkx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / j:t'l:yltsf] /fd|f] ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq lg0f{o ug]{ .
o hgdtsf] l;4fGt (Populist): a9L eGbf a9L hgtfsf] dt, ;xdlt / k|fKt ;'emfjsf cfwf/df
lg0f{o ug]{ .
o clej[l4sf] l;4fGt (Incremental): ljutdf ul/Psf lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ dflg To;df ;fdfGo yk
u/]/ lg0f{o ug]{ tfls hf]lvd sd xf]; / s]lx glthf cg'dfg ug{ ;lsof];\ .
o ldl>t n]vfhf]vfsf] l;4fGt (Mixed Scanning): ljj]szLn ;demsf] l;4fGt / clej[l4 b'a}
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ .
o l;ldt ljj]szLntfsf] l;4fGt (Limited Rationality): ljleGg sf/0fn] ljj]szLntf l;ldt x'g]
ePsf]n] lg0f{o ubf{ ljj]szLntfsf] ;Lldt k|of]u x'G5 . o; wf/0ff cg';f/ vf; u/L lg0f{ostf{df
>f]t ;fwg, ;do, ;"rgf / 1fgsf] sdL -;Lldttf_ x'g] x'Fbf clwsfFz lg0f{ox¿ ljj]sL x'g
;Sb}gg\ / lg0f{o ubf{ k"0f{ ljj]szLntf eGbf clwstd ljj]szLntf ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

114
 o cj/f]wsf] l;4fGt (constraints) :lg0f{o k|lqmof l4ljwf / cGof]nn] u|:t x'G5 . x/ avt lg0f{o
ug{ ljleGg cj/f]wsf] ;dfwfg ub}{ lg0f{o ug'{kb{5 .
lg0f{o k|s[of k|efjsf/L x'gsf nflu lg0f{o o'lQm;+ut x'g'kb{5, ;dofjlw leq} lg0f{o ul/g'kb{5 /
sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfly{s, ef}lts, dfgljo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 . To:t} sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ ;+oGq x'g' kb{5, lg0f{o sfof{Gjog of]Uo x'g' kb{5 / lg0f{o ubf{ kof{Kt ;"rgfsf] ;+sng
/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf lg0f{o ug]{ ljljw ljlwx¿ 5g\ . k|zf;lgs lg0f{o k|:tfj tof/ kf/]/,
l6Kk0fL p7fP/, df}lvs cfb]zaf6, tf]s cfb]zaf6 ;d]t ug]{ ul/G5 . To:t} s'g} ;dodf ;Dj4 JolQm
;dfj]z u/L ;ldlt jf sfo{bn lgdf{0f u/]/, :6fkm ldl6+u jf ;+rfnsx¿sf] j}7s u/]/, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
/fo lnO{ jf cfjZos 5nkmn u/]/ klg g]kfndf lg0f{o ug]{ k|rng 5 . g]kfndf lg0f{o lgdf{0f ug{
lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw, dfkb08 jf cfwf/x¿ tf]lsPsf] 5 . sfg"gL ¿kdf g} lglZrt txsf lg0f{o
ug{ lg0f{o clwsf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . l6Kk0fL, sfo{bn, a}7s h:tf ljlw ckgfO{ lg0f{onfO{ a9L
;xeflutfd"ns agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . lg0f{o ubf{ lj1sf] ;xof]u lng], kf/blz{tf hjfkmb]lxtfdf
hf]8 lbg], tYofÍ / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ klg yflnPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf w]/} ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;–;fgf s'/fdf l6Kk0fL p7fpg] k|j[lQ, sfuhL k|lqmof
/ ;do w]/} nfUg], lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] / cfzo a'em]/ lg0f{o ug]{ ul/G5 . To:t} ;f+u7lgs lxt eGbf
JolQmut lxt x]/]/ lg0f{o ul/G5, lg0f{o ;xeflutfd"ns 5}g, k|ljlwsf] pkof]u Hofb} Go"g 5 / ;d:of
b]lv efUg vf]Hg] k|j[lQ klg 5 . ;dfg ;d:of / ljifodf klg km/s–km/s lg0f{o ul/G5, sdhf]/ r]tgf /
hgbjfjsf] c;/ lg0f{odf k/]sf] 5, k|foM lg0f{o tby{df cfwfl/t x'g], clGtd ;dodf lg0f{o ug{ cft"/
x'g] / s]Gb|Ls/0f Jofks 5 .

3_ 6f]lnut sfo{ (Team work) : ;dfg p2]Zo k|flKtsf nlfu b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L -t/ l;ldt
;+Vofdf_ dflg;x¿ Ps cfk;df cfj4 x'g] sfd g} ;d"x xf] . logLx¿sf] ;femf p2]Zo x'G5 / Ps
csf{ k|lt cfl>t / ;DalGwt x'G5g\= . ;d"x b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s . ;d"xåf/f
;fd"lxs ¿kdf ul/g] sfd g} 6f]lnut sfo{ xf] cyf{t s'g} vf; p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu cf}krfl/s ;d"xsf]
3]/f leq}af6 vf; JolQmx¿ ;lDdnt eO{ ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{nfO{ g} 6f]lnut sfo{ elgG5 . 6f]lnut
sfo{nfO{ l;ghL{ sfo{ klg elgG5 . lglZrt sfo{ jf lhDd]jf/L k'/f ePkl5 6f]ln k'/fg} ;d"xdf ljno
x'G5 . ;d"x efjgf, kf/:kl/stf, ;xof]u lnO{ sfd ug]{ ePsfn] ;d"x eGbf 6f]nLdf sfo{;Dkfbg a9L
k|efjsf/L x'g] ck]Iff ul/G5 .

k|efjsf/L glthf xfl;n ug{, sd{rf/Lsf] bIftf a9fpg, pTkfbsTj / cfk;L ;befj tyf ljZjf;
a9fpg 6f]lnut sfo{sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;af6 l;ghL{ k|efj xfl;n x'G5, l56f] lg0f{o ug{
;lsG5 / sd{rf/Lx¿df bIftf / clek|]/0ff a9\5 . slxn]sfFxL 6f]lnut sfo{df afbljjfb / dgf]dflnGo

115
x'g;Sg], O{nfO{6 ;b:on] c?sf] ljrf/ bafpg ;Sg], cy{lxg afbljjfb ePdf lg0f{o l9nf] / ck]lIft
glthf gcfpg], g]t[Tj c;Ifd ePdf k'/} l6d c;kmn x'g ;Sg],km/s k[i7e"ldsf ;b:o aLr ;dGjodf
;d:of tyf Ifdtfdf ljljwtf x'g] ePsf]n] cxdsf sf/0f åGå a9\g] h:tf sdhf]/ kIfx¿ klg b]lvg]
ePsfn] o;tkm{ ;hu /xg cfjZos 5 .

6f]lnut sfo{ ;kmn agfpg ck]Iff :ki6 x'g'sf ;fy} ;b:ox¿ l6ddf /xgfsf] sf/0f yfxf kfpg' kb{5 .
;a} ;b:o sfd jf e"ldsf k|lt k|lta4 / ;Ifd ePdf, ;d"x efjgf, ;dGjo / glthfdf hf]8 lbPdf,
k|efjsf/L ;+rf/ / l;h{gfTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPdf 6f]lnut sfo{nfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;lsG5 .

6f]nL / ;d"x (Team Work and Group Work) df leGgtfM ;fdfGotof l6d ;Lldt / ;fgf]
cfsf/sf] x'G5 eg] ;d"x cln 7"nf] cfsf/sf] klg x'g ;Sb5 . l6dn] dxTjk"0f{ / ;fjwflgk"j{s
lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug'{kg]{ ck]Iff /fVb5 eg] ;d"xsf] ;+/rgf 5'6\ofpg g;lsg] x'G5 . l6ddf Pp6f g]t[Tj x'G5,
ljz]if Ifdtfdf ljZjf; /flvG5 / ;dGjofTds tyf cGt/lqmofTds klg x'G5 eg] ;d"xdf cf}krfl/s
g]t[Tj x'Fb}g, ;fd"lxs lhDd]jf/L / k|oTg x'G5 ;b:ox¿nfO{ km/s km/s 7fGg] ul/G5 .

/ cGtdf, Joj:yfkg jt{dfg ;dosf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . s'g} ;do Joj:yfkgsf]
cy{ a9L eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug'{, sfddf ;xhtf Nofpg' / lghL If]qnfO{ o;df cu'jf nufpg'nfO{
dflgGYof] eg] kl5Nnf ;dodf o;sf s]xL cfofd / cEof;df s]xL abnfj cfPsf 5g\ . hl6ntf;Fu
ePsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, cGt/lge{/tf / ljZjJofkLs/0f Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df klg TolQs} ;fGble{s
x'g uPsf] 5 . Joj:yfkgsf x/]s kIfdf b]lvg] ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ sd ub}{ gofF cj;/x¿ phfu/
ub}{ hfg' >]o:s/ x'g] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• e6\6, ledb]jÙ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, cflzifb]j e6\6, cd]l/sf, lj=;++=@)^(=
• kf]v/]n, s[i0fÙ /fHo k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs, Pd s] klAnz;{, sf7df08f}, lj=;++=@)^(=
• /fpt, s[i0faxfb'/M k|zf;g Joj:yfkg / ljsf;, cflzif a'S; xfp;, sf7df08f}, @)^* .
• kf08], o'j/fh, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/,
sf7df08f}, @)^! .
• sf]O{/fnf, ljb'/ ;d]t-;Dkf=_, ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg >f]t ;fdu|L, ;f]kfg dfl;s,
sf7df08f},@)^( .
• Bhagwan, V. and et all; Public Administration: 2009 S.Chand, New Delhi.
• Acharya Madhu Raman; Business of Bureaucracy, Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar,
Kathmandu, 2013.
• Agrawal, Govind Ram; Principal of Management in Nepal, MK Publishers and
Distributers, Kathmandu, 2060 B.S.

116
 of]hgf k|lqmof / /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf
– Zofd k|;fb e08f/L*

;f/f+z
g]kfndf of]hgfj4 ljsf; k|of;af6 ;fdflhs / k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf s]xL k|ult ePsf] ePtf klg
d'n's cem} cltsd ljslzt /fi6«sf] ¿kdf g} /x]sf] 5 . t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] ;g @)@@ ;Dddf cltsd
ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]GgtL x'g] bL3{sfnLg nIo lnPsf] 5 . xfn} uPsf]
dxfljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] g]kfnsf] of] nIonfO{ slt jif{ k5f8L ws]N5 jf cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 eGg]
s'/f ca agfpg] of]hgf, cjnDag ug]{ /0fgLlt / ckgfpg] sfo{k|lqmofn] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 . ;g\
!(^) sf] bzsdf g]kfneGbf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] blIf0f sf]l/of ;ft j6f dfq cfjlws
ljsf; of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] w]/} jif{ eO;s]sf]
5 . t/ g]kfndf afx| j6f cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog eO{;Sbf klg vf;} kl/jt{g
cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . jt{dfg cj:yfs} of]hgfk|lqmof, sfo{k4lt / sfo{z}nLsf] lg/Gt/tfn] xfdL
;dodf uGtJodf k'Ug ;Sb}gf}+ . ablnbf]+ kl/j]z cg'¿k /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf ul/
of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug]{ xf] eg] uGtJodf k'Ug bzsf}+ s'g'{ kb}{g . o; n]v dfkm{t g]kfnsf]
of]hgf k|lqmof k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] / ablnbf]+ kl/j]z cg'¿k /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf]
k'g;+/rgf x'g g;s]sf] ljifonfO{ d"n ;d:of dfgL nf]s ;]jf cfof]uåf/f lnO{g] ;x;lrj tyf
pk;lrjsf] k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] @% k"0ff{°sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg k|Zgsf] pQ/df cfwfl/t eP/
;d:of ;dfwfgsf] vfsf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

efu != ;d:ofsf] klxrfg

!=! ;d:ofsf] k[i7e"ldM

g]kfndf lj=;= @)!# ;fnb]vL ;'? ePsf] of]hgfj4 ljsf; k|of;n] ;fdflhs Pjd\ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf
If]qdf s]lx k|ult xfl;n ePsf] 5 . ;fIf/tf b/ ^%=( k|ltzt / cf}ift cfo' ^*=* jif{ k'u]sf] 5 .
&% lhNnf dWo] &# lhNnf ;b/d'sfd ;8s oftfoftdf hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ljB't pTkfbg &%* d]=jf=
k'lu;s]sf] 5 . tyflk Go"g cfly{s j[l4, u/LaL, j]/f]huf/L, pRr Jofkf/ 3f6f, phf{ ;+s6 h:tf
* sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

117
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf of]hgfn] lnPsf nIo cg'¿ksf] glthf eg] xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . !@ j6f
cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog eO{;Sbf klg d'n's cem} cltsd ljslzt /fi6«sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
t]x|f}+ of]hgf -@)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&#_ n] ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf cltsd ljslzt /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn
/fi6«df :t/f]GgtL x'g] bL3{sfnLg nIo lnPsf] 5 .

lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] of]hgf cfof]usf] ;'?sf jif{x¿df gfd /
sfddf s]lx kl/jt{g ePsf] kfO{G5 . h:t} @)!$ df of]hgf d08n, @)!& df /fli6««o of]hgf kl/ifb\,
@)@) df of]hgf dGqfno / @)@% df /fli6««o of]hgf cfof]usf] ¿kdf u7g ePsf] kfO{G5 . @)@%
kl5 eg] o;sf] k|d'v sfd / gfddf vf;} kl/jt{g ePsf] kfO{b}+g . xfn cfly{s pbfl/s/0f, lghLs/0f
/ ljZjJoflks/0fsf] kl/j]z tyf /fHo k'g;+/rgfsf] k|;+u nufotsf afXo tyf cfGtl/s sf/0fn]
ubf{ ;du| of]hgf k|lqmof / s]Gb|Lo ;+u7gsf ¿kdf /x]sf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf cfjZos
ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] of]hgf k|lqmof / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgfsf] ljifonfO{
d"n ;d:of dfgL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] vfsf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!=@ d"n ;d:ofsf] klxrfgM

of]hgf k|lqmof / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf d"n ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
• g]kfndf of]hgfj4 ljsf; k|efjsf/L aGg g;Sbf d'n's cem} cltsd ljslzt /fi6«sf] ¿kdf
/xL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] .
• ablnFbf] kl/l:ylt cg'¿k /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf x'g g;Sbf ck]lIft ljsf;
glthf xfl;n x'g g;sL d'n's ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]GgtL x'g g;s]sf] .
• of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf ck]lIft
ljsf; glthf xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] .
!=# ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿M

pNn]lvt d"n ;d:of l;h{gf x'g'sf k5fl8 b]xfosf d'Vo sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g .
• ljsf; gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf / ah]6jLr plrt tfnd]n x'g g;Sg'
-;|f]t ;'lgZrtfsf] sld, dxTjfsf+IfL nIo -tLg jif{df u/LaLnfO{ @#=* af6 !* k|ltztdf
emfg]{, ;g @)@@ ;Dddf ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g]_
• nIo, p2]Zo / k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿ kl/jt{g eO/xg', :ki6 k|fyldstfsf] sld /xg',
• ;+/rgfut sdhf]/Lx¿ sfod} /xg' -P]g, lgod / If]qut lj1sf] sld /xg'_,
• hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTjsf] kIf sdhf]/ /xg',
• ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;+u} cfof]u kl/jt{g x'g',
• ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/Lsf] kIf sdhf]/ /xg', of]hgf th'{dfsf] pT;fx sfof{Gjogdf gb]lvg',

118
 • cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sdhf]/ /xg', ljutsf sdhf]/Laf6 kf7 gl;Sg' /
• nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] lg/s+'z zf;g Joj:yf, To;kl5sf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / ;+qmd0f sfod}
/xg' .
!=$ ;d:ofsf gsf/fTds k|efjx¿M
pNn]lvt ;d:ofaf6 b]xfosf gsf/fTds c;/ tyf k|efjx¿ k/]sf] kfO{G5 .
• t]x|f}+ of]hgf;Dd cfO{k'Ubf klg d'n's cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ¿kdf /x]sf],
• pTkfbg 36]sf], Jofkf/ 3f6f a9]sf], k/lge{tf a9b} uPsf],
• ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] b'¿kof]u a9]sf],
• cGt/f{li6«o kl/;"rsx¿df ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf],
• d'n's blIf0f Plzofs} sdhf]/ /fi6«sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] /
• of]hgf cfof]usf] cf}lrTotfdf k|Zg p7\g yfn]sf] .

efu @ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu df}h'bf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd

b]xfodf pNn]lvt df}h'bf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf jfjh'b ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

@=! ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfM

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf],

• wf/f ## df /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;+/rgf ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj /x]sf],
• wf/f #$ df /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/ / pGgtzLn u/fpg' /fHosf] d'ne"t
cfly{s p2]Zo /x]sf] /
• wf/f #% df ;/sf/L, ;xsfl/tf / lghLIf]qsf] dfWodaf6 cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /x]sf] .
@=@ sfg"gL Joj:yfM
• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng cfb]z, @)^& df cfof]usf] u7g / sfo{If]q
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf], /fi6«sf] ;du| cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu If]qut gLlt tyf
cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o of]hgfsf] th'{df, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ ;d]t
cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ pNn]v ePsf],
• cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL, @)%^ df ah]6 th'{df / sfo{qmd :jLs[ltsf]
sfo{ljlw tf]lsPsf],
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^$ df ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt
u/]sf],

119
 • :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgodfnL, @)%^ df :yfgLo:t/sf] cfjlws ljsf;
of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg;DalGw :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf],
• ag P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%), df /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt cfof]hgf /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]un] tf]Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] /
• /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g, @)&) / t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] .
@=# of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 Joj:yfM
• t]x|f}+ of]hgfdf tYodf cfwfl/t glthfd"ns of]hgf k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ bL3{sflng ;f]r
/x]sf],
• of]hgfnfO{ k|fljlws ¿kdf ;an / Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjogof]Uo agfpg] p2]Zo /x]sf],
• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf] , ;f] sf] nflu sfo{bn u7g ePsf],
• ;x;|flAb ljsf; nIo (Millennium Development Goals -MDG) sf] sfof{Gjog / lbuf]
ljsf; nIo (Sustainable Development Goals -SDG) sf] tof/L eO{/x]sf],
• ;g @)@@ ;Dddf ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]GgtL ug]{ /0fgLltsf] cfwf/kq tof/ ePsf],
• t]x|f}+ of]hgf cjlwdf s"n ;/sf/L ah]6 ? !^ va{ !^ ca{ &% s/f]8 vr{ x'g] cg'dfg
ul/Psf],
• of]hgf / ah]6jLr cGt/;DaGw :yflkt u/L ljlgof]hg sfo{bIftf xfl;n ug{ dWosflng
vr{ ;+/rgf (Medium - Term Expenditure Framework - MTEF) sf] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] /
• cfjlws of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd efu ! / lhNnfx¿df ;~rfng
ul/g] ljsf; sfo{qmd / ljlgof]lht /sd;lxtsf] efu @ k|To]s jif{ k|sfzg ul/ sfof{Gjog
ul/b}+ cfPsf] .
@=$ ;+:yfut Joj:yfM

pNn]lvt gLltut tyf sfo{qmdut Joj:yf sfof{Gjogsf nflu Joj:yflksf ;+;b / ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿,
Gofono ;Dj4 cbfntx¿ / sfo{sf/L txdf b]xfosf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
• dGqLkl/ifb\— of]hgf :jLs[ltsf nflu,
• /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\ — of]hgf th'{dfdf lgb]{zg, ;'emfj tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu,
• If]qut dGqfno, ;lrjfno,ljefu, ;ldlt, ;+:yfg, ;xsf/L,cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿ tyf
lghLIf]q — ;du| of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu,
• /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf — cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf nflu ;jf]{Rr
lgsfosf ¿kdf /

120
 • /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;lrjfno —cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf]
;dGjo, ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[lt tyf ;+zf]wg, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg /
ah]6 l;lnË tyf 5nkmn / dfu{bz{g ;d]tsf nflu .
@=% df}h'bf Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds ;ldIffM

pNn]lvt df}h'bf Joj:yfsf afjh'b ;d:ofsf] plrt ;Daf]wg x'g g;Sg'dfM

• tYodf cfwfl/t glthfd"ns of]hgf k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf],
• sfg"gL k"jf{wf/sf] sld /x]sf], -5'§} P]g, lgod g/x]sf], u7g cfb]zaf6 ;~rflnt_
• cfof]usf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] sld /x]sf], -cfof]u ;b:on] ;ky lng' gkg]{, ;+;bdf k|ltj]bg k]z
ug'{ gkg]{_,
• cl:y/ cfof]u, ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;+u} kl/jt{g x'g] u/]sf], of]hgfdf :jfldTjsf] sld /x]sf],
• ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/Lsf] kIf sdhf]/ /x]sf],of]hgf k|lqmofdf k|fljlws lj1tf eGbf
/fhgLlts kIf al9 xflj x'g] u/]sf],
• k|fljlws ¿kdf ;an / Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog of]Uo of]hgf th'{df x'g g;s]sf],
• of]hgfn] ;/sf/L ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf al9 hf]8 lbg] u/]sf], ;xsf/L / lglhIf]q cf]em]ndf
k/]sf],
• sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf] /x]sf],glthfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] /
• cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lgoldt gx'g], ePsfsf] klg k|ltj]bgsf] k|of]u Go"g x'g] u/]sf] kfO{of] .

efu #= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfjx¿

;d:of;Fu h'Wg' g} ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L xf] . lgDg ;'emfjx¿sf] k|efjsf/L Pjd\
OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfof{Gjog ul/Pdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=! of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]M

 /fli6«o ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf / cj;/nfO{ cWoog Pjd\ cg';Gwfg u/L cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg
tyf bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o of]hgfsf] th'd{ f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf hf]8 lbg],
 /fi6«sf] ;du| cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu If]qut of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ 5'§f5'§} lj1
;d"x u7g ug]{,
 of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t agfpg tYofÍ k|0ffnLnfO{ dfudf cfwfl/t, e/kbf]{,
ljZj;gLo / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] agfpg],

121
 
d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu If]q Pjd\ :yfg ljz]ifsf ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df
;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{,

/fli6«o glthfvfsf lgdf{0f ul/ sfof{Gjog k|lqmofnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg] /

ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍgdf hf]8 lbg] .

#=@ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf ug]{M


bL3{sfnLg ;f]r Pjd\ b[li6sf]0f ;lxtsf] g]t[Tjsf] rog ug]{,

5'§} P]g, lgodsf] th'{df u/L sfg"gL cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{,

gLlt lgdf{0f tyf cg';Gwfg, of]hgf th'{df / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ul/ tLgj6f k|d'v sfo{If]q
lgwf{/0f ul/ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfnfO{ 5l/tf], r':t, lqmofzLn (Active) / lj1x¿sf] ;d"x (Think
Tank) sf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ug]{,

cfof]usf] hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ -;ky lng] / k|ltj]bg lbg] Joj:yf ug]{_,

cfof]unfO{ of]hgfk|lt hjfkmb]lx agfpg glthf lhDd]jf/L ;lxt lglZrt kbfjlw tf]Sg] /

;+3Lo zf;gdf s]Gb|df 5l/tf] / k|b]zdf clns j[xt vfnsf] of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g ug]{ .

#=# cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g]M


:ki6 uGtAo ;lxtsf] /0fgLlts kq hf/L ul/ sfof{Gjog ug]{,

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltnfO{ :t/f]Gglt /0fgLlt cg's"n ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{,

k|ltJolQm cfo (Gross National Income - GNI per capita)a9fpgsf nflu nuflgsf]
jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg],

dfgj ;Dklt ;"rsfÍ (Human Assets Index - HAI) df j[l4 Nofpg lzIff, :jf:Yosf If]qdf
nuflg a9fO{ u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg],

cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsfÍ (Economic Vulnerability Index - EVI) Go"g ug{ hf]lvd
Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg],

;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsfl/tfsf] ;xsfo{af6 :t/f]Gglt x'g] /0fgLlt cjnDag ug]{,

If]qut sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ :t/f]Ggltsf ;"rsx¿;+u tfbfDotf x'g]ul/ ;~rfng ug]{ /

cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf xfl;n x'g]u/L /fli6«o sfo{qmdnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg] .

#=$ of]hgf / ah]6jLr plrt tfnd]n ul/ sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg]]M


of]hgfn] lnPsf] nIo, p2]Zo tyf k|fyldstfsf If]qdf ah]6 ;'lglZrt ug]{,

;xsf/L / lghLIf]qnfO{ ;d]t of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf kl/rfng ug]{,

122
 
dWosflng vr{ ;+/rgf / jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ glthfd'vL agfO{ ;|f]t ljlgof]hgdf
;'wf/ ug]{,

ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug]{ -clVtof/L, sfo{qmd :jLs[lt / vl/b k|lqmofdf ;'wf/,
klxnf] rf}dfl;saf6} ah]6 sfof{Gjog x'g] Joj:yf ug]{_ /

ah]6nfO{ /fli6«o glthfvfsf;Fu cfj4 u/L sfof{Gjog lgsfosf] hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
#=% of]hgfsf] b:tfj]hdf ;femf /fhg}lts ;xdtL xfl;n ug]{M

cfly{s ljsf;sf df]8]ndf ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿jLr ;femf ;xdlt lgdf{0f ug]{,

s0ff{nL ljsf; cfof]u, ;'b"/klZrd cfof]u / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaLr / nufgL jf]8{ /
dGqfnoaLr /x]sf] sfo{If]qsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg] /

of]hgfsf] b:tfj]hnfO{ ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;femf b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf kfl/t ul/ lg/Gt/
sfof{Gjogsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ .
#=^ sfo{s'zntf clej[l4 ug]{M
 nfe nfut ljZn]if0f ul/ pRr k|ltkmn lbg] cfof]hgfdf ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ug]{,
 ef}lts / ljQLo k|ultnfO{ eGbf glthfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 glthf ;"rsdf cfwfl/t sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{ nfu' ug]{,
 kl/of]hgf a}+ssf] :yfkgf ul/ Quality At Entry nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf nfu' ug]{,
 cfw'lgs k|ljlw / ICT sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/ sf/f]jf/ nfut Go"g ug]{ /
 Sector Wide Approach -SWAPsf] cjnDag ug]{ .

#=& Jojxf/ut ;'wf/ ug]{M

 kl/jt{gd'vL ;f]r / ;dfwfgd'vL dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; ug]{,
 /fi6« / hgtfsf] j[xQ/ lxtnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL hgtfsf] g'gsf] ;f]emf] ug]{,
 lhDd]jf/L af]w ul/ pQ/bfoL x'g],
 Buck passing, Rent seeking, Red tapism, Lip serviceh:tf k|j[lQsf] cGTo ug]{,
 ;bfrf/ k4tLnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{, ljnf;L hLjgdf eGbf ;fdfGo hLjgdf cfpg],
 yf]/}nfO{ xf]O{g w]/}nfO{ kmfO{bf k'Ug] sfo{ ug]{ -ul/a hgtf, u|fld0f If]q_ /
 Ethical Audit ul/ O{dfGbf/LnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ / a]O{dfgLnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ .

123
 efu $= ;'emfj sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof°g ug]{ 7f]; tl/sf
sfof{Gjog gul/g] jf gx'g] ;'emfjsf] s'g} cy{ /xb}+g . o;}ul/ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ljgf sfof{GjognfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsFb}g . t;y{ ;'emfjsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg h?/L 5 .

$=! ;'emfj sfof{Gjog ug]{ 7f]; tl/sfM


;'emfjx¿nfO{ tTsfn, dWosfn / bL3{sfndf ljefhg ul/ k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{,

;'emfjx¿nfO{ lqmofsnfkdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/ sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{,

sfof{Gjogdf hfg' cl3 Implementation Plan, Procurement Plan, M&E Plan, Quality
assurance Planh:tf cfjZos Planx¿ agfO{ sfof{GjognfO{ k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;do, nfut,
kl/df0f / u'0f:t/df ;DkGg ug{ tof/L ug]{,

sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg, hgzlQm / clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg ug]{,

sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo;+u sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug]{ /

sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu' ul/ b08, k'/:sf/ Pjd\ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{
cfj4 ug]{ .
$=@ cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g ug]{ 7f]; tl/sfM

/fli6«o glthf vfsf tyf sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]lvt ;"rsx¿sf] nIo / k|ultsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg
ug]{,

k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;do, nfut, kl/df0f / u'0f:t/ cg';f/ eP gePsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{,

cfGtl/s Pjd\ afXo kIfåf/f cfjZostfg';f/ k"j{, rfn', clGtd tyf k|efj d"NofÍg ug]{
u/fpg],

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx¿sf] Joj:yfksLo k|ltj4tf tyf
sfo{of]hgf (Management Response & Action Plan) agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;f] sf] clgjfo{
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg],

k|df0fdf cfwfl/t lg0f{o k|lqmof (Evidence based decision making process)sf] cjnDag
ug]{ .
$=# ;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{of]hgfsf] gd"gfM

lhDd]jf/ c=tyf d"=ug]{

l;=g+= ;'emfjx¿ d'Vo sfo{ ;do cg'dfg tyf hf]lvd
lgsfo lgsfo
!= tTsfn gLlt cWoog tyf /fli6«o of]hgf cfufdL ;+;bLo If]qut lj1 ;d"xsf]
of]hgf cg';Gwfg ug]{, tYodf cfof]u of]hgfb]lv ;ldltx¿, u7g ePsf] x'g],
k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t glthfd'ns /f=lj=;=; /fhgLlts ;xdlt
;'wf/ ug]{ If]qut of]hgf lgdf{0f /f=lj=k= sfod x'g], ;|f]tsf]
ug]{ ;'lglZrttf x'g] .

124
@= dWosfn P]gsf] d:off}bf tof/ Joj:yflksf ! jif{ leq ;+;bLo ;dodf P]g lgdf{0f
of]hgf ug]{, ;+;b, ;ldltx¿, ePsf] x'g],
cfof]usf] ;ky lng] / /fli6«o of]hgf /f=lj=;=; /fhgLlts ;xdlt
k'g;+/rgf ug]{ k|ltj]bg lbg] Joj:yf cfof]u, gful/s ;dfh sfod ePsf] x'g] .
ug]{,] kbfjlw lglZrt dGqLkl/ifb\
ug]{
#= bL3{sfn ljsf;zLn /fi6«df /fli6«o of]hgf ;g @)@@ ;+;bLo k|ltJolQm cfo / dfgj
ljsf;zLn :t/f]GgtL x'g] /0fgLlt cfof]u, ;Dd ;ldltx¿, ;Dklt ;"rsf+Ídf j[l4
/fi6«df kq tof/ u/L dGqLkl/ifb\ /f=lj=;=; ePsf] x'g], cfly{s
:t/f]Gglt x'g] sfof{Gjog ug]{ gful/s ;dfh hf]lvd ;"rsf+Í Go"g
ePsf] x'g] .

-c=tyf d"=Öcg'udg tyf d"NofÍg, /f=lj=;=;=Ö/fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt, /f=lj=k=Ö /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\_­

$=$ ck]lIft pknlAwM

pNn]lvt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ lqmofsnfkdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/ sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df
of]hgf k|lqmof tYodf cfwfl/t glthfd"ns ePsf] x'g], /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf ePsf] x'g]
/ d'n's ljsf;zLn /fi6«df ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] x'g]5 .

$=% lgisif{M

of]hgf k|lqmofsf] ;'wf/ / cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf g]t[Tjsf] ;f]r, b[li6sf]0f, k|ltj4tf tyf lqmofzLntfdf
w]/} xb;Dd lge{/ /xG5 . ;g ^) sf] bzsdf g]kfneGbf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] blIf0f sf]l/ofn]
;ftj6f dfq cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] w]/} jif{
eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfndf afx| j6f cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog eO{;Sbf klg vf;} kl/jt{g
cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . o;dfly @)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] dxfljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] g]kfnnfO{ cem
k5f8L ws]n]sf] 5 . sl/a ?=^^( ca{sf] ljkt kl5sf] cfjZostfsf] d"NofÍg (Post Disaster Need
Assessment-PDNA) / sl/a #=% k|ltzt -& nfv_ u/LaLsf] ;+Vofdf yk j[l4 ePsf] k|f/lDes
cg'dfg 5 . o;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] /fxt, p4f/, k'glgdf{0f, k'g:yfkgf tyf gjlgdf{0fsf] bfloTjn] g]kfnsf]
ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g] nIonfO{ slt jif{ k5f8L ws]N5 jf cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 eGg] s'/f
xfldn] ca agfpg] of]hgf, cjnDag ug]{ /0fgLlt / ckgfpg] sfo{z}nLn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ 5 . jt{dfg
cj:yfs} of]hgf k|lqmof, ;+/rgf tyf sfo{k4ltsf] lg/Gt/tfn] xfld ;dodf uGtJodf k'Ug ;Sb}gf} .
;w}+ k5f8L kl//xg ;S5f+} . t;y{ pk/f]Qm ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjog dfkm{t tTsfn of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;'wf/,
dWosfndf of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf / bL3{sfndf ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt eO{ ;d[4, zfGt /
Gofok"0f{ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] ;kgf ;fsf/ x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

125
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno,
sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
• t]x|f}+ of]hgf ­-cf=j=@)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&#_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
• t]x|f}+ of]hgf glthf vfsf-cf=j=@)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&#_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
• /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g, @)&) , g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
• dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -@)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷)&)_ g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
• uf]hL kfqf], @)^* /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g / sfo{If]q,g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf] ;lrjfno
• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng cfb]z, @)^& g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u
• cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL, @)%^, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
Joj:yf dGqfno, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^$, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
Joj:yf dGqfno, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgodfnL, @)%^ g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
Joj:yf dGqfno, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
• ag P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%), g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf
dGqfno, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
• Nepal Earthquake 2015 Post Disaster Need Assessment, Excutive Summary,
Government of Nepal, National Planning Commisson
• Nepal’s Graduation from LDC_ timeline and Policy Implication_ 19th August
2013-handout
• http://www.npc.gov.np
• http://www.psc.gov.np

126
 cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg M–
xfd|f] cEof; / k|of;
– 8Da/axfb'/ sfsL{*

;f/f+z
ljQLo >f]t dfly o;sf jf:tljs dflnsn] ;~rfnsaf6 ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTjsf]
ck]Iff /fVg yfn]kl5 >f]t klxrfg b]lv o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;d]t >f]t kl/rfng
leq ;d]l6g yfn]sf] xf] . o;af6 :ki6 x'G5 ls nufgLstf{sf] wgnfO{ Joj:yfks jf ;~rfnsn]
kl/rfng ubf{ cfut (Input) df– ldtJolotf, k|lqmof (Process) df– lgoldttf / sfo{bIftf
tyf glthf÷k|efj (Output) df– k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n x'g]u/L ug'{kb{5 .
/fHo ;~rfngdf a9L ;] a9L >f]t;fwgsf] kl/rfng x'g yfn]kl5 ;fj{hlgs s]fif (Public
Purse) ;~rfngsf ;Gbe{df hgtf / ;/sf/ aLr Principal – Agent sf] ;DaGw ljsf;
x'Fb} uP/ ;fj{hlgs sf]if k|ltsf] ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf, ljQLo pQ/bfloTj, ljQLo cg'zf;g /
kf/blz{tfsf nflu x/]s ljQLo lqmofsnfkx¿ Jojl:yt ug{ yflnPsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf
>f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 (Allocation) df ;dGoflostf / k|ltkmnsf] ljt/0f (Distribution) df ;dtf
;lxtsf] ;dfgtf b]lvg] u/L o;sf] cf}lrTo (Rationality) k'li6 x'g'kb{5 . cfof]hgfdf w]/}
>f]t;fwgsf] cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf ldtAolotf,sfo{bIftf / k|efjsfl/tfsf ;fy} sf]if kl/rfngsf]
cf}lrTo ;d]t k'li6 x'g]u/L >f]t kl/rfng ul/g' kb{5 .
t/, c:ki6 gLlt tyf p2]Zox¿, sdhf]/ ;+:yfut Ifdtf, ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfsf] cefj,
cfof]hgf l8hfOgdf q'6L, cfof]hgf :jLs[ltdf ljnDa, k/fdz{bftfsf] lgo'lQmdf l9nfO{, v/Lb
sfo{df ;':ttf, ;Demf}tf ug{ ;do w]/} nfUg], ;dGjosf] cefj, ah]6 Joj:yf / lgsf;fdf
l9nfO{, ;dk'/s ah]6 (Counterpart fund) sf] cefj, ;f]wegf{ ;DaGwL ;d:of, sdhf]/
cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g / e|i6frf/ ;Dj4 lqmofsnfkx¿sf sf/0f hgtfsf] y}nLsf] pkof]u
k|ltkmnbfoL x'g g;Sg' g} xfd|f cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ . oL ;d:ofsf
sf/0fn] pknAw ;Lldt >f]tsf] pkof]lutf sd x'g'sf] ;fy} d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] ult ;d]t k5fl8
k/]sf] 5 . k|fyldstf k|fKt / /fli6«o uf}/jsf elgPsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] yfngL / cGTo olsg
gePsf, >f]t lglb{i6 gul/Psf, nfdf] ;do b]lv yfngL eO 6'+uf]df k'Ug] cj:yfdf s'g}klg
cfof]hgf g/x]sf sf/0fn] ;do, ljQLo >f]t / hgzlQmsf] kmh'n vr{ ePsf] cg'e"lt x'g uPsf]
b]lvG5 .
t;y{, hgtfsf] y}nLsf] oyf]lrt pkof]usf nflu ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg, efjL uGtJosf] k|of;
;lxt cfut, k|lqmof / glthf (Input/Process-Output) df O{dfGbf/ k|of; hf/L /fVg' kb{5 .

* k|d'v n]vf lgoGqs, l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf, afFs], g]kfnu~h

127
!= ljifo k|j]zM–

dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf ;fdflhs,cfly{s / k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;+u;+u} cl3 a9]sf] b]lvG5 .
k/fk"j{ sfndf wfld{s,;fF:s[lts ljsf; k|d'v dflgGYof] eg] kl5Nnf lbgdf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;af6
;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf k'/\ofpg] sfo{n] k|d'vtf kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf x/]s
lqmofsnfkdf hLjgsf] b}lgsL ;~rfngdf eGbf yk >f]t;fwgsf] cfjZostf kg]{ ePsfn] ;f] sf]
Joj:yfkgsf nflu cnUu} k4lt / k|lqmofaf6 yk k|of; ul/G5 .

ljZjsf k|d'v cfZro{ dflgg] O{lhK6sf] PYRAMID xf]; jf rLgsf] GREATWALL lgdf{0f x'Fbf
tt\ tt\ /fHon] yk ef}lts, ljQLo / dfgjLo >f]tsf] Joj:yfkg u/]/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfO{G5 . o;/L
yk >f]t;fwgsf] pkof]uaf6 lglZrt cjlwdf lglb{i6 nIo xfl;n ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cfof]hgfsf] gfdn]
lrlgG5, h'g dfgj Oltxf; ;+u;+u} ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . oBlk bf]>f] ljZjo'4kl5 ljZjdf
cEof; yflnPsf] ljsf; k|zf;gn] cfof]hgfut ljsf; k|of;nfO{ yk tLj|tf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ljsf;
k|zf;gsf d"ne"t ljz]iftf -;doj4tf, glthfd'vL, >f]]tsf] ;'lglZrttf, k|ltkmn pGd'v, kl/jt{gd'vL
cflb _ g} cfof]hgfsf ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ljsf; k|zf;gn] cfˆgf] hGdsfndf ;/sf/sf]
e"ldsfnfO{ k|wfgtf lbPsf] ePtfklg cfh ;a} k|sf/sf Joj:yfkg nufot cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf
;d]t clwsflws ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/Lsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf
ljsf; k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] /0fgLlt lnPsf] xfd|f] d'n'sdf cfof]hgfsf] Joj:yfkgdf oL ltgj6} kIfx¿
plQs} ;lqmo 5g\ / cem cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf afXo k"FhL, k|ljlw klg leq\ofpg] ul/G5 .

cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf nfUg] >f]t;fwg (Man, Money, Method, Materials, Machine, Market and
Informatiom = 6M+ I)sf] Joj:yfkg ;fj{hlgs, lghL / jfXo >f]t ;d]taf6 x'g yfn]kl5 o;sf]
glthfdf klg ;a}+sf] rf;f] a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . kmntM cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg Pj+ ;~rfngdf ;a}+sf]
;/f]sf/ j[l4 eO ldtJolotf, kf/blz{tf, sfo{bIftf Pj+ ;xeflutf a9\g yfn]sf] 5 .

@=cfof]hgfsf] lrgf/LM –

cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgn] cfof]hgfsf p2]Zo k"lt{ ug{ o;sf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{u/L 1fg,;Lk,
cf}hf/ / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{ a'emfpF5 . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf lgDg lnlvt % tTjx¿sf] k|of]u
/ PsLs/0f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ M–
• p7fg, cu|tf (Initiating)
• of]hgf (Planning)
• sfof{Gjog (Executing)
• cg'udg tyf lgoGq0f (Monitoring & controlling)
• ;dfkg (Closing)

128
cfof]hgf eg]sf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf p2]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu s'g}klg ;+u7g ;~rfngsf] qmddf
ul/g] /0fg}lts of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ cflwsfl/s lqmofsnfksf] ;fwg÷;+oGq xf] . cfof]hgfsf]
/0fg}lts lqmofsnfk leq ahf/sf] dfu, Joj;fonfO{ rflxg] /0fg}lts cj;/, u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gaf6
l;lh{t ;fdflhs cfjZostf, jftfj/0fLo ;/f]sf/, u|fxssf] cg'/f]w, k|ljlwsf] pGgog÷lj:tf/, sfg"gL
cfjZostf h:tf sfo{x¿ ;DalGwt x'G5g\ .
ljz]iftM cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ubf{ b]xfosf s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'kb{5 M–
• cfjZostfsf] klxrfg,
• cfof]hgfsf] of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] w]/} eGbf w]/}
cfjZostf, ;/f]sf/ / ck]Iffsf] ;Daf]wg,
• ;lqmo, k|efjsf/L / ;xeflutfd"ns 9+un] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;"rgf ;DaGwsf]
:yfkgf / Joj:yfkg u/L ;'rf? ug]{,
• ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo pGd'v t'Nofpg],
• cfof]hgfsf ;Ldfx¿ -If]q, u'0f:t/, sfof{Gjog tflnsf, ah]6, >f]t / hf]lvd_ nfO{
;Gt'lnt t'Nofpg] .

@=! cfof]hgfsf] cy{ / kl/efiffM–

cfof]hgfsf] cy{ s]nfpFbf o;sf] hGdsf] cfwf/ x]g'{ h?/L x'G5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5 –

Mega policy  National policy  Sectoral policy

Periodic plan  Program  Project  Activity

cfof]hgfsf] vfsf tof/ ubf{ dfly pNn]v ul/P em} ;+ljwfg, /fli6«o gLlt, If]qut gLltx¿sf cfwf/df
cfjlws of]hgf -cNk, dWo / bL3{sflng _ tof/ ul/G5 . cfjlws of]hgfsf b:tfj]hdf jflif{s
¿kdf ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{ of]hgf (Program) :ki6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . tL sfo{ of]hgf ;Dkfbg ug{ cfof]hgf
jf kl/of]hgf (Project) sf] vfsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ (Activities)
;d]t Jojl:yt ul/G5 .

sfo{qmd (Program) cGtu{t /x]sf ljleGg k|sf/ tyf cjlwsf sfo{ PsfO{x¿nfO{ cfof]hgf jf
kl/of]hgf (Project) elgG5 . Pp6f of]hgfleq w]/} sfo{qmd ePh:t} Pp6f sfo{qmdleq w]/} cfof]hgfx¿
x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;fdfGo cy{df j:t'tM cfof]hgf eGgfn] s'g} lglZrt cjlw leq s]xL lglZrt p2]Zo

129
k|fKtLsf nflu lglZrt nufgLdf ul/g] sfdnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .

of]hgf, sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfsf] cGt/;DaGw o;/L k|i6\ofpg ;lsG5 M–

!= of]hgf÷ljsf; of]hgf

If]qut ljsf; of]hgf -jg,s[lif,lzIff_

@= sfo{qmd

sfo{qmd ljsf; of]hgfsf] p2]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu cfjZos cGt{lglxt cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;d"x

#= cfof]hgfx¿

s], lsg, slt, s;/L, slxn], s;n] =======ug]{ <

A project is a temporary endevor under taken to create a unique product, service or result. the
temporary nature of projects indicates that a project has a definite beginning and end.

Examples of projects:-
 Developing a new product,sevice or result,
 Effecting a change in the structure,process,staffing or style of an organization,
 Developing or acquiring a new or modified information system (hard /software),

130
  Conducting a research effort whose outcome will be aptly recorded,
 Constructing a building, Industrial plant or Infrastructure
and
 Implementing, improving, enhancing existly business processes and procedures.

ljsf; of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog O{sfO g} cfof]hgf ePsfn] d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf] lqmofsnfk
cfof]hgf af6} ;Dkfbg x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] cfof]hgfnfO{ Cutting Edge of Development elgG5 .

æs'g} of]hgfg';f/ tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ clek|fon] ul/Psf] nufgL h'g pQm
p2]Zo k|fKt u/]kl5 ;dfKt x'G5 .Æ -Dictionary of. Management,England.

"s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu dfgjLo tyf dfgjLo ;fwgx¿nfO{ c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] ;+u7gdf
kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ g} cfof]hgf xf]" The project Management Institute of USA.
The project Management Institute of USA n] cfof]hgfsf] d'n ljz]iftfdf M–

Ps k6ssf] lqmofsnfk,

;Lldt cjlw,

p2]Zo pGd'v,

ljleGg ;Lk / ;fwg pknAwtf u/fpg] k|lta4tfsf] cfjZostfnfO{
O+lut u/]sf] 5 .
"cfof]hgf eg]sf] s'g} ;d'bfodf lglZrt ;dofjlwdf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] l;h{gf,lj:tf/ tyf ljsf;sf]
nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] nufgL k|:tfj xf] . "-United Nation Industrial Development Organization-
UNIDO.

@=@ cfof]hgf rqmM–

cfof]hgfsf] th{"[dfnfO{ Jojl:yt t'NofO{ x/]s r/0fdf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;+of]hg u/]/ ;du|
cfof]hgfnfO{ ;kmn t'Nofpg cfof]hgfsf ljleGg r/0fx¿ :yflkt ul/Psf x'G5g\ . tL :yflkt
r/0fx¿sf] qmda4tfnfO{ g} cfof]hgf rqm elgG5 . th'{df ug]{ kIfsf] cjwf/0ffut dfGotfg';f/ :yflkt
r/0f km/s km/s x'g] ePsfn] cfof]hgf rqmdf ljljwtf kfO{G5 . tL rqmx¿ dWo] s]xL d'Vo rqmx¿ M–

s_ Boam Cycle :- ljZj a}+ssf nflu ;g\ !(&) df Boam gfdsf JolQmn] tof/ kf/]sf] rqm xf] .
;'?df $ r/0f dfq /x]sf]df ;g\ !(&* df d"NofÍgsf] r/0f yk u/L % j6f agfPsf] M– klxrfg,
th'{df, k|:tfjsf] d"NofÍg÷5gf}6, sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍg .

v_ UNIDO sf] kl/of]hgf rqm M– o; ;+:yfn] x/]s r/0fleq w]/} lqmofsnfkx¿ /xg] u/L cfof]hgf
rqmnfO{ tLg efudf dfq ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . tL r/0fx¿ M–

131
 
k"j{ nufgLsf] cj:yf –klxrfg, k"j{ ;DefJotf cWoog, ;DefJotf cWoog, k"j{ d"NofÍg,
5gf}6 tyf :jLs[lt / ;Demf}tf nufotsf pkr/0fx¿ o; r/0f leq /flvPsf] kfO{G5 .

nufgLsf] cj:yf– ;+u7g 9fFrf, hgzlQm Joj:yfkg / tflnd, lj:t[t Ol~hlgol/Ë l8hfOg,
sfof{Gjog / cg'udg h:tf pkr/0fx¿ o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .

;~rfng cj:yf – ;~rfng tyf ;Def/, sfo{ If]qsf] lj:tf/ / k'g:yf{kgf, lbuf]kgfsf]
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg cflb o; r/0f leqsf pkr/0fx¿ x'g\ .
u_ ljZj a}+s (World Bank) sf] gofF kl/of]hgf rqm – ljutdf k|rngdf /x]sf kl/of]hgf rqmx¿
;xeflutfd"ns gePsf, ;fwg >f]tsf] pRrtd ;b'kof]u x'g g;s]sf, ;/sf/x¿ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf
k|ltj4 x'g g;s]sf / hf]lvdsf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg gePsfn] ;g\ !(() b]lv ljZj a}+sn] k|lqmofd"ns
cfof]hgf ;'xfpFbf] $ r/0f ePsf] cfof]hgf rqm sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 .

;'Gg] r/0f (Listening) –nfeu|fxLsf] ;+nUgtf, ;lqmo e"ldsf, l;Sg] kIfx¿ tyf
ljsNkx¿sf] klxrfg o; r/0fsf cGt{lglxt tTjx¿ x'g\ .
gd"gf k/LIf0f r/0f (Piloting) – ljsNkx¿sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0f, g]t[Tj, tflnd,

;xeflutfd"ns ljZn]if0f, sfof{Gjog tyf kfon6sf ¿kdf ;~rfng o; r/0fdf
kb{5g\ .

k|bz{g r/0f (Demonstrating )-Piloting af6 cfPsf glthfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL t'NofP/ cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t cjwf/0ff tof/
ul/G5 . Piloting ubf{sf] kl/sNkgfsf] k/LIf0f , ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, nfut
cg'dfg tof/ u/L o; r/0fdf cfof]hgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbO{G5 .

d"nk|jfxLs/0f r/0f (Mainstreaming) – of] sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f ePsfn] cl3Nnf
r/0fx¿df :yflkt ul/Psf k|lqmof, k|ljlwsf] cjnDag u/L ;fjwfgLk"j{s cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjog ul/G5 .
3_ xfd|f] cEof;df /x]sf rqm–

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] xfd|f] ;Gbe{df cnUu}, lgsfout ¿kdf km/s km/s x'g]u/L cfof]hgf rqm
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)%& cg';f/ ufpF÷gu/ tx, lhNnf tx / s]Gb|Lo
tx u/L tLg cnu–cnu rqmsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] k|of; u/]sf] kfO{G5 . oxfF s]Gb|Lo
txsf cfof]hgfsf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt rqm pNn]v ul/G5 –
yy klxrfg (Identification)
yy th'{df (Formulattion)
yy n]vfhf]vf (Appraisal)

132
 yy sfof{Gjog (Implementation)
yy ;~rfng tyf ;Def/ (Operation & Maintenance)
yy cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg (Monitoring & Evaluation)
xfdLsxfF s'g} lj1 jf ;+:yfn] tof/ u/]sf] cfof]hgf rqm k|of]udf geO{ /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo :t/df
of]hgf,sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf :jLs[ltdf d'Vo e"ldsf ePsf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] tof/ kf/]sf] rqm
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ o;sf] pkof]udf cg'udg gePsfn] cfkm"v';L cfof]hgf lkR5} cnu cnu
rqmsf] pkof]u x'g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

@=# cfof]hgf ljZn]if0f÷d"Nof°gsf cfwf/ tyf k4lt M–

cfof]hgf k"FhL lgdf{0fsf nflu ul/g] nufgL ;Dj4 lqmofsnfk xf] . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f kl5 o;sf] cfo'e/
k|ltkmnsf] ck]Iff u/L ljQLo Pj+ ef}lts >f]t;fwg, >d / Joj:yfkg >f]tx¿sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] x'G5 .
cfof]hgfsf] cWoog Pj+ d"NofÍgsf] r/0fdf g} pknAw ;Lldt k"FhLut >f]tsf] nufgLaf6 ck]lIft
k|ltkmn cf+sng ul/Psf] x'G5 . k"FhLut >f]tsf] k|ltkmn ck]Iff u/L cg'dfg ug]{ ljleGg k4ltx¿ 5g\ .
k|ltkmn u0fgf ug]{ eGbf cl3 ;DefJotf cWoogsf] qmddf d"NofÍg Pj+ ljZn]if0f ul/g] s]xL k|d'v
kIfx¿ x'G5g\, ltgsf] n]vfhf]vf u/]kl5 k|fKt glthfsf cfwf/df cfof]hgf cl3 a9fpg] jf ga9fpg]
lg0f{o ul/G5 . ul0ftLo k|ltkmn eGbf cl3 ljZn]if0f ul/g] k|d'v kIfx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\ M –
o ahf/ kIf – ahf/ kIfx¿sf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ nufgL–k|ltkmn ljlw,k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f, nrstf ljlw,
ljrf/ ;j]{If0f, dlitis dGyg cflb h:tf kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds ljlwx¿ cjnDag ul/G5 .
o k|fljlws kIf – nfut k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg,cfof]hgf :ynsf] 5gf}6, cfof]hgf ljGof;
(Project Layout) sf] 5gf}6, nufgL olsg ug{ / pko'Qm ljsNk k|ljlwx¿sf] 5gf}6 ug{ k|fljlws
kIfsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 .
o ljQLo kIf – cfof]hgfsf] nfut d"No, ;~rfng tyf sfo{ ;~rfng nfut, hdLg,ejg,oGq,;+oGq,
;jf/L ;fwg cflb ;d]tsf] d"No u0fgf u/L gub k|jfx ljj/0f tof/ u/L cfof]hgfsf] cg'dflgt
nfehGotf k/LIf0f ul/G5 .
o cfly{s kIf– cfof]hgfx¿sf] d"NofÍg ljQLo nfebflostfsf cfwf/df dfq geO{ d'n'ssf]
;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf; Pj+ ;du| cy{tGqdf kg]{ of]ubfgsf cfwf/df klg ul/G5 .
o ;fdflhs kIf – ;fdflhs kIfsf] ljZn]if0fdf cfof]hgfsf] nfesf] afF8kmfF8,art,/f]huf/L l;h{gf
/ cGo ;fdflhs c;/x¿ af/] ;d]t n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 .
o jftfj/0fLo kIf– 7"nf cfof]hgfx¿ afFw lgdf{0f, vf]nfsf] Diversion, jg s6fg u/L cfof]hgf:yn
lgdf{0f, 7'n7"nf sf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf cflbn] jftfj/0fdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L c;/
Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/G5 .

133
o ;+:yfut tyf Joj:yfkg kIf – oL kIfdf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog, sfo{;~rfng tyf dd{t ;Def/sf
nflu a[xt ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf,tfn's lgsfo;Fusf] ;DaGwsf] k|s[lt,cfjZos ;Lk,tflnd,
;'ljwfx¿ / sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ;DalGw sfo{x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
o n}+lus kIf – y'k|} ;"rsx¿df kl5 k/]sf dlxnfx¿sf] lxt k|j4{g,/f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] cj:yf, Ifdtf
ljsf; Pj+ ;xeflutfsf ;DaGwdf n}lu+s lx;fan] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 .
pNn]lvt cfwf/x¿df cfof]hgfsf ljleGg kIfx¿ n]vfhf]vf / ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
tL cfwf/x¿df cfpg] glthf k|fljlws, ljQLo, ;fdflhs, ;+:yfut / n}lu+s wf/af6 ljZn]if0f x'G5g\,
t/ nufgLsf] k|ltkmn u0fgf ug{ cnUu} k4lt cjnDag ul/G5, h'g nufgLstf{sf nflu cTofjZos
x'G5 .
o; n]vdf g]kfnsf] cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf cEof; / k|of;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg] hdsf]{ ul/Psf]
x'Fbf k|ltkmn u0fgfsf] ljifonfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f dfq ul/Psf] 5 .
k|ltkmn u0fgf ug]{ -k"FhLut vr{ ;DalGw_ ljlwx¿ – nfdf] cjlwdf k|ltkmn xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zon] k"FhLut
nufgL ;DalGw lg0f{ox¿ ul/G5 , h'g cfDbfgL a9fpg] jf vr{ 36fpg] tkm{ s]lGb|t x'G5g\ .
Non-Discounted Methods Discounted Method
- Ranking by Inspection. Time value of money & discounting.
-Pay back period (PBP) Discounted cash flow method.
-Accounting rate of return (ARR) -Net present value,
-Cut off period. -Internal rate of return,
-Peak profit methods. -Cost-benefit ratio,
-Average benefit methods. -Cost effective analysis.

#= g]kfndf cfof]hgfsf] yfngLM–

g]kfndf hgtfsf] ;/f]sf/ / k|of;df ljsf;sf] yfngL g} lj=;=@))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq axfnL kl5
dfq x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . @))& ;fnsf] cGtl/d ljwfgaf6 ;~rflnt /fHo k|0ffnLdf k'/fgf /
k/Dk/fut ;f]rsf k|zf;ssf] ljBdfgtf /x]sfn] bIftfk"0f{{ / glthf pGd'v ljsf; k|zf;g ;xh lyPg .
lj=;=@))* ;fndf of]hgf d08nsf] :yfkgf eP tfklg /fhgLlts lvrftfgLsf sf/0f sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg ;lsPg . @)!# ;fndf of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g e} of]hgfj4 ljsf; k|of;sf] yfngL kl5
dfq k"jf{wf/ ljsf;n] ult lng yfn]sf] xf] . k|hftGqsf] cfudgaf6 afXo ;DaGwdf ePsf] ljsf;n]
k"FhL, k|ljlw cfk|jfx x'g yfn]kl5 ljsf;sf gjLg cEof;x¿ leq\ofpg] qmddf cfof]hgfut ljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ff ;'?cft ePsf] kfO{G5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] yfngL, bftfx¿sf] ljsf; cfof]hgf k|ltsf]
rf;f], ljifo lj1x¿sf] cfudg, ;jf/L ;fwg nufotsf pks/0fx¿sf] k|fKtLn] cfof]hgfut ljsf;
cl3 a9\b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

134
k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf ljsf; vr{sf] ztk|ltzt /sd afXo >f]t /x]sf]df kl5Nnf of]hgf x'Fb}
bzf}+ k~r jifL{o of]hgf ;Dd ljsf; vr{sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ /sd j}b]lzs >f]taf6 Joxf]l/Psf] x'Fbf ljsf;
cfof]hgfx¿ ;xfotfd'vL /x]sf eGg ;lsg] cj:yf sfod} b]lvG5 . o;af6 xfd|f ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿
bftfd'vL, bftfsf] 5gf}6 / :jLs[ltdf cfwfl/t eP eGg] u'gf;f] oyfy{ tLtf] ;To x'g\ . xfdL;+u >f]tsf]
dfq cefj ge}} Ifdtfsf] cefj / dgf]j[ltsf] bl/b|tf klg sfod} /x]sfn] cfh ;Dd ljsf;sf x/]s
lqmofsnfkdf csf{sf] d'v tfSg' k/]sf] 5 . cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;g\ !(%@ b]lv j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|fKt
ug{ yflnof] , t/ ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng,Joj:yfkg ug]{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg xfdLnfO{ cfwf ztflAb nfUof], ;g\ @))@ dfq NofO{of] .

@)%@ ;fn b]lv yfngL ePsf] åGbn] ljsf;sf] ult dfq cj?4 u/]g klxn] lgdf{0f e};s]sf
k"jf{wf/sf ;+/rgf / lgdf{0ffwLg ;+/rgf ;d]t Wj:t t"NofPsf]n] To; bzsdf ljsf; cfof]hgf ;DaGwL
ultljlw z"Go /x] .

zflGt ;Demf}tf kl5 k'gMlgdf{0f, k'g{:yfkgfsf qmddf ljsf; cfof]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿df j[l4
ePsf], bftfx¿n] gLltut Joj:yfdf hf]8 lbO{ ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿af6 g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf
nflu ;xfotf kl/rfng ug{ Harmonization, Ownership, Mutual Accountability, Alignment and
Managing for Development Result ;Dj4 gLltx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf x'Fbf cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf]
sfo{bIftf / ljQLo hjfkmb]]lxtf a9\b} cfPsf] 5 . ljutdf gLltut z"Gotfsf sf/0f Project Support
sf nflu dfq ;xfotf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf]df kl5Nnf lbgdf gLltut Joj:yf / To;df ePsf] ;fdlos
;'wf/ ;d]tsf sf/0fn] sectorwide Approach af6 a9f]Q/L x'Fb} policy and Budgetary support df
;xfotf kl/rfngsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . o;/L ljut ;f9] 5 bzsaf6 ;'? ePsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;
/ To;af6 k|of]udf cfPsf] ljsf; cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ;DalGw sfo{ cem} >f]tsf] oy]i7tf, gLltut
:ki6tf, dgf]a[ltut z'4tf, Ifdtfsf] pkof]usf] cefjn]] ultlzn / k|ltkmnbflo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

$= xfd|f] cEof;df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ M–

xfdLn] yf]/ax't ¿kdf ljut ;f9] 5 bzs b]lv of]hgfa4 ljsf; / To;s} k|f¿kdf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg
;DalGw lqmofsnfkx¿ cl3 a9fpFb} cfPsf]df ljleGg ;dosf zf;sLo k|j[lt, k|fljlws Ifdtfsf]
cefj, ljQLo >f]tsf] sdL, b'/bzL{ of]hgfsf] sNkgf g} x'g g;Sg', /fh gLlt / k|zf;g aLr If]qflwsf/sf]
åGå sfod} /xg', cfof]hgfdf :jb]zsf] eGbf ljb]zsf] rf;f] a9L x'g,' k|ltkmnsf] ck]Iff g} gu/L >f]t
5g'{, ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtfsf] kf6f] cf]em]ndf kg'{h:tf ;d:ofx¿n] k|oTg cg';f/sf] k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{
;lsPg .

>f]t;fwgsf] cefj,dfgj>f]t kl/rfngdf lgliqmotf, gLltut z"Gotf, cfjZostfsf] klxrfg /

k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cefj,hg;xeflutfsf] cefj, s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k4lt, afx\o ;DaGwdf ptf/r9fjsf

135
sf/0f k~rfotL zf;gdf ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿ a[xtfsf/sf x'g' / sfof{Gjogdf tLj|tf cfpg ;s]gg\ .
ax'bnLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf 8]9 bzs /fhg}lts lv+rftfgL, bnLo :jfy{n] kfPsf] cu|tf, k|f8f] kh]/f]
;+:s[lt, zf;sx¿sf] cb"/blz{tf, cfGtl/s c;kmntfsf sf/0f afx\o k|e'Tjsf] a9f]Q/L, k|fyldsLs/0fn]
eGbf /fhg}lts zlQmsf] x:tIf]kn] k|fljlws ¿kn] pko'Qm cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf
cfof]hgfut ;kmntf Go"g g} /x\of] .

clGtd n]vfk/LIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf cfof]hgf 5gf}6sf cfwf/ kfngf gx'g], /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿
of]hgfa4 tj/n] ;~rfng gePsf, kof{Kt ah]6 pknAw gx'g], cfof]hgfsf] lqmofsnfk ;~rfngdf
l9nfO{ / nIo cg';f/ k|ult gx'g] cflb ;d:ofd"ns ;Gbe{ cf}NofO{Psf] 5 . -dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] %@
cf}+ k|ltj]bg, @)&!_

o; n]vsf] d"n Wo]o g} xfd|f cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿ s]nfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj
k|:t't ug'{ /x]sfn] oL ;d:ofx¿ / ltgsf] c;/af/] tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5M–

• :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd t'NofO{, nfeu|fxLnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ dfudf cfwfl/t cfof]hgfsf]
th'{df ug{ g;lsPsf]n] cfof]hgfsf] yfngL g} cgfjZos :yfgdf zlQmzfnLsf] kx"Frsf
cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf],

• ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] OsfO{ut nfut u0fgf u/L :t/Lo nfut cg'dfg, pko'Qm 8«OË, l8hfOg
to u/]/ cfof]hgfsf] lqmofsnfk cl3 a9fpg'kg]{df xr'jf nfut cg'dfg / lgdf{0f:yndf g}
gk'uL 8«OË l8hfOg (Faulty Drawing, Design) x'g] u/]sf],

• k|ltkmnsf] ;d'lrt u0fgf gu/L, >f]tsf] t'ngfdf ck]lIft nfe xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zo g/fvL
cfof]hgfsf] ;+Vof dfq a9fO{ nf]slk|otfsf nflu ;Lldt >f]t oqtq 5g]{ u/]sf],
• ljsf; of]hgfsf] b:tfj]hdf If]qLo ;Gt'ng k|d'v nIodf /flvPsf] t/ cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf]
;Gbe{df lk5l8Psf If]qx¿ k|fyldstfdf g} gk/]sf], cfof]hgfut k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f x'g] u/]sf]
ef}uf]lns If]q / ljifout – -s[lif, l;+rfO{, lzIff, ;8s, ljB't cflb_ If]q k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{
k4lt gePsf] ,
• dWofjlw vr{ ;+/rgf (Mediumterm Expenditure Framework) sf] b:tfj]h agfO{
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg k|oTg ul/Psf] t/ Legal Document sf] x}l;ot lbg g;Sbf /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u / cy{ dGqfnosf] dfq rf;f]sf] Document aGg k'u]sf] ,
• cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f÷k|ltj]bg (Detailed project report) tof/ gu/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
k|rngn] cfof]hgfsf] s"n :j¿k s:tf] x'G5 eGg] hfgsf/L cfof]hgfsf] clGtd cj:yf;Dd
cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t cfof]hgf k|d'v nufotsf hgzlQmn] dfq yfxf kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf
b]lvG5,h'g xfd|f] hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf k|foM c;Dej g} xf] . o;/L x]bf{ cfof]hgfsf]

136
 v/Lb Joj:yfkg / ;Demf}tfsf] kIf dxTjk"0f{ -e]/L–aaO{ 8fO{e;{gdf ;Demf}tf x'gf;fy ;kmn
cfof]hgf elgPsf]_ e} Pp6f 6Ldn] ;f] sfd ug]{, To;kl5 ltgsf] ;?jf e} csf]{ 6Ldn] !
jf b'O{ jif{ sfof{Gjog u/L ;?jf e} k'gM csf]{ 6Ld cfpg] k|rng 5 . t;y{, Whole to
part system af6 cfof]hgf ;~rfng x'g'kg]{df Part to whole sf] cfwf/df cl3 a9]sf]
b]lvG5 . kmntM clwu|x0fdf ;d:of pTkGg x'g'sf ;fy} d'cfAhf dx+uf] kg{ uPsf] b]lvG5 .
t;y{, s'g}klg cfof]hgf -;8s,l;+rfO{, s[lif cflb _sf] yfngL ubf{ g} To;sf] clGtd efu
(Total Alignment) b]Vg ;lsg] x'g'kg]{df xfdLsxFf Piece work h:tf ;Demf}tfd'vL cfof]hgf
dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 nfut j[l4sf ;fy} cfof]hgfsf] k|ltkmn k|fKtLdf clglZrttf
ylkg] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0f–l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] yfnL @)^@÷)^# af6
ePsf] ePtfklg d"n gx/sf] kl5Nnf] Package sf] d'cfAhf lgwf{/0f o; cfly{s jif{df x'Fbf
clwsf+z Alignment leq k/]sf hdLgx¿df zx/Ls/0f e};s]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf ;d:of
k|foM ;a} /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿df /x]sf 5g\ .
• k/fdz{bftfsf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof nfdf] ePsf]n] cfof]hgfsf] v/Lb Joj:yfkg ;+u;+u} n}hfg
s7Lg k/]sf], k/fdz{bftfdf ;DalGwt ;+u7g -l;+rfO{, ;8s, s[lif, lzIff, jftfj/0f_
s} cu|hx¿ -pkNnf] bhf{af6 lgj[Q sd{rf/L_ x'g], pRr of]Uotf / cg'ej ePsfx¿sf]
ljj/0f ( curriculum Vitae ) ;+nUg u/L 5gf}6df kg]{ / lgDg:t/sf hgzlQm sfddf ;+nUg
u/fpg]],tf]lsPsf] Terms of Reference cg';f/ sfd gug]{, sfddf k|ToIf ;+nUg gx'g], sfddf
cfPsf] cg'ko'Qmtfsf] ;DaGwdf k/fdz{bftfsf] s'g} bfloTj gx'g], ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf ljb]zd}
a;]/ :yfgLo Ph]06 dfkm{t sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{, ljQLo sf/f]jf/df p7]sf s}lkmot -a]?h'_ km5\
of}{6 ug{ s7Lg -;8ssf] ADB lgb]{zgfnodf w]/} 7"nf] /sd km/kmf/s x'g afFsL_ kg]{ u/]sf],
• cfof]hgfsf] u'0f:t/Lo k|j]zsf nflu Project Bank, Project Inventory sf] cjwf/0ffut ;f]r
s]xL ;do b]lv ;'? ul/Psf] ePtfklg sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg g;lsPsf],
• th'{df ubf{ Logical Framework k|of]u gul/g] ePsfn] Management Information system
sf] pkof]u u/L glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ g;lsPsf], Monitoring & Evaluation
;xeflutfd"ns / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] gePsf],
• cfof]hgfdf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;Lk, 1fg / cg'ejsf cfwf/df geO{ eg;'g
/ /fhg}lts ;DaGwsf cfwf/df x'g] u/]sfn] pkNnf] txdf km]/jbn cfpg] ljlQs}
cfof]hgfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf x'g] u/]sf], hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ;Dj4 gLlt
-pko'Qm kb:yfkg, Ifdtf ljsf;, ;Lko'Qm tflnd cflb_ sfof{Gjog gx'g],
• cfof]hgf eGg] ljlQs} bftfsf] nufgL ePsf], cTolws ;'ljwf -vfg, a:g, ;jf/L ;fwg
pkof]u ug{, rGbf÷;xfotf, 8f]/ xflh/Ldf hflu/ cflb_ kfO{g] sfof{nosf ¿kdf a'lemg] ePsfn]
;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx¿ / afXo kIf ;d]tsf] dgf]j[ltaf6 e|i6frf/n] a9fjf kfpg] u/]sf],

137
 • cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjosf] cefjdf cfof]hgfsf sfd tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ cl3 a9fpg
g;lsPsf] , lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L jg k}bfj/, 9'+uf,lu6L jfn'jf, lgs'~h
If]qdf k|j]zf1f cflbsf nflu tt\ tt\ lgsfosf tfn's lgsfo aLr ;dGjo x'g g;sL sfddf
afwf kg]{ u/]sf],pbfx/0f– l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] zfvf lj:tf/sf nflu ?v s6fg ug'{kg]{
eO{ jg ljefu / jg dGqfnodf :jLs[ltsf nflu k]z ePsf] sfuhftsf] kmfon x/fpg], km]nf
gkg]{ x'Fb} !! dlxgf kl5 dfq :jLs[ltsf] sfd 6'+uf] nfu]sf] .
• cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] yfngLdf g} s7LgfO{ Faulty Drawing/Design, pko'Qm / oy]i6
hgzlQmsf] cefj, lgdf{0f:ynsf] ;dod} pknAwtf gx'g', Supervision sf] sdL, k/fdz{bftfsf]
lgliqmotf cflbsf sf/0f cfof]hgf k'/f g} gx'g] / e}xfn]df Variation, d"Noj[l4 ;dfof]hg
cflbaf6 nfut j[l4 x'g'sf] ;fy} ;dodf sfo{ ;Dkfbg gx'Fbf klxn] cf+sng ul/Psf] k|ltkmndf
km/s cfpg] u/]sf], pbfx/0f– xfd|f] dWod:of{ª\bL hnljB't cfof]hgf -&) MW) / rLgsf] 3
uh]{h @@,%)) MW sf] cfof]hgf;Fu]} ;'? ePsf]df xfd|f] nfut / ;do b'O{u'0ff eGbf a9L
eO{ ;Sof], rLgsf] 3 uh]{h cfof]hgf ;do eGbf klxn] g} pTkfbg ;'? ug]{ ljZjs} klxnf]
7"nf] cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf b]lvof] . #) MW sf] rd]lnof hnljB'Q cfof]hgf !% jif{ ;Dd
k'/f gx'Fbf To;sf] Payback period, Internal Rate of Return sf] cj:yf s:tf] xf]nf < o;
k|sf/sf ;d:of k|foM ;a} /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿df /x]sf 5g\ .
%= ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf k|of;x¿ M–

d'n'ssf] ;Lldt >f]t;fwg, j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] 7"nf] c+z cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg / sfof{Gjogdf vr{
x'g] u/]sf]df pNn]lvt ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f k|ltkmn cfzfltt x'g g;]sfn] tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . tL k|of;x¿ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M–


hgr]tgfdf cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gn] :yfgLo ;/f]sf/, rf;f] / ;+nUgtfdf j[l4 x'g yfn]sf]
x'Fbf dfudf cfwfl/t cfof]hgfsf] qmdzM yfngL,


bIf k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds j[l4 ;+u} ljutsf] :ynut cWoog g} gu/L
Faulty Drawing,Design / u'0f:t/xLg nfut cg'dfg ug]{ cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] ,

 sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] g]t[Tjn] ;d'lrt dfkb08 sfof{Gjog
ug]{ k|of; ug{ yfn]sf] x'Fbf ljutdf eGbf s]xL ;'wf/sf] qmddf /x]sf] ,

 k|fyldstf k|fKt / /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfdf cfGtl/s jf afx\o h'g;'s} >f]taf6 ah]6
ljlgof]hg ePtfklg sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t e} >f]tsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/Psf] ,

138
  Oversight Agency x¿sf] ;lqmotfsf sf/0f e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkdf ;'wf/fTds k|j[lt
b]lvg yfn]sf] ,

 ljsf;sf ;xfotf kl/rfng ug{ cfjZos j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt,@)%( df kl/dfh{g u/L
ljsf; ;xfotfsf gfddf bftf / k|fks aLrsf] b'/L Go"gLs/0f u/]/ ljutsf cGt{/fli6«o
;Dd]ngx¿af6 k|ltkflbt Harmonization, Ownership, Mutual Accountability, Alignment
and Managing for Development Result ;Dj4 gLltx¿ cem ;'b[9 e} sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf
x'Fbf cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] sfo{bIftf / ljQLo hjfkmb]]lxtf a9\b} cfPsf] 5 ,

 ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]gdf ePsf ;fdlos ;'wf/af6 cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo / lgdf{0f
Joj;foLsf sfd, st{Ao Pj+ bfloTjnfO{ yk :ki6 kf/L hgtfsf] y}nL dflgg] ;fj{hlgs
sf]ifsf] pkfb]otf (Value for Money) clej[l4 ug]{ k|oTg eO{/x]sf] 5 ,

 cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjosf nflu cy{ dGqfnodf Project Response Team u7g ul/Psf] 5 ,

 ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g / lgodfjnL ;+zf]wgsf] qmddf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ ;d]t sfd k|lt lhDd]jf/
t'Nofpg cfjZos k|fjwfg ls6fgL ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;Da4 kIfx¿ aLr 5nkmn e}/x]sf] 5,

 ;|f]t g5/L k|ltkmnsf] oyfy{ u0fgf u/]/, kx"Frsf cfwf/df geO{ jf:tljs cfjZostf / dfu
klxrfg u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ Project Bank sf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]udf Project Bank /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 ,


/fli6«o / dGqfno:t/df ljsf; ;Da4 lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ pRr:t/Lo
;ldltx¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
x/]s dGqfno÷ljefudf cg'udg d"NofÍg dxfzfvfsf] Joj:yf 5, ;ts{tf s]Gb|, dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] sfof{no ;d]taf6 hfFr k/LIf0f ;Fu} cg'udg d"NofÍg x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

^= efjL ;'wf/sf uGtJoM–

xfdLn] cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg u/L cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t,
b'?:t Pj+ k|ltkmno'Qm t'Nofpg cg]sf] k|of;x¿ ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+, tfklg ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g . To;sf nflu cem} sl;nf] k|oTg hf/L /fVg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . To;sf nflu lg/Gt/ k|oTg
u/L uGtAodf k'Ug b]xfosf ;'wf/x¿ ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 M–

 :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjZostf / dfu klxrfg u/L lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog, cfof]hgfsf]
lj:t[t ljj/0f÷k|ltj]bg (Detailed project report) tof/ u/L k|ltkmnsf] u0fgf u/]/
Economically, Financially & Socially favorable eP dfq cfof]hgf cl3 a9fpg], zlQm

139
 / kx"Frsf cfwf/df geO{ oyfy{ ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df Project Bank sf] pipeline af6 dfq
cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug['kb{5,


ljsf; ;xfotf gLltsf] sfo{ljlw cg';f/ dfq ;xfotf kl/rfng ug]{, cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿af6
k|ltkflbt Harmonization, Ownership, Mutual Accountability, Alignment and
Managing for Development Resulth:tf l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t e} Policy & Budgetary
Support dfq ;xfotf lng], hxfF klg, hlt klg / hf] ;'s};Fu cfkm" v';L -cflwsfl/s
lgsfosf] :jLs[lt a]u/_ ;xfotf lng' x'Fb}g,


cfof]hgf ;~rfng ;'v ;'ljwf ljt/0f ug{, /fhg}lts g]t[Tj ;Da4 sfo{stf{sf] e/0f kf]if0f
ug{, cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf gftfuf]tf 3'dlkm/ ug{ u/fpg, cfly{s ;xfotf, rGbf
afF8\g ge} hgtfsf] y}nLsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ pGd'v x'g]
u/L ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5,


;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg cfGtl/saf6 dfq ;Dej gePsfn] afXo ;|f]t lnFbf ;xh zt{ ;Demf}tf /
Go"gtd Aofhb/df lnO{ l56f] k|ltkmn cfpg]df ldtJolotfk"j{s pkof]u ul/g' kb{5,


hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfof]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt cled'vLs/0f u/]/,
cfof]hgf k|d'v;Fu sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf u/]/ cfof]hgfsf] jflif{s nIo / k|ult;Fu ltgsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg, k'/:sf/ / b08, j}b]lzs cWoog e|d0fnfO{ cfj4 u/L cfof]hgf
cjlwe/ sfo{/t /xg] k|aGw ug'{ kb{5 ,


xfdLsxFf cg'udg d"NofÍgsf] kIf w]/} sdhf]/ /x]sf], sfof{Gjogsf] ultljlw leq gkg]{, hf8f]
udL{ 5Ng÷tLYf{f6g÷ko{6gsf nflu cg'udgdf hfg] k|rng /x]sf], cg'udgnfO{ cfGtl/s
lgoGq0fsf] cf}hf/ / d"NofÍgnfO{ pkfb]otf Pj+ ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] d"n lqmofsnfk dfgL ;3g ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5,


cfof]hgf ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ yfngLdf dfq geO{ sfof{Gjogdf ;xefuL t'NofO{ :jfldTj
cg'e"t u/fP/ ;dfkg kl5 ;~rfng Pj+ dd{t ;Def/sf nflu lhDd]jf/ t'Nofpg' kb{5,h;af6
cfof]hgfdf lbuf]kg cfpF5 ,


cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L t'NofO{ cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] lqmofsnfk l56f]
5l/tf] 9+uaf6 cl3 a9fpg ;Dj4 tfn's dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u /
cfof]hgfsf] sfd ;+u ;DalGwt -jg tyf e";+/If0f, e"ld ;'wf/,:yfgLo ljsf;,pBf]u cflb_
dGqfnosf kbflwsf/L ;+nUg ePsf] Rapid Response Team for National Priority Project
:yfkgf u/L ;xhLs/0f t'Nofpg k5{,

140
 
;du| ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] kl/rfng Value for Money df cfwfl/t u/L ;~rfng ug{ k|rlnt
sfg"gsf] cIf/zM kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] kbflwsf/LnfO dfq lhDd]jf/ agfO{ cfof]hgfx¿sf]
ljQLo lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/g' kb{5, clgolddtfdf /dfpg] / sfddf nhfpg] Pj+ h;
vf]:ffvf]; ug]{ / ckh; emf];fem]f; ug]{nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg' x'Gg .

&= lgisif{M–

/fHoaf6 ;~rfng x'g] h'g;'s} sfo{x¿ hgO{R5f / dfudf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{, nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLdf
hgtfsf] y}nL ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{sf/L lgsfox¿ hgk|ltlglw ;+:yf / :jo+ hgtf k|lt pQ/bflo x'g'kg]{,
cfGtl/s jf afx\o h'g;'s} >f]t ePklg /fi6«sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; / hglxtdf dfq pkof]u ul/g' kg]{
x'Fbf cfof]hgfsf] Joj:yfkg Pj+ ;~rfng ;Dj4 ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿ o;} dfu{ bz{gaf6 kl/rflnt x'g'
kb{5 . wgsf] pkof]u ubf{ ;s];Dd a9L eGbf a9L k|ltkmn cfpg] u/L kl/rfng ug{ gLltut, sfg"gL
/ sfo{ljlwhGo lqmofsnfknfO{ dfkb08df cfwfl/t :t/Lo t'Nofpg kb{5 . cfof]hgfdf ;+nUg x'g]
sfof{Gjog OsfO{ , ltgsf] tfn's lgsfox¿, sfof{Gjogdf /f]huf/L kfpg] lgdf{0f Joj;foL, k/fdz{bftf
Pj+ k|ltkmn lng] nfeu|fxL ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 lhDd]jf/ e} sfFwdf lhDd]jf/L, dlitisdf
;dembf/L / x|bodf O{dfGbf/L jxg u/L dg, arg / sd{n] of]ubfg lbg'kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
 Project Management –Madhuraman Aacharya, Business of Bureaucracy.
 ljsf; cfof]hgf lgof]hg tyf Joj:yfkg– tLy{/fh 9sfn, ;x;lrj, /f=of]= cfof]u,
k/fu (PARAG) rf}yf] c+s
 ljsf; Joj:yfkg – CEMID- Nepal.
 cfof]hgf k|:tfj n]vg– l;x+/fh pk|]tL, Staff College, Jwalakhel
 Google Search.

141
 lghfdtL ;]jf / o;df ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/

– lzj/fd Gof}kfg]*

;f/f+z
;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfo{sfl/0fL ;+oGqsf ¿kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|d'v bfloTj ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ lg/Gt/ st{Jolgi6 /xg' xf] . ;/sf/n] /fv]sf] ;f]r tyf lnPsf] nIosf]
;kmntfsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf Pj+ of]ubfg dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ / hgtfsf] r]tgf Pj+ j9\bf] cfsf+Iffsf sf/0f ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/L
j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod u/L hgtfsf] ;/sf/k|ltsf] ljZjf; j[l4 ub}{ nfg'
jt{dfg k|d'v r'gf}tL xf] . qmdzM r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'+b} uPsf] ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;xh¿kdf
lgjf{x ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lhDd]jf/L, Ifdtf, cu|;/tfn] g} ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . nf]stflGqs
zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf hgtfk|lt ;dlk{t agfpg ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf x'g' clgjfo{
dflgG5 . k|z:t gLlt lgodx¿ / k|lta4tf k|s6 ub}{ cfPsf] ePklg d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf
;Gtf]ifhgs x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;f] gx'g'df ;]jf k|bfossf] lhDd]jf/Ldf a;]sfx¿df ;sf/fTds
;f]rsf] sdL, sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogdf lkmtnf]kg, cg'udg / d"Nof°gsf] ck|efjsfl/tf,
sfo{qmdx¿df k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cefj, sfd sf/jfxLdf cTolws /fhgLlts/0f, hjfkmb]xL
/ pQ/bfloTjsf] ;+:s[ltsf] cefj, b08xLg ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;, lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ,
g}ltstfdf x«f;, ;bfrf/o'Qm ;+:s[ltsf] cefj / cfTds]lGb|t k|j[lQ h:tf sf/0fx¿ /x]sf
5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf o:tf ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f ;/sf/sf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx¿
k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf Pstkm{ /x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] ;/sf/sf]
cf:yf Pj+ e/f];f klg sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;d;fdlos ;'wf/
ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu /fhgLltdf OR5fzlQm, sd{rf/LtGqdf ;Ifdtf, cg'zf;g /
k]zfut bIftf h?/L ePsf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld

/fHo k|zf;gsf] h+uL, k|x/L ;]jf jfx]ssf k|zf;sLo / cbfntL ;j} lgsfox¿ cGtu{tsf] ;]jf
lghfdtL ;]jf xf] . j]J:6;{sf] gofF zAbsf]if cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] k|zf;sLo ;]jf (The
administrative service of a government) / lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;b:osf] cy{

* pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

142
lbOPsf] 5 . k|zf;gsf zJbsf]ifx¿df ;fdfGo ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ug]{
;]jf jf ;+oGqsf ¿kdf j'em\g] ul/G5 . of] /fHosf] sd{rf/LtGq xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;/sf/
cGtu{t sfd ug]{ JolQm h;sf] lgo'lQm /fhg}lts ;+/IfsTjsf cfwf/df ge} of]Uotfsf cfwf/df ul/Psf]
x'G5 elgPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;/sf/sf] sf6\g] wf/ jf ;/sf/sf] lqmoflzntf klg elgG5 . O{=k'= @)^
df rLgdf xfgj+zsf zf;sx¿n] ;j{1ftf (Generalist) sf] zlQmzfnL "d}08fl/g " sd{rf/LtGqsf]
;'?cft u/] . o;}nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] klxnf] ¿k elgG5 . ;qf+} ztflJbdf hd{gLdf 5flgPsf s'zn
JolQmx¿jf6 "gful/s ;]jf " k|zf;g u7g ePsf] lyof] . d}S;j]j/n] o;} cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{
lghfdtL ;]jf ljsf; u/]sf x'g\ . ;g\ !*%% df j]nfotn] ;xfos:t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm ubf{
of]Uotfsf cfwf/df ug]{ k4lt k|f/De ePkl5 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t ;Ifd ;+oGqsf ¿kdf
ljsf; ug{] yfngL ePsf] xf] .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@^ df lghfdtL ;]jf eGgfn] ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg /
;z:q k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf]
cGo ;]jf jf kb afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg] pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . lghfdlt ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] bkmf tLgdf ljleGg bzj6f ;]jfx¿ g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf
tyf tYof+s ;]jf, g]kfn OlGhlgo/ ;]jf, g]kfn s[lif ;]jf, g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, g]kfn k//fi6\ ;]jf,
g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f, g]kfn jg ;]jf, g]kfn lzIff ;]jf, g]kfn ljljw ;]jfnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ¿kdf
kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ lj=;+= @)!# ;fn eGbf cufl8
lghfdtL ;]jf ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . d"ntM khgL k|yfaf6 ljsf; ePsf] g]kfnsf] sd{rf/L
k|zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ @))( ;fndf ul7t a'r sld;gsf] k|ltj]bgn] k|z:t cfwf/ / dfu{bz{g
u/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;f] sld;gsf] k|ltj]bgn] b]zleq}af6 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ w]/} hf]8 lbPsf]
b]lvb}g .

tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u, @)!# n]
lbPsf ;'emfjx¿ w]/}h;f] tTsfn} sfof{Gjogdf NofOP . of] cfof]usf] ;'emfj adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf
;~rfngsf nflu P]g, lgod / sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f ul/of] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!#, lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)!#, ;lrjfno sfo{ljlw, @)!# h:tf sfg'gL Joj:yf eO{ lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut
ug{ k|f/De ul/of] . kbk"lt{sf nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ lqmofzLn u/fOof] . k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf
nflu k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw -lgoldt_ ug]{ P]g, @)!#, k|fb]lzs ljsf; of]hgf -sfof{lGjt_ ug]{ P]g,
@)!#, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& nufotsf ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ ul/P . d'n'snfO{ lhNnf,
c~rn / kl5 ljsf;If]qsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L k|zf;sLo clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/of] . k|zf;g /
ljsf;nfO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;gaf6 ;fy;fy} ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o:tf] k[i7e"ld / kl/j]zaf6 ljsf;
ePsf] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;g ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf] klg sl/a ^ bzs eO;s]sf]
5 . oltv]/ k|zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlwsf] nflu bh{gf} sfg'gx¿ hf/L ePsf 5g\ .
lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;~rfngsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)

143
/x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo k|zf;g ;DaGwL P]g, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL P]gn] klg sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf,
lhDd]jf/L kl/eflift u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g,@)^$, ;"rgfsf] xs
;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)^# nufotsf sfg'gL k|aGwx¿n] lghfdtL k|zf;g ;~rfng
/ Joj:yfkg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# n] g]kfn ;/sf/n]
d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;]jfx¿ u7g ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf
;]jfx¿sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf u/L ;+j}wflgs
dfGotf ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o:tf sfg"gL cfwf/sf ;fy} ;+u7gfTds ;+hfnsf cfwf/df d'n'se/L
lghfdtL ;]jfsf dfWodjf6 ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePsf
ljleGg ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f ;]jfjf6 ck]Iffs[t sfo{;Dkfbg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;]jfk|ltsf] hgljZjf; Pj+ ;/sf/L e/f];f sfod ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljz]iftf Pj+ e"ldsf

;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfo{sfl/0fL ;+oGqsf ¿kdf /xg] lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff ;+u;+u} d"ntM
k|zf;lgs lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/ b]lvg] kIfdfq xf] eg] lghfdtL ;]jf
cg'e"lt ul/g] kIf xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ d"n p2]Zodf /fvL ;/sf/sf] lg0f{onfO{ lg/Gt/ lgikIf
x'g]u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj ePsf sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jfsf] rl/q t6:y / lbuf] x'g] ub{5 . ;fdfGotM
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ x'g] tYodf ;j{;Ddt /x]sf] kfOG5 M
!= of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ePsf] x'g]
@= /fhgLlts ¿kdf t6:y eP/ sfd ug]{
#= /fHosf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf /xg]
$= ;]jfsf] sfg"gL cfwf/ ePsf] x'g]
%= ;]jf Jofj;flos ;d"xsf] ;+o'Qm :j¿k xf]
^= ;]jfdf lglZrt j[lt ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ x'g]
&= u}/ ;}lgs k|s[ltsf] x'g]
*= lglZrt ;'ljwf / j]tgdfg x'g]
(= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt ;dlk{t ePsf] x'g]
!)= ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff x'g] .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf

;/sf/sf] ;kmntf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cu|;/tf / lhDd]jf/Ldf lge{/ /xg] sf/0f ;]jfnfO{ sfo{sfl/0fLsf
;fy} ;Nnfxfsf/L e"ldsfdf ;d]t ;+nUg u/fpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fHosf] e"ldsfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
sfo{nfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ;/sf/åf/f sfg'gL Joj:yf, gLltut dfGotfsf] th'{df, ;+/rgfut Joj:yf /
hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ gLlt

144
lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;xof]u u/L To:tf gLltx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] lhDdf kfPsf] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gn] sd{rf/LtGqsf] dfWodaf6 pQm sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ub{5 . d"ntM ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df,
sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"NofÍg Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d]¿b08sf] ¿kdf /xL sd{rf/LtGqsf u'0f /
ljz]iftf cg';f/ d'n'sL k|zf;gnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf] 5 .
• :yfoL ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] - ;/sf/ gePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t /fHo ;+rfngnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg]_
• ;/sf/sf] ;Nnfxsf/ / k/fdz{bftfsf ¿kdf /xg]
• gLlt, of]hgf, sfg"g, lg0f{ox¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
• ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joa:yfkg Pj+ kl/rfng ug]{
• lgikIf Pj+ Goflos ;]jf k|jfx ug]{
• cGt//fli6«o ;GwL, ;Demf}tf tyf ;f] cg'¿ksf] sfof{Gjogsf] Joa:yfdf e"ldsf .
• dWojtL{sf] e"ldsf M ;/sf/ Pj+ gful/ssf jLrdf k'nsf ¿kdf e"ldsf
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg ;+/rgf / hgzlQm ljj/0f M

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|df k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t u/L dGqfnox¿ @&, ;+j}wflgs
lgsfox¿ – ^, ljefuLo:t/sf sfof{nox¿ – &@, If]qLo:t/sf sfof{nox¿ – !$(, c~rn
sfof{nox¿ – #)^, lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nox¿ – !,^@@, Onfsf:t/Lo – %,#!&, 5g\ . ljsf;
;ldlt cGtu{tsf :jfoQ ;+:yfx¿ !#^ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ #& 5g\ . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf
s]Gb|Ls[t k|s[ltsf] 5 . %)Ü sd{rf/Lx¿ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf sfo{/t 5g\ . clws[t:t/sf $#Ü
sd{rf/Lx¿ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf sfo{/t 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;xfos / >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lsf]
afx'Notf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sl/a &* k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿ of] ;d"xdf kb{5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfleq /x]sf
ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"x cGtu{tsf k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgs kbx¿df :yfoL, c:yfoL Pj+ s/f/
;]jfaf6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kbk"lt{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbx¿df :yfoL lgo'lQm nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/; adf]lhd x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] s]xL k|fljlws Pj+ k|zf;lgs kbx¿ c:yfoL ¿kdf lgo'Qm u/L sfd
u/fOPsf] 5 . sfof{no ;xof]uL, ;jf/L rfns, dfnL, sfof{no ;'/Iff cflb sfdsf nflu s/f/ ;]jfaf6
sd{rf/Lx¿ lnO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/g] ul/Psf] 5 .

tx / ln·sf cfwf/df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljj/0f

tx k'¿if k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltzt hDdf k|ltzt txut k|ltzt
/fhkqflÍt !%,(*# *(=)Ü !,(&! !!=)Ü !&,(%$ !))Ü @@=$Ü
/fhkq cglÍt #@,^*& &*=*Ü *,&&$ @!=@Ü $!,$^! !))Ü %!=*Ü
>]0fL ljxLg !(,!&% (@=&Ü !,%!* &=#Ü @),^(# !))Ü @%=*Ü
hDdf ^&,*$% *$=&Ü !@,@^# !%=#Ü *),!)* !))Ü !))Ü
;|f]t M k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg @)&)

145
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] hgzlQmsf] ;Vof cf+sng ubf{ lj=;+= @))& ;fndf @*,)$& sf] ;+Vofdf l;ldt
/x]sf] hgzlQm lj=;= @)$* ;fndf cfOk'Ubf !,)@,&$ df k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts
kl/jt{g;+u} g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] d"No, dfGotf, l;4fGt, gLlt, sfg"gdf kl/jt{g eof] . kmn:j¿k
lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf] hgzlQmnfO{ 36fpg] sfo{ eof] . 5l/tf] t/ j9L pTkfbsTj hgzlQm jgfpg]
p2]Zojf6 ljB'tLo k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cgfjZos hgzlQm s6f}tL ug]{ k|of; ul/of] . @)$^ k'j{;Dd
g]kfndf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] ePtfklg To;kl5 qmdzM sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof
36\b} uP/ @)&! r}q;Dd sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof *),%)) sf] xf/fxfl/df /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

d'n'ssf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ ;fy} hgtfsf] j9\bf] r]tgfsf] :t/ Pj+ cfsf+Iff ;d]tsf sf/0f ;]jfu|fxLnfO{
lbg'kg]{ 5l/tf] / :t/Lo ;]jfsf sf/0f df}h'bf hgzlQmsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf]
5 . cGt//fli6«o k|zf;lgs l;4fGt Pj+ dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/ jgfpbf ;d]t g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
hgzlQmsf] ;+Vofdf s]xL j[l4 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . d"ntM hgtfn] k|ToIf ;Dks{ u/L ;]jf lng] lgsfox¿
h:t} :yfgLo lgsfox¿, :yfgLo k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿, :yfgLo k|fljlws sfof{nox¿sf] b/jGbLdf
j9\bf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L Pj+ l56f] / :t/Lo ;]jf lbg'kg]{ sf/0f df}h'bf b/jGbLdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
kl/jlt{t ;Gb{edf ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf v8f ePsf ;+u7gx¿sf ;fy} ljB'tLo k|ljlwsf sf/0f sfo{If]qdf
;+s'rg ePsf lgsfox¿sf] b/jGbL s6f}tL u/L ;]jfu|fxL Pj+ sfo{If]q j[l4 ePsf lgsfox¿df hgzlQm
j[l4 ub}{ hfg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg ;d:ofx¿ M

• g]t[Tjsf] lglxt :jfy{sf sf/0f ljleGg ;]jfdf cgfjZos ;+u7g ;+/rgf v8f u/L ;]jf e2f,
cg'Tkfbs, vlr{nf], lgliqmo ePsf] 5 . ;dfgfGt/ ;+u7gx¿ vf/]h x'g g;s]sf] . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{
cg'¿k ;[hgf ug'{kg]{ b/jGbL ;[hgf ug{ g;lsPsf] Pj+ vf/]h jf s6f}tL ub}{ hfg'kg]{ b/jGbL s6f}tL
ug{ g;lsPsf] .
• lghfdtL ;]jfdf hgzlQm ljsf;sf 7f]; of]hgf jGg ;s]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu cfjZos
x'g] hgzlQmsf ljifodf cWoog Pj+ ljZn]if0f u/L k"j{ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljZjljBfnosf]
pTkfbg / b]zsf] cfjZostf d]n gvfPsf] cj:yf sfod /x]sf] .
• ;+:yfut ;+emgf (Institutional Memory) sfod /fVg g;lsPsf sf/0f /]s8{{ Joa:yfkg sdhf]/
ePsf] 5 . sdhf]/ lg0f{o ug]{, km/s lg0f{o Pj+ JofVof ug]{ k|j[lt ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 lg0f{o
ljjfb Pj+ sfo{fGjogdf lgliqmotf cfPsf] .
• x/]s k6s ul/g] ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wgsf sf/0f ;]jfsf] kbf]Gglt nufotsf j[lt
ljsf;sf cj;/x¿df clglZrttf /x]sf] 5 . ;]jfleq 5f]6f] ;dod} j9'jf eO{ dflyNnf] kbsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg], nfdf] ;do;Dd j9'jf gx'Fbf ljt[i0ff ;[hgf x'g], ;]jf ;d"x cg';f/ km/s
c;j/ Pj+ ;'ljwfsf sf/0f ;+f7lgs 4G4 ;d]t /x]sf] . kbf]Gglt cg'dfgof]Uo x'g g;s]sf] .

146
• lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ j9L lhDd]jf/ u/fpg] k|d'v cfwf/sfo{ ljj/0f / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfa4tf
/x]sf] b]lvFb}g . d"NofÍgsf] k|lqmof / cEof; j:t'ut x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . a9'jfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/
sf=;=d"=sf] cÍ 36a9 ug]{ cf/f]k ;d]t /x]sf] .
• ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿df g}ltstf OdfGbfl/tf sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]an pRr
5}g . ;bfrf/ ;+:s[ltsf] qmdzM cefj b]lvFb}5 . e|i6frf/sf] ;"rsfÍdf sdhf]/ cj:yf b]lvFb}5 .
lghfdtL k|zf;gk|ltsf] ljZjf; / e/f];fdf qmdzM x|f; cfO/x]sf] . lhDd]jf/L lng] eGbf kG5fpg]
k|j[lQ j[l4 ePsf] .
• ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL gLltsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] 5 . Pp6} JolQmn] k6s k6s cf/If0fsf] cj;/ lng
kfpg], ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] ljefhg j}1flgs x'g g;s]sf], ;dfj]zLsf] cj;/ nlIot ju{n] eGbf
;+e|fGt ju{n] lng] u/]sf], ;dfj]zL kbx¿df kof{Kt pDd]bjf/ gePsf] .
• lghfdtL ;]jf k|ljlwd}qL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfuh Pj k|lqmofd'vL sfo{ k4lt sfod} ePsf sf/0f
l9nf];':tL, vlr{nf], ckf/blz{ ePsf] .
• b08 / k'/:sf/sf] j:t'lgi7 k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k'/:sf/nfO{ ;Lldt t'NofOPsf] 5 . k|foM of]
s]Gb|df dfq ;Lldt 5 . o;sf cfwf/x¿ j:t'ut x'g g;s]sf] .
• /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj jLrsf] ;DjGw sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f Ps csf{nfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f u/L
lhDd]jf/Ljf6 klG5g] k|j[lt ljsf; ePsf] .
• ;]jfleqsf] 6]\8 o'lgogsf] ;'ljwfn] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] d"No, dfGotf, l;4fGtnfO{ x|f; u/L ;]jfnfO{ cljZj;lgo,
cg'Tkfbs / u}/ lhDd]jf/ jgfpb} nu]sf] .
• lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf] 58\s] k|j]zsf] cj;/ lghfdtL ;]jfleqs} sd{rf/Ln] lng] u/]sf sf/0f
;]jfleq jfx\o ;f]r, k|ljlw, gljgtf lelqg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;]jfleqsf ckl/kSj JolQm pRr kbdf
k'Ubf sfo{;Dkfbg sdhf]/ x'g'sf ;fy} jl/i7 sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ pTkfbsTjdf ;d]t x|f; cfPsf] .
• ;]jfdf sfo{pTk|]/0ff sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . ;+lrt ljbfsf] /sd gkfpg] Joa:yfn] cgfjZos ¿kdf
sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt x'g], kof{Kt tna ;'ljwf gx'Fbf hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu j}slNks cj;/x¿sf]
vf]hL ug'{kg]{, ;+:yfnfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{ tnaeQf yk lbg] sfo{n] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ dgf]jn sdhf]/
/x]sf] .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/
!= ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ r':t / j}1flgs u/fpg] M
cfjZostf, cf}lrTotf, ;fGble{stfsf cfwf/df k|efjsfl/tf x'g ;Sg] k"jf{j:yf lgdf{0f u/]/ dfq
;+/rgf :yfkgf ug]{ . g]t[Tjsf] lglxt :jfy{sf nflu k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf u7g gug]{ .

147
@= j:t'lgi7 / j}1flgs cfwf/df kb / b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{
j:t'lgi7 j}1flgs cfwf/df dfq gofF kb / b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ . Organization and Management (O
& M) Survey u/]/dfq b/jGbL :jLs[t ug]{ sfo{nfO{ clgjfo{ ug]{ .
#= hgzlQm of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{ k"j{sf] cj:yfb]lv cjsfz kl5;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ cf+sng u/L hgzlQm of]hgfsf]
th'{df ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQmsf] cf+sng Pj+ ljZn]if0f u/L hgzlQm
cfk"lt{ ug]{ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿;+u ;xsfo{ ug]{ .
$= pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf nfu" ug]{
lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;+:yfut ;+emgf (Institutional Memory) sfod /fVg Pjd\ sfo{ ;~rfngdf
k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;n] lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ :ki6
agfpFb5 . g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpFb5 . gLltut lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
%= ;lrj a9'jf k4ltdf ;'wf/ Pjd\ ;¿jf ubf{ ljz]if ;+oGq dfkm{t ug]{
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jfsf nflu a9'jf ;ldltn] a9Ldf l/Qm kbsf]
kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd yk pDd]b\jf/ l;kmfl/; ug]{ u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgoddf ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ .
;fy} /fhkqflÍt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;¿jfsf nflu k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqL /
g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj ;b:o /x]sf] ;ldlt agfO{ ;f] ;ldltn] ;¿jf ug]{ / s'g} klg dGqfnosf]
;lrjnfO{ sDtLdf Ps jif{ gk'uL ;¿jf gug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .
^= ;¿jf kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg]
;¿jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo / ;doa4 u/fpg' kg]{ . b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{
cfsif{s agfO{ ;f] If]qdf ;¿jf eO{ hfg pTk|]l/t ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . b'u{d If]qdf tf]s]sf] cjlw k"/f
ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;¿jfdf k|fyldstf lbg] . s]Gb|Lo:t/af6 lhNnf:t/ / lhNnf:t/af6 s]Gb|Lo:t/df
;¿jf ug]{ cEof; Jojxf/df :yflkt ug'{kg]{ .
&= kbf]Ggltsf] :ki6 dfkb08 tof/ ug]{
gsf/fTds ;"rLdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s h]i7tfdf cfwfl/t a9'jf k4lt -Jofr k|df];g_ pko'Qm
x'g] b]lvG5 . o;n] kbf]Gglt k|lqmofnfO{ j:t'ut / cg'dfgof]Uo ;d]t agfpFb5 . a9'jf ;ldltsf]
;lrjfnonfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf /fvL cfof]usf] ;lrjnfO{ ;b:o ;lrj agfpg' pko'Qm x'g] .
*= sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof°g j:t'ut / j}1flgs agfpg]
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg cf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbgd"NofÍgnfO{ ;ª\u7gsf]
gLlt, p2]Zo, pknlAw / glthf;Fu cfa4 u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . d"NofÍgsf cfwf/, cÍ lbg] tl/sf
/ d"NofÍgstf{df ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍgsf nflu ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6

148
;j]{If0fnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . d"NofÍgsf nflu :ki6 ;"rs / dfkb08 tof/ u/L sfo{ ljj/0f;Fu
o;nfO{ cfa4 ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
(= cWoog ÷cjnf]sgnfO{ kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg]
ljb]z cWoog Pjd\ cjnf]sgsf nflu ul/g] dgf]gog j:t'ut /x]sf] 5}g . ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'gn]
lglZrt u/]sf] cfwf/x¿sf] klg kfngf ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . ;a} ;]jf ;d"x / txdf cj;/sf] ;dfg'kflts
ljt/0f x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . o;sf nflu lglZrt dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f / ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 5fqj[lQsf] pkof]u u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] ;DalGwt sfo{If]qdf lglZrt ;do ;]jf ug'{kg]{
Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
!)= bIf hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{
nf]s ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{df h'g¿kdf ;+VofTds j[l4 ePsf] 5, u'0ffTds j[l4 klg ;f]xL ¿kdf ug'{kg]{ .
ljZjljBfnosf pTs[i6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug]{ u/L kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf k'g/fjnf]sg
ug'{ kg]{ . ;]jf, zt{, ;'ljwf, ;'/Iff / cfTd;Ddfg h:tf ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf]
cfsif{0f a9fpg' kg]{ .
!!= ;dfj]zLs/0f ;]jf k|j]z txdf dfq s]lGb|t ug]{
ljutsf] t'ngfdf lghfdtL k|zf;g ;dfj]zL x'g yfn]sf] 5 . cf/If0fnfO{ lglZrt ;do ;Ldfdf ;Lldt
/fvL ;zlQms/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g' kb{5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'Fr sfod x'g] u/L of] gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z
txdf s]lGb|t ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
!@= tna ;'ljwf ;dofg's"n j[l4 ug]{
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] tna eQf / ;]jf ;'ljwf lgjf{xd'vL dfq /x]sf] 5 . u}/
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] t'ngfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] tna eQf ;'ljwfnfO{ ;Ddfghgs u/fpg' h?/L ePsf] 5 .
Pslbgsf] tna j/fj/sf] u]|8sf] ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{ . d'Vo ;lrjn] b'O{ u|]8;Dd / ;lrjn] rf/ u|]8;Dd
kfpg] u/L Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ . tNnf] kb / dflyNnf] kbsf] tnasf] cg'kft !M% sfod ug]{ cGo b]zsf]
cEof;nfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .
!#= k|ljlwd}qL k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug]{
lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg;Fu cfj4 ug{ ;s]df ;]jf ljt/0f l56f], 5l/tf],
kf/bzL{ / cg'dfgof]Uo x'g ;S5 . ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ u/L k|ljlwd}qL
k|zf;g :yfkgf ug'{ kg]{ .
!$= b08 / k'/:sf/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug]{
b08 k'/:sf/nfO{ j:t'ut u/fpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . k'/:sf/ kfpg]sf] JolQmTj, of]ubfg, cfr/0f, cg'zf;g,
g}ltstf / ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf k|fKt u/]sf] VofltnfO{ ;d]t dfkb08df ;d]l6g' kb{5 .

149
!%= lg0f{o k|lqmof 5f]6f] / kf/bzL{ agfpg]
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ hfg' kb{5 . s'g} klg lg0f{ok"j{ To;n] kfg]{ k|efjsf]
cf+sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ / ;xeflutfd"ns u/fOg' kb{5 .
l6Kk0fL k|lqmofnfO{ 5l/tf] / Jojl:yt ul/g' kb{5 . lg0f{osf] clen]v k4ltnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L ;+:yfut
;+emgf sfod u/fpg' kb{5 .
!^= pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{ sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ To;sf] cfwf/df d"Nof°g ug]{
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ Pj+ pQ/bfloTj jxg u/fpg sfo{ ljj/0fnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/
jgfpg' kb{5 . sfo{ljj/0fnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg;Fu cfa4 ug'{ kb{5 . sfo{ ljj/0fnfO{ j:t'ut
agfO{ ;a} txsf hgzlQmnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf sfo{ ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ / ;f]xL sfo{ ljj/0f Pjd\
sfo{k|ultsf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ kl/kf6L cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 .
!&= /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{
/fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs g]tT[ jsf] 4G4nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . r]tgzLn, OdfGbf/ / g}ltsjfg
JolQmnfO{ g]tT[ jdf nfg] / df}hb' f sfg"gL Joa:yfnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy kfngf ug]{ Joa:yf ul/g' kb{5 . sfg"g
Pj+ k4lt ljkl/tsf cfb]z, lg0f{o jf bjfjsf lj?4df p7\g ;Sg] cfwf/x¿ tof/ ul/g' kb{5 . oL b'a}
zlQmx¿ cf–cfˆgf ;Ldfdf /xg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|i6 ;Ldf/]vf 5'l§g' h¿/L ePsf] 5 .
!*= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ hgljZjf;of]Uo u/fpg' kb{5 . hgtfsf ck]Iff / cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Djf]wg
ug{;Sg] u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf cfwf/x¿df ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ gLlt / k|lqmofnfO{
;/n, ;xh / kl/0ffd'vL u/fpg' kb{5 . cfd gful/sn] ;/sf/af6 kfpg'kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf ;/n, ;xh,
kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .
!(= sfo{ ;~rfng lbUbz{g tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{
x/]s sfof{non] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdnfO{ pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg Pjd\ Ps¿ktfk"j{s
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] sfo{ ;~rfng lbUbz{g -Standard Operation
Procedure (SOP)_ tof/ u/L nfu" ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
@)= e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf lgoGq0f ug]{
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf sfo{nfO{ cfj]]z / nx8df s]Gb|Lt ul/g' x'Fb}g . e|i6frf/sf ;+j]bgzLn If]q klxrfg
u/L tL If]qdf sfo{ s]Gb|Lt ul/g' kb{5 . e|i6frf/ lj?4sf sfo{nfO{ ;+VofTds eGbf u'0ffTds u/fpg]tkm{
pGd'v x'g' h?/L 5 e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] k|of;df cfd gful/ssf] ;xsfo{ cfjZos 5 . e|i6frf/
lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo dxf;lGwsf] kIf eO;s]sf] eP klg ;f] dxf;lGwsf] cg's"n x'g] u/L sfg'gL
Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g;s]sf] 5}g . sfg'gdf kl/dfh{g ;lxt lgoGq0f lgsfox¿nfO{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQm
kof{Kt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

150
@!= cjsfzsf] pd]/df Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cjsf;sf] pd]/sf] xbnfO{ ^) jif{ sfod ul/g' kb{5 . cf}ift cfo'df cfPsf] ;'wf/ /
lgj[Qe/0fdf kg]{ ef/, ;fwf/0f vr{sf] s6f}tL, cg'ejL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf lng] b[li6sf]0faf6 pd]/sf] ;Ldf
k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ ePsf] xf] . bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fsf] ¿kdf of] ljifodf gLltut Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
@@= ;]jf s/f/sf] Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{
JolQm s/f/sf] k|j[lQsf sf/0f of]Uo JolQm ;]jfdf gcfpg] ;fy} To:tf JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ ;d]t
sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f ;]jf jf ;+:yf s/f/nfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g' kb{5 . cg'zf;g cfr/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L
¿kdf nfu" ul/g' kb{5 . :jLs[t :yfoL b/aGbLdf ;d]t ;]jf s/f/ u/L sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ k|j[lt ePsf]n]
of] ljifodf cjwf/0ffut¿kdf :ki6 x'g'kg]{ / o;sf] cEof;df k'g/fjnf]sg ug['{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
@#= 6«]8 o'lgogsf] Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{
6]\8 o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ffjf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/df Go"gtd cfwf/;d]t k|fKt x'g g;s]sf sf/0f
o'lgogsf] Joa:yf vf/]h ug]{ jf Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;+rfng ug]{ eGg] ljifodf cWoog, ljZn]if0f /
5nkmn ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cEof;n] kf/]sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds
k|efjsf] d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . cGo b]zn] cjnDag u/]sf cEof; ;d]tnfO{ cWoog u/L 6«]8
o'lgogsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
@$= cfr/0f / cg'zf;gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ s7f]/tfk"j{s nfu" ug]{
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ cg'zf;g / cfr/0fsf] k|of]u / kl/kfngfnfO 7f]; u/fpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] g}ltstf, OdfGbfl/tfnfO{ d'Vo wd{sf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 . g}lts d"No dfGotfdf
pRr k|fyldstf lbg] / o:tf sfo{df dxTj lbg] sd{rf/LnfO{ j[lt ljsf;sf] cj;/ lbg] ug'{ kb{5 .
cfr/0f lj?4sf lqmofsnfksf] /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs ;+/If0f ug]{ k|j[ltnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ul/g' kb{5 .
o;sf nflu g]t[Tj txsf] r]tgf / lhDd]jf/Ldf j[l4 ul/g' kb{5 . cg'zf;g / cfr/0fsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogdf lhDd]jf/ x'g'k5{ .
@%= k]G;g sf]if ;DaGwL gofF gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{
lgj[te/0fdf j:g] JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf ;Gbe{df ;|f]t cefjsf sf/0f lghfdtL
;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfsif{0f k]G;g gkfpg] cj:yf cfpg;Sg] ePsfn] k]G;gnfO{ sf]ifdf cfwfl/t ul/g'
h?/L e};s]sf] 5 . of] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;dodf ;Daf]wg ug{ g;lsPdf To;n] cy{tGqdf g} g/fd|f] k|efj kfg{
;S5 . of] ljifodf bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fvL k]G;g;DaGwL gofF /0fgLlt cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf
/x]sf] 5 .
@^= ljbfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{
;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] ;ª\Vof cTolws ePsf sf/0f o;df k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;do kof{Kt j[l4 ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . k|zf;lgs vr{df j[l4 x'g] t/ ;/sf/L ;]jfk|jfx k|efjsf/L

151
g'xg] u/]sf ;Gbe{df cgfjZos ;fj{hlgs ljbf s6f}tL ug]{ ;fy} sd{rf/Ln] ;+lrt ug]{ 3/ ljbf, kj{ ljbf
nufotsf ljbfsf] jflif{s ¿kdf /sd pknJw u/fpg] Joa:yf ug'{kg]{ .
@&= ;]jf ;d"xdf k|j]zsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf Go"gtd of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf sd{rf/Ln] ;j} ;]jf ;d"xdf
k|ltikwf{ ug{ kfpg] Joa:yf ul/g' kb{5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] PsLs[t k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ cEof; ul/;s]sf]
cj:yfdf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfnfO{ ;]jf ;d"xdf ;Lldt gu/L k|ltikwf{ / cj;/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg'{kg]{
cfjZostf 5 . o;jf6 l;ldt JolQmsf] jr{:j sfod eO ;]jfleq v'lDrP/ j;]sf] sdhf]/ Ifdtf,
sdhf]/ pTkfbsTj Pj+ sdhf]/ u'0f:t/nfO{ kl/k"0f{ ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . ;fy} /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fLaf6
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfdfkm{t /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fLdf hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf k'gM :yflkt ug'{ kb{5 .
@*= j9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] e"ldsf nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lbg]
j9'jf ;ldltsf] cWoIftf nf]s ;]jf cfof]ujf6 x'g] cj:yfdf ;f] ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno klg cfof]ud}
/xg] Joa:yf ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . j9'jf ;ldltsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf lj?4df j9\b} uPsf] ph'/Lsf ;fy}
ljjfb ;d]tsf sf/0f o;sf] lhDd]jf/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf ;fg'{ ;fGble{s ePsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflÍt kbdf ul/g] a9'jf ;ldltdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿ x'g] / ;f] ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o
pk/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf ph'/L nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . a9'jf ;ldltdf a;]sf ;b:ox¿;d]t a9'jf ph'/Lsf]
5fgljg Pjd\ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] t/ pkl:yltdf b:tvt gug]{ kl/kf6L ;d]t ljsf; ePsf]
sf/0f o;tkm{ Wofg lbgkg]{ ePsf] 5 .
@(= b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jfnfO{ cfsif{s u/fpg] M
b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ ga:g], cg]sg axfgfdf sf7df8f}+ Pjd\ ;'uddf a:g
¿rfpg] k|j[ltnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ b'u{d If]qdf Go"gtd @ ;]jf u/]kl5 dfq j9'jfsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g
kfpg] Joa:yf ug'{kg]{ . ;fy} j}b]lzs 5fqjltsf cj;/, tna eQf nufotsf j[lt ljsf;sf cj;/x¿
;d]tsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g' kb{5 .
#)= cg'udg / d"Nof°gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
sfo{ ljj/0f, sfo{ k|lqmof, ;Dkfbg u/]sf] lhDd]jf/L o;n] kf/]sf] k|efj, lbPsf] glthf / pTkfbsTjsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L cg'udg d"NofÍgsf ;"rsx¿ tof/ ul/g' kb{5 . o;nfO{ cf}krfl/s
k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf dfq glnO{ ;'wf/tkm{sf] clgjfo{ k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf lng' kb{5 .
lgisif{ M

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lhDd]jf/L, Ifdtf, cu|;/tf / sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ gu/L ;/sf/sf] ;'zf;gsf]
cleofgn] ultlng g;Sg] tYo :ki6 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] ;f]r Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{
z}nLdf ;'wf/ u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf lj;+ult / ljs[ltx¿ lgoGq0f ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . hgtfsf] j9\bf]

152
cfsf+Iffsf ;fy} d'n'ssf] kl/jlt{t kl/j]zsf ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfn] cfˆgf] sfo{z}nL, sfo{;:s[lt
/ sfo{;Dkfbg:t/df cfd"n kl/jlt{g ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;]jfleqsf] Ifdtf, ;+efjgf / pTkfbsTjsf]
pRrtd pkof]u u/L d'n'snfO{ ljsf; / ;Dj[l4sf] lbzftkm{ pGd'v u/fpg /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] s'zn
;f/yLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tj lglxt :jfy{ / ;+s'lrt wf/0ffdf
cNdlnbf ;du| lghfdtL ;]jf ;d]t cNdlnPsf] 5 . g]t[Tj sdhf]/ / b[i6e|ldt x'+bf :jfefljs ¿kdf
cg'ofoLx¿ sfdofjL x'g ;Sb}gg\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePsf] Ifdtf / ;+efjgfnfO{ hgtfsf] ;Dj[l4df
pkof]u ug{ lglZrt ¿kdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj g} ;Ifd / s'zn x'g' h?/L 5 . hgtfsf] r]tgf Pj+ cfsf+Iff
j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;f]r, z}nL / lhDd]jf/L lgjf{xsf]
:t/df ;'wf/ geO{ hgtfsf] ljZjf; Pj+ k]zfut zfg / k|lti7f sfod ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g .
d'n'ssf] ;du| ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ljZj;lgo Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo u/fpg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] ljsNk
5}g . o;sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] bL3{sflng ;f]r, ;xsfo{sf ;fy} ;]jfsf]
lg/Gt/ lgu/fgL Pj+ ;'wf/ h?/L ePsf] 5 . ;fy} /fhgLlts ;f]r, ;xsfo{df k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjsf] ;xof]u,
;xsfo{ / cu|;/tfn] k'/ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 eO{
;du| d'n'ssf] ljsf; Pj+ ;Dj[l4nfO{ ult k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• t]x|f} cfjlws of]hgf, /fli6\o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/jf/ .
• k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)&), l;+xb/jf/ .
• e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ljljw cfo'wx¿ M lzj/fd Gof}kfg]
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] weblink www.moga.gov.np & links

153
 g]kfndf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of;,
;d:of tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
– gj/fh ;fksf]6f*

;f/f+z
g]kfndf ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmdx¿ ;kmn x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0fx¿df d'Vo sdhf]/ zf;g
k|0ffnLnfO{ lnOG5 . zf;g k|0ffnL sdhf]/ x'Fbf ;]jfIf]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . dfgj
ljsf;sf] dfu{ k|z:t ug]{ g]t[TjnfO{ k|lta4 x'g afWo agfpg], ljsf;sf k|of;x¿df b]vfk/]sf
;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;do d} s]nfO{ ljsf; k|of;sf tuf/f] x6fO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] dfu{ k|z:t u/fpg]
k|d'v dfWod eg]sf] cg'udg / d"Nof°g g} xf] . of] g} k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg' xfd|f] ul/aL 36fpg]
k|of;df cfPsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL xf] . s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g Joj:yfn] hg;xeflutfnfO{ dxTj glb+bf
sfo{df bf]xf]/f]kg b]lvg', ;DalGwt kIfsf] cfjfh g;'lgg', ckf/blz{tfn] r'xfj6nfO{ k|>o lbg]
x'Fbf e|i6frf/df j[l4 eO{ pknAwL Go"g x'g k'u]sf] ;j{ljlbt} 5 . o;}n] ul/aL 36fpg] sfo{qmdsf]
;kmntfsf] k"j{;t{sf] ¿kdf ;'zf;g, pRr, lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4, ;DalGwt kIfsf]
Voice nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf, cg'Tkfbs nufgLdf s6f}tL, >f]t ;fwg / clwsf/ ;lxtsf]
ljs]Gb|Lt zf;g k|0ffnL, ljsf;df u}/;/sf/L If]q;Fusf] ;fem]bf/L, sfo{qmdsf] kf/blz{tfsf]
;'lglZrttf, hjfkmb]xLkgfsf] ljsf; u/L k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nof°gsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]df
ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmdn] ;fy{stf kfpg] / ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vofdf sdL cfpg]
cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljifo k|j]z

ufF;, af;, skf;, lzIff, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL h:tf Go"gtd ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt /xL cfo
cfh{gsf nflu Go"gtd cfjZos ;Lk, ;fwg / kx'Fr gePsf] cj:yfnfO{ u/LaL elgG5 . cfly{s jif{
@)^(÷&) sf] cGtdf @) jif{ cl3 $@ k|ltzt /x]sf] u/LaLsf /]vfd'lgsf] hgtfsf] k|ltzt @#=* df
em/]sf] 5 . afx«f}+ of]hgf ;dflKtsf] cjlw;Dddf u/LaLsf /]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vof @%=$ k|ltztaf6 em/]/
@#=* k|ltzt dfq x'g ;Sof] . u/LaL 36\g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx¿ dWo] tLj| zx/Ls/0f, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6
k|fKt ljk|]if0f, s[lif Hofnfdf ePsf] j[l4, u}/ s[lif If]qsf] /f]huf/L tyf Hofnfdf ePsf] j[l4 / cfly{s
¿kdf ;lqmo pd]/sf hg;+Vofsf] lx:;fdf ePsf] j[l4 d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ . b]zdf ljBdfg c;dfgtfnfO{
bzf{pg] Gini coefficient 36]sf] 5 . zx/L If]qdf )=#%#, u|fdL0f If]qdf )=#!! / ;du| ¿kdf g]kfndf

* pk;lrj -n]vf_, sf7df8f} pkTosf ;8s lj:tf/ cfof]hgf

154
)=#@* k'u]sf] 5 . oBlk pRr tyf lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 k|fKt geO{;s]sf]n] jt{dfg cj:yfdf u/LaLsf]
/]vfdfly pSn]sf ax';+Vos ;d'bfo tyf JolQmx¿sf] hLjg:t/ cem} klg hf]lvdo'Qm /x]sf] 5 .

u/LaLsf] kl/ro
"A poor is poor, because he is poor."
• dflg;sf nflu cTofjZos kg]{ ufF;, af; / skf;af6 al~rt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf g} u/LaL xf],
• u/LaLnfO{ ;fk]If / lg/k]If u/L 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .
• u/LaL eg]sf] powerlessness g} xf] .
• Resource, capability / Attitude df u/LaL ePkl5 ;di6Ldf u/LaL b]vf kb{5 .
• Ifdtf eP/ Opportunity ePg eg] u/LaL a9\b} hfG5 .
• Economic Poverty eGbf Human Poverty xflgsf/s x'G5 . Human Poverty g36fP;Dd
;di6Ldf Poverty 36\g ;Sb}g .
u/LaL lrGg] ;"rsx¿
• Health -:jf:Yo_ slt jif{ afFRg] xf] <
• Education -;fIf/tf k|ltzt_
• Employment -slt /f]huf/ / slt a]/f]huf/_
• Basic needs -cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f eP jf gePsf]_
• Calories -slt vfg] jf gvfg]_

Robert Chamber n] u/LaLsf] rqmsf ljifodf b]xfo cg';f/ Poverty cycle sf] jf/]df lrq0f u/]sf
5g\ .

t;y{ Vulnerability, Physical Weakness, Powerlessness tyf Isolation sf] cj:yf g} u/LaL xf] .
• World Bank sf cg';f/ lbgsf] $1.25 eGbf sd cfo ePsfnfO{ Extreme Poverty elgG5
eg] lbgsf] $2.00 eGbf sd cfo ePsfnfO{ Moderate poverty elgG5 .
• k|ltlbg sDtLdf 2220 Sofnf]/L eGbf sd cyf{t @ 5fs k]6e/ vfg gkfpg] cj:yf u/LaL xf] .
• g]kfnsf] /fli6«o u/LaLsf] /]vf ?= !(,@^!=)) k|lt JolQm k|ltjif{ eGbf sd cfo ePsfnfO{

155
 dflgPsf] 5 .
• u/LaLsf] ljZjJofkL kl/efiff 5}g, cy{zf:qL, ;dfhzf:qL, e"uf]nljb tyf hLjzf:qL af6
u/LaLsf] km/s–km/s kl/efiff / cjwf/0ff 5g\ .
• u/LaL Multidimentional, Social, Cultural s'/fdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
cjwf/0ffut jf b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df u/LaLnfO{ ljleGg cfofdx¿ h:t}M cfly{s j[l4 ;DaGwL
cjwf/0ff (Economic Growth Centric Approach), dfgj ljsf; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff (Human
Development Centric Approach), k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff (Infrastructure Centria
Approach) / clwsf/jfbL cjwf/0ff (Right based approach) sf] ¿kdf ;d]t x]l/G5 . oL b[li6sf]0f
jf cfofdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf x'G5 / kmn:j¿k dfq u/LaL Go"gLs/0f ;Dej x'G5 eGg] ljifodf :ki6
g} 5 .

u/LaLnfO{ lg/k]If / ;fk]If ¿kdf ;d]t x]/]sf] kfOG5 M

!= lg/k]If u/LaL (Absolute Poverty) -u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf clt u/La_
@= ;fk]lIf u/LaL (Relative poverty) -t'ngfTds ¿kdf dfq u/Lj t/ hLjg wfGg ;Sg]_
ul/aL
Poverty

lg/k]If ul/a ;fk]IfLs ul/a

(Absolute Poverty) (Relative Poverty)

cfly{s j[l4 b/ / u/LaL b/ aLrsf] ;DaGw

xfn;Dd u/LaL Go"gLs/0fdf ePsf] pknlAw, /f]huf/L lj:tf/ tyf nlIft sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf
cfwf/df u/LaLsf /]vfd'lg /x]sf hg;+Vof @#=* k|ltztaf6 !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ rfn' cfly{s
of]hgfsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf cfly{s j[l4b/ #=% af6 ^=) k|ltztdf k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5 . ljutsf] of]hgf cjlwsf] cj:yf x]bf{ cf=j= @)^^–^& df cfly{s j[l4 b/ $=% k|ltzt /x]sf]df
cf=j= @)^(÷&) df 36]/ #=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ljutsf] of]hgf cjlwdf nIo xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5}g .

ax'cfoflds u/LaL ;'rsf­° (Multidimensional Poverty Index, MPI)

MPI n] u/LaLnfO{ cefjsf] cj:yfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . u/LaLsf cj:yfdf /x]sf dflg;x¿
jf:tjdf cfly{s cfosf] dfq geO{ hLjgsf cGo w]/} cfjZostfx¿sf] cefjdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . MPI

156
sf] k|of]u a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf hg;+Vofsf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu Ps ljZn]if0ffTds cf}hf/sf ¿kdf ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] u/LaLsf] oyfy{ lrq0fsf nflu Composite Poverty Indicators x¿sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . oxL cfjZostfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;g\ @)!) df UNDP sf] kxndf Oxford Poverty & Human
Development Initiative n] MPI sf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] xf] . of] ;"rsf+s cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf u/LaLsf]
t'ngfTds cWoogsf nflu ;d]t pko'Qm dflgG5 .

MPI n] klg Human Poverty Index (HPI) n] h:t} lzIff, :jf:Yo / hLjg:t/ h:tf # j6f
cfofdx¿nfO{ g} ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnPsf] x'G5 tyflk o;n] HPI eGbf lj:t[t / ;"Id ¿kdf
o;sf] k|of]u ub{5 . MPI df lzIffsf ;DaGwdf k"/f u/]sf] :s"n jif{ / afnaflnsfsf] :s"n egf{b/nfO{
tyf :jf:Yosf ;DaGwdf afnd[To'b/ / kf]if0fsf] cj:yf h:tf pk;"rsx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] 5 .
hLjg:t/ dfkgsf ;DaGwdf eg] o;n] ljB't, zf}rfno, vfg]kfgL, 3/sf] e"OF, vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ug]{
OGwg / ef}lts ;DklQ h:tf ^ j6f pk;"rsx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 . oL !) j6f pk;"rsx¿sf
cfwf/df o;df u/LaLsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; k4ltdf oL pk;"rsx¿ dWo] #) k|ltzteGbf a9Ldf
cefjsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ax'cfoflds ¿kdf ul/a ePsf] egL klxrfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] l:ylt
• jflif{s !(,@^!=)) ¿k}ofF eGbf sd cfDbfgL ug]{nfO{ u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg /flvPsf] .
• xfn g]kfndf @#=* k|ltzt dflg; u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ .
• dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍsf cfwf/df !*& b]zx¿dWo] g]kfn !$% :yfgdf /x]sf] pNn]v 5
-dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @)!$_
• jflif{s cfly{s j[l4sf cfwf/df ljZjsf] $# cf}+ / u/LaLsf] b/sf] cfwf/df *& cf}+ -!%&
b]z dWo]_ :yfgdf k/]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 (CIA World Fact Book, 2015)
• International Comparison Programm (ICP)-2005 sf] k|ltj]bg l8;]Dj/ @))& cg';f/
qmozlQm Ifdtf / jf:tljs vr{df (Purchasing Power Parity and Real Expenditure) sf]
cfwf/df g]kfn ;a}eGbf tNnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .
• g]kfnsf] zx/L u/LaL !%=%Ü / u|fdL0f u/LaL @&=$Ü /x]sf] 5 .
• ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df lxdfnL If]qsf] u/LaL $@=#Ü, t/fO{ If]qsf] u/LaL @#=$Ü / kxf8L
If]qsf] u/LaL @$=#Ü /x]sf] 5 .
• ;fs{ / blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofdf g]kfn ;a}eGbf w]/} u/LaL ePsf] d'n's .
u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿

u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿ (Approaches to Poverty Alleviation) b]xfo jdf]lhd5g\ M
• ;g\ 1960s - Trickle down -cfly{s ljsf; dflyaf6 tnlt/ hfG5 eGg] dfGotf_

157
 • ;g\ 1970s - Basic need -cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt_
• ;g\ 1990s - Structural adjustment -;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd_
• Late 1990s - Sustainable development -lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff_
• 2000s -Balance development (Poverty alleviation) -;Gt'lnt ljsf; jf u/LaL
lgjf/0fsf] cjwf/0ff_
oL afx]s cGo Approaches klg 5g M
• Redistributive Approach -k'gM ljt/0fsf/L k|0ffnL_
• Participative Approach -;xeflutfd"ns k|0ffnL_
• Interventionist Approach -x:tIf]ksf/L k|0ffnL_
• Empowerment Approach -Ifdtf clej[l4 k|0ffnL_
• Institutional Approach -;+:yfut Ifdtf k|0ffnL_
• Subjectification Approach u/LaLnfO{ nufgLsf] ljifo agfpg] ;dfof]hg ug]{ k|0ffnL_
• Supply Centred Approach -sfo{qmdx¿ lbP/ sfd ug]{ k|0ffnL_
• Demand lead approach -dfu adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ u/]/ ug]{ k|0ffnL_
• Radical Approach -j[xt kl/jt{g u/]/ ug]{ k|0ffnL_
• Formalism approach -cf}krfl/s sfo{qmdx¿ u/]/ ug]{ k|0ffnL_
u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu g]kfndf ul/Psf k|of;x¿

!= ;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf
• b]zsf pknAw cfly{s ;fwgnfO{ Ps} JolQmdf s]lGb|t x'g glbg],
• cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{ / cfly{s zf]if0f x'g glbg] .
@= gLltut Joj:yf
• ^ k|ltzt j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{, To;sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / hg;+Vof lgoGq0fsf] dfWodåf/f
u/LaL lgjf/0f ug]{ gjf} of]hgfsf] Ps dfq p2]Zo,
• cfly{s j[l4, o;sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, dfgjLo ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;zlQms/0f
Pj+ ;'zf;g kIfnfO{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] bzf}+ of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff,
• t]x«f}+ of]hgfdf u/LaL lgjf/0f ;DaGwdf b]xfo jdf]lhd bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt,
sfo{gLlt tyf k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
cj;/x¿sf] ;[hgf, Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf nlIft sfo{qmdx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .

158
-v_ p2]Zo
of]hgf cjlwdf u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ .
-u_ /0fgLlt
!= pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L tyf cj;/x¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
@= Ifdtf ljsf;, pTkfbsTj j[l4, Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / ;dtfd"ns ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .
#= ljleGg lgsfo tyf ;+:yfx¿af6 ;~rflnt u/LaL Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmdaLr ;dGjo
sfod ug]{ .
$= dfudf cfwfl/t nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
-3_ sfo{gLlt
!= pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/LnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL /fli6«o u/LaL lgjf/0f gLlt th'{df ul/g]5 .
@= ljsf; cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ >dd"ns k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
#= Go"gtd /f]huf/L k|Tofe"t of]hgf / sfg'g th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
$= u/LaL 36fpg k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;Gt'lnt Joj:yfkg tyf pkof]udf hf]8
lbOg]5 .
%= a]/f]huf/ tyf cw{a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L Ifdtf ljsf;, cfo cfh{g tyf
/f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
^= u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmd aLr k|efjsf/L
;dGjo ul/g]5 .
&= u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] PsLs[t d"NofÍg ul/g]5 .
*= u|fdL0f tyf zx/L u/LaLnfO{ nlIft u/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rng ul/g]5g\ .
(= ul/a klxrfg tyf juL{s/0f u/L kl/rokq pknAw u/fO{g]5 .
-ª_ k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
• u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cWoogaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf cfwf/df kl/dfh{g
Pj+ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
• zx/L u/LaL 36fpg cfo cfh{g / Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
• u/LaLsf] kl/rokq k|fKt ug]{ ul/a 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft u/L ;zQmLs/0f, Ifdtf
ljsf; tyf cfo cfh{gsf sfo{qmdx¿ ljleGg ljifo If]qut sfo{qmd leq} ;dfj]z
u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
• ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt x'g] /sdnfO{ u|fld0f If]qdf pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/L
;[hgf ug]{ cfw'lgs s[lif tyf kz'kfng Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{ u/L
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .

159
 • ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno dfkm{t\ u/LaL lgjf/0f gLlt tyf sfo{ of]hgf
tof/ u/L ;d'bfo tyf If]q nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
• ul/asf nflu cfwf/e"t sfg"gL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
• /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 ;+rflnt u/LaL lgjf/0f;Fu ;DalGwt
sfo{qmdx¿sf] cWofjlws ljj/0f tof/ ug]{, bf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg] / ;dGjo sfod ug]{ .
• ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg / cBfjlws ljj/0f
tof/ ug]{, tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ / ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .
• k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf df};d kl/jt{gsf sf/0f l;lh{t u/LaLsf] hf]lvddf k/]sf / clt
ljkGg JolQm, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfox¿sf] klxrfg u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf tfTsflns
/fxtsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
• vfB ;'/Iff tyf hLljsf]kfh{g clej[l4df k|ToIf ;xof]u k'Ug] sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
• ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg / kl/rokq Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#= ;+:yfut Joj:yf
• u/LaL lgjf/0f cfof]u – k|wfgdGqL cWoIf
• u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf
• u/LaL cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff
• Poverty Mapping ug]{ sfo{qmd (PMAS, DPMAS)
• ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno
$= sfo{ut Joj:yf

$=!=! ljt/0fd'vL sfo{qmdx¿

– sfdsf nflu vfBfGg
– vfB cg'bfg,
– School feeding,
– Vitamin A program,
– >dd"ns Infrastructure sf] ljsf; .
$=!=@ nlIft sfo{qmdx¿
– k|hf ljsf; sfo{qmd,
– hghflt ljsf;,
– b'u{d If]q ljsf;,

160
 – ljz]if If]q ljsf;,
– klZrd t/fO{ u/LaL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd .
$=!=# ;fdflhs kl/rfng
– dlxnf ljsf;,
– PDDP, LGP, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g,
– NGO Efforts,
– ESP -Enable State Program (DFID sf]_ .

$=!=$ n3' C[0f

– ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmd,
– k|fyldstf If]q shf{ sfo{qmd,
– u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+ssf] Joj:yf,
– Banking With Poor,
– ;3g a}+lsË sfo{qmd .
$=!=% ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿
– u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if,
– dlxnf hfu[lt sfo{qmd,
– o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd,
– ul/a;Fu ljZj]Zj/ sfo{qmd,
– cfˆgf] ufpF cfkm} agfcf} sfo{qmd,
– u|fdL0f :jfjnDag sfo{qmd .
$=!=^ sfd ljz]if of]hgf (Dynamic approach)
– Economic growth 6% n] ug]{,
– nufgL GDP sf] @) k|ltzt;Dd ug]{,
– art GDP sf] !$ k|ltzt x'g],
– /fhZj kl/rfng GDP sf] !@ k|ltztn] x'g],
– Foreign Aid sf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug]{ .

$=!=& dfgjLo ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿,

– lzIff / ;fIf/tf j[l4,
– tflnd,
– :jf:Yo ;]jf,
– ;/;kmfO tyf vfg]kfgL Joj:yf .

161
$=!=* hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg
– hg;+Vof j[l4b/ 36fpg] -@=! k|ltzt dfq_,
– kl/jf/ lgof]hg sfo{qmdnfO{ Jofkstf lbg] .
g]kfndf u/LaL 36\g g;Sg'sf sf/0fx¿
1. Dominant Role of the State. -/fHosf] x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsf_
2. Industrialization/modernization strategy gx'g',
3. Green Revolution sf] cefj,
4. Tragetting the poor sf sfo{qmd gx'g',
5. Open economy af6 kmfObf lng g;Sg',
6. Co-ordination sf] cefj -sfo{qmdaLr_,
7. hg;+Vof Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L gx'g',
8. Institutional programme sf] cefj, ul/asf] ;+nUgtf gx'g' .
cGo sf/0fx¿
• Trickle down k4ltsf] of]hgf k|lqmof,
• Position df xf]Og Condition df dfq ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of;,
• ul/ax¿sf] Culture, Habit, Value / Attitude klg u/LaLsf] sf/0f,
• u/LaLnfO{ Subjectify ug{ g;lsg',
• ;xL tYof+s gx'g'÷u/LaLsf] ;xL klxrfg gx'g',
• cfly{s j[l4 ePkl5 :jt M u/LaLsf]df k'U5 eGg] wf/0ff ckgfO{Psf]n] ;xL ¿kdf u/LaL
lgjf/0f x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf xfdL oxL+ lg/ r'Sof}+ .
™™ u/LaLsf] cGo sf/0fx¿df deprivation, powerlessness, isolation vulnerability klg
x'g\ .
™™ ul/a / clt ul/asf] nflu 5'§f5'§} sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng x'g g;Sg' klg u/LaLsf] sf/0f
xf] .
™™ ul/a / clt ul/asf] nflu u/LaL 36fpg] pkfosf] ¿kdf cfly{s j[l4 pRr x'g'kg]{,hg;+Vofsf]
lgoGq0f x'g'kg]{, pRr cfly{s kmnsf] ;dfg ljt/0f x'g'kg]{ s'/f ;+u;+u} / cGt/;DalGwt
s'/fx¿ x'g\ . To;sf] k|efjsf/L pkfosf] ¿kdf tnsf] k|s[ofnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

162
yy u/LaL g36\g'df cGo sf/0fsf cltl/Qm ;zlQms/0fnfO{ klg lhDd]jf/ dflgG5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df
Tof] Empowerment sf] lrq (Cycle) nfO{ o;/L x]l/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf u/LaLsf sf/0fx¿df b]xfosf s'/fx¿ k|d'v ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g M

1 cfly{s j[l4b/ Go"g,
2 s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTjdf sdL,
3 hg;+Vof j[l4b/ pRr,
4 u}/s[lif If]qdf cj;/ (Employment) df sdL,
5 ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf; Go"g,
6 ;/sf/L vr{ Ifdtfdf sdL h;n] k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df cj/f]w nufot jftfj/0f sdhf]/
/ cfly{s ultljlwdf Go"gtf .

163
g]kfndf u/LaL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL sfo{df /x]sf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ M
;d:ofx¿ M–
u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof 36]sf] eP tfklg o; ju{sf] hLjg:t/ c;fWo} hf]lvdk"0f{ 5
cyf{t\ lgoGq0f aflx/sf] s'g} kl/l:ylt cfPdf h'g;'s} ;do of] ju{ k"gM u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg emg{
;S5g\ .
• clzIff, u/LaL / s'kf]if0fsf] sf/0fn] s[lif If]qdf cb[Zo a]/f]huf/L JofKt 5 .
• ;Lk, k"FhL / k|ljlwdf ax';+Vos hgtfsf] cfjZos kx'Fr gePsf]n] :j/f]huf/
k|j4{gsf] ;+efjgf ;Lldt 5 .
• åGåsf] cGTo eP klg k"0f{ zflGtsf] k|Tofe"lt gePsf]n] nufgL–d}qL jftfj/0f jGg
;s]sf] 5}g .
• gofF /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf gx'Fbf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lk|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9]sf]
b]lvG5 .
r'gf}tLx¿ M–
u/LaL Go"gLs/0fsf] k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} ul/a / wgL lar ljBdfg c;dfgtf 36fpg' k|d'v r'gf}tL
/x]sf] 5 .
• cgf}krfl/s If]qdf cTolws ¿kdf s]lGb|t ljBdfg a9\bf] cb[Zo a]/f]huf/L 36fpg' .
• s[lifdf cfl>t cfjZostfeGbf a9L hg;+VofnfO{ qmlds ¿kn] u}/ s[lif If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f
u/fpg' .
• gofF /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf ug'{ .
• :yfgLo ;Lk, k"FhL / k|ljlwdf kx'Fr ePsf :jb]zL pBdLx¿sf] lgldQ :j/f]huf/ k|j4{g ug'{ .
• ;xsfl/tfnfO{ u/LaL lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmddf cfa4 ug'{ .
• cf}krfl/s jf ;+ul7t If]qdf ;+o'Qm nufgLdf cfwfl/t pBf]usf] dfWodaf6 bIf hgzlQmnfO{
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg' .
• k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df ;'/lIft j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|j4{g ug'{ k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu k|rlnt /0fgLlt, k|lta4tf tyf pkfox¿
u/LaL lgjf/0fdf World Bank sf] /0fgLlt
1 Promoting Opportunity -cj;/sf] l;h{gfdf hf]8_
2 Facilitating Empowerment -Ifdtf clej[l4df nufgL_,
3 Enhancing Security -;'/Iff k|bfg_ .

164
g]kfnn] u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cl3 ;f/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿
1 km/flsnf] cfwf/ ePsf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{,
2 ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj / ;+/rgfut gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{,
3 ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;,
4 ;'zf;g,
5 nlIft sfo{qmd,
6 u/LaL ljZn]if0f / cg'udg .
u/LaLsf] k|efj x/]s If]qdf kl//x]sf] x'G5 . To:t} u/LaLnfO{ 36fpg klg ljleGg If]qsf] k|efjnfO{
ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . o;}n] Dynamism of Poverty df s] s] s'/fx¿n] Poverty Reduction df k|efj
(Effect) kf/]sf] x'G5 To;sf] ljj/0f tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

Dynamism of Poverty

Self - respect
Confidnece Building
Social Dynamism

u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu yk s'/fx¿

1 Pro-poor perspective M Subjectification ug]{,
2 Direct Specialized Intervention M ul/asf nflu to ePsf sfo{qmdsf nflu vr{ ug]{ ,
3 Social Mobilization M ul/asf] cfkm\g} Energy, Institution, Wisdom / Technology nfO{
pkof]u ug]{,
4 Human Development M lzIff :jf:Yo, vfB ;'/Iff, r]tgf clej[l4sf sfo{qmd a9fpg],
5 Sensitive Support Mechanism M C0f pknAw u/fpg], ;–;fgf labour intensive pBf]udf
;+nUg u/fpg], s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;,
6 Putting the last first M u/LaL lgjf/0f lqmofsnfksf] gfosTj (Ownership) ul/anfO{ g}
agfpg],

165
 7 Adjustment with human face M Local knowledge sf] k|of]u, ul/asf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ a9fpg],
clwsf/ ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbg] .
u/LaL lgjf/0fsf pkfox¿

!= Macro-economic Policy df ;'wf/ ug]{ M

• s[lif k"jf{wf/df j[l4
• Growth Oriented
• Poverty Transfer -e"ld;'wf/, Cash Transfer)
• Debt Re-scheduling
• Saving Mobilization
• Remittance Mobilization
• Productive Utilitization
@= Social Security and Safety Net
• eQf, ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo / lzIffsf] k|jGw .
• n3'ljQdf kx'Fr j[l4 ug]{ .
• ;fdflhs lgdf{0f sfo{qmdx¿jf/] k|efjsf/L ;dodf l8hfO{g u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
• Relief from Disasters sf nflu k|efjsf/L Mitigation Strategy tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ .
#= u/LaLsf] ;xL klxrfg tyf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f M -dfOsn lnK6g–vr{sf] cfwf/df Sofnf]/L_

$= ul/ax¿sf] cfoj[l4 ug]{ sfo{x¿sf] klxrfg / sfof{Gjog M df]lxofgL, k'gjf{;, cg'bfg, PsLs[t
u|fdL0f ljsf;, vfB sfo{qmdx¿

%= dfu kIf -Demand) nfO{ ;lqmo kfg]{

1 lg/If/tf pGd"ng cleofg,
2 ;+:s[lt Pjd\ k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g,
3 :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t / sfg'gL ¿kdf ;Ifd agfpg] M tTk/tf, nugzLntf,;Lk, hfFu/
Joj;flos ;+:sf/, pBdzLntf, cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf] efjgf .
^= k"lt{ kIf (Supply) nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] M ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;~rflnt nlIft
sfo{qmdx¿ -cfˆgf] ufpF, cfkm} agfcf}+, ul/a;Fu ljZj]Zj/, sfo{qmd, u|fdL0f :jfjnDag sfo{qmd
n'3 pmhf{ sfo{qmd .

&= u/LaL b'irqmaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpg lgDg sfo{ ug]{ M

166
 a)
Physical Weakness sf] nflu
- Feeding Programme
- Health Camp
- Curative Health
- Family Planning
b) Powerlessness sf] nflu
- Political Mobilization
- Legal Aid
- Enforcement of Liberal Law
- Trade Union
- Violent Political Change
- Non Violent Political Change
c) Vulnerability sf] nflu
- Preventive Health
- Seasonal Public Work
- Seasonal Credits
- Crop Insurance cflbåf/f
d) Isolation sf] nflu
- Education
- Infrastructure Development
- Extension sfo{qmdåf/f
e) Poverty
- Distributive New Assets
- Redistributive Old Assets cflb åf/f
*= ul/asf] nflu ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf nufgL u/L pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{ .
(= clt ul/asf nflu ;f]em} nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug]{,
!)= gLltut ¿kdf tyf sfo{ut ¿kdf u/LaL lgjf/0f ug{ lgDg pkfo ckgfpg' kb{5,
!!= k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;+o'Qm cg'udg d"NofÍg ug]{
lgisif{ M

u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu cj lgDg sfo{x¿ ug'{kb{5 M

• nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ Targeting :yfg (Place) / hgtf (People) b'j}sf nflu ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .
• Offering to covering ug]{ .

167
 • Paper to place df ptfg]{ .
• s0ff{nL ljsf; gx'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0fdf All programs are people centric not place centric
eP/ xf] . :yfg ljz]if x]/]/ sfd ePg . ca :yfgnfO{ nIo u/]/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .
• rvfpg] w]/} eP c3fpg] ePgg\ . casf] af6f] c3fpg]tkm{ x'g'kb{5 .
• DAG (Disadvantaged Group) Mapping Place Centric x'g'kb{5 eg] PID Household
Targeting rfxL People Centric x'g'kb{5 .
• Work through CAC(Community Awareness Centre):- It improves empowerment
Level and generate employment
• Give allowances below the Market Rate:- If you give market rate to the beneficiaries,
almost people demand the facilities.
t;y{ dfgjLo tyf ;fdflhs ;"rsx¿df pNn]vgLo k|ult b]lvPsf] eP tfklg cfly{s j[l4b/df
vf;} ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHon] nlIft ju{sf nflu ;~rfng ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg
u/L Ps} k|sf/sf nlIft klxrfg, ljifout nlIft sfo{qmd, gub k|jfx sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf
;+/If0f sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ pRr:t/Lo Oversight Agency nfO{ 5ftfd'lg
uf]naGb ug{ ;s] u/LaL lgjf/0fdf 7"nf] km8\sf] dfg{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• lg/f}nf, 9'08L k|;fb -@)^*_ zf;g ;~rfngsf gljg dfGotfx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, l8lNnahf/,
sf7df8f} .
• /fpt, s[i0f axfb'/, -@)^*_ k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / ljsf;, cflzif a'S; xfp;, sf7df8f} .
• nfld5fg], 9'08L/fh -@)&@_, u/LaL lgjf/0f / nlIft sfo{qmd, ;f]kfg dfl;s, c+s, !#! .
• t]x«f}+ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!–@)&@÷&#_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f} .

168
 /fHo k'gM;+/rgf, ;+3Lotf / g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{
– pbo /fgfdu/*

Sharing of Power, Division of Power between different groups,

genders, parts etc of the nation.
-/fHosf] s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L ;dfj]zL,nf]stflGqs,;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ;lxtsf]
cu|ufdL g]kfnsf] k'gM;+/rgf ul/g]5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#*_

;f/f+z
/fHo k'gM;+/rgf ljBdfg /fHozlQmsf] ;|f]tnfO{ x]/km]/ u/L hgtfsf] dfu cg';f/ k'gMd"Nof°g
ug]{ tl/sf xf] . /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] ljleGg tl/sfx¿ dWo] ;+3Lotf klg Ps xf] . g]kfndf
ePsf] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng @)^# sf] efjgf cg'¿k ljBdfg s]lGb|s[t /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ clwstd
¿kdf hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofpg ;+3Lotfsf] cg'z/0f ug]{ s'/fdf k|ltj4tf hgfO;s]sf] 5 .
;+3Lotfn] s]Gb|df /x]sf ljwflosL, sfo{sfl/0fL / Goflos clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfgåf/f g} ljleGg
k|b]zx¿df x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfd ub{5 . g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ klxrfg / kx"FrnfO{
agfPsf] eP tfklg klxrfgsf] gfddf eO/x]sf] ljjfbsf] sf/0f ;+3Lotf zf;gsf] ;+:yfut
ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . tyflk bf];|f] ;+ljwfg ;efn] /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ ;+3Lotfdf
hfg] / To;sf] nflu /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] /fHo
/xg] / tL /fHox¿aLrsf] ;DaGw ;xsf/Ltf, ;xcl:tTj, ;dGjosf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ug]{
s'/fdf ;xdlt u/]sf] / ;f] cg';f/ ^ b]lv * k|b]z agfpg] u/L sfo{ cl3 a9fPtf klg o;sf]
ljQLo :yfloTj, klxrfgsf] ;Daf]]wg h:tf s'/fsf] ;daf]wg x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 .

!= ljifo k|j]zM

/fHo ;+oGqnfO{ ljs]lGb|t, ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts / k|ltlglwd"ns agfO{ /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ k|s[of g} /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf xf] . ljBdfg 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g u/L k'gu{7g
ug]{ sfo{ tyf /fHosf] k'/fgf] 9fFrfsf] :yfgdf gofF 9fFrfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ g} k'gM;+/rgf xf] . /fHosf]
k'gM;+/rgf zf;g k4lt / /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]usf] Joj:yf Pj+ hgtfnfO{ /fHo k|0ffnLdf ;xeflu
u/fpg] Pp6f k4ltsf] Joj:yfkg xf] . /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] ljifo hgtfnfO{ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf
cfly{s k|s[ofdf ;dfj]z u/fpg zf;lso k|0ffnLdf ul/g] x]/fkm]/Lsf] dfWod xf] . ljZjdf ;g\ !(()

* sfo{sf/L clws[t, kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsf

169
sf] bzskl5 zf;sLo :j¿ksf] ;'?cft ePkl5 ag]sf] ;+ljwfgb]lv /fHosf] :j¿k eGg] zJbsf] k|of]u
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ d'ntM zf;g k4lt, ;/sf/sf] :j¿k lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / /fHox¿
jLrsf] clwsf/sf] af8kmfF8 nufotsf If]qdf ul/G5 . /fHo k'gM;+/rgf nflu /fhg}lts, cfly{s,
;fdflhs, tyf k|zf;lgs h:tf cfwf/ lng] ul/G5 . g]kfndf hgcfGbf]ng efu @ sf] nfef+zsf]
¿kdf k|fKt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !#* df /fHosf] s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf]
cGTo u/L ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs, ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ;lxtsf] cu|ufdL k'gM;+/rgf u/Lg] pb\3f]if
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljutdf PsfTds / s]lGb|s[t /fHo k|0ffnLsf sf/0f /fHo Joj:yfdf ;a}sf] ;dfg
k|ltlglwTj u/fpg / /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfdf sfod ug{ klg /fHo k'gM;+/rgf cfjZos ePsf]
xf] . g]kfndf /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf ;+3LotfnfO{ g} a'lemPsf] / ljutdf ljsf;sf] afws PsfTds
zf;g k|0ffnL g} xf] eGg] ul/Ptf klg cem} klg ljZjdf !&) b]zdf PsfTds zf;gsf] Joj:yf /x]sf]
/ lt b]zdf cfly{s ;DkGgtfsf cfwf/df /x]sf]n] xfd|f] ljutsf] zf;lso k|0ffnL ljsf;sf] afws
xf]Og eGg] b]lvG5 . zf;lso Joj:yf hlt;'s} /fd|f] ePtf klg c;n lgot ePsf] zf;s ePg eg]
ljsf;sf] s'g}klg df]8]nn] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . g]kfnn] ckgfpg] eg]sf] ;+3Lotfsf] df]8]nsf] ;DaGwdf
ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] dtP]Sotf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+3Lotf s;}sf] gh/df s'g} df]8n /fd|f] t
s;}sf] gh/df csf]{ /fd|f] eGg] u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fhgLlts efjgfdf au]/ aGg] ;+3Lotfn] lbuf]kg
kfpg g;s]sf] ljZjdf s}of}+ b[i6fGtx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . e]g]h'onfn] ;a}eGbf @& k6s ;Dd ;ljwfg ;+zf]wg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/klg To; b]zdf ;+ljwfgn] bL3{hLjg kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . csf]{ tkm{ ljsf;sf] afws
g} g]kfnsf] ljBdfg /fHo ;+/rgf elg/x]sf] / clxn] ;a} cj:yfsf] lgbfg ;+3Lotfn] u5{ elg /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ljZjsf s]xL b]zx¿sf] pbfx/0f x]bf{ ;+3Lotfdf uPklg k'gM PsfTds Joj:yfdf kmls{Psf
b]zx¿ klg /x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f ;+3Lotf ;a} /f]usf] pkrf/sf] ljlw x'g ;Sb}g t/ g]kfnL
hgtfn] o;sf] c+lusf/ ug]{ s'/fdf ;xdt hgfO;s]sf] x'Fbf ljZjsf] cg'ej ;d]tsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{
yk kl/:s[t u/L g]kfnsf] e"uf]n ;'xfpFbf] 9+ujf6 cl3 a9\g'sf] ljsNk 5}g .

@= /fHo k'gM;+/rgfM
k'gM;{+/rgfnfO{ ljBdfg 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g u/L ul/g] k'gu{7gsf] ljlwsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . /fHosf] k'/fgf]
9fFrfsf] :yfgdf gofF 9fFrfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ g} k'gM;+/rgf xf] . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf zf;g k4lt / /fHo
zlQmsf] k|of]usf] Joj:yf Pj+ hgtfnfO{ /fHo k|0ffnLdf ;xeflu u/fpg] Pp6f k4lt / To;sf] Joj:yfkg
xf] . /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] ljifo hgtfnfO{ /fhgLlts ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k|s[ofdf ;dfj]z u/fpg]
Pp6f ;zQm pkfo xf] . /fHosf] zf;g k|0ffnL s] x'g] < ;+3Lo jf PsfTds x'g] . s] slt ;+3 -/fHo_
sfod ug]{ < s]Gb| / /fHo ;/sf/ lar zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 s;/L ug]{ < ;+ljwfgdf s] s:tf] k|fjwfg
/fVg] < hftLo, eflifs,If]qLo tyf wfld{s ;Gt'ng /fVg s] s:tf /0fgLlts pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ <
;dfj]zL tyf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj s;/L lglZrt ug]{ < h:tf ljifoj:t'nfO{ g} /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf]
dfu{bz{gsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . /fHo ;+oGqnfO{ ljs]lGb|t, ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts / k|ltlglwd"ns agfO{
/fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ k|s[of g} /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf xf] . /fHo

170
k'gM;+/rgfdf d'ntM lgDg If]qsf] k'gM;+/rgf ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
• /fhg}lts If]qdf x'g] k'gM;/rgf
• cfly{s If]qdf x'g] k'gM;/rgf
• ;fdflhs If]qdf x'g] k'gM;/rgf
• k|zf;lgs If]qdf x'g] k'gM;/rgf
• ef}uf]lns If]qdf x'g] k'gM;/rgf cflb
#= /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfsf] cfjZostfM
/fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ d"ntM lgDg # cfofdsf] dfWodaf6 cWoog ubf{ ;/n / ;xh x'g
hfg] b]lvG5M
• ljutsf] /fHo k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df
• jt{dfgsf] oyfy{tfsf] cfwf/df
• eljiosf] ck]Iffsf] cfwf/df
ljutsf] /fHo k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df
• /fHo k|0ffnL PsfTds / s]lGb|s[t eof] .
• c;dfj]zL / c;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj eof] .
• ;a} If]qsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ePg .
• Top Down Development Approach eof] .
• klxrfgsf] ;+s6 b]lvof] .
• ljleGg k|sf/sf lje]bx¿ eP .
• åGåsf] l;h{gf eof] .
• /fHok|ltsf] ljZjf; / ckgTj 36\b} uof] .
• /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfdf cfFr k'¥ofof] .
jt{dfgsf] oyfy{tfsf] cfwf/df
• ;fdflhs c;dfgtf / lje]b sfod} 5 .
• ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L 5}g .
• u/LaL / a]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf oyfjt 5 .
• kl/jt{gnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ 5 .
• k"0f{ nf]stGqsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{ 5 .
• bLuf] zflGt sfod ug'{ 5 .
• hgck]Iff k'/f ug'{ 5 .

171
 • ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod u/fpg' 5 .
eljiodf ck]Iffsf] cfwf/df
• ;dfj]lzs/0f x'g]5 .
• ;fy{s k|ltlglwTj x'g]5 .
• Distributive Justice sfod x'g]5 .
• ;xeflutf a9fpg] 5 . ;a}+sf] klxrfg sfod x'g]5 .
• /fHo k|ltsf] Ownership a9fpg] 5 .
• ;Gt'lnt ljsf; x'g]5 .
• efjgfTds Plss/0f x'g]5 .
• åGb ;dfwfg u/L lbuf] zflGt sfod ug{ ;lsg]5 .
• kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsg]5 .
• :yfgLo :t/df Democracy sf] cEof; x'g]5 .
• lg0f{odf ;a}+sf] kx"Fr :yflkt x'g]5 .
• efjgfTds PsLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos 5 .
• /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf a9fpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
juL{o, If]qLo, n}+lus / cfly{s lje]bsf] cGTo ub}{ ;d'Ggt, zfGt, ;d[4 / cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fsf
nflu /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ug'{ k/]sf] xf] .

$= /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

/fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfsf] ljifo cToGt} ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf] . o;sf] ;lx Joj:yfkg gePdf ljleGg
lsl;dsf gsf/fTds kl/0ffd ;d]t cfpg] ePsfn] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ ljleGg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'
cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
• Capacity of State
• k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo Joj:yf
• ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ;xcl:tTj / eft[Tjsf] :yfkgf ,
• nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL
• clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8sf] :ki6 Joj:yf,
• gLlt lgdf{0f txdf ;a}+sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf,
• cNk;+Vos / nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf nflu ljz]ifflwsf/ / ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf .
• ;fdflhs e]befjsf] pGd"ng,

172
 • ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / Gofosf] Joj:yf,
• /fHosf] >f]t ;fwg / ;'ljwfdf ;a}+sf] ;dfg kx"Fr,
• ;a}+sf] klxrfgsf] ;Ddfg,
• /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf sfod ug]{ pkfox¿ .
/fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf Issue x¿M
• ;+3Lotfsf] p2]Zo / cfwf/ s] xf] <
• ;+l3o k|b]zsf] ;+Vof slt x'g] < gfd s] /fVg] <
• ;/sf/sf] txut Joj:yf s:tf] x'g] <
• ljQLo cfwf/ s] s:tf] x'g] <
• clwsf/sf] l;df slt x'g] / s;/L Jojl:yt ug]{ <
• clwsf/sf] ljefhg / cEof;sf] k|s[of s:tf] x'g] <
• k"0f{ :jfoQtf, ;xsf/Ltf / ;xof]u .
• ljwflosL / sfo{sf/L clwsf/ s:tf] x'g] <
• k|b]zx¿ larsf] ljjfb s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ <
• cNk;+Vos / l;dfGts[t ju{sf] ;+/If0f s;/L ug]{ <
• k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0f / pkof]u s;/L ug]{ <
• ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x¿ larsf] cGt/;DaGw s:tf] x'g] <
• /fli6«o PstfnfO{ s;/L dha't agfpg] <
%= /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / ;+3Lotf

/fHo k'gM;+/rgfnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf a'lemPsf] cj:yf 5 . t/ ;+3Lotf
/fHo k'gM;/rgfsf] ljleGg df]8n dWo] Ps tl/sf xf] . ;+3Lotf zlQm / :jzf;g ;+u ;DalGwt 5 .
(Federalism- Power and Self Governance. Self Governance - Self Decision, Self Manage,Self
Control.) s]Gb|df /x]sf ljwflosL,sfo{sf/L0fL / Goflos clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfg4f/f g} ljleGg k|b]zx¿df
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfd g} ;+3Lotf xf] . ;+3Lotf ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnL xf] / /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] Pp6f
tl/sf jf dfWod dfq xf] . ;+3Lotf zf;g ;~rfngsf] Ps tl/sf xf] of] zlQm / :jzf;g;+u ;DjlGwt
/x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|df /x]sf ljwflosL, sfo{sf/L0fL / Goflos clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfg4f/f g} ljleGg
k|b]zx¿df x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfd g} ;+3Lotf xf] . ;+3Lotf ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnL xf] / /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf]
Pp6f tl/sf jf dfWod dfq xf] . ;+3Lotf lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofut cfwf/x¿df klg ljljwtf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

173
;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf 9fFrf÷:j¿kM

• lgdf{0f x'g] k|s[ofsf] cfwf/df

 :jtGq /fHox¿ Ps 7fFpdf hf]l8P/ aGg] ;+3Lotf -Coming Together_–cd]l/sf,
l:j6h/Nof08
 ljlgdf{0f af6 aGg] ;+3Lotf -Holding Together_ –PsfTds af6 ;+3Lotfdf hfg] .
hd{gL,gfOh]l/of .
 ldl>t jf cw{ ;+3Lotf - Mixed or Semi Federalism_– s]Gb|n] lbPsf] clwsf/
dfq k|of]u ug{ kfpg] . ef/t, Sofgf8f .
• clwsf/ afF8kmfF8sf] cfwf/df
 s]Gb|d'vL ;+3Lotf - Centripetal Federalism_ – s]Gb|df j9L zlQm s]lGb|t ul/Psf]
 s]Gb| ljd'v ;+3Lotf - Centifugal Federalism_ – k|b]zdf a9L clwsf/ lglxt
ePsf] .
 c;dfg ;+3Lotf -Asymmetrical Federalism_ – ;a} k|fGtdf ;dfg clwsf/
gePsf] .
 å}w ;+3Lotf -Dual Federalism_
 ;xsf/L ;+3Lotf -Cooperative Federalism_ – s]Gb| / k|fGt tyf k|fGt / k|fGt
lardf clwsf/sf] k|of]u / >f]t sf] af+8kmf+8 cfkl; ;dembf/L / ;xsf/Ltfsf]
cfwf/df x'g] .
;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿M

tn pNn]lvt Ps jf ;f] eGbf j9L cfwf/df ;+3Lo /fHosf] lgdf{0f x'g] ub{5 .
• ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt
• hftLo ;3gtf
• eflifs wfld{s cj:yf
• k|zf;lgs ;'udtf
• P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tf
• /fhg}lts rfxgf
• k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] cj:yf
• cfly{s ;Ifdtf
• hg;f+lVos ;Gt'ng
• International Linkages

174
^= ;+3Lotf / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{{

;+3Lotf zf;g ;~rfngsf] Ps tl/sf xf] of] zlQm / :jzf;g;+u ;DjlGwt /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|df /x]sf
ljwflosL, sfo{sf/L0fL / Goflos clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfgåf/f g} ljleGg k|b]zx¿df x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfd
g} ;+3Lotf xf] . ;+3Lotf ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnL xf] / /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] Pp6f tl/sf jf dfWod dfq
xf] . ljZjdf xfn @* j6f b]zdf ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] zf;g Joj:yf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;+3Lotf lgdf{0fsf]
k|lqmofut cfwf/ klg ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . :jtGq /fHox¿ Ps 7fFpdf hf]l8P/ ;+3Lotf ag]sf]] b]zx¿df
cd]l/sf, l:j6h/Nof08 5g\ . ljlgdf{0f -xf]N8Lª 6'u]b/_ ljlwjf6 ;+3Lotf aGg] b]zx¿df hd{gL,
gfOh]l/of h:tf b]z 5g\ eg] cw{ ;+3Lo k|sf/sf] ;+3Lotf ePsf] b]zsf] ¿kdf ef/t, Sofg8f /x]sf
5g\ . ljleGg b]zdf ;+3Lotfsf] lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf, ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, hftLo ;3gtf, eflifs
wfld{s cj:yf, k|zf;lgs ;'udtf, P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tf, /fhg}lts rfxgf, k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf]
cj:yf, cfly{s ;Ifdtf, hg;f+lVos ;Gt'ng tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw h:tf cfwf/ lng] u/]sf] 5 .
gfOh]l/of, Olyof]lkof h:tf b]zn] hftLo cfwf/df ;+3Lotfsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ eg] :jLh/Nof08,
hd{g h:tf b]zn] eflifs cfwf/df ;+3Lotfsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ .

Gf]kfndf eg] /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf ;+3Lo Joj:yfnfO{ ckgfpg] s'/fdf ;a}+sf] ;xdlt ePsf] cj:yf
5 . ;+3Lo zf;gsf nflu xfd|f tLg k':tfsf] cr's k|of;sf afah'b klg pknJw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
hgcfGbf]ng efu @ sf] pknAwLsf] ¿kdf cfPsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;ljwfg cfPsf] / ;+ljwfgdf g}
;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ckgfpg] k|ltj4tf ePsf]n] ca ;+3Lotfsf] ljifo ljjfbsf] ljifo /x]g . t/
;+3Lotfsf] :j¿k s:tf] x'g] s;/L ;a} hgtfn] ;+3Lotfk|lt ckgTj lng ;S5g\ eGg] ljifodf uxg
5nkmn cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] ljul7t klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] g]kfndf ;+3Lotf lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/sf]
¿kdf ;fdYo{ / klxrfgnfO{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ;fdYo{ cGtu{t cfly{s, k|fs[lts >f]tsf]
pknAwtf, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf, / k|zf;lgs ;'udtf h:tf cfwf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 eg] klxrfgsf]
¿kdf hftL, efiff, P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tf / ef}uf]lns lg/Gt/tf h:tf kIfnfO{ cfwf/ tf]s]sf]] cj:yf 5 .
o;sf] ;fy} b]zdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] /fHo /xg] s'/fdf ;d]t ;xdlt ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
tLg txsf /fHox¿df clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8sf] ¿kdf ;+3nfO{ #) j6f, k|fGtdf @* j6f tyf s]Gb| / k|fGt
jLrsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ¿kdf @& j6f clwsf/ lbg] s'/fdf ;xdlt ePsf] cj:yf lyof] eg] :yfgLo
txsf] ;/sf/nfO{ @) j6f clwsf/ lbg] s'/fdf ;d]t ;xdlt ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ kl5Nnf] ;+ljwfg;efaf6
ag]sf] ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;d]t k'/fgf] ;xdlt ePsf s'/feGbf klg kl5 x6]/ cem} gfdf+sg, l;df+sg /
clwsf/sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 ga9]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fhgLlts ;xdltdf aGg]
;+ljwfgnfO{ ;a} hgtfn] ckgTj lng] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg lbuf] x'g hfG5 . ctM ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;a}n] ckgTj
lng] lsl;dn] a9L eGbf a9L ;dy{g / ;xdltsf] cfwf/df hf/L ug]{ lbzfdf cl3 a9\g' /fi6« / hgtfsf]
nflu a9L lxts/ x'g] b]lvG5 .

175
&= g]kfndf ;+3Lotf lgdf{0fdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿
ljutdf klxrfg / ;fdYo{nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;+3Lotfdf hfg] s'/f;+u ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ jLr dt}So
ePtf klg hftLo cfwf/df ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/f;+u ;xdlt gePsf] cj:yfdf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ubf{ ljZj cg'ej, cfly{s ;fdYo{ / klxrfg ;lxtsf] cfwf/df ;+3Lotf agfpg'kg]{
b]lvG5 . ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf klxrfg Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfndf !@% hfthflt, !@# efiffefifL
/ !) wdf{jnDaL ePsf] / Pp6} hfthflt, efiffefifL / wdf{jnDaLsf] afx'Notf gePsf] cj:yfdf oL
cfwf/df /fHosf] gfdfs/0f ug]{ u/L ;xdlt x'g] b]lvFb}g . ;fdYo{ ;+3Lotf lgdf{0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/
ePtf klg o;sf] dfq cfwf/ lnFbf ljutsf] pTkL8gsf] Ifltk"lt{ gx'g] / l;dfGts[t ju{n] o;/L ag]sf]
;+3LotfnfO{ ckgTj glng] x'Fbf b'j}sf] cfwf/ lnFbf ;xdltsf] ldng laGb' aGg ;Sb5 . ;fdYo{sf]
cfwf/df ;+3Lotf agfpFbf ;+3Lo k|0ffnLn] :yfloTj kfpg] x'G5 t/ o;f] eGb}df klxrfgnfO{ la;{+bf
ljutsf] plTk8gsf] kIfdf Gofo u/]sf] 7xb}{g . ljZjsf] cg'ej x]bf{ ef/t h:tf] 7"nf] / :jL6h/Nof08
h:tf] ;fgf] b]zn] klg ;+3Lotf ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 . df]8nsf] ¿kdf Coming Together df]8nsf]
¿kdf cd]l/sfsf] ;+3Lotf /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] ef/tdf Holding Together df]8nsf] ¿kdf ;+3Lotf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . clwsf/ afF8kmfF8nfO{ x]bf{ klg ljleGg ;+3Lo zf;g ckgfPsf b]zx¿df km/s km/s
lsl;dn] afF8kmfF8 ePsf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf sf]–ck/]l6k, Sofg8fdf Asymmetric / :jLh/Nof08df
Duel df]8ndf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L /fHox¿ cd]l/sfdf :6]6sf] ;'lk|d]:fL
5 eg] k|mfG;df hgtfsf] eg] hd{gdf Ethnicity Supremacy ePsf] b]lvG5 . :jLh/Nof08df eflifs
cfwf/df ;+3Lotf ag]sf] 5 eg] Olyof]lkofdf hftLo cfwf/df ag]sf] pbfx/0f klg gePsf] xf]Og .
;+3Lotf ckgfPsf] d'n'sdf /fi6«ktLo / k|wfgdGqLo b'j} k|sf/sf zf;g Joj:yf ePsf] klg kfOG5 .
To;} u/L lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfPsf b]zx¿df klg s'g}df ;dfg'kflts, a9L dtLo k|0ffnL tyf ldl>t
;a} k|sf/sf] cEof; ePsf] kfOG5 .
*=g]kfndf ;+3Lotf ;+:yfut ug{sf] nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbd

o; k|sf/sf] ljZj cg'ejnfO{ x]bf{ ef/tdf ;+3Lotf lgdf{0fsf] avt !@ /fHodf ljeQm ef/t xfn
slt j6f k|fGtdf k'u]sf] 5 To;nfO{ x]/]/ klg xfd|f] ;+3Lotfsf] lgdf{0fdf ;f]Rg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy}
gfOh]l/ofdf ;'?df # /fHo ePsf]df xfn #^, ;'8fgdf # af6 @^ /fHo k'u]sf] tyf Oyf]lkofdf hftLo
/fHosf] sf/0f O/]:6Lof 5'l§Psf] tLtf] cg'ej ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f g]kfnn] oL ;a} lttf] ld7f]
cg'ejsf] cfwf/df efjgfTds eGbf klg j}1flgs 9+uaf6 bLuf]kgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;+3Lotfsf] lgdf{0f
ug{'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfndf /x]sf] ljljwtf / ;fdYo{nfO{ g} dl;GofP/ cWoog ul/g'kb{5 . ctM
;+3Lotfsf] lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ klxrfg / ;fdYo{ b'j}nfO{ dfGg] t/ efjgfdf au]/ eGbf klg tYonfO{ cfwf/
dfg]/ agfpg pko'Qm x'G5 . g]kfndf xfndf p7\g] u/]sf] /fhZjsf] cj:yf cjnf]sg ubf{ &% lhNnfdf
& j6f lhNnfaf6 dfq s"n /fhZjsf] *% k|ltzt / jfsL ^* lhNnfjf6 !% k|ltzt dfq p7\g] u/]sf]
5 . To;}u/L /fhZj p7fpg] eG;f/ gfsf pQ/df ( j6f / blIf0f tkm{ @@ j6f /x]sf 5g\ . blIf0f gfsfaf6
sl/j () k|ltzt /fhZj p7\g] / pQ/L gfsfaf6 !) k|ltzt dfq /fhZj ;+sng x'g] u/]sf] cj:yf

176
5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fhZj c;'nLsf] If]qdf /x]sf] ;+efjgf ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f
ug{' kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;+3Lo df]8nsf] ¿kdf sldª 6'u]b/ df]8ndf /xL tLg txsf] /fHo lgdf{0f u/L
/fHox¿ jLrdf clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 ubf{ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t eO{ /fli6«o PstfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u
k'Ug] u/L agfpFbf ;+3Lotfn] bL3{ hLjg kfpg hfG5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm ljutdf k5fl8 kfl/Psf] ju{sf]
;d]t /fHo ;~rfngdf ckgTj sfod ug]{ u/fpg] u/L ;a}+sf] cl:tTj / klxrfgsf] plrt ;Daf]wg ub}{
:jzf;gnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ vfnsf] ;+3Lotf agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu kf6L{ut /fhgLlteGbf dfly
p7]/ /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf sfod ug]{ u/L ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

(= lgisif{

/fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] ljleGg tl/sf dWo] ;+3Lotf klg Ps xf] . ;+3Lotf zf;g ;~rfngsf] Ps
tl/sf xf] . of] zlQm / :jzf;g;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . s]Gb|df /x]sf ljwflosL, sfo{sfl/0fL / Goflos
clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfgåf/f g} ljleGg k|b]zx¿df x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfd g} ;+3Lotf xf] cyf{t ;+3Lotf
clwsf/ hgtfdf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmof / ljlw xf] eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf klxrfg / kx"FrnfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ePtf klg klxrfgsf] gfddf eO/x]sf] ljjfbsf] sf/0f ;+3Lotf zf;gsf]
;+:yfut ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . tyflk ljul7t ;+ljwfg ;efn] /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf tyf
/fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] g]kfndf aGg] ;+3Lotfsf] df]8nsf] ¿kdf s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx
u/L tLg txsf] /fHo /xg] / tL /fHox¿ larsf] ;DaGw ;xsf/Ltf, ;xcl:tTj, ;dGjosf] l;4fGtsf
cfwf/df ;+3Lotf aGg] s'/fdf ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . t/ /fHo k'gM;+/rgf cfof]usf] u7g u/]sf] / To;
k|ltj]bgn] s:tf] ¿ksf] ;+3Lotf x'g], To;sf] cfwf/ / cf}lrTo s] xf] < /fHosf] ;+Vof / l;4fGt s]
xf] < eGg] af/]df ;d]t ljjfb ldnfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o;sf] d"n sf/0fdf cfTdk/s /fhgLlt /
b"/bzL{ g]t[Tjsf] cefj b]lvG5 . /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] ljifonfO{ u/LaLaf6 ;DkGgtf lt/, c;dfgtfaf6
;dfgtf / ;dfj]zLs/0flt/, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / clgZroaf6 zflGt, l:y/tf / nf]stflGqs/0ftkm{
n}hfg] Pp6f ;an dfWodsf] ¿kdf lnO{g' kb{5 / ;f]xL lbzfdf ca aGg] ;+3Lotf aGg'kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy}
ax'dtLo k4ltaf6 eGbf klg ;xdtLo k4ltaf6 ;+ljwfg agfO{ ;+3LotfnfO{ ljutdf h:tf] cNksfndf
g} kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg glbg] tkm{ ;a}+sf] Wofg hfg cfjZos /xG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL, gful/stf ;d:of, ;dfwfgsf k|of; / efjL /0fgLlt, c+s @% sfdfb klqsf
• s[i0f /fpt, -@)@)^*_ k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / ljsf;, cflzif a'S; xfp; k|f=ln afuahf/,
sf7df8f},
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, sfg"gL lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f} .
• sfzL/fh bxfn, -@)&!_,“;+ljwfg / /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf” g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g l;4fGt
/ Jojxf/, ;Dklt dfl;s klqsf, sf7df8f} .
• 9'08Lk|;fb lg/f}nf, -@)^*_, zf;g ;Grfngsf gjLg dfGotfx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s

177
 jfl0fHo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf; /
g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u
– dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n*

;f/f+z
cfly{s ljsf; /fi6« ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . b]zdf x'g] cfly{s ljsf;;Fu} ;DalGwt ljjfbx¿
klg ;[lht x'g yfNb5g\ . o;/L ;[hgf x'g] ljjfbx¿nfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] Pj+ ;xh ljZj;gLo
tj/af6 ;dfwfg x'g h?/L 5 . o:tf lsl;dsf ljjfbx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ hgzlQm bIf x'g'
lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . ;DalGwt ljifosf] 1ftf cyf{t ljz]if lsl;dsf] 1fg, cg'ej ePsf
GofosdL{x¿af6 ;[lht x'g] ljjfbx¿nfO{ ;xL ¿kdf lgk6f/f ug{ ;lsg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljjfbsf] k|s[lt / lg0f{odf ck]lIft b|'ttfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ jfl0fHo ;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ a]Un} 9+un]
x]g'{ kb{5 eGg] ljlwzf:qsf] ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf s]xL ;do cl3b]lv o; lsl;dsf]
cjwf/0ff ljsf; e} jfl0fHo ;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ ;fdfGo cbfntaf6 gx]/L 5'6\6} jfl0fHo
cbfnt u7g e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ ug{ yflnPsf] kfO{G5 . k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* df ;+zf]wg u/L s]xL lglZrt k'g/fj]bg cbfntx¿df jfl0fHo Ohnf;
u7g u/L Jofkf/ Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfbx¿ lgk6f/f ug{ lhDdf lbO{Psf] 5 . o:tf] k|fjwfg
/fVg'sf] d'Vo clek|fo o; lsl;dsf ljjfbx¿ ljz]if bIftf ePsf JolQmaf6 l56f] 5l/tf] ¿kdf
lgk6f/f x'g ;sf];\ eGg] g} xf] . k|:t't n]vdf jfl0fHo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf;, ljBdfg
sfg"gL Joj:yf, jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] u7g, jfl0fHo Ohnfzaf6 ;'gjfO{ x'g] d'2fsf] nut km5{\
of}6 l:ylt, jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 x'g] Gofo ;Dkfbgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿, h:tf ljifox¿ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

ljifo k|j]z

;fdfGotof cbfntaf6 d'2fsf] k'k{If k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] jf nfdf] ;do;Dd nfUg] jf ljz]if1tfsf]
cfjZostf kg]{ cj:yfdf ljz]if k|s[ltsf cbfntx¿ u7g ul/G5 . jfl0fHo ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿
ljlzli6s[t ljjfb dflgG5g\ . o:tf ljjfbx¿ ljlzli6s[t Goflos ;+/rgfaf6 6'+Uofpg' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf
/xL cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if k|s[ltsf ljjfbx¿ ;DalGwt ljifosf] lj1 Gofostf{af6 lg/f]k0f ePdf l56f],

* pk;lrj, Gofokl/ifb\ ;lrjfno

178
5l/tf] ;xL k|efjsf/L / jf:tljs Gofo k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] dfGotf cg';f/ ljlzli6s[t cbfnt ;DaGwL
k4ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] 1 . cbfntsf] ljlzli6s/0f ug'{sf d'Vo sf/0fx¿df ljz]if1tf (Expertise)
/ sfo{s'zntf (Efficiency) g} x'g\ . vf; vf; k|s[ltsf d'2fdf ljz]if k|sf/sf] ljz]if1tfsf] cfjZos
kb{5 . o;sf nflu To:tf ljifx¿sf] k|fl1s hfgsf/L, 1fg, z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd tyf cg'ejsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . ;dofg';f/ x'g] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;fy;fy} To;;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfbx¿ ;[hgf x'g
hfG5g\ h'g :jefljs g} xf] . oBlk To:tf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ;/n tl/sfn], l56f] ;dodf, ;xh Pj+
ljZj;gLo 9+un] ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cbfntn] dfq ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] ljZj;gLotf k|Tofe"t ug{ ;Sb5 .
ljjfb 5f]6f] ;dodf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lg/f]k0f ug{sf nflu cbfntnfO{ bIf, ;Ifd Pj+ lg8/ GofosdL{ /
p;nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . GofosdL{ / p;nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] bIftf tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 gul/P;Dd cbfntn] ck]lIft e"ldsf v]Ng ;Qm}g .
jfl0fHo cbfnt;+u ;DalGwt jfl0fHo sfg"gsf d'Votof tLgj6f p2]Zo /x]sf x'G5g\2 .
To Protect Business firms from unfair completion
To Protect Consumers from Unfair business practices
To Protect the interest of society from unbridled business behavior
jfl0fHo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf;

ljZj Jofkf/Ls/0f, cfly{s pbfl/s/0fsf] ljsf;;Fu} To; lsl;dsf If]qdf b]vfkg{ cfpg] ljjfbx¿sf]
lgk6f/f ;/n, l56f] 5l/tf] Pj+ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . ljjfbsf] ljlzi6tf / lg0f{odf
ck]lIft ltj|tf h:tf sf/0fn] jfl0fHo ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿nfO{ a]Un} 9+un] x]l/g' kb{5 eGg] ljlwzf:qsf]
ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljZjsf w]/} ljsl;t d'n'sx¿ h:t} k|mfG;, hd{gL, a]NhLod, a]nfot,
ci6«]lnof, Go"lhNof08, Sofg8f, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf nufotsf b]zx¿df jfl0fHo cbfntsf] :yfkgf
ePsf] kfOG5 . sltko b]zx¿df 5'§} cbfnt u7g gu/L lgoldt cbfnt leq 5'§} Ohnf; u7g u/L
jfl0fHo k|s[ltsf ljjfbx¿ To:tf Ohnf;af6 x]l/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . a]nfotdf High Court
of Justice sf] Queens Bench Division cGtu{t Commercial Court /x]sf] 5 . h'g cbfntn] s/f/
nufot tNnf] cbfntaf6 ePsf lg0f{o pk/sf] clkn ;'g'jfO{ ub{5 . To;}u/L Chancery Division n]
hUuf, bfdf;fxL, af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO{ ub{5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] New York
Supreme Court df kfO{n6 jfl0fHo cbfnt sfo{qmd ;'? ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;'? cbfntn] jfl0fHo
k|s[ltsf ljjfbx¿ ;xL ¿kdf lg/f]k0f ug{ g;s]sf] hg u'gf;f] cfPsf] cj:yfdf o;/L :yflkt kfOn6
jfl0fHo cbfnt sfo{qmd ;kmn eO{ cGo If]qdf ;d]t lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 3 . l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tdf

1 >LsfGt kf}8]n, Gofo k|zf;gsf] gofF cfofd jfl0fHo Joj:yf sfg"g c+s ^#!% k[=$) sfg"g Joj;foL Sna,
sf7df08f}+
2 5q d+un ah|frfo{ Business environment its characters influency factor & components Business Law
JournalVol3 Published by commercial Law Society Kathmandu, Nepal 2004 P. 54
3 History of Creation and Jurisdiction of Business Courts in the Last Decade By Mitchell L Bach and Lee Applebanm

179
n sld;gn] !** cf}F k|ltj]bg lbPkl5 xfn} xfO{sf]6{ leq pRr k|ljlwo'Qm b|'t ultsf] Commercial
Division agfpgsf] nflu ;+;bdf ljw]os k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df klg cbfntsf] ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{
lgoldt cbfnt cyf{t ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lhNnf cbfntsf cltl/Qm vf; lsl;d
/ k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{ sfg"gåf/f cGo cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf]
:yfkgf / u7g ug{ ;lsg]5 eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfO{G5 4 . ljz]if k|s[ltsf d'2f x]g{ ljz]if lsl;dsf
cbfnt, Gofoflws/0f u7g x'g' kg]{ / ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;Fu} eljiodf jfl0fHo cbfnt, pkef]Qmf lxt
;+/If0f ;DaGwL cbfnt nufot cGo ljz]if k|s[ltsf cbfnt u7g x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf @)%% ;fndf
g} cfjZostf dxz'; ul/Psf] kfOG5 5 . To;}u/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL cbfntsf] lgoGq0fdf /fVgsf
nflu ljleGg ljifox¿df ljifout ljlzi6tf ug'{ ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ @)%* ;fndf :jLsf/
ul/Psf] lyof] 6 .b]zdf ljQLo k|zf;g ;'lglZrt gu/L ljb]zL nufgL lelqb}g . nufgL p7fpg] plrt
Joj:yfksLo tyf sfg"gL ;+oGq lagf :jb]zleq klg nufgL k|jfx x'g ;Q}g . hxfFsf] Gofok|0ffnL
k|efjxLg x'G5, ToxfF cfly{s j[l4, ;fdflhs ljsf;, lg/Gt/ sfod /fVg c;Dej x'G5 eGg] s'/f
ljZjn] dfg]sf] 5 . /fi6«sf] pGglt / ljsf;sf] nflu ljleGg gljgtd\ k|ljlw / k|0ffnLnfO{ b]zdf
leœofpFbf To;nfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ;f]xL cg's"n sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug'{ g]kfn
h:tf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«sf] afWotf 5 7 .cfly{s tyf jfl0fHo If]qsf ljjfbx¿ ;DalGwt ljifosf
lj1af6 l56f] 5l/tf] Pj+ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;dfwfgsf nflu 5'§} cbfnt jf Ohnf; u7g ug]{ k|rng
cGo ljsl;t b]zdf ljsf; eO{;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf xfdLsxfF klg jfl0fHo ljifosf lj1af6 Jofkfl/s
ljjfbx¿sf] lz3| / k|efjsf/L ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ cfjfh Goflos, Jofkfl/s tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6
p7]sf] cj:yf 5 8 . ljZjJofkfl/s/0f, cfly{s pbfl/s/0f, v'nf ahf/, lghLs/0f kZrft ;[hgf ePsf
;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;/n, l56f] 5l/tf] Pj+ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 eGg] ljlwzf:qLo dfGotfsf]
sf/0f g} xfd|f s]xL lglZrt P]gx¿df ljjfbsf] lgk6f/f jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf cnfjf lhNnf cbfntx¿df b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L d'2fx¿ x]g]{ 5'6f5'§} Ohnf;sf]
Joj:yf ul/g', afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿nfO{ afnaflnsf P]gn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhd 5'§} afn
Ohnf;af6 x]l/b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf ug{sf nflu GofofwLz ;lxtsf] ^^
b/aGbL / ;f] sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu dfu ul/Psf]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt
@)^%.!).! b]lv nfu" x'g]u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~h, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/, k'g/fj]bg

4 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# wf/f !)! sf] pkwf/f -@_

5 cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DalGw ;'emfj k|ltj]bg, @)%% k[=!)
6 cbfnt ;'b[l9s/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*, @%, $^ / $^(
7 sNof0f >]i7,sfg"g / ljsf;df Gofokflnsfsf] e"ldsf tyf :yfg, sfg"g c+s, ^@!% a}zfv,@)^$ k[ $@
8 >LsfGt kf}8]n, Gofo k|zf;gsf] gofF cfofd, Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf, sfg"g c+s ^#!% c;f/, @)^$ k[=$), sfg"g
Joj;foL Sna, sf7df08f}+

180
cbfnt kf6g, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6andf jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf eO{ If]qflwsf/ tf]lsPsf] 9 / kl5
ldlt @)^&.)!.)! b]lv nfu" x'g]u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fdf ;d]t jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf eO{
If]qflwsf/ tf]lsPsf] kfO{G5 .
ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (World Trade Organization WTO) df k|j]z kfP kZrft cfly{s Pj+
jfl0fHo If]qdf sfg"gx¿ th'{df u/L cfˆgf] k|lta4tf k'/f ug{ ljleGg P]gx¿ th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . h'g
P]gdf pNn]lvt ljjfbsf] lgk6f/f jfl0fHo cbfnt u7g geP;Ddsf] nflu jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 x]l/g'
kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . tL P]gx¿df M
sDkgL P]g, @)^#
bfdf;fxL P]g, @)^#
;'/lIft sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^#
k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g / ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^#
a}lsË s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$
sDkgL P]g, @)^#
cfly{s pbfl/s/0fåf/f pBf]u, Jofkf/ / Joj;fosf If]qdf nufgL k|j4{g u/L cfly{s ljsf;df
ultlzntf Nofpg tyf sDkgL k|zf;gnfO{ ;/n / kf/bzL{ agfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] k|:t't sDkgL P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf !%( df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ sDkgL P]g, @)^# adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ;DaGwL
d'2f, ;f] P]g cGtu{t cbfntdf ph'/L jf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] egL pNn]v ePsf] ljifo / lauf] Ifltk"lt{
e/fpg] nufotsf] ljifodf sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;xdtL
lnO{ g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lsPsf] cbfntsf] jfl0fHo Ohnf;nfO{ x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . o; P]g cGtu{tsf] j'mg} sfd j'm/fsf] ;DaGwdf sfof{no, sDkgL ;~rfns, kbflwsf/L, z]o/wgL
jf ;b:o jf ;fx' jf ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmsf] ph'/Laf6 dfq d'2f bfo/ x'g] / cbfntn] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL
/ lsgf/f ubf{ ;+lIfKt sfo{ljwL P]g, @)@* sf] sfo{ljwL ckgfpg] Joj:yf 5 .
bfdf;fxL P]g, @)^#
;fx'sf] C0f ltg{ g;sL bfdf;fxLdf k/]sf jf kg{ nfu]sf] jf cfly{s s7LgfO{ ef]uL /x]sf sDkgLsf]
k|zf;g, bfdf;fxL ;DaGwL sfo{ljwL tyf sDkgLsf] k'g{;+/rgf ;DaGwL sf/jfxL ug]{ ljifosf ;DaGwdf,
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k/fdz{ lnO{ g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lsPsf] cbfntdf
jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . k|:t't P]gsf] bkmf &# df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ s;"/
;DaGwL d'2f lnlSj8]6/, bfdf;fxL k|zf;g sfof{no jf ;DalGwt kIfn] bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
5 . o:tf] d'2fdf cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljwLsf] af/]df ljz]if Joj:yf ul/Psf]n] ;fdfGo sfo{ljwL nfu"
x'g] / bfdf;xL k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf eg] P]gn] g} sfo{ljwL lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

9 g]kfn /fhkq, k|sfzg ldlt @)^%.)(.!$, sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno

181
;'/lIft sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^#

b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k|j4{g ug{ ;'/lIft sf/f]af/sf ;DaGwdf
PsLs[t sfg"g Joj:yf u/L rn tyf cd"t{ ;DklQsf] kl/kfng ug]{ u/fpg] p2]Zon] th'{df ul/Psf] o;
P]gsf] bkmf %^ df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ o; P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] / s;"/sf]
cg';Gwfg / txlssft ubf{ ;DalGwt ljifosf] lj1;Fu k/fdz{ ug{ ;Sg]5 . o; P]g cGtu{tsf d'2fdf
s'g sfo{ljwL ckgfpg] eGg] pNn]v gePsf] x'Fbf ;fdfGo sfo{ljwL ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g / ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^#

o; P]g adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k/fdz{ lnO{ g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lsPsf] cbfntsf] jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;
P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/ ;/sf/jfbL e} rNg] -bkmf @^_ x'g] / o:tf] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg
/ txlssft ahf/ ;+/If0f clws[tn] jf af]8{n] ug]{ -bkmf @$_ / lghn] To:tf] s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg
/ txlssft ubf{ ;DalGwt ljifosf] lj1;Fu k/fdz{ ug{ ;Sg]5 . o; P]g cGtu{tsf d'2fdf ;+lIfKt
sfo{ljwL ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

a}+ls· s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$

a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfsf] sf/f]af/df x'g ;Sg] s;"/hGo sfo{af6 a}+s tyf ljlQo k|0ffnLdf kg]{ c;/ /
hf]lvdnfO{ Go"g u/L a}+s tyf ljlQo k|0ffnLk|lt ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 ug{ a}+lsË s;"/ tyf ;hfosf
;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ hf/L ul/Psf] o; P]g adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f, g]kfn
;/sf/n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;xdtL lnO{ g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lsPsf] cbfntaf6
x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]df ;DalGwt jfl0fHo Ohnf;n] x]g]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] 10 . o; P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g]
d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] / o; lsl;dsf] s;"/df To:tf] s;"/ ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] ! jif{
leq hfx]/L lbg ;lsg]5 . To;/L hfx]/L k/]sf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leq g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf
;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lsPsf] cbfnt ;dIf d'2f bfo/ u/L ;Sg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o;sf] cnfjf sDkgL
/lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o pk/ ;DalGwt jfl0fHo Ohnf;df k'g/fj]bg nfUb5 11 . o;/L
jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf 5 .

jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] u7g

cbfntx¿sf] :yfkgf / clwsf/ If]q Jojl:yt ug{ / Gofo, l56f], sd vlr{nf] / ;'ne agfpg Gofo
k|zf;gdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] hf/L ul/Psf] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* n] lnPsf] p2]Zo

10 g]kfn /fhkq, k|sfzg ldlt @)^^.)$.)%, sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno

11 P]=P]=

182
k"lt{sf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgodx¿ agfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 12 . ;f] cg';f/ th'{df
ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* df jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] u7g ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOG5 13 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* nfO{ @)^$ df cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lsPsf] ldlt b]lv k|f/De x'g] u/L jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] u7g u/]sf]
kfOG5 . k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;xdtL
lnO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf cfjZostf cg';f/
5'§} jfl0fHo Ohnf; u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] nflu k|wfg GofofwLzn] tf]s]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf GofofwLzn] jfl0fHo GofofwLzsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ 5g\ .

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* df @)^^ df ul/Psf] gjf}+ ;+zf]wgn] jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 x]l/g]
;Dk"0f{ lgj]bg k|ltj]bg / d'2fx¿ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 x]l/g] 5 . jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] nflu tf]lsPsf s'g}
GofofwLzsf] cg'kl:yltsf sf/0f ;+o'Qm Ohnf; u7g x'g g;s]df ljifo a:t'sf] ulDeo{tfsf] sf/0fn]
t'?Gt ;'g'jfO{ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf k/]df clGtd lsgf/f afx]ssf ljifodf Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 klg
;'g'jfO{ x'g] u/L d'Vo GofofwLznfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/cGo d'2f ;d]t x]g]{ u/L tf]Sg ;Sg]5 jfl0fHo
Ohnf;df k]z x'g] d'2f;Fu c? nufpsf d'2f jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ ul/g]5 . jfl0fHo Ohnf;
:yfkgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltn] lbPsf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df ^ j6f jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf ug{sf nflu
dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhd GofofwLz ;lxtsf ^^ b/aGbL / ;f] sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 ;d]t
g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu dfu ul/Psf]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt @)^%.)(.!$ sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
ldlt @)^%.!).)! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g, k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt a'6jn, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~hdf jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf eO{ If]qflwsf/ tf]lsPsf]df
ldlt @)^&.)!.)! b]lv nfu" x'g]u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fdf ;d]t jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf eO{
If]qflwsf/ tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ x'g] lkm/fb bfjL ;/xsf h'g;'s} lgj]bg jfkt
?=!)).–, k'g/fj]bg k'g/fjnf]sg jfkt ?=!)).–, lnlvt hjfkm jfkt ?=%).– / cGo lgj]bgdf ?=%.–
b:t'/ nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ x'g] d'2fsf] nut km5o\f}{6sf] l:ylt

dfly ljj]lrt sDkgL P]g, @)^#, bfdf;fxL P]g, @)^#, ;'/lIft sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^#, k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g
/ ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^# / a}+lsË s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ ;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿ tf]lsPsf
k'g/fjb]g cbfnt lj/f6gu/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g, k'g/fjb]g cbfnt a'6jn, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
g]kfnu~h / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fdf jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf eO{ If]qflwsf/ tf]lsPsf] ePtf
klg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf ul7t jfl0fHo Ohnf;df d'2fsf] rfk a9L/x]sf] kfOG5 eg] cGo

12 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* bkmf #!

13 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* lgod !) s

183
cbfntx¿df d'2fsf] rfk Go"g /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljut b'O{ jif{x¿sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] nut /
km5\of}{6sf] tYofÍnfO{ x]bf{ 14

d'2f cf=j= nut km5\of}{6

a}lsË s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ ;Fu ;DalGwt 314 145
sDkgL P]g, @)^# ;Fu ;DalGwt @)^(÷)&) 34 20
bfdf;fxL P]g, @)^# ;Fu ;DalGwt 4 1
352 166

d'2f cf=j= nut km5\of}{6

a}lsË s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ ;Fu ;DalGwt 314 205
sDkgL P]g, @)^# ;Fu ;DalGwt @)&)÷)&! 37 24
bfdf;fxL P]g, @)^# ;Fu ;DalGwt 6 5
357 234
jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ u/L dfly ljj]lrt sDkgL P]g, @)^# bfdf;fxL P]g, @)^#, ;'/lIft
sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^#, k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g / ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^# / a}lsË s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$
;d]tsf kfFr lsl;dsf P]g cGtu{tsf s;"/x¿sf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ u/L If]qflwsf/ tf]lsPsf] ePtf klg
k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g / ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^# sfof{Gjog ug]{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f e} g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf pQm P]g cGtu{tsf d'2fx¿ bfo/ x'g] cj:yf ljBdfg g/x]tf klg ;'/lIft sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^#
cGtu{tsf] s;"/df eg] s'g} klg d'2f bfo/ gePsf] cj:yf 5 . bfo/ ePsf d'2f dWo]df klg bfdf;fxL
P]g, @)^# ;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] ;+Vof Go"g b]lvG5 .

jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 x'g] Gofo ;Dkfbgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿

• jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf ePsf] sl/a & jif{ lalt;Sbf klg lgodfjnL÷sfo{ljwL th'{df
x'g g;Sg' .
• clwsf/ If]q l;ldt x'Fbf sfo{af]em sd b]lvg'
• sfo{ljwLdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ x'g g;Sbf sfg"gL låljwf÷sfg"gL hl6ntf ljBdfg /xg'
• k"0f{sflng ¿kdf sfd ug]{ GofofwLzsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg'
• jfl0fHo Ohnf;df sfd ug]{ GofofwLz, ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{,
k|efjsf/L tflnd ;~rfng x'g g;Sg' .
• ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj

14 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g, jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^(÷)&) / )&)÷)&!

184
 • ah]6sf] cefj
• bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj
• ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u k|r'/ dfqfdf x'g g;Sg'
• k/Dk/fut Gofo k|0ffnLaf6 dfly p7\g g;Sg'
• cbfnt Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg g;Sg'
• r]sdf pNn]lvt /sd e'QmfgL lbg k'Ug] /sd vftfdf df}hbft gePsf] sf/0faf6 a}+sn]
/sd e'QmfgL glbO{ r]s cgfb/ u/]sf] cj:yfsf] sfo{ a}+lsË s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$
cGtu{tsf] ge} ljlgdo clwsf/ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{tsf] x'gfn] ;f] d'2fsf] ;'? sf/jfxL /
lsgf/f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ jfl0fHo Ohnf;nfO{ gePsf]
• bfdf;fxL P]g, @)^# adf]lhd hfFra'em clwsf/L jf Liquidator n] kfpg] kfl/>lds
lgwf{/0f ug{ cbfntnfO{ cK7\of/f] k/]sf] . lghsf] kfl/>lds / To;df nfUg] vr{ sltko
cj:yfdf bfdf;fxLdf hfg] sDkgLn] wfGg g;Sg] eP To:tf] vr{ s;/L h'6fpg] eGg] s'/fsf]
;dfwfg cbfnt;Fu gePsf] . sltko cj:yfdf cgfjZos sd{rf/L /fvL Liquidator
n] cfly{s Jooef/ a9fPsf] eGg] u'gf;f] klg cfPsf] t/ To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ s'/f
cbfnt;Fu gePsf] h:tf] g]kfn ljsf; a}+sn] vf/]hL ;DaGwL d'2fdf b]vf k/]sf] lyof]
• g]kfn l:yt ljb]zL sDkgLsf] zfvf jf ax'/fli6«o sDkgLnfO{ bfdf;fxL ug'{kbf{ cjnDjg
ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljwL k|i6 gePsf] -Cross Border Insolvency ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cefj_
• e'QmfgL lbg] k|fyldstfqmd bfdf;fxL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %& a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yf
;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf && / aLdf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $! v df k[ys–k[ys
Joj:yf ePsfn] låljwf pTkGg ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] :yfkgfsf nflu sfg"gx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg, jfl0fHo Ohnf; ;DaGwL lgodfjnLx¿sf]
th'{df sfo{ljwL Pj+ lgb]{lzsf agfpgsf nflu ;ldlt u7g e} ;s]tf klg ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg gePsf]
cj:yf 5 . 15 kf/:kl/s Goflos ;xof]u;DaGwL sfg"gL k|of]usf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|:tfljt b]jfgL
sfo{ljwL ;+lxtfn] s]xL xb;Dd :jLsf/ u/]sf] ePtf klg pQm ;+lxtfn] sfg"gL dfGotf gkfO{ ;s]sf]
cj:yf ;d]taf6 ;d:of hxfFsf] txL /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M–
• P]g sfg"gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ub}{ jfl0fHo cbfnt ;DaGwL 5'§} ljz]if P]g Nofpg' kg]{
• kf/:kl/s Goflos ;xof]u ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{kg]{

15 /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog / Gofokflnsfn] xfl;n u/]sf] pknAwLx¿, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt g]kfn, @)^^ k[=$)

185
 • jfl0fHo Ohnf; ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, sfo{ljwL tyf lgb]{lzsf tTsfn agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{
• ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ a9fpFb} nfg'kg]{ tyf cbfntx¿ aLr ;"rgf ;+hfnsf] :yfkgf
/ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{
• ef}lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]udf j[l4 ug'{kg]{
• cbfntsf] hgzlQm -GofofwLz, ;xof]uL sd{rf/L, cflb_ nfO{ bIf agfpg Ifdtf ljsf;
;DaGwL :jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL pko'Qm tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• cfjZos ah]6sf] k|aGw ug'{kg]{
• sfg"gdf /x]sf hl6ntfnfO{ x6fpFb} sfg"gdf ;/nLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} jfl0fHo Ohnf;
;DaGwL 5'§} sfo{ljwL agfpg' kg]{
• jfl0fHo Ohnf;df sfd ug]{ hgzlQmsf] pTk|]/0ff hufpg k|f]T;fxg eQf nufotsf cGo
yk ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{
• cGo k'g/fj]bg cbfntx¿df ;d]t jfl0fHo :yfkgf ug'{kg]{
• jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ;Dkflbt ul/g] sfd sf/jfxL ;/n, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoLk"0f{ agfO{g' kg]{
• lg/LIf0f / cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{
• jfl0fHo O{hfnf;sf] clxn] tf]lsPsf] bfo/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ h:tf] ls s/f/ ;DaGwL,
dWo:ytf ;DaGwL, af}l4s ;DkQL ;DaGwL, lwtf]kq sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f
;DaGwL, aLdf ;DaGwL, /fhZj ;DaGwL cflb d'2fx¿ jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 x]l/g] u/L
Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ . o;f] ul/Pdf Pp6} k|s[tLsf d'2fx¿sf] ;'g'jfO{ Pp6} lgsfoaf6 ePsf]
v08df lg0f{odf lz3|tf, ljlzi6tf Pj+ k|efjsf/Ltf sfod ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
lgisif{

ahf/d'vL cy{tGq, cf}Bf]lus/0f, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, Jofkf/ Joj;fodf ul/g] cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{,
sfg"g / Gofosf If]qdf ljsl;t gljgtd ljwLzf:qLo cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;sf] sf/0f GofokfnLsfnfO{
ljlzi6Ls/0f ubf{ GofokfnLsfaf6 ul/g] sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] ;du|
ljsf;df k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng] pBf]u, jfl0fHo Jofkf/ Joj;fo nufotsf If]qdf sfg"gsf] zf;g :yflkt
u/fO{ nfugL d}qL aftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L o; If]qsf ljjfbx¿ ;dod} lgk6f/f ug'{ lgZro klg ;lhnf]
5}g . o;sf nflu ljz]if k|s[tLsf cbfntx¿, ;DalGwt ljifodf ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf] GofosdL{,
;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx¿ nufotsf bIf hgzlQmsf] ;do d} k"lt{ ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;sf] nflu jt{dfg
sfg"gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ub}{, cbfntdf sfo{/t GofofwLz, ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ub}{ sfddf lgvf/ Nofpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf jfl0fHo cbfnt u7g ge} ;s]sf]
;Gbe{df jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ul/b} cfPsf sfdx¿ ef]nLsf lbgx¿df jfl0fHo cbfnt u7g u/L To:tf
ljjfbx¿ ;f]xL cbfntaf6 lgk6f/f x'g h?/L b]lvG5 .

186
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf ;ldlt
• Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*, g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf ;ldlt
• sDkgL P]g, @)^#, g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf ;ldlt
• bfdf;fxL P]g, @)^#, g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf ;ldlt
• ;'/lIft sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^#, g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf ;ldlt
• k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g / ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^#, g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf ;ldlt
• a}+lsË s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$, g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf ;ldlt
• g]kfn /fhkq, k|sflzt ldlt @)^$.)$.)%, sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno
• k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$*
• k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g, jflif{s k|ltj]bg )^(÷)&), )&)÷)&!
• sNof0f>]i7, sfg"g / ljsf;df Gofokflnsfsf] e"ldsf tyf :yfg, sfg"g c+s ^@!% j}zfv,
@)^$ k[= $@
• >LsfGt kf}8]n, Gofo k|zf;gsf] gofF cfofd jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf, sfg"g c+s ^#, !%
c;f/ @)^$, k[= $), sfg"g Joj;foL Sna, sf7df08f}
• cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;'emfj k|ltj]bg, @)%% k[= !)
• cbfnt ;'b[l9s/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*, @%, $^ / $^(
• /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog / Gofokflnsfsf] xfl;n u/]sf] pknAwLx¿, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
g]kfn, @)^^ k[= $)
• History of creation and Jurisdiction of Business Courts in the Last Decade By Mitchell L
Bach and Lee Applebann

187
 g]kfndf dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf M
cfjZostf, cj:yf / efjL sfo{lbzf
– ¿b| k|;fb e§*

;f/f+z
;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ glthfd"vL, k|fyldstf pGd"v, k|lt OsfO nfut u0fgf dfkm{t ljQLo
cg'zf;g sfod ug{ k|of]u ul/g] cf}hf/ dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -dv;_ xf] . o;n] cfjlws
of]hgf;Fu jflif{s ah]6nfO{ hf]8g] sfo{ ub{5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
kl/rfng ug{ bzf}F of]hgfsf] ;'?cft;Fu} cEof;df cfPsf] pQm ;+/rgf xfn lg/Gt/, k"0f{
glthfd'vL / k|lt OsfO nfut pGd'v x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHo k'g{;+/rgf;Fu} hgtfsf a9\bf dfu
/ ;Lldt >f]tnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg eljiodf o;sf] emg dxTj x'g hfG5 . cfjlws of]hgf
/ jflif{s of]hgfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf clgjfo{ th'{df ug]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf, ljsf; cfof]hgf th'{dfdf /fhgLlts OdfGbfl/tf, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;
ub}{ o;sf] :yfgLos/0f ug'{ klg h?/L 5 .

cjwf/0ff

hgtfsf cfjZostf c;Lldt / ultzLn x'G5g\ . /fHo;Fu ;Lldt >f]t;fwg x'G5 . ;Lldt >f]t;fwgnfO{
c;Lldt cfjZostf;Fu cfj4 u/L ;fj{hlgs >f]tnfO{ ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L agfpg] u/L k|fyldstf k|fKt
If]qdf glthf xfl;n x'g] u/L >f]tsf] ljlgof]hg / vr{ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ k|efjsf/L
¿kdf kl/rfng ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf;Fu} ;\g !(*) sf] bzsdf ci6]«lnofaf6 dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf
-dv;_ sf] cjwf/0ff ;'? ePsf] xf] . lj:tf/} clk|msg d'n's x'Fb} xfn ljZjsf sl/a #) b]zdf o;sf]
k|of]u ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u, @)%& sf] k|ltj]bg / ljZj a}+ssf]
l;kmfl/; cg';f/ bzf}{ of]hgfsf] ;'?b]lv ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg o;sf] cEof; ul/Psf]
xf] .

dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug]{ cf}hf/ xf] . o;n]
jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfnfO{ cfjlws of]hgf;Fu lnÍ u5{ . of]hgf / jflif{s sfo{qmdnfO{ b'O{
lsl;dn] lnÍ u5{ . klxnf] of]hgfsf] p2]Zo tyf /0fgLlt cg'¿k jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd th'{df u/L

* pk;lrj n]vf

188
ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ cfjlws of]hgfsf ;"rs xfl;n x'g] u/L jflif{s sfo{qmd÷ah]6
th'{df ul/G5 . of] k|ToIf of]hgf / cg'udg d"NofÍg ug]{ cf}hf/ geP klg of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog /
cg'udgdf ;xof]u ug]{ cf}hf/ xf] . g]kfndf # jif{sf] nflu dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf th'{df ul/G5 .
dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfdf ePsf] klxnf] jif{sf] sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 eg]sf] klxnf] jif{sf] oyfy{ ah]6
xf] eg] afFsL b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 k|If]k0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf tTjx¿
dWodsfnLg ljQ ;+/rgf (Medium Term Fiscal Framework)M of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf]
cWoIftfdf /x]sf]] >f]t ;ldltn] cfufdL tLg jif{sf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg, cfly{s j[l4, cfo tyf Joo
/ >f]tsf] k|If]k0f ub{5 . o;df klxnf] jif{sf] oyf{y ah]6 / afFsL -cfufdL_ b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{qmd tyf
ah]6 k|If]k0f ul/G5 .
dWodsfnLg ah]6 ;+/rgf (Medium Term Budgetary Framework) M ;DalGwt dGqfno, cy{
dGqfno / of]hgf cfof]un] If]qut sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 lglZrt ul/G5 .
dWodsfnLg glthf ;+/rgf (Medium Term Result Framework)M jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfnfO{
cfjlws of]hgfsf] glthf;Fu cfj4 ug]{ u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvfn]
;DalGwt dGqfno;Fusf] ;dGjodf glthf vfsf tof/ ub{5 .
dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf vDafx¿
 cfof]hgfsf] k||fyldsLs/0f M lgwf{l/t ;"rssf] cfwf/df cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f]df
ljefhg ul/G5 .
 k|lt OsfO{ vr{ u0fgf M k|To]s sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx¿ cGtu{t lqmofsnfkx¿ tf]sL
lqmofsnkfsf] cfwf/df k|lt OsfO vr{ lglZrt ul/G5 .
 glthf pGd'v M ;fj{hlgs vr{af6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] glthf÷;"rssf] k|If]k0f ul/G5 .
 ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod ug]{ .
dv;sf ljz]iftfx¿

;fj{hlgs vr{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|of]u ul/g] cf}hf/ xf] .

Linking tool : cfjlws of]hgf;Fu ;/sf/sf jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6nfO{ cfj4 u5{ .

Predictability framework cfufdL # jif{sf] lqmofsnfk / ah]6sf] k|If]k0f ub{5 .

Result based approach xf] .

Project prioritization tool sf ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5 .

klxnf] cfof]hgfdf k/]sf cfof]hgfx¿df >f]tsf] ;'lglZrttf u/fpFb5 .

189
 
Rolling plan xf] . klxnf] jif{sf] oyfy{ ah]6 tyf kl5Nnf @ jif{sf] k|If]k0f x'G5 .

Flexible tool klg xf] . k|To]s lqmofsnfkdfdf ePsf] yk36sf] cfwf/df cl3Nnf] jif{
k|If]k0f ePsf] lqmofsnfk / >f]t ;+zf]wg x'G5 .

;/sf/L vr{nfO{ ;xL kl/rfng u/fO{ ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod u/fpFb5 .

gLltdf cfwfl/t ah]6 th'{df ug{ ;xh ub{5 .
g]kfndf dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf tof/ ubf{ lgDg r/0fx¿ k"/f ug{] ul/G5 .
s_ j[xt cfly{s ;+/rgf lgdf{0fM of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] >f]t ;ldltn]
tLg cfly{s jif{sf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg, cfly{s j[l4, d'b|fl:kmlt b/, vr{, /fhZj / vr{sf]
>f]t cfsf/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
v_ ah]6sf] ;Ldf / dfu{bz{g k7fpg]M ah]6sf] cfsf/ lgwf{/0f u/]kl5 ;a} dGqfno÷;lrjfno
tyf lgsfox¿sf] tLg jif{sf] ah]6 ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL ;Ldfleq /x]/ tLg cfly{s jif{sf
nflu ah]6 cg'dfg ug{ dfu{bz{g k7fOG5 .
u_ d=v=;+= ;DaGwL sfo{bn u7gM dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] th'{df ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;a}
dGqfno÷;lrjfno÷lgsfox¿nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] cGtu{tsf] dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf sfo{bnsf]
u7g u/L To;sf] ljj/0f /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k7fpg cg'/f]w ug]{ ul/G5 .
3_ d=v=;+= ;DaGwL sfo{zfnf uf]i7LM dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] If]qut cjwf/0ff kqsf]
tof/L ug]{, o;sf] ;}4flGts Pj+ Jojxfl/s kIfsf] af/]df ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ / ;DalGwt
lgsfosf d=v=;+= ;Fu ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cled'vLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] sfo{zfnf uf]i7L
;~rfng ug]{ .
ª_ k|lt OsfO nfut cg'dfgM ljsf; cfof]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf k|lt OsfO nfut cg'dfg
tof/ ug{] / ;f] cg'¿k ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{] .
r_ d=v=;=sf] clGtd tof/L ug]{ M of]hgf cfof]usf] cfly{s Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf k|d'vsf]
;+of]hsTjdf /x]sf] d=v=;=OsfOn] ljleGg lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjodf dWodsfnLg vr{
;+/rgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbO lgb]{zg ;ldltaf6 clGtd :jLs[t u/fO{ k|sfzg tyf sfof{Gjogdf
hfG5 .
5_ dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgM k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf]
/fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltn] /fli6«o uf}/j / klxnf] k|fyldstf cfof]hgfsf] sfo{fGjog
;d:ofaf/] rf}dfl;s ¿kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ub{5 . o; afx]s k|To]s b'O{ b'O{ dlxgfsf]
cGt/fndf dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] dGqfno ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] a}7sn]
jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ;d:ofx¿sf] dGqfno:t/df ;dfwfg ug]{ Joj:yf
5.

190
g]kfndf lsg dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] cj:yf <

cf=j= @)%(.^) af6 ;'? ePsf] dv; klxnf] ^ jif{ k|sfzg eof] . & cf}+ 9fFrf cfpg ;s]g, s]jn
clen]vsf] ¿kdf dfq} /x\of] . cf7f}+b]lv bzf}+ 9fFrf cfpg ;s]g . P3f/f} 9fFrf cyf{t cf=j= @)&).&! sf]
dv; ah]6kl5 k|sfzg eof] . To;kl5 afx|f} jf cf=j= @)&!.&@ sf] dv; ;fj{hlgs x'g ;s]g . dv;n]
tf]s]sf] ah]6 ;Ldf ;+zf]wg x'g', dv;n] ;dfj]z u/]sf sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfnfO{ jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd
-/ftf] lstfadf_ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfj]z gx'g', cfof]hgfsf] k|lt o'lg6 nfut :ki6 x'g] u/L ljsf;
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf tof/ x'g g;Sg', glthf vfsf ;'?b]lv tof/ ug{ g;Sg' . b'O{ ltxfO eGbf a9L
cfof]hgfdf ljlgof]hg x'g] sl/a c;Lb]lv gAj] k|ltzt ljsf; ah]6 klxnf] k|fyldstfdf ljlgof]hg
x'Fbf k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ sfo{dfly k|Zg p7\of] . ah]6sf] l;lnË lgwf{/0fdf klg o;sf] k|of]u ug{ g;Sg'
h:tf sf/0fn] dv; cf}lrTodfly k|Zg p7\g uO{ of] k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] :ki6 ePsf] 5 . a'Fbfut
¿kdf dv;sf /fd|f kIfx¿ / sdhf]/ kIfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M

/fd|f kIfx¿

Macro economic framework aGb} uPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] k|fyldstf If]qdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg a9]sf] 5, h:t}M lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf s[lif .

nufgL af/] bftfnfO{ hfgsf/L x'G5 . cfof]hgfsf] completion, pipeline & merge project
sf] status yfxf x'G5 . h;n] slt nufgL cfjZos 5, slt >f]tsf] cefj 5 eGg] s'/f
:ki6 x'G5 .

!) cf}+ of]hgfsf] ;'?df sl/j @)) cfof]hgf ;+Vof 36] M slt merge + delete eP .

ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ;/sf/L ah]6nfO{ glthf;Fu cfj4 ug{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5 .

cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ ;"rsx¿ ljsf; u/L tLgsf] cEof; ul/Psf]] 5 .

klxnf] k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfdf /sd ;'lglZrttf eof] .

>f]tsf] k|efjsf/L ljlgof]hg / sfo{s'zntfk"j{s k|of]u ug{ ;xh u/\of] .

sfo{qmd ah]6 th'{df, 5nkmn ubf{ cfof]hgf ;+zf]wg / ah]6 /sdfGt/ s]xL sd ePsf] 5 .

åGbdf klg ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod /xof] .

MDG base sfo{qmd aGb}5g\ .

Result framework and log frame aGb} uPsf] 5 .

lhNnf:t/Lo ah]6 ;Ldf k7fpg cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

cfof]hgfsf] cfufdL lqmofsnfk / ah]6nfO{ lbzflgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .

;'wf/df k|ltj4tf M PEFA, NPPR n] glthfd"vL ljsf;sf] nflu k|efjsf/L agfpg hf]8
lbPsf] 5 .

191
sdhf]/ kIfx¿

lg/Gt/tf lbO{ ;dod} th'{df tyf k|sfzg ug{ ;lsPg .

cfof]hgfsf] k"0f{ ¿kdf k|lt OsfO vr{ u0fgf ug{ ;lsPg M Pp6} cj:yfdf klg ljlgof]hg
tyf nfut km/s eof] .

ah]6 jif{sf] ljlgof]hg / bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{sf] ah]6 k|If]k0fnfO{ oyfy{ agfpg ;lsPg .

ah]6sf] l;lnË lgdf{0fdf o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsPg .

cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f oyfy{k/s ¿kdf ug{ ;lsPg M ;fgf b]lv 7"nf k|fo ;a} cfof]hgf
klxnf] k|fyldstfdf kg]{ . cfof]hgf 5gf}6sf cfwf/x¿ general eP . If]qut k|fyldstf
lgwf{/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbg ;s]gf}F . ;"rsx¿sf] cfjlws of]hgfsf] ;'?cft;Fu} k'g/fjnf]sg x'g
;s]g . h:t} @)&@.&# sf] cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ubf{ e'sDk , ;Dj]bgzLntf h:tf cfwf/ yKg
;s]gfF} .

s'g cjlwdf cfof]hgfx¿ Complete, Merge, Delete, Ongoing / Add eP÷x''g] eGg] oyfy{
ljj/0f lbg ;s]g .

>f]tsf] k|efjsf/L ljlgof]hg x'g ;s]g M sfo{qmd, lqmofsnfkdf kof{Kt Wofg lbg g;Sbf
sfo{qmd ah]6 klg j9f]Q/L pGd'v eof] .

Sector Base Criteria sf cfwf/df sector sf] k|fyldstf u/L To;sf] cfwf/df Project sf]
k|fyldstf gu/L General ¿kdf project priority dfq eof] .

MTEF sf] k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ >f]t k|If]k0f / Input sf] ¿kdf lng ;s]gfF} .

dv;nfO{ :yfgLos/0f ug{ ;s]gfF} M :yfgLo lgsfo;Dd k'/\ofpg ;s]gf}F .
g]kfndf dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf k|efjsf/L gx'g'sf sf/0fx¿


/fhgLlts k|ltj4tf gx'g'M dGqLx¿, ;ef;bx¿, k|efjzfnL /fhgLlts JolQmx¿n] o;sf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu sfg"gL cfwf/ tof/ ug{ g?rfpg', k|fljlws ¿kdf pko'Qm sfo{qmdeGbf
/fhgLlts sfo{qmd -58\s] cfof]hgf_ nfO{ jflif{s ah]6df /fVg bjfj lbg', /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] /fhgLlts bjfjnfO{ k"0f{ j]jf:tf ug{ g;Sg',


;DalGwt dGqfno÷lgsfox¿n] ckgTj u|x0f ug{ g;Sg'M d=v=;=nfO{ glthf, ljsf;
Joj:yfkgsf] cfˆgf] st{Jo xf] egL ckgTj u|x0f ug{ g;Sg' . ;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrj,
;x;lrjn] dv; tof/Ldf ;do glbg' .


sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ePgM of]hgf / ah]6aLr s;/L lnÍ ug]{, s;/L vr{ k|If]k0f ug]{,
s;/L nfut cg'dfg ug]{ / glthf;Fu cfj4 ug]{ egL ;Ifd, pTk|]l/t Planning Cadre tof/
ug{ ;s]gf}F . of]hgf zfvfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L l56f] ;?jf eO/xg] .

192
 
sfg"gL cfwf/ ePg M P]g 5}g . ;'?sf b'O ltg jif{ dv;nfO{ dGqL kl/ifbaf6 k]z ul/of] . To;
kl5 dv; gagfpFbf klg dGqfnox¿nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg / ah]6 k|flKtdf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ eof] .

 Lack of MIS : MTEF agfpg] of]hgf, n]vf / cg'udg zfvf;Fu v08Ls[t / Jojl:yt
tYofÍsf] cefj 5 .

 Localize ug{ ;s]gf}F .


;dGjo sdhf]/ x'g' M of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno / ;DjlGwt dGqfno .

dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfnfO{ lgoldt, glthfd'vL agfpg lgDg kIfx¿df ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ .

gLltut tyf sfg"gL ;'wf/

• jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfon] dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfnfO{ ah]6 cl3 g} clgjfo{
ug{, th'{dfsf] lhDd]jf/L / ;do ;Ldf :ki6 kfg{ ah]6 Joj:yfkg tyf ljQLo pQ/bfoLTj ;DaGwL
P]g Nofpg] . ah]6;Fu} ;+;bdf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
• :yfgLo lgsfodf nfu' ug]{ u/L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g / cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]gdf jflif{s ljsf;
sfo{qmd h:t} dv; th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ Joj:yf /fVg ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
• cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ jt{dfg ;fdfGo ;"rsx¿df ;do ;fk]If ;+zf]wg u/L ;fdfGo /
If]qut b'j} ;"rsx¿ agfpg] . h:t} ph{f k|fyldstf xf] eg] o;sf &% k|ltzt ljifout ;"rs /
@% k|ltzt qm;sl6Ë ljifodf ;fdfGo ;"rsnfO{ ef/ k|bfg ug]{ . b'j} ;"rssf] s"n c+s hf]8L
cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldstf tf]Sg] . klxnf] k|fyldstfdf sd cfof]hgf x'g] u/L :ki6 ;"rs / /sdsf]
;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
• d=k=sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ o;sf] dxTjjf/] hfgsf/L u/fO{ ckgTj, cfGtl/sLs/0f / k|ltj4tf
clej[l4 u/fpg >f]t ;ldltsf] ah]6 k|If]k0f d=k=af6 cg'df]bg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
• dv;nfO{ ah]6 ;Ldf, ah]6 k|:tfj, 5nkmn / ljlgof]hgdf clgjfo{ k|of]u ug]{ .
• ;+3Lo /fHo Joj:yfdf k|To]s txsf] dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf tof/ u/L Ps csf{ aLr cfj4
ug{ :ki6 gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ .
;+:yfut tyf sfo{ut ;'wf/
• ah]6 ;Ldf tyf dfu{bz{g lbg' cl3 g} lgb]{zg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿df :jfldTj u|x0f u/fpg
cl3Nnf] vr{ ;+/rgfsf] ;dLIff, ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ af/] hfgsf/L lbg ;a} dGqfno ;lrjx¿nfO{
clgjfo{ Ps lbg] sfo{zfnf uf]i7L cfof]hgf ug]{ .
• of]hgf cfof]udf If]q x]g]{ ;x;lrj, sfo{qmd lgb]{zs tyf of]hgf clws[t, dGqfnosf of]hgf,

193
 cg'udg, ah]6÷cfly{s zfvfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lj1af6 j[xt k|lzIf0f lbg] .
• k|To]s dGqfno÷lgsfosf] dv; sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿ -dGqfno cGtu{t of]hgf dxfzfvf, n]vf,
of]hgf / cg'udg zfvf k|d'v, of]hgf zfvfsf clws[t_ tyf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] Ifdtf
clej[4 ug{ jflif{s ah]6 ;Ldf / dfu{bz{g k7fPsf] PsxKtfleq cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0f, k|lt
o'lg6 nfut / glthf vfsf th'{dfaf/] clgjfo{ k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ug]{ .
• dGqfnon] o; dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] af/]df a'em]sf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+:yfut ;Demgf dg{] u/L
sfo{bnsf ;b:osf] ;do cl3 ;?jf gug]{ ljifodf /fhgLlts tyf pRr k|zf;lso clwsf/Lx¿
ljj]szLn aGg'kg]{ .
• k|To]s lh=lj=;=df of]hgf tyf dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf zfvfsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
• dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf tof/L ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg / pTk|]/0ff hufpgsf] nflu
j}b]lzs dgf]gog ubf{ ljj]s k'¥ofpg' kg]{ .
• of]hgf cfof]u, ;DjlGw dGqfnosf of]hgf dxfzfvf / lh=lj=;=aLr ;"rgf ;+hfnLs/0f ug]{ .
• pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf, lhDd]jf/LkgfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
• klxnf] k|fyldstfdf tf]lsPsf ;"rsnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] Pp6f ;"rs dfGg] .
• clen]v Joj:yfkg, ;+:yfut ;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg]
Jojxf/ut ;'wf/
• k|fljlws ¿kdf ;Ifd cfof]hgf afx]s /fhgLlts ¿kdf lgb]{lzt 58\s] cfof]hgf k|j]z gug{
gu/fpg pRr /fhgLlt1, dGqL tyf k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj OdfGbf/ x'g'kg]{ .
• dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf tof/ u/L To;s} cfwf/df cfof]hgfx¿ 5gf}6 tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{
k|ltj4tf b]vfpg' kg]{ .
lgisif{

;Lldt ;fj{hlgs >f]tnfO{ c;Lldt cfjZostf;Fu cfj4 ug{, k|fljlws ¿kn] ;Ifd cfof]hgf
5gf}6 u/L jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L cfjlws of]hgfsf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{, /fhgLlts
¿kn] lgb]{lzt cfof]hgfnfO{ lg?T;fxg ug{, ljlgof]hg s'zntf xfl;n ug{, cfof]hgfnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
;do, nfut / glthfdf pGd'v agfO{ cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf s'zntf Nofpg dWodsfnLg vr{
;+/rgf lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . ctM lgoldt / glthfd'vL dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] tof/Lsf] nflu
/fhgLlts÷k|efjzfnL JolQmx¿sf] OdfGbfl/tf tyf k|ltj4tf k"j{zt{ xf] eg] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
/ ;DalGwt dGqfnodf dv; Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;, If]qut dGqfnosf]
ckgTj sfod u/fpg', sfg"gL cfwf/ ;lxtsf] ;du| jftfj/0f l;h{gf klg lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .

194
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• cf=j= @)&!.)&@ sf] cfo Joo jQmJo, @)&!M cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
• t]x|f}+ of]hgf -@)&)÷@)&!–@)&@÷@)&#_, @)&) M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
• dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -@)&)÷@)&!–@)&@÷@)&#_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
• dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -@)%(÷@)^)–@)^!÷@)^@_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
• dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -@)^)÷@)^!–@)^@÷@)^#_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
• dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -@)^!÷@)^@–@)^#÷@)^$_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
• dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -@)^@÷@)^#–@)^$÷@)^%_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
• dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -@)^#÷@)^$–@)^%÷@)^^_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
• dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -@)^%÷@)^^–@)^^÷@)^&_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
• d}gfnL, uf]kLgfy -@)^&_, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x¿, sf7df8f}+, ;f]kfg dfl;s .
• http://www.grips.ac.jp/forum/module/prsp/MTEF1.html

195
 g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf,
r'gf}tL / ;'wf/sf] dfu{lrqM Ps ;dLIff
– lgd{nfb]jL nfld5fg]*

;f/f+z
;+j}wflgs dfGotf kfPsf] lghfdtL ;]jf d'n'sL k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] cfwf/ :tDe xf] . csf]{
zAbdf eGg'kbf{ /fHosf] gful/sk|ltsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjog dfkm{t\ ;/sf/
/ ;]jfu|fxL gful/sx¿jLr ;DaGw ;]t'sf] ¿kdf ;]jf k|jfx ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ePsf]
xf] . lgikIf 5gf}6, of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t, kb;f]kfgo'Qm, t6:y, sfg"gL cfwf/ ;lxtsf],
gful/s ;]jfdf ;dlk{t Joj;flos k|s[ltsf] ;+:yfut ;+oGq g} lghfdtL ;]jf xf] .
cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf /fHosf] ljsf;qmd;Fu} zf;sLo k|0ffnL;+u ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g hf]l8Psf]
kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k|hftGqsf] ;'?cft kZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod
ePsf] ;fy} P]g, lgod adf]lhd j}wflgs ;+oGq / :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf cgj/t lqmofzLn
/x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# sf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;]jf u7g ug{ ;Sg] ;fy} lghfdtL
;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL @)$( sf] kl/R5]b @ df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ;DaGwL k|fjwfg pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . o; cGtu{t g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf, g]kfn Ol~hlgol/· ;]jf,
g]kfn s[lif ;]jf, g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf, g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f
;]jf, g]kfn jg ;]jf, g]kfn ljljw ;]jf / g]kfn lzIff ;]jf /x]sf] 5 eg] :jf:Yo ;]jf g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# åf/f lemlsPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{t /fhkqf+lst / /fhkq
cg+lst sd{rf/Lx¿sf] >]0fL ljefhg nufot ljleGg ljz]if1 tyf k|fljlws / k|zf;lgs kbx¿
/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljw ;d"x tyf pk;d"x /x]sf 5g\ .
/fHosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, s"6gLlts, ;fF:s[lts tyf cfwf/e"t, cfsl:ds /
ljsf;fTds sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf u7g ePsf] x'G5 . gful/ssf] uef{j:yfb]lv
lrxfg;Ddsf] ofjt\ k|lqmofdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . h:t}
hGdbtf{, d[To'btf{, ljjfx, a;fO{ ;/fO{ cflb . ctM ;d[4, zfGt / Gofok"0f{ Pj+ cfw'lgs g]kfnsf]
lgdf{0fdf bIf, k|ltj4, nugzLn Pj+ cg'zfl;t g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] e"ldsf /xG5 . /fHosf]
cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f / ;fdflhs ljsf; Pj+ dfgjLo ;Ifdtfsf] nflu ;'b[9 lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
k'gu{7g cfjZos 5 . lglj{sNk >f]tsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf d'n'sL ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;zQm
dfWod x'FbfxF'b} klg ljjfbd'Qm eg] 5}g . ;dofg's"n gful/s ck]Iff ;Daf]wg ug{ lghfdtL
;]jfdf /0fgLlts Joj:yfkgsf] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 .
* pklgb]{zs, ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf

196
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwdf ljBdfg cj;/x¿

cfd gful/snfO{ /fHok|bQ ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ul7t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf ljBdfg
cj;/x¿ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M

• g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf k|fKt 5 .

• P]g, lgod / sfo{ljlwsf] :ki6tfn] sfo{If]q k|i6 5 .

• sd{rf/L egf{, 5gf]6 / k/fdz{sf/L e"ldsf -of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f u/L lgikIf sd{rf/L 5gf]6
ug]{ ;fv ePsf] ;+j}wflgs dfGotf k|fKt_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sfg"g cg's"n lxF8fpg / dof{lbt agfpg tyf lgoGq0f / lgodgsf] nflu
;'zf;g ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)^$, cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DalGw P]g, lgodfjnL,
;+;bLo ;ldlt cGtu{t n]vf / /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt, dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] sfof{no, /fli6«o
;ts{tf s]Gb|, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, ljz]if cbfnt, k|zf;sLo cbfnt,
/fi6«;]js lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;DaGwL cfrf/;+lxtf @)^* cflb gLltut / ;+:yfut k|aGwsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

• sfg"gaf6 g} :yfloTj / ;]jf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fOPsf] 5 .

• ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL / clws[t;Ddsf] nflu 6«]8 o"lgogsf] Joj:yf 5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z kfpg' k|lti7fsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f / ljljwtf Joj:yfkg (Workforce Diversity Management)

sf] k|f/De ePsf] 5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jf /fHosf] k|ltlglwd"ns gful/s lxtdf ;dlk{t ;+oGq xf] .

• lghfdtL ;]jf cGo lghL, u}/ ;/sf/L / ;+:yfgut sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/s, lgofds / ;xhstf{
(Catalyst, Regulator & Facilitator) sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 .

• cWoog, tflnd / ef}uf]lns cg'ej;Fu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pDbf tfbfTDotf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

• /fHosf] kof{j/0fLo kl/j]z (Ecological Environment) ;Fu h:t} /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs,

cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts, kof{j/0fLo kl/j]z;Fu cg's"ng x'g] Ifdtf / ;+qmd0fsfnLg kl/j]zdf klg

197
 :yfoL ;/sf/sf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;kmn dflgPsf 5g\ .

• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+oGq s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo :t/;DDf Jofks ;~hfn ;lxt gful/s
;]jfdf cgj/t ?kdf p4t 5 .

• hgtf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ePsfn] cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t / ;/sf/sf] gLlt sfof{Gjog
ug{ :yflkt j[xt\ ;~hfno'Qm lghfdtL ;]jf ljljw l;ldttf / cf/f]ksf] afah"b ckl/xfo{ /
lglj{sNk 5, k/Gt' o;df ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] eg] cjZoDefjL 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf leq b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ / 36\bf] ;fvsf sf/0fx¿

lghfdtL ;]jfleq b]xfosf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\M
• ;+/rgfut ;d:of (structural Problem):
c:ki6 sfo{ljj/0f, 7"nf] / :y"n ;+/rgf, ax"hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj, sfo{ ljZn]if0f gu/L
b/aGbL v8f ul/g' cflb .
• gLltut ;d:of (Policy issues):
gLltsf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj ljZn]if0f gul/g', lglxt :jfy{sf] cfwf/df gLlt kl/jt{g ul/g',
gLltut c:ki6tf / bf]xf]/f]kgf, lkmtnf] gLlt / kof{j/0fLo gLlt cg's"ngsf] cefj cflb .
• k|lqmofut ;d:of (Procedural Problem):
kl/0ffd eGbf ljlwdf hf]8, xflsdL k|yf, rfs8L rfKn';L / cgf}krfl/s ;d"xsf] af]njfnf,
kf/bzL{tfsf] cefj, cfb]zsf] PsfTdstf k"0f{¿kdf ;f/e"t gePsf] .
• dgf]ut / Jojxf/hGo (Psychological and behavioral):
Right human resource in right place gePsf], ;+:yfleq x'g] cgf}krfl/s u'6aGbL, cfkm"nfO{
;dofg's"n cBfjlws gug]{ kl/jt{g lj/f]wL, cfTdk|z+;f ug]{ / c?sf] lj/f]w ug]{ kl/kf6L,
;d"x sfo{ / ;d"x ultlzntfsf] cefj .
• k4ltdf cfwfl/t ;d:of (Systemic Problem):
!= sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkgf, ;?jf / tflnd h:tf ljifonfO{ bIftf, cg'ej Pj+ cfjZostf
/ lgod cg';f/ x'g'kg]{df cgf}krfl/s lrghfg / k]zfut ;+3;+u7gsf] af]njfnfsf]
cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf] .
@= sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍgnfO{ j:t'k/s agfO{ pknlAw;Fu ;DalGwt u/fO{ o;nfO{ k'/:sf/ /
b08;Fu cfj4 ug{ g;lsPsf] .
#= lg0f{odf Jofks ;xeflutf / kf/blz{tfsf] cefj /x]sf] .
$= /fhgLlt k|efjLsf] cf/f]k v]Kg] u/]sf] / b08xLgtf (Impunity) df}nfPsf] .
%= gLlt ,sfo{qmd sfof{GjogzLn agfpg k|efj ljZn]if0f sd x'g] u/]sf] .

198
 ^= gjk|jt{g (Innovation) / kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg (Change management) ;+:s[ltn]
k|fyldstf kfpg g;s]sf] .
&= sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an / pTk|]/0ffsf] :t/ lubf]{ qmddf /x]sf] .
*= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu lgjf{xd'vL tna eQfsf] Joj:yf gx'Fbf cltl/Qm sfo{ ug]{ / yk
cfly{s nfesf] nflu nfnflot x'Fbf e|i6frf/hGo ;+:s[ltn] k|>o kfPsf] .
(= lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ, sfuhL ck/fw / lglxt :jfy{sf] nflu gLltut e|i6frf/ x'g]
u/]sf] .
!)= k]zffut xslxtsf] gfddf :yflkt ax'o"lgogsf] pkl:yltn] sd{rf/Lx¿df u'6aGbL /
xfd|f]afb /fd|f]afb x'g uO{ ;+:yfut p2]Zo k"/f ug{ cK7\of/f] dx;'; ePsf] .
!!= ljZjJofkLs/0f / :yfgLos/0fsf] ;Gbe{df k|ltefzfnL pRrsf]6Lsf hgzlQm lghfdtL
;]jfleq cfsif{0f ug{ g;lsPsf] .
!@= cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/f]Gd'v ;+:s[ltsf] ¿kdf sd k|>o
kfPsf] .
!#= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|ltj4, hgd'vL, bIf / kl/0ffdd'vL Pj+ sfdofjL agfpg /fhgLlts
OR5fzlQm Pj+ ;j{bnLo ;dembf/Lsf] cefj v6\lsPsf] .
!$= lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] j:t'ut d"NofÍg dfkb08 ljsf; gePsf],
cg'zf;g / cfr/0f ;DaGwdf :jrflnt j:t'lgi7 cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf]
cefj /x]sf] .
!%= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] u}/df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgsf] cj:yf ck]lIft ¿kdf ;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf] .
sf/0fx¿
• /fhgLlts ;dembf/Lsf] cefj /x]sf] .
• lghfdtL ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf, sfo{ / ;+:s[lt gful/sd}qL / j}1flgs agfpg g;lsPsf] .
• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf]6 lgikIf eP tfklg kb:yfkgf, ;?jf, tflnd cflbdf j:t'k/s / lgikIf
ljZn]if0fsf] vfFrf] /x]sf] .
• sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an pRr /flv pTk|]l/t agfpg >f]t;fwg Pj+ u}/df}lb|s k|f]T;fxg ckof{Kt
/x]sf] .
• Specific & well defined job description, clear objectives, measurable indicators
of performance, sufficient pay and resource, reward and punishment tied with
performance and hire and fire in case of unexpected result performance cfjZos
/x]sf] .
• /fhgLlt / lghfdtL k|zf;gaLr :ki6 ;Ldf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg If]q cltqmldt x'g] u/]sf] .

199
 • If]qut¿kdf gful/s ;Gt'li6 :t/ ;j]{If0f dfkg u/L cfjZos ;Daf]wg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] Go"gtf
/x]sf] .
• gful/s ;dfh, bafa ;d"x, ldl8of kl/rfng, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ yk
lqmofzLn x'g g;s]sf] .
• ;]jf ljt/0fsf] k|s[ltsf] k'gdf]8]lnª u/L gful/ssf] Choice, Voice sf] cg's"ng x'g] u/L
Principle Agent Theory sf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{ gLltut, sfo{ljlwut, ;+:yfut
;'wf/ / ;/nLs/0f ug{ g;lsPsf] .
lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿

lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf r'gf}tLx¿ ljBdfg 5g\M

• lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|ltli7t, gful/s k|z+l;t, l56f], 5l/tf], kl/0ffdd'vL / ;'ne agfpg
• lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf cfsif{s, dof{lbt, gd"gfof]Uo / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg
• of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f;Fu} ;f/e"t ¿kdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] Jojxfl/s/0f ug{
• /fhgLlt / k|zf;gaLr :ki6 sfof{b]z ;lxt If]q k[ysLs/0f ;lxtsf] ;x;Gt'ng sfod ug{
• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]an / pTk|]/0ffsf] :t/ pRr /fVg plrt k|f]T;fxg Kofs]h ;lxt cg's"n
sfo{jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ .
• lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwdf nfut / ;fdflhs nfeaLr ;x;Gt'ng sfod ug{ .
• b]zsf] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f, cfly{s ljsf;, ;d[l4 / gful/s ;Gt'i6 ;'zf;gd'vL ljsf; ug{
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If u/fpg] .
efjL uGtJo Pj+ ;'wf/sf] af6f]

lghfdtL ;]jf /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿sf] hdft xf] . gful/sx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfnfO{ ;fGble{s, cg's"n
/ ;/n Pj+ ;xh agfpg /0fg}lts Joj:yfkg / sf}znsf] pkof]u Pj+ gLltut, ;+:yfut, k|lqmofut
k|0ffnLut / dgf]Jojxf/ut ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf b]xfosf kIfx¿df ;'wf/
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
• gLltnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg kof{j/0fLo cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ;lxt gLlt sfof{GjogzLntfsf]
cfwf/df ;xeflutfd"ns k|0ffnLaf6 o;nfO{ Jojxfl/s / k|efjL agfpg] .
• gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ef}lts, ljQLo, dfgjLo, k|ljlwhGo ;fwg>f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
• gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd, kl/of]hgf, ah]6, cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ;"rsaLr tfnd]n ldNg'kg]{ .
• cg';Gwfg / d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df sfo{ df]8fln6Ldf ;do ;fk]If u'0ffTdstf sfod
ug'{kg]{ .

200
• /0fg}lts of]hgf / sfo{qmd Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ .
• lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL, k|ltj4, ;Ifd / nf]ssNof0fsf/L agfpg 5l/tf] Joj:yfkg,
lgoldt ;'wf/, u'0frqm lgdf{0f, sfo{ljlwut ;/nLs/0f, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; /
lgoldt ;'wf/ h:tf kIfdf Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .
• b/aGbL ljZn]if0f, sfo{ljZn]if0f, b/aGbL ldnfg, sfo{ljlw cBfjlwsLs/0f cflb dfkm{t
lghfdtL ;+u7gnfO{ r':t, b'?:t, 5l/tf] / pknlAwd"ns agfpg /0fg}lts of]hgf / sfof{Gjog
;+oGqsf] ljsf;df Wofg lbg] .
• sd{rf/L k|zf;g / ljsf;sf] nflu /fhgLlts ;dembf/L / bnLo dt}Sotf x'g'kg]{ .
• cGt/f{li6«o ;Gbe{ / /fli6«o kl/j]z cg's"n lghfdtL ;]jfdf gjLg pkfudx¿sf] Jojxfl/s/0f
ug]{ .
• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]j[lQnfO{ ;sf/fTds agfO{ ;+:yfsf] nIo;Fu cfj4 u/fpg ;do Joj:yfkg,
;+s6 Joj:yfkg, kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg, tgfj Joj:yfkg, gful/s ;DaGw, ;~rf/ Joj:yfkg,
k|ljlw Joj:yfkg h:tf kIfdf tflndsf] cfjZos kg]{ .
• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] egf{ k"j{b]lv cjsfz kZrft\;Ddsf] df}h"bf cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L Best
talents among the intelligent nfO{ leq\ofpg ljsf; ug{, pkof]u ug{, l6sfpg, ;'/Iff /
;Gt'li6 nufot sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lghL, ;+:yfut, ;fdflhs / /fli6«o p2]Zo k"/f ug{ hgzlQm
of]hgf, hgzlQm pTkfbg, hgzlQm vkt, ljsf; / pkof]u ug]{ lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo /
;xsfo{ u/L oyfy{tf / cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t hgzlQm ljsf;df Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .
• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] phf{nfO{ dg{ glbO k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ b]xfo adf]lhd sfo{;+:s[ltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
s= ;dosf] d"Noaf]w (Value of Time)
v= xfdL / xfd|f] eGg] efjgf (We feeling)
u= sd{rf/Lx¿df O{dfg, ljZjf;, cfTdLotfsf] efjgf (Feeling of honesty, integrity and
trustworthiness)
3= z'4 ;xof]u, ;d"x sfo{ / ;d"x ultzLntf (Fair cooperation, team spirit & team
dynamism)
ª= zfGt, /Do / cg's"n sfo{ jftfj/0f (Peaceful, joyful and conducive working
environment)
r= sfo{k|lt lhDd]jf/L af]w, w}o{tf, >f]tk"0f{tf / 1fgsf] Joj:yfkg (Accountability to
work, Patience, Resourcefulness and management of Knowledge)
5= #^) l8u|Lsf] d"NofÍg k|0ffnL– ;dsIfLaf6, ;'k/efOh/af6, ;]jfu|fxLaf6 /
:jd"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df ug]{ kl/kf6L (360 degree evaluation from peer, supervisor,
stakeholders and self)
h= sd{rf/L ;';DaGw / ;dfg'e"lt (Personnel relationship and Empathy)
em= ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|lqmof (Participatory Decision Making Process)

201
 `= ;fd"lxs ckgTj / kf/bzL{ sfo{k|lqmof (collective Ownership and transparent
Decision making Process)
6= dfgj d"No / pRr g}lts cfbz{ (human value, moral and Ethics)
7= jftfj/0fd}qL / k|ljlwd}qL sfo{:yn (Eco–friendly and Techno friendly work place)
• of]Uotf k|0ffnL;+u ;Ddmf}tf gul/sg ;f/e"t ¿kdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;fy{s sfof{Gjog ug{
b]xfosf kIfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ .
s= ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu cfwf/ tx gfoa ;'Aaf jf clws[t tx tf]Sg]
v= ljz]if ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{
u= Doctrine of Double Disadvantaged sf] dfGotf adf]lhd target group for reservation
klxrfg ug{ focus group information System sf] cfwf/df nlIft ;d"x klxrfg u/L
sfof{Gjog of]hgf ;lxt Ifdtf ljsf; ljz]if tflnd Kofs]h sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
3= ljBfno txb]lv ljZjljBfno tx;Dd cf/lIft x'g'kg]{ JolQm ;d"xsf] nflu ;zlQms/0f
of]hgf Nofpg] .
8= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k]zfut xslxt ;'/lIft ug{ / ;/sf/nfO{ /rgfTds ;xof]u
pknAw u/fpg gLltut k|fjwfg adf]lhd oyfzLw| j}wflgs Psn o'lgog u7g ug]{ .
r= ljz]if k|s[ltsf ;]jfnfO{ ;]jf s/f/df lng], Outsourcing ug]{ .
5= clws[td"ns k|zf;g / c;n pbfx/0fLo sfo{sf] gd"gf ahf/Ls/0f ug]{ .
h= ;'zf;g ;~rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg P]g, @)^$ sf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{ pko'Qm
sfo{jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ .
• ljs]lGb|s/0fnfO{ ;f/e"t ¿kdf Jojxfl/s/0f ug{ hg;d'bfosf] Ifdtf ljsf; ;lxtsf] zlQmsf]
cs]lGb|s/0f, clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg, lgIf]k0f / pkef]Qmfsf] ?rL cg'¿k lgodg ;lxtsf]
lghLs/0fsf] nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
• k|a4
' , ;r]t / b[9 gful/s ;dfhsf] ljsf; Pj+ ldl8of cleofg dfkm{t ;r]tgfdf a9f]Q/L
Nofpg] .
• ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw :yflkt x'g'
jf~5gLo 5 . o; k|of]hgfy{ /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿sf] g}lts bfloTj ls6fgL, plrt sfo{
k|lqmof / ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] pRr ;Ddfg ug]{ kl/kf6L x'g' cfjZos 5 .
• lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'zf;gsf] clei6 sfg"gsf] k"0f{kfngf, >f]tsf] ldtJooLttf, k|efjsf/Ltf,
bIftf / sfo{s'zntfk"j{s k|of]u ug]{ / pRrtd ;fdflhs enfO{ ug]{ s'/f;d]t hf]l8Psf]
5 . ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt, ;Dkflbt sfdsf] hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/bzL{ sfo{k|0ffnL, ;';"lrt
;]jfu|fxL, gful/ssf] ;jf]{Qd enfO{;Fu lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;/f]sf/ x'g'k5{ .

202
 ctM lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ r':t, b'?:t, l56f], 5l/tf], kl/0ffdd'vL, gful/s ;Gt'i6Lk"0f{, sfo{s'zn
agfpg gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfo{ljlwut, dgf]ut, >f]tk"0f{, kl/0ffdd'vL / hjfkmb]xL ;+oGqsf]
cfjZos kb{5 . o;df ;zQm gful/s ;dfh, ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt, /fHo, gful/s / ;/sf/
Pj+ k|ljlw / >f]tsf] plrt tfnd]n cfjZos kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lgodfjnL, @)%)
• rfn' tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf, @)&)–@)&#
• lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;f]rkq, @)^#
• ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg >f]t ;fdu|L, @)^*, ;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, ;f]kfg dfl;s,
sf7df8f}
• ;'zf;g Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng P]g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^%
• 8f= e§, ljsf; k|zf;g, @)^), k|sfzs OlGb/f e§, l8NnLahf/ sf7df8f}
• www.goodgovernance.com (different portal)
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] kRrL; jif]{ u'?of]hgf
• k|f=8f= eLdb]j e6\6, g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf @)^), k|sfzs >LdtL OlGb/f e6\6
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ @)^(, @)&)
• k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿
• lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿
• ;f]kfgsf dfl;s c+sx¿

203
 Gofokflnsf / e|i6frf/M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{

– O{lGb/f zdf{*

;f/f+z
:jtGq Gofokflnsf / nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] d]?b08 xf] . Goflos pQ/bfloTj /
hjfkmb]lxtfaf6 g} GofofnonfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;Dej x'G5 .
Gofofnon] ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd JofVoftfsf] ;fy} gful/sx¿sf] df}lns xssf] ;+/Ifs ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{' kg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf o:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm :jtGq / ;Ifd lgsfosf]
¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ /fhgLlts tyf Goflos OR5fzlQm cfjZos k5{ . Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/
x'G5 ls x'Fb}g eGg] ljifo kl/l:ylthGo b[i6fGtx¿ / ;]jfu|fxLx¿af6 cfpg] cgf}krfl/s
cleJolQmsf] ;fy} ;~rf/dfWoddf cfpg] u/]sf ;dfrf/x¿af6 s]nfpg' k5{ .Gofofnoaf6
k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lotf, kf/blz{tf / k|efjsfl/tfaf6 ToxfF leq e|i6frf/ x'G5
x'Fb}g eGg] k|Zg p7\g] u5{ . ;]jf k|jfxdf l9nf;':tL, ;]jfu|fxLk|lt hjfkmb]xL gx'g] k|j[lQn] ToxfF
e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] uGw cfPsf] x'g ;S5 . Gofokflnsfsf] ;+rfng ug]{ hgzlQm ;dfhs}
;b:o ePsf x'Fbf Gofofnodf ljs[lt, lj;+ult / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{x¿sf] u'Ghfo; /xg ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . t/ Gofokflnsfdf cg}lts / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ x'g' k|hftflGqs d'n'ssf nflu
cle;fk xf] .
Gofofnodf x'g] / x'g;Sg] e|i6frf/sf sf/0fx¿ kQf nufO{ tL sf/0fx¿sf] ;+jf]wg ug'{k5{ eg]
Gofofnosf GofofwLz tyf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;a}n] cfˆgf] k]zf k|lt OdfGbf/ x'g] afgL / k|j[lQsf]
ljsf; ug{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . Gofokflnsfdf /fHosf] æ8/zlQmæ gx'g] ePsf]n] cGo lgsfosf]
t'ngfdf Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/hGo s[ofsnfkx¿ x'Fb}gg\ eGg] dfGotf /x] klg dfgjLo
sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f Gofokflnsfdf klg clgoldttf / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{x¿ x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf
/x]sf]n] To;sf] /f]syfdsf nflu ;a} d'n'sdf 5'6\6} ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . g]kfndf
klg Gofokflnsfsf s]xL JolQmsf sdL sdhf]/Laf6 b]lvg] ljs[lt lj;+ultsf sf/0fx¿sf]
klxrfg u/L To:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ h/} b]lv lgld6\ofGg agfpg] sfo{sf nflu :yflkt ;+oGqn]
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfd ug'{ k5{ eg] To;sf nflu ;f] ;+:yfnfO{ g]t[Tj lbg] JolQmx¿df OR5fzlQm
/ OdfGbfl/tfsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

* pk;lrj, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

204
ljifo k|j]z

Gofokflnsf /fHosf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cË xf] . o;af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ hgcf:yf / ljZjf;df c8]sf]
x'G5 . o;af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd x'g' kb{5 . :jtGq Gofokflnsf nf]stflGqs
zf;g Joj:yfsf] d]?b08 xf] . Goflos pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfaf6 g} Goflos :jtGqtf sfod
ug{ ;lsG5 h;sf nflu Gofofno ljs[lt / lj;+ult ljxLg x'g cfjZos x'G5 . Gofokflnsf jf
;f]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ pQ/bfoL x'g ;s] dfq Goflos cg'zf;g ;Dej x'G5 . Goflos pQ/bfloTj /
hjfkmb]lxtfaf6 g} GofofnonfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . JolQmsf]
j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] kx/]bf/sf] ¿kdf Gofofno /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] ljZjf;df Goflos pkrf/ vf]hLsf
nflu Gofofnosf ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] ljZjf;nfO{ cIf'0f
/fVgsf] nflu Goflos hgzlQmn] ;b}j Wofg lbg' kb{5 . Gofokflnsfdf cg}lts / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{
x'g' k|hftflGqs d'n'ssf nflu clezfk xf] eg] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] uGwn] Goflos :tGqtfnfO{
IfL0f u/fpF5 .

Gofokflnsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ /fHosf] k/Dk/fut ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt e} ;dfhs} cËsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] / o;nfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ kbflwsf/L jf hgzlQm ;dfhs} ;b:o ePsf x'Fbf Gofofnodf
ljs[lt, lj;+ult / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{x¿sf] u'Ghfo; /xg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . Gofofnodf x'g;Sg] clgoldttf,
ljs[lt / lj;+ult tyf e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf] /f]syfdsf nflu Goflos :jtGqtfsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k
k|To]s d'n'sdf /fHosf c? lgsfoeGbf km/s / 5'§} lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .
;f]xL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ g]kfndf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf Gofo kl/ifb\sf] u7g ePsf] kfOG5 .
oBlk slxn]sxL+ Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/ /x]sf] ljifo lgs} rrf{df cfpg] / ;f]sf] ;+af]wgsf nflu
Gofo kl/ifb\n] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ g;s]sf] egL Gofo kl/ifb\sf] ljsNk cfjZos /x]sf] eGg]
egfOx¿ klg cufl8 ;fl/g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . o;} k[i7e"ldsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /x]/ k|:t't n]v tof/ kfg]{
sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 .

Gofokflnsfdf x'g]÷x'g ;Sg] e|i6frf/sf] k|Zg

Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/ x'G5 eg]/ ;do ;dodf ljleGg If]qaf6 p7fpg] u/]sf k|Zgx¿sf] ;Daf]wg x'g
cfjZos 5 . Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/ x'G5 ls x'Fb}g eGg] ljifonfO{ s]nfpFbf kl/l:ylthGo s'/fx¿nfO{
x]g{' kg]{ x'G5 . kl/l:ylthGo s'/fx¿df @)&! ;fndf ePsf] GofofwLzx¿sf] bf]>f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf
Gofofnodf ljs[lt / lj;+ult /x]sf] / To;df ;'wf/ Nofpg' kg]{ s'/f cf}+NofOPsf], !# cf}+ clvn g]kfn
sfg"g Joj;foL /fli6«o ;Dd]ng, @)&! n] Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/ ljBdfg /x]sf] tYo Gofokflnsfsf
b:tfj]hx¿ ;d]tn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf e|i6frf/df d'l5Psf GofofwLznfO{ sf/jfxL gu/L ;du|
GofokflnsfnfO{ b'lift agfpg] sfo{ ;DaGwdf ;Dd]ngsf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf]”1 egL cf}krfl/s ¿kdf

1 sfg"g, cÍ !!) -sfg"g Joj;foL Snj, sf7df8f}+, @)&@ a}zfv_ k[= ^)

205
3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]/ cbfntdf e|i6frf/ /x]sf] s'/f k|sfzdf NofPsf] 5 . Gofofnosf] g]t[Tj txn]
ljleGg cj;/df Gofofnoleq ljs[lt / lj;+ult /x]sf] cleJolQm lbPsf] ;Gbe{ Pj+ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
af/ Pzf]lzP;gåf/f >Lxl/ cof{nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t Gofokflnsfk|lt hgcf:yf clej[l4 cWoog
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^$ åf/f a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgdf Gofofnoleq gb]lvg] t/ cg'ej eg] /fd|f];Fu ug{
;lsg] u/L cg]sfg]s ljs[lt / lj;+ultx¿ a9\b} uPsf 5g\2, Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/sf] dfqf qmdz
a9\b} uPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 53 egL v'nfPsf] tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf tTsfnLg GofofwLz /fd k|;fb
>]i7sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ljs[lt ljxLg Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf; cWoog sfo{bnåf/f @)^^ df k]z
u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf ;d]t Gofokflnsf ;fd' /x]sf ljleGg cfGtl/s / afXo ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ub}{ tL
;d:ofx¿dWo] cfly{s clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/nfO{ Pp6f k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf cf}+NofOPsf] 5 .4oL
ofjt kl/l:ylthGo b[i6fGtx¿ / ;]jfu|fxLx¿af6 a]nf a]nfdf cfpg] cgf}krfl/s cleJolQmsf] ;fy}
;do ;dodf ldl8ofx¿df cfpg] u/]sf ;dfrf/x¿ ;d]tnfO{ lgofNbf Gofofnodf e|i6frf/ 5}g / x'Fb}g
eGg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gnn] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bgdf g]kfn e|i6frf/df cu|klQmdf /x]sf]
-!@^ g+= df /x]sf]_5 b]vfPsf] 5 eg] e|i6frf/ /fHosf cËx¿af6} x'g] v'nfPsf] ;Gbe{ ;d]tnfO{ x]bf{
Gofofno klg /fHosf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cË ePsf] / Gofofno ;dfheGbf aflx/ /xg g;Sg] x'Fbf ToxfF
e|i6frf/sf] ;Defjgf /x]s} x'G5 .

e|i6frf/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{' kb{5 . Gofofno ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ k/Dk/fut
;+:yf (Classical organization) dWo]sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cË xf] . Gofofnoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/Lotf, kf/blz{tf / k|efjsfl/tfaf6 ToxfF leq e|i6frf/ x'G5 x'Fb}g eg]/ eGg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;]jf
k|jfxdf l9nf;':tL, ;]jfu|fxLk|lt hjfkmb]xL gx'g] k|j[lQn] ToxfF e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] uGw cfPsf]
x'g ;S5 . Gofofno ;dfhs} Pp6f component xf] . of] ;+:yfnfO{ ultzLntf k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/
JolQmx¿af6} k"/f x'g] x'Fbf s]xL JolQmdf sdL sdhf]/L x'g ;Snfg\ . t/ Gofokflnsfn] ug]{ k|To]s
sfo{x¿ Pp6f k4ltdf cfwfl/t /x]/ ug]{ tyf ;a} sfo{x¿ Black and whitedf x'g] x'Fbf To;df ePsf
sdL sdhf]/L kQf nufO{ correction ug{ hf] sf]xLn] dflyNnf] lgsfodf hfg ;Sg] x'G5 . Gofofnosf
tNnf lgsfodf ePsf clgoldttfx¿sf] /f]syfdsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lg/LIf0f / ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{
tyf tNnf txsf lg0f{ox¿ correctionug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ub{5 eg] GofofwLzx¿sf sfo{x¿sf] ;Gbe{df
Gofo kl/ifb\nfO{ k|ltj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . GofofwLzx¿af6 ePsf cfr/0f ljk/Ltsf sfo{x¿sf]
5fgjLg tyf cg';Gwfg u/L bf]ifL b]lvPsf GofofwLzx¿nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] u/L Gofo kl/ifb\nfO{

2 ;jf]{Rr cbfnt af/ Pzf]lzP;gåf/f ul7t Gofokflnsfk|lt hgcf:yf clej[l4 cWoog ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg,
@)^$, k[= !#
3 k|ltj]bg, @)^$, k[= $@
4 ljs[lt ljxLg Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf; cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^^, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k[= ii
5 Corruption perceptions index 2014, Transparency International The Global Coalition
against Corruption.

206
clwsf/ ;d]t k|fKt /x]sf] 5 . oBlk Gofofnodf x'g] e|i6frf/sf ljifon] ljBdfg ;+/rgfx¿ dfly k|Zg
lrGxdfq v8f ub}{g ;'zf;g / sfg"gsf] zf;g :yflkt ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|fKt ;du| Gofofnok|ltsf] cf:yf
/ ljZjf;df gsf/fTds wf/0ff aGg hfG5 .

Gofokflnsfdf x'g] / x'g;Sg] e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu :yflkt ;+oGqx¿

Gofokflnsfdf /fHosf] æ8/zlQmæ gx'g] ePsf]n] cGo lgsfosf] t'ngfdf Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/hGo
s[ofsnfkx¿ x'Fb}gg\ eGg] dfGotf ljZje/d} /x]sf] 5 . t/ klg dfgjLo sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f Gofokflnsfdf
klg clgoldttf / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{x¿ x'g;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;+af]wg u/L ljZjsf k|fo ;a} b]zx¿n]
;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;fy} To:tf ljs[lthGo sfo{nfO{ /f]Sgsf] nflu ;Ifd ;+/rgfx¿ ;d]t
:yfkgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf klg Gofokflnsfaf6 x'g;Sg] e|i6frf/hGo s[ofsnfkx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{sf] nflu ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;fy} ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .
s= Joj:yflksf ;+;b
Gofofno hgtfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/Ifs lgsfo ePsf]n] o;n] :jtGqtfk"j{s / lgikIf
eP/ hgtfsf xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflu Goflos :jtGqtfsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8
NofOPsf] xf] . Goflos :jtGqtf GofofwLzx¿af6 x'g;Sg] :j]R5frfl/tfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ cf}hf/
geO{ of] gful/sx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflu cufl8 NofOPsf] cjwf/0ff xf] .
o; cjwf/0ffn] GofofwLzx¿n] hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]zL / pQ/bflo eO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{' kb{5
eGg] dfGotf af]s]sf] 5 . t;y{ Goflos pQ/bfloTj :yflkt ug{ Gofokflnsfdf x'g ;Sg]
clgoldttf / e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfdsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿ pk/ Joj:yflksf
;+;båf/f dxfleof]u nufO{ kbaf6 x6fpg ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .6
v= Gofo kl/ifb\
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ æ;+ljwfg adf]lhd GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf,
cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/jfxL, avf{;L / Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿sf] l;kmfl/; ug{
jf k/fdz{ lbg] ;d]tsf sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug]{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ¿kdf Gofo kl/ifb\sf]
u7g ePsf] 5 . kl/ifb\sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ Gofo kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)$& åf/f tf]lsPsf]
kfO{G5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf $s n] s'g} klg GofofwLzn] sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s kbLo
bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] Pj+ v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] pk/ 5fglag tyf cg';Gwfg u/L bf]ifL b]lvPdf
sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .7 kl/ifb\n] 5fgljg ubf{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] kfOPdf cbfntdf

6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)% -@_ – æk|wfg GofofwLz jf cGo s'g} GofofwLz sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cefj, v/fa cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfˆgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfng gu/]sf], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{
;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf dxfleof]u k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5 / ;f] k|:tfj
tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf lgh :jtM kbd'Qm x'g]5æ.
7 Gofo kl/ifb P]g, @)$&, bkmf $s

207
 d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] ;Ddsf] clwsf/ kl/ifb\nfO{ lbPsf] 5 .8 Gofo kl/ifb\nfO{ lhNnf tyf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿n] u/]sf clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf] 5fglag u/L
sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ u/]sf] kfOPdf d'2f rnfpg] ;Ddsf] clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
u= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
æv/fa cfr/0fsf cfwf/df dxfleof]u k|:tfj kfl/t eO{ kbd'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/Lx¿,
Gofo kl/ifb\af6 ;f]xL cleof]udf kbd'Qm x'g] GofofwLzx¿ / ;}lgs P]g adf]lhd sf/jfxL
x'g] JolQmsf xsdf lghnfO{ kbd'Qm eO;s]kl5 sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft
ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]æ9 u/L clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
kfOG5 . GofofwLzx¿ afx]ssf cGo Goflos hgzlQm -/fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿_ af6 x'g ;Sg]
clgoldttf / e|i6frf/sf] 5fglag / cg';Gwfg ug]{ lhDdf ;+ljwfgn] g} clVtof/ b'¿kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ ;'lDkPsf] kfO{G5 . t/ Jojxf/df Gofo ;]jfsf sfg"g ;d"x / ;/sf/L
jsLn ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ pk/ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sf/jfxL rnfP klg
Gofofnodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ pk/ cfof]un] cg';Gwfg txlssft u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g .
3 GofofwLzx¿sf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf, @)^% sf] Joj:yf u/L GofofwLzx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ :jlgolGqt /
:jcg'zfl;t agfO{ Goflos cg'zf;g / Goflos pQ/bfloTj lgjf{xsf] nflu ;s[otf hfx]/ u/L
Goflos :jR5tfsf nflu GofofwLzx¿ :jod\ klg ;s[o /x]sf] b]lvG5. pQm Joj:yfx¿nfO{
x]bf{ Goflos e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu ;+/rgfTds tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] sdL /x]sf] kfOb}g .
Goflos :jR5tfsf nflu Gofokflnsfsf] bf];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf tyf cGo k|of;x¿

GofokflnsfnfO{ :jtGq, :jR5 / k|efjsf/L agfO{ Gofofnoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ kf/bzL{ / u'0f:t/Lo
agfpg Gofofnon] @)@* ;fn b]lv g} k|of; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]u @)@*,
zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]u @)$), cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, @)%^, d'2f Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, @)%^,
cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldlt, @)%* h:tf cfof]u tyf ;ldltx¿ u7g e} tL cfof]u tyf
;ldltx¿af6 k|:t't k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjog u/L Goflos pQ/bfloTj / Goflos cg'zf;g sfod ug]{
k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ GofofnonfO{ :jR5, lgikIf, :jtGq, ;Ifd Pj+
k|efjsf/L agfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^! ;fnaf6 Gofofnon] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts
of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] / xfn t];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf]
5 . ;f] of]hgfn] æ:jtGq, ;Ifd Pj+ k|efjsf/L Gofok|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf u/L sfg"gsf] zf;g Pj+ gful/s
clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ ;a}sf nflu Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{æ kl/b[Zo, æ;+ljwfg, sfg"g /
Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtsf cfwf/df :jR5 Pj+ lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbg ug]{æ kl/nIosf] ;fy} æ;+ljwfg

8 P]=P]=
9 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, wf/f !@& -@_

208
/ sfg"g k|lt cf:yf, :jtGqtf / :jf\oQtf, :jR5tf, ;dfgtf / lgikIftf, pQ/bfloTj, u'0f:t/Lotf,
;bfrf/ Pj+ k|ltlglwTj / ;dfj]lztfæ h:tf ljifonfO{ cfwf/e"t d"Nosf] ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 .10 To:t}
Gofokflnsfdf x'g ;Sg] clgoldttf, ljs[lt / lj;+ult x6fO{ Goflos sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] tyf
GofofnonfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg] p2]Zon] $ j6f nIox¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
kfOG5 . h;df æGofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ l56f]5l/tf] t'Nofpg], Goflos k|s[ofnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg],
Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ kx'Frof]Uo agfpg] / Gofokflnsf k|lt cf:yf / ljZjf; clej[l4 ug]{æ11 /x]sf 5g\ .
;f] nIo k|flKtsf nflu !^ j6f d"n /0fgLlt / ( j6f ;xof]uL /0fgLltx¿ clVtof/ u/]sf] kfOG5.
Gofokflnsf e|i6frf/d'Qm geP;Dd Gofofno k|ltsf] hg cf:yf / ljZjf; clej[l4 ug{ g;lsg]
ljifonfO{ dx;'; u/L ;f] nIo k|flKtsf nflu lnOPsf /0fgLltx¿df æGofokflnsfaf6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jfnfO{
u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] Pj+ clgoldttf / u'gf;f] ;'g'jfOsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{, Goflos
k|s[of / k|0ffnL af/] ;d'bfosf ljleGg ju{x¿;Fu cGt/;+jfb ug]{ k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{12 /0fgLltx¿
Gofokflnsfdf x'g ;Sg] ljs[lt, lj;+ult / e|i6frf/ /f]syfdsf nflu k|efjsf/L /x]sf 5g\ . pQm
of]hgfn] Goflos hgzlQmdf Goflos pQ/bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L axg u/fpg] k|of;nfO{ sfo{¿k k|bfg u/]sf]
kfOG5. d'2f lhDdf nufpg] k|0ffnL ljsf;, lg/Gt/ ;'g'jfO{, jSof}tf d'2fsf] Go"gLs/0f, Meet The Judge
program, Outreach Program, sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;]jfu|fxL pGd"v agfpg ljleGg ;Lk ljsf;sf cj;/,
tflnd cflbsf] dfWodaf6 Goflos sfo{nfO{ ;]jfu|xLd'vL agfpg] k|of;sf] yfngL ;d]t ePsf] kfOG5 .

Gofokflnsfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf NofOP klg cbfntdf ljs[lt / lj;+ult /x]sf]n] To;sf
sf/0fx¿ ;d]t kQf nufO{ ljs[lt ljxLg Gofofnosf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^^ ;fndf ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf tTsfnLg GofofwLz /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] ;+of]hsTjdf cWoog sfo{bn u7g ePsf] kfOG5 eg]
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf tTsfnLg jl/i7 GofofwLz an/fd s]=;L=sf] ;+of]hsTjdf hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g
eO{ k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] kfOG5 . GofofwLzx¿sf] bf]>f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] d'Vo ;/f]sf/ -concern_
GofofnonfO{ :jR5, :jtGq, lgikIf / k|efjsf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg] lbzfdf s]lGb|t /x]sf]
kfOG5 . To:t} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu cfGtl/s ¿kdf ljleGg cWoog
;ldltx¿ u7g u/L k|fKt ;'emfjnfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

Gofokflnsfdf x'g ;Sg] e|i6frf/df ;+nUgtf, lhDd]jf/L / sf/0fx¿

e|i6frf/ jf cfly{s clgoldttfsf 36gfx¿sf] k5fl8 sf/0f tyf JolQmx¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 .
Pp6f JolQmsf] OR5fn] dfq e|i6frf/ ;Dej x'Fb}g Tof] OR5fnfO{ k"/f ug{ cGo JolQmsf] ;xof]u h?/L
x'G5 . Gofofnodf x'g] clgoldttf / e|i6frf/sf sf/0f, dfWod / lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] vf]hL x'g ;s]df
GofofnonfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . Gofokflnsfk|lt hgcf:yf

10 Gofokflnsfsf] t];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf @)&!÷&@ – @)&%÷&^

11 P]=P]=
12 P]=P]=

209
clej[l4 cWoog ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^$ n] eg;'g, gftfjfb / /fhgLlts k|efjnfO{ e|i6frf/sf]
k|d'v dfWodsf] ¿kdf cf}+NofPsf] tyf e|i6frf/ / cfly{s clgoldttfdf vf; u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ a9L
lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofPsf] kfO{G5 . ljs[lt ljxLg Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf; cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^^ n] cfly{s
clgoldttf / e|i6frf/sf !& j6f sf/0fx¿nfO{ ;"rLs[t ub}{ e|i6frf/sf dfWodsf ¿kdf æcfly{s
n]gb]g, ;fgfltgf n]gb]g, eg;'g, sf];]nLkft, u};;, cu};;;Fusf] cgk]lIft ;+nUgtfæ13 nfO{ lnPsf]
kfOG5 eg] cfly{s clgoldttf / e|i6frf/sf k|d'v lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] ¿kdf æGofofwLzsf cfkmGt,
gft]bf/ / ;fyL efO, GofofwLz :jod, sfg"g Joj;foL, d'2fsf kIf ljkIf, ljrf}lnof, sd{rf/L, ;/sf/L
jsLn, k|x/L / u};;, cu};;æ14 /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

Gofofnodf x'g] / x'g;Sg] e|i6frf/sf sf/0fx¿df Gofofno k|lt ;/sf/n] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f, Gofofnosf]
sfo{af]emsf] t'ngfdf k|fKt x'g] sd ;'ljwf, ahf/d"Nosf] t'ngfdf k|fKt x'g] Hofb} Go"g tna Joj:yf,
GofofwLz / sd{rf/L aLr /x]sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] km/s, Gofofnodf ljrf}lnofx¿sf] pkl:ylt, GofofwLz
tyf sd{rf/Lx¿df l56} wgL aGg] rfxgf, /fhgLlts c:yL/tf, b]zsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg l:ylt, d'2fsf
kIfsf] h;/L klg -sfg"gL / sfo{ljlwut kIfnfO{ j]jf:tf ug]{_ cfˆgf] sfo{ l56f] u/fpg] rfxgf, /fd|f]
dfG5]eGbf xfd|f] dfG5] vf]Hg] k|j[lQ, sfg"g Joj;foLsf] u}/sfg"gL bjfj, k|efj tyf ;+nUgtf, b]zdf
b08xLgtfsf] l:ylt, Goflos :jtGqtfnfO{ cfˆgf] kIfdf JofVof ug{ rfxgf /fVg] k|j[lQsf] ljsf;,
e|i6frf/sf] If]qdf jfXo ;xof]u Pj+ k'/:sf/ / b08 Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf j]jf:tf, cfˆgf]
;+:yf / k]zf k|lt OdfGbf/ gx'g] k|j[lQ, cfˆgf] cfr/0f / g}ltstf k|lt j]jf:tf h:tf cglulGt sf/0fx¿
Goflos If]qdf x'g] / x'g ;Sg] cfly{s clgoldttf / e|i6frf/sf sf/s tTjsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

Goflos e|i6frf/sf] cGTosf nflu rflng'kg]{ sbd

Goflos e|i6frf/sf] cGTosf] nflu Gofofno xfFSg] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/x]sf] x'G5 . t/ Pp6f JolQmsf] k|of;n] dfq GofofnonfO{ ljs[lt ljxLg agfpg ;lsb}g . To;sf
nflu Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t GofofwLz tyf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;a}+sf] ;xof]u cfjZos x'G5 . Gofofnodf
x'g] e|i6frf/sf] ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf sfg"g Joj;foLx¿ -lghL sfg"g Joj;foL tyf ;/sf/L jsLn
;d]t_ n] e"ldsf v]n]sf 36gfx¿ ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ Goflos e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu g]kfn
af/ tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;xof]u / ;dGjo clt g} cfjZos /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} Goflos
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu Gofosf ;/f]sf/ lgsfo tyf Gofosf pkef]Qmfsf] ;fy} ;+rf/ dfWod ;d]tsf]
e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+rf/ dfWodx¿n] Gofofnodf ePsf u}/ sfg"gL sfd sf/jfxLsf] :jR5 ¿kdf
s'g} cfu|x k"jf{u|x ljgf ;dfrf/ ;+k|]if0f u/]/ GofofnonfO{ :jR5 agfpg] sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .
unt / ldy ;dfrf/ lbP/ Gofofnosf] zfv lu/fpg] 3[l0ft sfo{ ldl8ofn] ug{ x'Fb}g . Gofofnoaf6
/fd|f sfdx¿ ubf{ ub}{ slxn] sxL 36\g] l56k'6 sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ lbzfdf ldl8ofaf6 ;xof]u

13 k|ltj]bg @)^^ -g+= $_ k[= *@

14 P]=P]= k[= *#

210
x'g' kb{5 . s'g} ljifodf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ x'gf;fy ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 To; ljifodf af]Ng ldNb}g eGg]
s'/f ;+rf/sdL{sf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfleq} kg]{ ljifo x'Fbf ;dfrf/ ;+k|]if0f ubf{ To:tf ljifodf Wofg lbg' h?/L
x'G5 . cbfntaf6 x'g] km};nfdf lrQ ga'‰g] kIfaf6 Gofofnodf e|i6frf/ ePsf] egL cf/f]k nufpg]
u/]sf] ;d]t kfOG5 . Gofofnon] ug]{ km};nf / lg0f{o sfg"g / k|df0fsf] cfwf/df u/]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
;a}n] dgg ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . olb s'g} GofofwLzn] cfly{s jf cGo s'g} k|nf]egdf k/]/ Gofo ;Dkfbg
u/]sf] 7x/]df To:tf] GofofwLz pk/ sf/jfxL ug{ :yflkt ;+/rgf -Gofo kl/ifb\_ nfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L
agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] tkm{ Gofosf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;j}n] ;xof]u ug{ tTk/tf b]vfpg' k5{ . Goflos e|i6frf/
/f]syfdsf nflu rfNg' kg]{ sbdnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
! GofofwLz / sd{rf/L cfˆgf] sfd k|lt pQ/bfoL tyf hjfkmb]xL x'g' kg]{
@= cbfntsf /fd|f sfdx¿sf] af/]df k|rf/ k|zf/ ug{ ;+rf/ dfWodx¿n] ;xof]u ug{' kg]{
#= Goflos sfd sf/jfxLx¿sf] af/]df cfd ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
$= ljleGg zlQms]G›sf] cflzjf{b vf]Hb} lx+8\g] k|j[ltnfO{ Gofokflnsfdf k|j]z x'g glbg]
% Gofosf pkef]Qmfn] cbfntnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fsf] j:t'k/s cWoog ug]{
^= GofofwLz lgo'lQmnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg]
&= Gofokflnsfsf x/]s sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg]
* sfg"g Joj;foLx¿af6-lghL sfg"g Joj;foL tyf ;/sf/L jsLn ;d]t_ x'g;Sg] unt
s[ofsnfksf] cGTo ug]{
( Gofofnosf ;/f]sf/ lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ dhj't agfpg]
!) Gofo kl/ifb\nfO{ z;Qm / k|efjsf/L agfpg] tyf o;sf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg]
!! Gofofnosfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf unt k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sg]
!@= sfg"gdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{
!#= sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog gug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{
tTsfn sf/jfxL ug]{
!$= GofofwLzx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
!% Gofokflnsf lj?4df unt ;dfrf/ ;+k|]if0f ePsf] kfOPdf cbfntaf6 tTsfn To;sf]
v08g ug{' kg]{
!^= Outreach Program/Meet The Judge ProgramnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{
!&= cbfntdf ljrf}lnofx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{
!* GofofwLz lgo'Qm ePsf] lglZrt ;doleq GofofwLzsf] ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs ug{' kg]{
Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
!( Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg]

211
 @)= ;do tflnsf k4ltnfO{ ;a} cbfntx¿df clgjfo{ ¿kdf nfu" ug]{
@!= d'2f xfg]{ kIfn] ;+odk"j{s Jojxf/ b]vfpg ;Sg' kg]{
@@= sd{rf/L ;+u7gx¿n] :jR5 ¿kdf lgu/fgL u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ GofofwLz tyf
sd{rf/L kQf nufO{ sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf] nflu To:tf] sf/jfxL ug{ :yflkt lgsfox¿nfO{
;xof]u ug{' kg]{
@#= ck/fwsf] /fhgLlts/0f tyf /fhgLltnfO{ ck/fwLs/0f ug{ gx'g]
@$= ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfsf] kmfObf p7fP/ unt s[ofsnfk ug]{x¿pk/ sf/jfxL ug{' kg]{
@%= :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] cjwf/0ff k|lt /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf x'g' kg]{
@^= Gofofkflnsfdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k x'g gx'g]
Goflos e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu oL / o:tf cglulGt a'Fbfx¿ klxNofpg ;lsG5 . t/ hj;Dd
GofokflnsfnfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm :jtGq / ;Ifd lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ /fhgLlts tyf Goflos
OR5fzlQm x'Fb}g tj;Dd Gofofnok|lt nfUg] u/]sf] e|i6frf/sf] cf/f]ksf] cGTo x'Fb}g . t;y{ OR5fzlQm g}
To:tf] c:q xf] h;n] Gofofnosf] zfv / OHhtnfO{ arfpg ;S5 . Gofofno k|d'vdf e|i6frf/ ljxLg
Gofokflnsf :yfkgf ug]{ OR5f zlQm x'g] xf] eg] Goflos e|i6frf/sf] cGTo x'g ;S5 eGg] cfd
gful/sx¿sf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L Gofofnosf pRr kb:y JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] zfvnfO{
arfpgsf] nflu x/kn k|of;/t x'g' h?/Ldfq xf]Og ckl/xfo{ e};s]sf] 5 .

lgisif{

Gofokflnsf /fHosf] k/Dk/fut ;+u7g ePsf], o; ;+:yfnfO{ ultzLntf k|bfg ug]{ kbflwsf/L ;dfhs}
;b:o ePsf] x'Fbf o;df /x]/ sfd ug]{ s]xL JolQmx¿df sdL sdhf]/L x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{
;ls+b}g . Gofofno gful/sx¿sf] cf:yfsf] w/f]x/ xf] . o;n] lgikIf eP/ Gofo k|bfg ug]{ dfq xf]Og
;+ljwfgsf] clGtd JofVoftfsf] ;fy} gful/sx¿sf] df}lns xssf] ;+/Ifs ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{' kg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf o:tf] lgsfodf /fhgLlts nufot s'g} k|sf/sf] k|efj kg{' x'Fb}g eg] o:tf] lgsfoaf6
;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x¿ cfnf]rgfd'Qm x'g' kb{5 . Gofofnodf /x]sf ljs[lt lj;+ultsf sf/0fx¿sf] klxrfg
u/L To:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ h/} b]lv lgld6\ofGg agfpg Gofofnosf] g]t[Tj ju{sf] ;fy} /fhgLlts
k|ltj4tf ;d]t ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . c?nfO{ bf]ifL b]vfP/ cfkm" kfgL dflysf] cf]efgf] aGg] k|j[lQsf] cGTosf
nflu ;a}n] cfˆgf] ;f]r / k|j[lQd} kl/jt{g ug{' kb{5 . /fd|f] sfdsf] h; / g/fd|f] sfdsf] nflu ckh;
lng ;a} Goflos hgzlQm tTk/ /xg' kb{5 . Gofokflnsfaf6 ;Dkflbt x'g] x/]s sfdx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{
agfOg' kb{5 . d'Vo s'/f k]zf k|ltsf] OdfGbfl/tf, sfd k|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L / nugzLntf tyf ;f] sf]
nflu OR5fzlQm ePdf GofofnonfO{ nfUg] u/]sf] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] cf/f]k sd eP/ hfg]5 .
GofofnonfO{ lgikIf / :jtGq lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fO{ k|hftflGqs k4ltnfO{ alnof] agfpg
GofosdL{af6 x'g ;Sg] sdL sdhf]/Lsf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu :yflkt ;+/rgfx¿n] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cfˆgf]

212
lhDd]jf/L axg ug{' kb{5 . sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] klg cfˆgf] k]zf / Joj;fo k|lt OdfGbf/ x'g' kb{5 .
v/fa rl/q ePsfnfO{ GofofwLzsf] kbdf cfl;g u/fP/ cfbz{ JolQm agfpg] dx+uf] b':;fx; s;}n] ug{
x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfnfO{ dgg u/L GofofnonfO{ :jtGq, lgikIf / ljs[lt /lxt agfpgsf] nflu GofofwLz
lgo'lQm b]lv g} Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
• Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
• clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$*
• Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
• sfg"g, cÍ !!) -sfg"g Joj;foL Snj, sf7df8f}+, @)&@ a}zfv_
• vltj8f, O{Zj/ k|;fb: Goflos pt/bfloTj / GofofwLzx¿sf] cfrf/-;+lxtfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
-GofofwLzx¿sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng, @)&! df k|:t't ck|sflzt sfo{kq_
• 9sfn, afa'/fd, cbfntdf e|i6frf/ -afa'/fd 9sfn, @)^#_
• Gofokflnsfsf] t];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf @)&!/&@ -@)&%/&^
• /fpt, k|sfz ;d]t, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt af/ Pzf]lzP;gåf/f ul7t Gofokflnsfk|lt hgcf:yf clej[l4
cWoog ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^$ -sf7df8f}+ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt af; Pzf]l;Pzg_
• n'OF6]n, cgGt/fh, kbf{ k5fl8sf] Gofo, klxnf] ;+:s/0f -l8hfo/ n kmd{, @)&)_
• ljs[lt ljxLg Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf; cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^^, -;jf]{Rr cbfnt, @)^^_ -;+of]hs
/fdk|;fb >]i7_
• Corruption perceptions index2014, Transparency International The Global Coalition
against Corruption=

213
 g]kfndf pbf/Ls/0fsf] dxTj tyf o;sf]
jt{dfg cj:yf / l:ylt
– uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f*

;f/f+z
;g\ !(#) sf] dGbLeGbf cufl8 lghL If]qsf] cy{tGqdf afx'Notf lyof] . t/ dxfdGbLtfsf
lghL If]qk|ltsf] ljZjf; x/fP/ uof] lsgls ;f] dxfdGbL clws pTkfbg, a]/f]huf/L, cfo
c;dfgtf cflb h:tf s'/faf6 cfPsf] lyof] . o;kl5sf] cj:yfdf dflg;x¿sf] Wofg ;/sf/L
;+:yfgx¿df a9\b} uof] . of] dfGotf klg w]/} ;do;Dd l6Sg ;s]g . o;}qmddf cy{tGqdf
pbf/Ls/0f jf ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] nx/ cfpg k'Uof] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf cfPsf] of]
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ 6]jf lbg] sfd lghLs/0fn] u¥of] . ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf
o:tf ;+:yfgx¿ ;/sf/nfO{ af]emdfq aGb} hfg' g} lghLs/0fs]f d'Vo k|]/s tTj xf] . ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgn] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zocg'¿ksf] sfo{ ug{ g;Sg'n] o;sf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf lghL If]qnfO{
a9fjf lbof] . oLg} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t x'g
k'Uof] . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fdf ;/sf/L x:tIf]k sd ub}{ ahf/ cy{k|0ffnLnfO{ a9fjf lbOG5 .
zf:qLo cy{zf:qLx¿sf] cjwf/0ff klg oxL g} lyof] . o;sf] k|efj g]kfndf klg kg{ uO{ 5}+7f}
of]hgf -@)#&–@)$@_ / cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)#& n] lglhs/0f ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] lyof] . ljZjdf
rn]sf] pbf/Ls/0f tyf lglhs/0fsf] nx/;Fu;Fu} hfkfg, k|mfG; h:tf cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿ / cGo
;fgf tyf 7'nf ;a}vfn] /fi6«x¿n] of] k|lqmofnfO{ cuffl8 j9fpb} nu] . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf]
;'?cft;Fu} cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/ gLltdf ;/nLs/0f u/L ahf/d'lv / v'nf cy{Joj:yfnfO{
k|>o lbb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . xfn;Dddf cy{tGqsf Jofkf/, ljQLo If]q, df}lb|s If]q cf}Bf]lus
gLlt lghLs/0f, d"No gLlt tyf ljleGg If]qx¿df ;/sf/n] pbf/Ls/0fsf gLltx¿ cjnDag
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] pbf/Ls/0fsf] ;Gb{edf xfn lghLs/0f x'g afFsL /x]sf #& j6f ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgx¿ hgzlQm of]hgf / Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ ;~rfng ePsf 5}gg\ ;+:yfgdf
hgzlQmnfO{ pTkfbgzlQmdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ r'gf}tL cem}klg /x]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0fdf
u'0ffTds tyf bIftf o'Qm hgzlQmsf] cefj / hflu/] k|a[ltsf sd{rf/Lsf] afx'Notf x'g' xf] .
k|lt:kwf{ljgf cfkmgf dfG5]nfO{ hflu/ v'jfpg' tyf cfjZostf eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf c:yfoL Pj
s/f/ kbdf sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ug]{ k|a[ltn] ubf{ pbf/Ls/0fn] k|efjsfl/tf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

* ;x–k|fWofks, cy{zf:q, eQmk'/ ax'd'vL SofDk;

214
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f cfkm}+df cToGt Jofks cjwf/0ff xf] . ;du|df b]zn] ckgfpg] ;Dk"0f{ gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdx¿ h;sf] k|ToIf ck|ToIf k|efj cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf kb{5 . tL ;a} cfly{s gLltx¿leq
kb{5g\ / tL ;Dk"0f{ gLltx¿df k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ /fHosf] lgoGq0f / x:tIf]k v's"nf] agfO{ lghL
If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ j[l4 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ pbf/Ls/0f eGg ;lsG5 . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] To:tf ;Dk"0f{
gLltx¿nfO{ ;d]6\b5 h;sf] cfly{s If]q;Fu ;DaGw x'G5 h:tf]M ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] vr{sf] :j¿k /
cfsf/, ljleGg If]qdf nufOg] s/sf] b/, ;/sf/n] :jb]zL lghL tyf ljb]zL If]qaf6 lng ;Sg] C0fsf]
:j¿k tyf cfsf/, j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"Nosf] lgwf{/0f, ljb]zL ljlgdosf] lgwf{/0f, lghL ;/sf/ Pjd\
ljb]zL nufgL ;DaGwL Joj:yf, cfoft, lgof{t tyf k"FhLsf] kl/rfng ;DaGwL kIf cflb -cfrfo{M
k[=!_ zf:qLo cy{zf:qLx¿ (Classical Economists) n] ;qf} ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ g} lghLs/0f
(Privatisation) sf] kIfdf jsfnt ub}{ cfPtf klg ;g\ !(#) sf] eLif0f cfly{s dGbL (Economic
Depression) n] lghLs/0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf k|Zg lrGx v8f u¥of] . t/ ;g\ !(#) k"j{sf] ;dodf
lghL If]qn] ;fwgx¿sf] dgf]dfgL k|of]u u/]sf] sf/0f pQm dxfdGbLsf] cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] lgisif{
lg:Sof] . ;g\ !(#) sf] cfly{s dGbLkl5 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] sf/0faf6 klg ljZj cfly{s If]qdf ;g{
uof] . ;'k|l;4 cy{zf:qL h]=Pd= lsG; (Keynes) n] ;g\ !(#) sf] cfly{s dlGbsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg
k"0f{ ahf/sf] cfly{s gLltaf6 ug{ g;s]kl5 cfˆgf] ljrf/df kl/jt{g u/]/ ahf/df k"0f{ /f]huf/ gx'g] x'Fbf
;/sf/n] cfly{s ;Gt'ng Nofpg cfly{s If]qdf cNksfnLg x:tIf]k ug'{kg]{ wf/0ff k|:t't u/] . ljZjdf
ePsf] cfly{s lu/fj6af6 cfly{s If]qdf ;'wf/ Nofpg k"FhLjfbL d'n'sx¿ (Capitalist Countries)
cfo pkef]u Aofhb/ / d"No h:tf kl/;"rsx¿df ;/sf/L x:tIf]k (State Intervention) df u/L
cy{Joj:yfdf ;'wf/sf] sf]l;; ePsf] lyof] . t/ klg /fi6«n] pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ (High Economic
Growth Rate) eg] sfod ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg . ljZje/df g} ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv cfly{s gLlt
ultljlwdf ;/sf/L x:tIf]k Go"g ub}{ lghL If]q (Private Sector) ;/Ls u/fpg] sfo{qmd cfpg yfn] .

s'g} klg ;/sf/L x:tIf]k lagf hlt;Sof] Tolt a9L ahf/n] :jtGq ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f
;[hgf x'g] u/L cjnDag ul/Psf gLltx¿ g} pbf/ / v'Nnf gLlt (Liberalisation or Open policy)
x¿ x'g\ . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] cy{ ;/sf/ lgolGqt cy{Joj:yfnfO{ ahf/d'vL cy{Joj:yfdf n}hfg
ljleGg aGb]hx¿ v'Nnf ug]{x¿sf] b/df sd ug]{ jf x6fpg] rfn" vftfdf k"0f{ kl/jTo{tf ug]{ / d"No
lgwf{/0fdf lgoGq0f gug]{ xf] . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] ahf/d'vL, lghLs/0fo'Qm / k|lt:kwf{Tds
cy{Joj:yf xf] . ljZj ljsf; k|ltj]bg ;g\ !((^ df 3/]n' Jofkf/ d"No ahf/sf] ;fy} j}b]lzs Jofkf/
/ ljb]zL d'b|fsf] :jtGq ljlgdo jf :jb]zL ahf/df kmd{x¿sf] :jtGq ¿ksf] k|j]zdf :jtGq ¿kdf
;/sf/L lgoGq0fnfO{ sd ug]{ jf x6fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ g} cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f (Economic liberalisation)
elgG5 . o;k|sf/ ljZj g} pbf/ cfly{s gLlt, lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu, lghLs/0f tyf v'Nnf
cy{Joj:yfsf] nflu ;a}+sf] ahf/ Pj+ k|lt:kwf{sf] nflu ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffaf6 cfly{s j[l4
xfl;n ug{ cl3 a9]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|d'v p2]Zo lbuf] ¿kdf / ;dli6«ut
¿kdf cfly{s :yfoLTj sfod u/L Ps cfw'lgs tyf ahf/f]Gd'v cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . d'n'sdf
b'|tt/ ultdf cfly{s ljsf; ug{ tyf lghL If]qnfO{ ;Ifd kfg{sf nflu ljQLo ;'b[9Ls/0f, Jofkf/ tyf

215
ljlgdodf pbf/Ls/0f, v'nf cf}Bf]lus tyf nufgL gLltx¿ /fi6«n] cjnDag u/]kl5 o;af6 :jb]zL
tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{x¿ nufgL ug{ cfslif{t eO{ cfly{s ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ub5 . v'Nnf
Pj+ pbf/ gLltx¿ k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfdf dfq} nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . JolQmut pTk|]/0ffdfkm{t\ JolQmx¿n] s[lif,
pBd, Joj;fo dWo] h'g;'s}df klg hf]vLd lnO{ gfkmf cfh{g ug{ ;Sg] cfly{s Joj:yfnfO{ k"FhLjfb
elgG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfdf ;/sf/sf] k6Ss} x:tIf]k x'g'x'Fb}g . ;/sf/sf] eG;f/ gLlt cyjf cfoft–
lgof{t gLlt xf];\ jf ljb]zL ljlgdo gLlt xf];\, s'g}n] klg ahf/df x:tIf]k u/]sf] x'g'x'Fb}g . olt dfq}
xf]Og k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfdf JolQmn] :jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf] k]zf /f]Hg dfq} xf]Og, ls JolQm÷JolQmaLr jf
sDkgL÷JolQmx¿ aLr ;Demf}tf u/L to ePsf] tna / Hofnfdf dfq n]gb]g x'G5 .

cfly{s sf/f]jf/df ;/sf/L x:tIf]k clt Go"g x'g'k5{ eGg] cfjfh !* cf}+ ztfAbLdf :jtGq cy{Joj:yfsf]
l;4fGtn] p7fPsf] lyof] . plta]nf h]=aL=;]=sf] k"lt{n] cfˆgf dfu cfkm}+ l;h{gf u5{ eGg] l;4fGt k|Voft
/ ;fGble{s klg dflgPsf] lyof] . t/ !( cf}+ ztfAbLdf cd]l/sf, la|6]gh:tf b]zx¿df cfPsf] dGbLnfO{
l/sf8f]{ dfNy;, h]=jL=;]= P8dl:dy, cflb zf:qLo cy{zf:qLx¿sf wf/0ffn] pkrf/ ug{ ;s]g .
cflv/ k|l;4 cy{zf:qL lsG;sf] ;/sf/L x:tIf]kåf/f dGbLsf] pkrf/ ul/g' k5{ eGg] wf/0ff Jojxfl/s
x'g k'Uof] . t/ cfhsf] @) cf}+ ztfAbLdf eg] lsG; ;kmn eO{ /fVg ;s]gg\ / kml/ cy{Joj:yfsf]
;'wf/sf] nflu ;/sf/L x:tIf]k sd x'g'k5{ eGg]tkm{ cy{zf:qLx¿ hfg yfn]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] sDo'lgi6
b]zdf klg cfly{s ;'wf/sf] lglDt ;/sf/L x:tIf]k lj:tf/} lj:tf/} 36\g'kg]{ / ahf/d'vL cy{Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ wf/0ff emg\emg\ Jofks x'g yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kgf kZrft\ cf=j=
@)$*÷)$( df klxnf] hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] k|yd ah]6 / cf7f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfdfkm{t\ cfly{s
pbf/jfbnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;+:yfgx¿sf] lghLs/0f cleofgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lghLs/0f P]g, @)%)
NofOPsf] lyof] . lghLs/0f P]g @)%) n] JofVof u/]cg';f/ lghLs/0f eGgfn] k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfkgdf
lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL agfpg], ltgnfO{ laqmL ug]{ jf ef8fdf lbg], ;/sf/L :jfldTjnfO{ hg;fwf/0fdf
n}hfg] jf To:tf k|lti7fgdf sd{rf/L sfdbf/ jf OR5's ;a} ;d'bfosf] cf+lzs jf k"0f{ ;xeflutf
u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . ;f]xL P]g cg';f/ g]kfndf dxTjk"0f{ pBf]ux¿sf] lghLs/0f, cf}Bf]lus
gLlt !((@ sf] pbf/ k|>o, ljb]zL nufgLk|ltsf] pbf/tf o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . of] pbf/tfsf] k|lqmof
s]xL jt{dfgn] klg b]vfO/x]sf] 5 eg] lj:t[t k|ltlqmofsf] nflu eljio kv{g} k5{ .

cfly{s jif{ @)&) ÷ &! Dff g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt #& j6f ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgx¿sf] s"n ;~rfng cfo ? @ va{ %& ca{ *! s/f]8 &# nfv k'u]sf] 5 . of] /sd cl3Nnf]
cfly{s jif{sf] t'ngfdf !%=$* k|ltztn] j[l4 xf] . cfly{s jif{ @)^( ÷ @)&) df of] ;+:yfgx¿sf]
s"n ;~rfng cfo ? @ va{ @# ca{ @^ s/f]8 #( nfv /x]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)&) ÷ &!
Dff g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ dWo] !* j6f
v'b gfkmfdf / !% j6f v'b gf]S;fgLdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë sG;N6]G;L ;]jf s]Gb| ln= /
g]zgn sG:6«S;g sDkgL g]kfn lnld6]8sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cjsf; eO{ k"0f{ ljj/0f k|fKt x'g g;s]sf]
tyf /fli6«o cfjf; sDkgL lnld6]8n] e"sDkaf6 sfof{nodf ePsf] Ifltsf sf/0f TfYof+s pknAw

216
u/fpg g;s]sf] P+j hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8sf sd{rf/Lsf] cjsfz eO{ ;Lldt tYof+s k|fKt
ePsf] l:ylt 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷ @)&) df ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b gfkmf ? !! ca{ $) s/f]8, % nfv
/x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! Df ? % ca{ % s/f]8 # nfvdfq v'b gfkmf ePsf] 5 . dxfn]vf
lgoGqssf] sfof{nojf6 k|fKt tYof+s cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷ @)&! ;Dddf #& j6f ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s"n z]o/ nufgL ? ! va{ !% ca{ *! s/f]8 $% nfv k'u]sf] 5 . eg]
;f]xL cjlw ;Dddf s"n C0f nufgL ? ! va{ !! ca{ ^* s/f]8 !& nfv k'u]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{
@)^(÷ @)&) df oL ;+:yfgx¿df z]o/ nufgL ? ! va{ ca{ ^^ s/f]8 #* nfv / C0f nufgL ?
! va{ ^ ca{ %) s/f]8 !& nfv /x]sf] lyof] o;/L ;+:yfgdf ;/sf/sf] z]o/ nufgL &=%& k|ltzt
/ C0f nufgL $=*^ k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] s"n z]o/wgLsf]if
cfly{s jif{ @)&) ÷@)&! ;Dddf s"n ? ! va{ % ca{ (* s/f]8 (% nfv /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
cfly{s jif{df pQm z]o/wgL sf]if ? (& ca{ *$ s/f]8 !% nfv /x]sf] lyof] cfly{s jif{ @)^( &)
sf] t'ngfdf kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{df ;+:yfgx¿sfg] z]o/wgL sf]if *=## k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿jf6 cfly{s jif{ @)^( ÷@)&) df ? ^ ca{ (( s/f]8 @ nfv
nfef+z k|fKt ePsf]df cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷ @)&! Dff s]xL sd eO{ ? ^ ca{ ^! s/f]8 *& nfv
k|fKt ePsf] 5. h'g z]o/nufgL ? ! va{ !% ca{ *! s/f]8 $% nfvsf] %=&! k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .
o; cjlwdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL ln=, s[lif ljsf; a}+s ln=, hnljB't nufgL tyf ljsf; sDkgL
lnld6]8, cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8 / gful/s nufgL sf]ifjf6 g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ nfef+z k|fKt
ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷ &) df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sf]ifdf Joj:yf gul/Psf] bfloTj ?
@^ ca{ (^ s/f]8 (^ nfv /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷ &! Df pQm /sddf )=!* k|ltztn] a9\g
uO{ ? @& ca{ ! s/f]8 (! Nffv x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷ &) ;dddf #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b ;l~rt gf]S;fg ? @) ca{ ^!
s/f]8 ($ nfv /x]sf]df of] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷ @)&! ;Dddf #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b
;l~rt gf]S;fg ? @^ ca{ (@ s/f]8 @& nfv k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;l~rt gf]S;fg ? ! ca{ cGbf a9L
ePsf ;+:yfgx¿df g]kfn cfon lgud ? #@ ca{ *$ s/f]8, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ? !& ca{ ($
s/f]8, /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s ? ( ca{ (* s/f]8, g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln= ? $ ca{, pbok'/
l;d]G6 pBf]u k|f=ln= ? # ca{ $$ s/f]8, g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud ? ! ca{ &% s/f]8, / g]kfn vfB
;+:yfg ? ! ca{ !$ s/f]8 u/L & j6f /x]sf 5g\ . ;l~rt gfkmf ? ! ca{ eGbf a9L ePsf ;+:yfgx¿df
g]kfn b'/;~rf/ sDkgL ln ? $@ ca{ $$ s/f]8, g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ? # ca{ &
s/f]8, s[lif ljsf; a}+s ? ! ca{ $& s/f]8 / Pg=cfO=O=l8=;L=, 8]enkd]G6 a}+s ln= ? ! ca{ #^
s/f]8 u/L $ j6f kfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! Dff ;|+sng u/]sf] s"n /fhZj
? # va{ %^ ca{ *% s/f]8df ;fjh{lgs ;+:yfgx¿jf6 k|fKt nfef+z ? ^ ca{ ^@ s/f]8 sf] !=$^
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+:yfgdf u/]sf] z]o/ nufgLsf] cg'kftdf ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt k|ltkmn
cyf{t nfef+z %=&! k|ltzt dfq ePsf]n] of] k|ltkmn b/ k|rlnt Jofh b/eGbf Go"g x'g] ePklg,
cfos/, d"No clej[l4 s/ / u}/s/ ;+sngdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] e"ldsf pNn]Vo /xb} cfPsf]

217
5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! sf] k|rlnt d"Nodf s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg ? !( va{ $! Ca{ ^@ s/f]8
/x]sf]df ;fjhlg{s ;+:yfgx¿sf] s"n ;~rfng cfosf] of]ubfg !#=# k|ltzt cyf{t ? @ va{ %*
ca{ /xsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L Jofkfl/s If]qsf] ;+~rfng cfo s"n ufx{:y
pTkfbgsf] &=% k|ltzt cyf{t ? ! va{ $^ ca{ 5 eg] ;a}eGbf Go"g ;fdflhs If]qsf] /x]sf] 5 . h'g
)=)^ k|ltzt cyf{t ? ! ca{ @! s/f]8 dfq /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df cfly{s jif{
@)&) ÷&! Df k|jfx u/]sf] C0f ? !^ ca{ @! s/f]8sf] lx:;f o;} jif{ @)&)÷&! Sf] s"n ;/sf/L
vr{ ? % va{ !& ca{ @$ s/f]8df #=!# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . eg] k'hLut va{ ? *% ca{ !) s/f]8df
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df k|jfx ePsf] C0fsf] lx:;f !(=)% k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;g\ !(#) sf] dGbLeGbf cufl8 lghL If]qsf] cy{tGqdf afx'Notf lyof] . t/ dxfdGbLtfsf lghL
If]qk|ltsf] ljZjf; x/fP/ uof] lsgls ;f] dxfdGbL clws pTkfbg, a]/f]huf/L, cfo c;dfgtf cflb
h:tf s'/faf6 cfPsf] lyof] . o;kl5sf] cj:yfdf dflg;x¿sf] Wofg ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿df a9\b} uof] .
of] dfGotf klg w]/} ;do;Dd l6Sg ;s]g . o;} qmddf cy{tGqdf pbf/Ls/0f jf ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] nx/
cfpg k'Uof] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf cfPsf] of] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ 6]jf lbg] sfd lghLs/0fn]
u¥of] . ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf o:tf ;+:yfgx¿ ;/sf/nfO{ af]emdfq aGb} hfg' g} lghLs/0fs]f d'Vo
k|]/s tTj xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zocg'¿ksf] sfo{ ug{ g;Sg'n] o;sf] ljsNksf]
¿kdf lghL If]qnfO{ a9fjf lbof] . oLg} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff
ljsl;t x'g k'Uof] . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fdf ;/sf/L x:tIf]k sd ub}{ ahf/ cy{k|0ffnLnfO{ a9fjf
lbOG5 . zf:qLo cy{zf:qLx¿sf] cjwf/0ff klg oxL g} lyof] . :jtGq cy{tGqn] g} k"0f{ /f]huf/Lsf]
:t/ l;h{gf u5{ . t/ Tof] cjwf/0ff !(#) sf] dGbLn] ubf{ x/fP/ uPsf] lyof] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4kZrft\
IftljIft\ ePsf] ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ k'g{hL{ljt t'Nofpg ckgfPsf] gLltx¿n] ;/sf/L Psflwsf/ k|j[lQ
dfq /xg uof] / Joj;flos ;+:s[lt tyf jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; eg] x'g ;s]g . o;n] lgolGqt d"No
k|0ffnL, cs'zn ahf/ Joj:yfkg, dfusf] pk]Iff ug]{ k|j[lt jf k|]l/t cy{tGq, d"Noj[l4, Go"g u'0f:t/Lo
pTkfbg, Hfgtfsf] OR5f / cfjZostfsf] pk]Iffh:tf ;d:of l;h{gf x'g uO{ ljZJofkL ¿kdf g} o;n]
hgdfg;df c;Gtf]ifsf] efjgf ljsl;t x'g k'Uof] / cy{tGqn] jfl~5t ¿kdf klg lng ;s]g . o;
;Gbe{df ;g\ !(&( df a]nfotL ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] British petroleum sf] lglhs/0faf6 g}
ljZjdf gLlhs/0fsf] nx/ rn]sf] xf] . o;sf] ;'?cftstf{ tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dfu{/]6 Yofr{/ x'g\ . o;}
clegoaf6 k|efljt eP/ cGo cf}Bf]lus / ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df klg lglhs/0fsf] nx/ rNg uof] .
o;sf] k|efj g]kfndf klg kg{ uO 5}+7f}+ of]hgf -@)#&–@)$@_ / cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)#& n] lghLs/0f
ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] lyof] . ljZjdf rn]sf] pbf/Ls/0f tyf lglhs/0fsf] nx/;Fu;Fu} hfkfg, k|mfG;h:tf
cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿ / cGo ;fgf tyf 7'nf ;a}vfn] /fi6«x¿n] of] k|lqmofnfO{ cuffl8 a9fpFb} nu] .
;f]leot ;+3 nufot cGo ;+/If0fjfbL cy{tGqx¿sf] ;g\ *) sf] bzssf] pt/f4{df ePsf] ktgkZrft\
t emg\ lghLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf gofF cjwf/0ffx¿ ;zQm¿kdf cfpg yfn] . o;
pbf/Ls/0fsf] ;f]rn] ubf{ /fli6«otfsf] 3]/fleq dfq cy{tGqnfO{ ;Lldt gu/L t'ngfTds Cost benefit
sf] l;4fGtsf] ;f]rdf cl3 a9\g'kg]{ ;f]r ljsl;t x'g k'Uof] . o; cg';f/ t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd

218
nfut nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg u/L lgof{td'vL cy{Joj:yfdf hf]8 lbg yflnof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L
;+:yfgx¿n] k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/df cfkmgf] cl:tTj hf]ufpg ;Sg] cj:yf g/x]sfn] ubf{ pbf/Ls/0f
/ ljZjsLs/0f ;Fu;Fu} lghLs/0fsf] k|lqmof nfO{ tLa|tf lbg yflnof] . jt{dfg ;do;Dd cfOk'Ubf
ljsl;t tyf cf}Bf]lus d"n'sx¿n] lghLs/0f ;Fu ;DjlGwt w]/} sfd ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o; lghLs/0f
Jofj;flos ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;, ahf/ k|lt:kwf{af6 d"No lgwf{/0f ;/sf/L ;+/If0fsf] cGTo /fli6«o ;'/Iff
;DalGwt s]lx ;+j]bgzLn If]qafx]s cGo If]qdf z]o/ :jfldTjsf] cj;/ ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;d]t k'¥ofpg]
k|lqmof cGtu{t sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;d]t z]o/ :jfldTjsf] ljt/0fsf cj;/ k|bfg ug]{h:tf s'/fx¿ k|rlnt
/x]sf 5g\ . o; l;4fGtsf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gojg Pjd\ cg'udg ug]{ p2]Zon] g} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] ahf/ cy{gLltsf] sf/0fn] b]zsf pBf]ux¿n] h'g ;+/If0f k|fKt u/]sf lyP
Tof] ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . ef/t;Fusf] v'Nnf l;dfgf / rLg;Fusf] vf;f gfsfaf6 cglws[t ¿kdf g]kfn
k:g] j:t'x¿sf] cltl/Qm ef/tLo / c? b]zsf pTkfbgx¿n] lgjf{w ¿kdf b]zleqsf] ahf/ k|fKt
u/]kl5 g]kfnL pBf]ux¿sf] pTkfbgn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf cfly{s
If]qdf csf]{ df]8 cfof] . To;avt ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿n] cfly{s lzlyntf Joxf]g'{k¥of] .
pRr d'b|fl:kmlt, e'QmfgL c;Gt'ng, u/LaL / a]/f]huf/Ldf j[l4 eof] . of] ;a} ;d:ofsf] h8sf ¿kdf
;/sf/sf] lgoGqfTds e"ldsfnfO{ g} lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofOof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k, ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv w]/}
d'n'sx¿n] ;/sf/sf] cx:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsf / ahf/ :jtGqtfnfO{ cjnDag u/] . ljZjdf v'nf ahf/
/ pbf/ ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffn] km]l/ dxTj kfof] . ;g\ !(%) / ^) sf] bzsdf /fli6«os/0f / ;/sf/sf]
nufgLdf :yfkgf ePsf pBf]uwGbf k'gM lghL If]qdf x:tfGt/0f ug{ yflnof] . ;/sf/sf lgoGq0fnfO{
dfGotf lbg] gLltx¿ kl/jt{g x'g yfn] . cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf lghL If]qnfO{ :jtGqtf lbOof] /
;/sf/ lghL If]qsf] ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsfdf ;Lldt x'g yfNof] . ;/sf/df ;'zf;gsf] sdL, l9nf;':tL,
k|zf;lgs emd]nf, /fhgLlt k|]l/t / k|lt:kwL{ efjgfsf] cefjh:tf sf/0fn] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf ;Lldt
x'g'kg]{ dfGotfn] dxTj kfof] . ;g\ !(() df ;f]leot ;+3 / w]/} ;fDojfbL cy{tGqsf] cg'z/0f ug]{
d'n'saf6 ;fDojfbL ;/sf/sf] ktg ePkl5 k"FhLjfb lglj{sNk eof] . o; ;Gbe{df ljZj a}+sn] cfly{s,
;fdflhs / lbuf] ljsf; k|efjsf/L /fHolagf ;Dej 5}g, t/ ljsf; sfo{df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf Pp6f
lgb]{zssf] geO{ ;fem]bf/ / ;xhstf{sf] x'g'k5{ . P8d l:dysf] …cb[Zo xftÚ (invisible hand) n]
k|To]s ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{ . ahf/ cy{tGq JolQmut :jtGqtf elgg] d"n l;4fGtdf c8]sf] x'G5 .
pkef]Qmfx¿ k|lt:kwL{ pTkfbg tyf ;]jfx¿sf aLr 5gf]6 ug{ :jtGq x'G5g\ . pTkfbsx¿ Joj;fo k|f/De
ug{ jf lj:tf/ ug{ / o;sf hf]lvd axg ug{ / k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{ :jtGq x'G5g\ . >ldsx¿ sfd 5gf]6
ug{df >d ;+u7gdf ;fd]n x'g :jtGq x'G5g\ . ctM æpbf/Ls/0f eg]sf] ;/n cy{df cy{tGqnfO{ ;/sf/L
lgoGq0f tyf lgb]{zgaf6 d'Qm ug'{ / lghL If]q k|j4{g ug'{ xf] .

cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f :jod\df cToGt Jofks cjwf/0ff ePsfn] o;sf k|lqmofnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v
ug{ ;Dej geP klg d'ntM o;sf k|lqmofut kIfx¿nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd x]g{ ;lsG5 .

219
-s_ ;/sf/sf] cfsf/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ M o;cGtu{t ;/sf/L vr{ sd ug]{, 36fpg], ljz]if u/]/
;fwf/0f vr{, ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ lbg] cg'bfgsf] s6f}tL tyf cGo If]qx¿nfO{ lbg] cg'bfgsf] s6f}tL
cflb kb{5g\ .
-v_ ;/sf/L ah]6df cfGtl/s Pjd\ afXo C0f Pjd\ cg'bfgsf] lx:;f Go"gLs/0f M ah]6 3f6f Go"g
ug{sf nflu cfGtl/s a}+s tyf ljQLo If]q tyf afXo If]qaf6 lnOg] C0fnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{,
o;cGtu{t ljz]if u/]/ cfGtl/s a}+lsª If]qaf6 lnOg] borrowing dfly lgoGq0f nufOG5 .
-u_ cfly{s lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ljlwsf] ;/nLs/0f M o;cGtu{t cg'dltkq lng'kg]{, btf{ ug]{,
k"j{:jLs[lt lng'kg]{ h:tf sfo{ljlwut k|lqmofx¿nfO{ ;/nLs[t u/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] cgfjZos
nufdaf6 lghL If]qsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{ d'Qm ug]{ s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ .
-3_ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfngdf ;/sf/L lgoGq0f Go"g ub}{ ahf/Ls/0f ug]{ k|lqmof M o;cGtu{t
cfoft lgof{tsf nflu kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nufpg], pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ gkfpg], ljb]zL nufgLnfO{
lgif]w ug]{h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ x6fO{ lghL Pjd\ ljb]zL If]qnfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g
clwsf/ lbOg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ .
-ª_ d"No lgwf{/0fdf ;/sf/sf] cx:tIf]k M o;cGtu{t ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt cfly{s
lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/L x:tIf]kaf6 d"Nosf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|0ffnL x6fO{ ahf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 :jtM
d"No lgwf{/0f x'g] u/L d"No lgwf{/0fsf] sfo{ ahf/sf] xftdf 5f]8\g'kg]{ dflgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
a}+lsª tyf ljQLo If]qsf] sf/f]af/df tf]lsg] Jofhsf] lgwf{/0f, ;+:yfx¿sf] pTkfbg jf ;]jfsf]
d"No lgwf{/0f h:t}M OGwg, k]6«f]n–l8h]n, b"/;~rf/, ljB't, lrgL cflb ;fy} o;leq sfdbf/ tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>ldssf] lgwf{/0f tyf ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdosf] b/ klg kb{5g\ .
ljZjdf rn]sf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf nx/x¿ cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if / ljZj a}+ssf] ;xfotf / gLlt
k/fdz{df k|ltlalDjt x'Fb} hfg yfn] . o;kl5 g]kfnh:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sn] ljz]ifu/L o;nfO{
cfˆgf] cfly{s gLltsf ¿kdf c+lusf/ ug{ yfn] . ;g\ !(*) sf] k'jf{4{;Dd g]kfnn] ckgfPsf]
cfly{s gLltx¿ ;+/If0ffTds cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]{ / aGb k|s[lts} lyP . t/ To;kl5 b]zdf b]vf
k/]sf cfly{s cl:y/tfnfO{ ;'Nemfpgsf nflu ljZj a}+s / cGt/f{li6«o d"b|fsf]ifsf] ;xof]udf cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0fsf] yfngL u¥of] . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfndf lj=;= @)$#÷@)$$ df cfly{s l:y/Ls/0f
Stabilization programme gLlt NofO{of] . of] programme # jif{sf nflu ljZj a}+s / cGt/f{li6«o
d"b|fsf]ifsf] ;xof]udf nfu' ul/of] . o; ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hg sfo{qmdaf6 ;'wf/sf ;+s]tx¿ b]vf kb}{
uPsf] sf/0f g]kfnn] lj:tfl/t ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hg ;'ljwf @)$(÷%) b]lv @)%!÷%@ ;Ddsf
nflu k|fKt eof] . o;/L g]kfnn] ;+/rgfTds sfo{qmd ;dfof]hg Structural adjustment programme,
SAP / lj:tfl/t ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hg ;'ljwf (Enhanced Structural Adjustment facility –ESAP)
sf] sfof{Gjogkl5 ;/sf/n] ckgfO{ cfPsf gLlt cjnDag ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] eP tfklg /fhgLlts
cl:y/tfsf sf/0fn] vf;} ult lng ;s]g / lj=;= @)$^ df jx'bnLo Joj:yfsf] yfngL eP kZrft\

220
eg] o; k|lqmofn] lta|tf k|fKt u¥of] . g]kfndf pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cufl8 cfPkl5 ljlQo If]q / jfXo
If]q, jf:tljs If]q cg]sf} gLltut kl/jt{gx¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] ;'?cft;Fu} cfoft
lgof{t Jofkf/ gLltdf ;/nLs/0f u/L ahf/d'lv / v'nf cy{Joj:yfnfO{ k|>o lb+b} cfPsf] kfO{G5 .
xfn;Dddf cy{tGqsf Jofkf/, ljQLo If]q, df}lb|s If]q cf}Bf]lus gLlt lghLs/0f, d"No gLlt tyf
ljleGg If]qx¿df ;/sf/n] pbf/Ls/0fsf gLltx¿ cjnDag u/]sf] 5 .

cfw'lgs ahf/ cy{Joj:yfsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ / cf}lrTo vf]tNg] xf] eg] !* cf}+ ztfAbLsf] la|6]g /
lghL pBdzLntfnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{ e|i6 / ljs[t /fHooGq;Dd k'luG5 . o;n] Unf:uf] ljZjljBfnosf
k|f]= Pd8 l:ydnfO{ æ/fi6«sf] ;DklQÆ eGg] k':ts n]Vg k|]l/t u¥of], hf] ;g\ !&&^ df k|sflzt eof] .
;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] o;kl5 g} cfly{s If]qdf cfw'lgs :j¿ksf] cx:tIf]k –n];]hkm]o/_ sf] ;f]+r ;'?
x'G5 . pgn] /fHosf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;Lldt u/L lghL cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ kof{Kt / ljZj;gLo
cfwf/x¿ k|:t't u/] . o;/L P8d l:dyn] /fli6«o ;DklQnfO{ clwstd kfg{ ;Sg] æcfly{s dfgjÆ
sf] hGdsf nflu bfz{lgs cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ . l:dysf] cjwf/0ffsf] k|lt/f]w ;g\ !*$* df –sDo'lgi6
3f]if0ff kq k|sfzg_ sfn{ dfS;{af6 eof] / kl5 !**) df pg}sf] æk'FhLÆ sf] k|sfzgaf6 klg . tfklg
k'FhLjfb pSnFbf] cj:yfdf lyof] / !(#) sf] dxfdGbL;Dd pSnFbf] g} /x\of] . o; dxfdGbLn] dfq
k'FhLjfbL ;+;f/sf ahf/ cy{Joj:yfx¿sf] hu xNnfof], ;dfhjfbL ;f]leot cy{Joj:yf eg] ;'/lIft
g} /lx/x\of] . o;kl5 /fHo x:tIf]k / nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] alnof] ;}4flGts
cfwf/ h]=Pd= s]G;sf s[ltx¿af6 ;g\ !(#^ df ;fj{hlgs eof] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 ;g\ !(^) ;Dd
cy{zf:qsf] d"nwf/df s]G;s} ljrf/ k|efjL /x\of] . !(%)–^) sf] cjlw æ;'gf}nf] jif{x¿Æ dflgG5,
h'g cjlwdf cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿df Hofb} Go"g d'b|fl:kmlt / k"0f{ /f]huf/ sfod ePsf] lyof] . leotgfd
o'4tfsf dfq s]xL lzlyntf b]vfk¥of] .

t]n–;+s6sf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf t]nsf wgL /fi6«x¿sf] ;+u7g (OPEC) sf] t]n zlQm b]lvof], t/ ljZjsf
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿dfly o;sf] lgoGq0f lyPg / o;sf] k|fljlws hu klg lyPg . To;f] x'Fbf cltl/Qm
;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg klZrdf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿s} xftdf /x\of], kmntM C0f–;+s6 b]vf k¥of] . !(*)
sf] bzsdf klg o;sf] c;/ /lx g} /Xof] . ljsf; /0fgLlt;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt–lg0f{ox¿ C0fbftf /
cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] xftdf k¥of] . To;kl5 v'nfkg, k|lt:kwf{ / ahf/sf] kIfdf jsfnt /
l;kmfl/;x¿ ;'? eP . bzssf] cGtdf aln{g kvf{n eTsg' tyf !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?df ;f]leot
;+3sf] lj36g x'g'n] ahf/ cfwfl/t cfly{s ljsf;sf kIfw/x¿nfO{ 7"nf] g}lts an k|fKt eof] .
kmntM æljsf;Æ / æd"NoÆ nfO{ x6fP/ cfly{s j[l4nfO{ s]Gb|laGb' agfOof] . ljZj cy{tGq clxn]
klg of] r/0faf6 d'Qm e};s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df pbf/ / v'nf cfly{s
gLltsf] nflu pbf/Ls/0f (Liberalisation) sf] k|of; cf=j= @)$#÷$$ b]lv ePsf] kfOG5 . cf=j=
@)$#÷$$ eGbf cufl8 zf]wgfGt/ 3f6f / a9L ah]6 3f6fn] cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] x'Fbf
cf=j= @)$#÷$$ b]lv ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd (Structural Adjustment Programme-SAP)
nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . SAP cfly{s ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmd 3f6f ah]6nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ s/ /fhZj j[l4 ug]{

221
ljb]zL ljlgdo gLltdf kl/jt{g ug]{ ;/sf/L If]qsf] s6f}tL / lghLs/0f h:tf sfo{qmddf s]lGb|t lyof] .
pbf/ / v'Nnf cfly{s gLlt cf7f}+ of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ df klg cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0fsf]
k|lqmof sfo{qmd ;'? ul/Psf] kfOG5 .pBf]u Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿df /fHosf] Psflwsf/ sfod
g/fVg] / ;fy} k"0f{ Jofkfl/s l;4fGtdf ;~rfng x'g ;Sg] cfly{s ultljlwx¿df /fHon] sdeGbf
sd x:tIf]k ug'{ tyf cf}Bf]lus tyf s[lifhGo pTkfbg tyf ;]jfx¿sf] d"No lgwf{/0f tyf ljt/0f
k|0ffnLdf /fHosf] x:tIf]k ug{ x'Fb}g / oL s'/fx¿ k"0f{¿kdf dfu tyf cfk"lt{ (Demand and Supply)
sf] k|lqmofaf6 lgwf{/0f x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f g} cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . ahf/d'vL cy{
Joj:yf (Free Market Economy) n] klg oLg} s'/fnfO{ d"n ¿kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] x'G5 . t/ Jojxfl/s
¿kdf x]bf{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ahf/d'vL cy{Joj:yf jf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f gLltnfO{ ljZjsf s'g} /fi6«n] klg
dfGotf lbPsf] kfOFb}g . dhb'/ ls;fg tyf ljkGg ju{sf] /Iff tyf sltko /fli6«o lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf
s'/fsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ /fHo cfly{s ultljlwdf /fHoaf6 s]xL g s]xL x:tIf]k ul/Psf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f
s]jn dfqf jf lgoGq0f bfo/f (Degree) sf] leGgtfsf] dfq xf] . o; cy{df eGg] xf] eg] cfkm"nfO{
ahf/d'vL cy{Joj:yfsf] u'? 7fGg] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] klg sltko cfly{s s'/fdf aGb]h gnufPsf
pbfx/0fx¿ ;a}nfO{ yfxf g} 5 .

cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fdf k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0faf6 g} cfly{s lqmofsnfk kl/is[t x'g] / To;nfO{ dfu
cg'¿k lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, pkef]u, ljt/0f Pjd\ d"No
lgwf{/0f h:tf s'/fx¿ ahf/ zlQmaf6 lglb{i6 x'G5g\ . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s j[l4
tLj| x'g], hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ x'g], lgof{tdf j[l4 x'g], ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] sfo{s'zntfdf ;'wf/
x'g], k|lt:kwf{ a9\g] tyf gofF Joj;fox¿sf] :yfkgf Pjd\ ;~rfng x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;/sf/sf]
cfsf/ 36fP/, ljQLo 3f6f 36fP/, cy{tGqnfO{ lgodg gu/]/ (Deregulation) / d"No lgoGq0f x6fP/
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f Ps} k6sdf ;Dej x'g] s'/f klg
xf]Og . of] lj:tf/} (Gradually) / qmda4 (Systematically) ¿kdf x'g] s'/f xf] .

ljsf;df cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsf (The Role of Economic Liberalization in

Rural Development)

g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f ljsf;df cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] s]–s:tf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 eg] s'/f lgDg
zLif{sx¿af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5M

!= pTkfbgdf j[l4 (Increase in production):- lghLs/0f ubf{ ;DalGwt k|lti7fgsf]

Jofj;flos bIftfdf j[l4 cfO{ pTkfbg pTkfbsTj gfkmf cflbdf j[l4 x'g hfG5, h;n]
cy{tGqnfO{ ;sf/fTds lbzflt/ cl3 a9fpg d2t u5{ . pTkfbsTj a9\gfn] t'ngfTds jf
;fk]lIfs vr{ 36\5 / pTkflbt j:t' ahf/df a9L k|lt:kwf{ eO{ dfu a9\5, h;n] gfkmfdf j[l4
eO{ yk nufgL a9fpg k|f]T;flxt u/fpF5 .

222
@= plrt k|]/0ff (To create incentikes):- cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt kfng ul/+bf ljleGg
j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgdf ;/sf/ :jo+ ;+nUg x'g] l:yltsf] cGTo u/L ;/sf/L tj/af6 gLlt
lgwf{/0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg cflbdf ;Lldt /xg] / ljleGg pTkfbsx¿nfO{ plrt k|]/0ff k|bfg
ug{ ;lsG5 . lghLs/0fsf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If k|efjsf] ¿kdf ;a} kIfsf] cfodf ;sf/fTds
c;/ kg{ hfgfn] /fli6«o art / pkef]u :t/ a9\g hfG5 h;n] k'gM rlqmo ¿kdf pTkfbsTj
/ pTkfbgdf j[l4 NofO{ cy{tGqdf yk ultzLntf a9\5 . o;n] ubf{ nufgLstf{x¿n] cfˆgf]
k"FhL pBf]udf nufpg k|f]T;fxg a9fpg] ub{5 .

#= a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of xn ug]{ (To Solve Unemployment Problem):- g]kfndf a]/f]huf/L

/ cw{a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . clfy{s pbf/Ls/0f / lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf a9L
ePdf gofF–gofF pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] ljsf; x'G5, h;n] ubf{ w]/} dflg;x¿n] /f]huf/L kfpF5g\ .
pBf]ux¿df pTkfbsTj j[l4 x'g] ePsf]n] d"No 36\g] ;Defjgf x'G5 / nufgLstf{x¿ nfeflGjt
x'g hfG5 eg] nufgLdf j[l4 ePkl5 gofF /f]huf/Lx¿sf] ;[hgf eO{ hg;fwf/0fsf] a]/f]huf/L
36\5 .

$= sfo{bIftfdf j[l4 (Increase in Efficiency):- pbf/Ls/0f gLltn] cf}Bf]lus j:t'x¿ aLrdf

s8f k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/lbG5 . h;n] ubf{ pBf]ux¿n] ;s];Dd u'0f:t/Lo j:t'
(Quality Goods) sf] pTkfbg ug]{ x'G5 . o;af6 pBf]unfO{ a9L sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u
k|bfg ub{5 / pBf]udf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x¿sf] sfo{ bIftfdf j[l4 x'G5 . pBdLx¿ ;w}+ cfˆgf]
j:t' a9L eGbf a9L a]Rg ?rL lng] x'Fbf u'0f:t/Lo j:t'x¿ pTkfbg x'g yfNb5g\ .

% ;fwgx¿sf] pRrtd cyjf k"0f{ ¿kdf pkof]u (Best Utilisation of Productive

Resources):- ;/sf/L pBf]ux¿df pBdzLntf (Enterprerership) sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{
gfkmfsf] efjgf g/xg] x'Fbf sd{rf/Lx¿ pBf]uL sd / hflu/] a9L x'g] ub{5g\ . o;n] ubf{
;+:yf 3f6fdf hfG5 . o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePdf pkef]Qmfsf] dfucg';f/sf] j:t' pTkfbg
ug{ / pknAw ;fwgx¿sf] clwstd k|of]u u/L nfut 36fpg k|lt ;/sf/L pBdx¿sf] Wofg
hfFb}g . t/ lghL If]qdf o:tf] x'Fb}g . lghL If]qdf gfkmfsf] k|]/0ffn] ubf{ j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug{
;fwgx¿sf] cg's"ntd (Optimum) k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 .

^= ;/sf/L cfodf j[l4 (Increase in National Income):- lghLs/0fn] pBdLx¿sf] :jtGqtf

a9\g], :jtGqtfn] k|lt:kwf{ a9\g] / k|lt:kwf{n] pBf]ux¿sf] ;+Vof, /f]huf/L, ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u
/ lgof{t;d]t a9\g hfG5 . o;af6 ;dfhsf ljleGg ju{x¿sf] cfodf j[l4 x'G5 . o;n] ubf{
;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg s/x¿sf] dfWodaf6 ;/sf/L /fhZj j[l4 u/fpgdf d2t k'¥ofpg] ub{5 .

&= ljb]zL nufgL a9\g' (Increase of Foreign Investment):- cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f (Economic
liberalisation) n] ubf{ :jb]zL / ljb]zL k"FhLnfO{ pTkfbg sfo{df ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ul/G5

223
 ljb]zL k"FhLx¿ klg ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/ pTkfbg sfo{df a9L ;lqmo x'g] cj;/ kfpF5g\ .
ljb]zL k"FhL;Fu cfw'lgs k|ljlw, :t/Lo d];Lg, bIf hgzlQm;d]t ldl;g] x'Fbf g]kfnL pBf]u
wGbfdf ;d]t To;sf] k|bz{g k|efj (Demonstration Effect) kg{ hfG5 . ;/sf/n] s]xL
lgoGq0f gug]{ x'Fbf ljb]zLx¿n] klg cfˆgf] k"FhL nufgL ug{df k|f]T;fxg / k|]/0ff kfpF5g\ h;n]
ubf{ cfly{s ljsf; x'gdf d2t k'¥ofpF5 .

*= pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f (Protection of consumer):- cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0fsf]

gLlt sfof{Gjogaf6 lghL pBdLx¿n] ta dfq gfkmf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ ha ltgn] pkef]Qmfsf]
dfucg';f/ pTkfbg u5{g\ . pBdLx¿ dfucg';f/ pTkfbg ug{ / pkef]QmfnfO{ cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t
ug{ h'l6/xG5g\ . o;af6 pkef]Qmfx¿sf] lxt ;+/If0f / dfu cg';f/sf] pTkfbg x'G5 . km]/L
pTkfbsx¿n] klg pkef]Qmfx¿sf] dfucg';f/ j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ub{5g\ . h;n] ubf{ pkef]Qmfx¿sf]
lxt ;+/If0f x'G5 . v'Nnf cfly{s gLlt cyjf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f gLltaf6 j}b]lzs Jofkf/df
klg k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljb]zL cfoft lgof{t;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ Hofnf / cGo nfutdf
sd ug{ ;s]df j:t'sf] d"No sd x'g uO{ ;lhn} k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . cfw'lgs k|ljlw /
Joj:yfkg s'zntf cfbfg k|bfg ePsf] 5 . /fhZj ;+sng cfwf/df lg/Gt/ j[l4 ag]sf] 5 .
sfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf cg's"n ag]sf] 5 . GDP df u}/ s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg a9]sf] 5 .
lzIff, r]tgf, cf}ift cfo' / /f]huf/L j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

pbf/Ls/0fsf] csf]{ kIfnfO{ x]bf{ ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rtL / ckrng a9\of] . ljsl;t b]zsf] nflu ahf/
s]Gb| aGof] . 3/]n' pBf]un] 3'8f 6]s] . e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng / Jofkf/ 3f6f lg/Gt/ a9L/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff,
cy{tGq / ;fdflhs l:ylt lau|b} uPsf] 5 . pRr cfoft / pkef]ujfbL ;+:s[ltn] k"FhL knfog eof] .
Brain Drain / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] >dsf] nfut a9\of] . AIDS, cf}nf], dxfdf/L tyf cft+safb h:tf
ljs[ltx¿ a9]sf 5g\ . cg'lrt d"Nodf k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] bf]xg eof] . pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjn] u|fdL0f
If]qn] s'g} kmfObf lng ;s]g . s[lif If]qsf] l:ytL emg\ bogLo a9\of] . zx/Ls/0f / If]qLo c;Gt'ng
a9\of] . ljb]zL C0f tyf cg'bfgsf] ef/ jif]{gL a9]sf] a9\o} 5 . ;/sf/n] cg'bfg ef/ tyf cg'Tkfbg
ef/ 36fpg ;s]g .

g]kfndf pbf/ / v'Nnf cfly{s gLltaf6 cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/L cfly{s j[l4b/ pRr
/fVg] / ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;flxt ug]{ gLlt ;/sf/n] lnPsf] kfOG5 . ljut !# jif{b]lv g]kfnn]
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] cEof; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . emg} ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ul/;s]sf]
cj:yfdf of] cEof; Pj+ v'Nnf Jofkf/ k|0ffnLn] pRrtd k|>o kfpg]5 . of] cEof;sf] qmddf cf}Bf]lus
k|lt:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t cf}Bf]uLs/0faf6 cufl8 a9]/ lgof{tdf cfwfl/t ljsf;sf] dfGotf
ckgfOPsf] 5 . cfofttkm{ Ohfht kqsf] Joj:yfnfO{ vf/]h u/L sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] klg cGTo ul/Psf]
5 . eG;f/ b/aGbLdf Jofks k'g/fjnf]sg u/L eG;f/b/x¿nfO{ 36fOPsf] 5 / ;/nLs[t klg ul/Psf]
5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, !(*) sf] bzsdf /x]sf] $)) k|ltztsf] pRrtd eG;f/ b/nfO{ 36fO{ xfn

224
*) k|ltztdf NofOPsf] 5 . o;af6 Jofkf/df pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((! df s"n ufx{:y
pTkfbgdf Jofkf/sf] cg'kft @@=& k|ltzt lyof] . ;g\ @))@ df of] cg'kft a9]/ #*=@ k|ltzt k'u]sf]
5 . o;}qmddf ;/sf/n] klg pTkfbgsf ;a} ;fdu|Lx¿ lghLs/0f ug]{, vfBfGg pTkfbgdf lbOg] nufgL,
;x'lnot sd ub}{ hfg] / cGTodf x6fpg] gLlt clVtof/ ub}{ nu]sf] 5 . pbf/Ls/0f cGtu{t g} g]kfn
vfB ;+:yfgsf] sfo{ bfo/f sd ug]{, sd cfly{s ;xof]u lbg], s]jn yf]/} If]qdf dfq vfBfGg k7fpg]
-hDdf !$ lhNnfdf dfq_, yf]/} vfB l8kf]dfq ;+rfng ug]{ tyf sd{rf/L 36fpg] sfo{qmd nfu" u/]sf]
5 . o;sf/0f g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgn] vfBfGg cefj If]qdf k7fpg] sf]6fdf sdL NofPsf] 5 . o:tf]
ljZjJofkLs/0f Pj+ pbf/Ls/0fsf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu tTsfn cfjZos
kxn gug]{ xf] eg] o;n] b]zsf] ;du| vfB ;'/Iffdf uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{5 h;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L gsf/fTds
c;/ kxf8L If]qsf] vfB ;'/Iffdf kg]{ b]lvG5 .

pbf/Ls/0fsf kIfkftLx¿ leGg /fhgLlts–cfly{s ;+/rgf / leGg / leGg ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;sf]

cj:yf ePsf b]zx¿sf] oyfy{nfO{ Vofn} gu/L Pp6} ;femf ;+oGq / ;"q nfu" u5{g\ . k"jL{ o'/f]ksf
;+qmd0fsfnLg cy{tGqx¿ xf]pg\ jf pTkfbgsf] k'FhLjfbL 9fFrflt/ hfg vf]h]sf] g]kfn h:tf b]z xf]pg,
pbf/Ls/0fsf] b[li6sf]0f ;dfg /xG5 . !(*) sf] bzssf] ;'?sf tLg jif{ g]kfnn] e'Qmfg ;Gt'ngdf 3f6f
;xg k¥of] . o;sf] sf/0f k|r"/ ;fj{hlgs Joo lyof], h;n] ah]6 3f6fnfO{ ;fx|} 7"nf] kf¥of] . of] k"/f
ug{ d'b|f 5fk]/ sfd rnfpg'k¥of] . o;n] d'b|fl:kmltsf ;fy;fy} cfoftnfO{ xf}:ofP/ e'Qmfg ;Gt'ngsf]
3f6f a9fof] . yfDg g;lsg] 3f6fnfO{ k"/f ug'{ kbf{ pTkfbgdf j[l4eGbf cy{tGqdf d'b|fsf] k|afx lgs} a9L
eof] . j:t' / ;]jfsf] o;/L a9]sf] dfu k"/f ug{ emg\ a9L cfoft x'g] g} eof] . cltl/Qm cfoft d"Nosf]
t'ngfdf lgof{t–cfDbfgL / j}b]lzs C0f k|jfx n'nf ;fljt eP . kl/0ffd :j¿k, !(*) sf] bzssf]
;'?df e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng ;+s6 k}bf eof] . of] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg g]kfnn] @)$@ lt/ cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f
sf]if u'xf¥of] . cfly{s ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf u/L ljZj a}+saf6 cfly{s ;dfof]hg C0f
k|fKt ePkl5 oL C0fbftf b]zsf zt{x¿ klg g]kfn k;] . o;kl5 cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if;Fu qmdzM @)$$
/ @)$( df ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg ;x'lnot (SAF) / lj:tfl/t ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg ;x'lnot (ESAF)
;Demf}tf ;DkGg eP . o;kl5 ckgfOPsf cfly{s gLltx¿sf] 9fFrfnfO{ cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f elgof] .
;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{ pbf/Ls/0f gLltdf b'O{ d"n tTj 5g\ –:yfloTj / ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg . :yfloTjn]
s"n dfu;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fV5 eg] ;dfof]hgn] cfk"lt{ kIfsf] ;'wf/tkm{ Wofg lbG5 . :yfloTjleq d'b|f
cjd"Nog, ;/sf/L Joodf lgoGq0f / cfGtl/s zfvsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg
gLltn] eg] t'ngfTds ¿kn] nfdf] ;do cjlw cf]u6\5 / d"Nodf ;'wf/, cy{Joj:yfnfO{ v'Nnf kfg]{
sfd, lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/, gLlt / P]gx¿df kl/jt{g tyf ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf] cfsf/ 36fpg] h:tf
s'/fdf s]lGb|t x'G5 .

jt{dfg t}x|f}+ of]hgf -@)&) ÷@)&! —@)&@ ÷@)&#_ df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf /fHon] ;~rfng gu/L
gx'g] If]qdf dfq} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt lnO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ a9L Jojl:yt /
;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ . lghL tyf cGo If]q ;Ifd / tTk/ gePsf]

225
tyf /fHo cfkm}n] bfloTj jxg ug{ clgjfo{ ePsf If]qdf dfq ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ .
p2]Zo tyf /fHon] ;~rfng gu/L gx'g] If]qdf ;~rflnt dxTjk"0f{{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df dfq ;/sf/L
nufgL s]lGb|t ug]{ / To:tf ;+:yfgx¿df s'zn Joj:yfkg ;lxt Joj;flostf clej[lå ul/g]5 . ;a}
;+:yfgx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* df Joj:yf
eP adflhd ;~rfng ul/g] / ;+:yfgaf6 sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOg] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf NofOg]5 .
;+:yfgsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/df Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod
ug]{ /0fgLlt cjnDag ul/g]]5 . lghL If]q ;Ifd eO;s]sf] If]qdf ;~rflnt tyf ;/sf/n] ;~rfng ug{
cfjZos g7fg]sf Joj;flos tyf Jofkfl/s k|s[ltsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] lghLs/0f jf qmdzM
nufgL ljlgj]z ul/g] /0fgLlt /flvPsf] 5 . jt{dfg ah]6 @)&!÷ @)&@ df ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{
g;Sg], lghL If]q cfslif{t gx'g] / tnaeQf ;d]t C0f lnP/ ljt/0f ug]{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf ;+:yfgsf
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kfpg] ;'ljwf lbP/ cjsfz lbO{ lj36g ul/g]5 . lj36g ;DaGwL k|lqmofdf ;/nLs/0f
ug{ sDkgL P]gdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg u/L lnlSj8]6/ sf] sfd st{Jo, clwsf/ / bfloTjdf yk :ki6tf
NofOg]5 . lghLIf]q ;Ifd ePsf] / ;/sf/n] ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos gePsf] If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿nfO{
pko'Qm ljlw / tl/sf ckgfO{ ;fj{hlgs–lghL–;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cGtu{t ;~rfngdf ug{ lbOg]5 .
lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) df ;fdlos ;+zf]wg ul/g]5, Pp6} k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfgnfO{ Ps cfk;df
ufe]/ ltgLx¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ tyf ;~rfng vr{ Go"gLs/0f u/L Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 elgPsf]
5.

g]kfndf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf k|efjx¿

g]kfndf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|f/De ePkl5 xfn;Dd ;~rfng ul/Psf cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ k|lqmofdf
ljlQo pbf/Ls/0f / u/LaL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t lgDg lzif{s cGtu{t o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 . h:t}M– != k|fyldstf If]q shf{ @= ;3g a}+lsË sfo{qmd #= pTkfbgzLn If]q shf{ $=
lzlIft a]/f]huf/nfO{ C0f %= u|fld0f dlxnfsf nflu pTkfbgzLn shf{ sfo{qmd ^= ;fgf ls;fg ljsf;
cfof]hgf &= u/LaL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿df ljQLo ;'wf/sf] k|f/lDes k|efj *= gofF zfvf vf]Ng
ljQLo ;Defjgf (= jfl0fHo a}+sx¿sf] sfo{lbzfdf kl/jt{g !)= lghL If]qsf a}+sx¿ zx/L If]qdf dfq
s]Gb|Ls[t /x]sf]df c? ljleGg If]qx¿df ljs]Gb|Lt ug]{ gLlt nfu" ul/g', s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] sfo{gLltdf
kl/jt{g !!= u|fld0f :jfjnDag sf]if !@= ljkGg / pk]lIft ju{nfO{ shf{ sfo{qmd !#= If]qLo u|fld0f
ljsf; a}+sx¿ !$= dlxnfsf nflu n3' shf{ sfo{qmd !%= ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] k'gM ;+/rgf !^=
ul/ax¿;Fu a}+lsË sfo{qmd cflb o:tf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmdx¿ zx/L If]q / u|fld0f If]qx¿df ;~rfng
ul/Psf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ s]xL g s]xL dfqfdf klxnf eGbf cfly{s / ;fdflhs
If]qdf s]xL kl/jt{g cfPsf] a'lemg cfpF5 . ;/sf/L If]q / lghL If]qsf] aLrdf k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0fn] ubf{
ljsf;sf] sfddf cuf8L cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof nfu" ug'{ xf] .

ljqmd ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] emg dxTj kfof] . cfly{s

226
pbf/Ls/0fdf cfly{s :yfloTj / ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hgsf sfo{qmdx¿ cl3 ;fl/of] . o;}sf] kmn:j¿k
ljleGg P]g, lgoddf ;+zf]wg, ;/sf/L gLltdf kl/jt{g eof] / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] Ps lx:;fsf] ¿kdf
lj=;+= @)$( ;fnb]lv ;/sf/L ;+:yfgnfO{ lghLs/0f ug]{ k|lqmof Jojxf/df ptfl/of] . lj=;+= @)$#
;fndf cfoft Ohfhtkqsf] ;§f Ohfhtkq af]nsaf]n k|yfsf] ;'?cft eof] / @)$$ ;fndf v'Nnf
OhfhtkqnfO{ k'g{juL{s/0f u/L cf}Bf]lus v'Nnf Ohfhtkq, Jofkf/Ls v'Nnf Ohfhtkq / cfoft
Ohfhtkq hf/L ul/of] . @)$( ;fn c;f/df kl/jlt{t cg'kftnfO{ ^%M#% af6 &%M@% agfPkl5
af]nsaf]n cGtu{tsf ;d"xnfO{ cem 36fP/ !@ df emfl/of] . eG;f/ z'Nsdf cfly{s jif{ @)%$÷%%
df ;aeGbf a9L b/ #)) k|ltztaf6 36fP/ *) k|ltztdf emfl/of] . @)$( ;fn c;f/b]lv j:t' lgof{t
/ ko{6g Joj;foaf6 ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ JolQmn] cfˆgf] sdfO{sf] # k|ltzt kl/jTo{ ljb]zL d'b|fdf g}
hDdf ug{ kfpg] eof] . @)%) ;fn c;f/b]lv lgof{td'vL pBf]unfO{ cfjZos sRrf kbfy{ cfoft ug{
kl/jTo{ ljb]zL d'b|fdf g} C0f lbg yflnof] . ljqmd ;Djt\ @)%! ;fndf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;Lldt
a}+lsª s/f]af/ ug{ Ohfhtkq k|bfg ul/of] . cfly{s pbf/jfbsf] gLltn] ubf{ cy{tGqdf cGt/f{li6«o
Jofkf/sf] of]ubfgdf pNn]vlgo j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] e'Qmfg c;Gt'ngdf ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 .
To:t} lgsf;L Jofkf/df Jofks j[l4 ePsf] 5 . j:t'ut / b]zut b'j} ¿kdf lgsf;L j[l4 e} ;Lldt
lgof{t of]Uo j:t'sf] :yfgdf lgsf;Ldf ljljwLs/0f cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf pbf/Ls/0fn] ubf{ j}b]lzs
nufgLsf] 9f]sf v'Nof] . vf;u/L hnljB't If]q, ljQLo If]q, ;]jf If]qdf ljb]zL nufgLdf pNn]vgLo
j[l4 x'g uPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltn] ubf{ g]kfndf cfo / wgsf] c;dfg
ljt/0fdf emg} j[l4 ePsf] 5 / :jb]zL pBf]ux¿ cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{df l6Sg ;s]g / w/f;foL ePsf]
5 . d'b|f l:kmlt a9]/ Ps c+sLoaf6 b'O{ c+sLo aGg k'Uof] / j}b]lzs nufgLdf j[l4 eP klg pTkfbg
If]qdf eGbf pkef]Uo If]qdf a9L cfslif{t ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To:t} lghLs/0f ;f]r] cg'¿k ;kmn x'g
;s]g ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] 3f6f emg a9L dfqfdf a9\b} uPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . pbf/Ls/0f cjnDag
ug]{ ljleGg k|sf/x¿df ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] cfsf/ ;fsf/ kfb}{ cgfjZos vr{ / r'xfj6 s6f}tL u/L
lghL If]qnfO{ a9fjf lbg' / pbf/Ls/0fdf Ohfht kq btf{, sf]6f cflb lgoGq0ffTds Joj:yf sd ub}{
cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug]{ / eG;f/
b/ 36fpg], s/ cGt z'Ns cflb s6f}tL ug]{, lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{, d"No lgoGq0f gu/L ahf/ k|lqmofaf6}
d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{, ;/sf/ Psflwsf/sf] cGTo u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{ cflb sfo{x¿
tyf k|lqmofx¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|fyldstf lbOPsf] s'/fx¿df ;|f]t
tyf ;fwgx¿df lghL :jfldTjsf] ljsf; ub}{ cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfsf] j[l4
ug]{, d"No ;+oGq jf d"No lgoGq0f k|lqmofnfO{ TofUg], ;/sf/L Psflwsf/fTds k|0ffnLnfO{ 5f]8L ahf/
k|lt:kwf{ ug]{, lgof{td"ns ljsf; /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{, ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf]
lghLs/0f ug]{ cflb o:tf dxTjk"0f{ k|lqmofx¿ ;+rfngdf NofOPsf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;+;yfgx¿sf] k"0f{
jf cf+lzs :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] u7g ljleGg % k|sf/sf P]gåf/f
ePsf] 5 . sDkgL P]g cg';f/ @# j6f, ;+:yfg P]g cg';f/ @ j6f, ;DalGwt ;+:yfg ;DaGwL ljz]if P]g
cg';f/ & j6f, ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g cg';f/ @ j6f / a}+s tyf ljQLo Joj:yf ;DaGwL P]g cGf';f/ # j6f

227
;+:yfgx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ . oL ;+:yfgx¿sf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL P]g a]Unfa]Un} ePsf] x'Fbf ;+:yfgx¿sf]
;~rfngsf cfwf/ klg 5'6f5'6} /x]sf 5g\ . km/s km/s P]gåf/f :yflkt oL ;+:yfgx¿sf] sfo{ ;~rfng
Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf lgodfjnL, ljlgodfjnLx¿df klg Ps¿ktf gePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgx¿df x'g] lgo'lQm k|lqmofb]lv ;+:yfgx¿sf] hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf ljifox¿df
;d]t Ps¿ktf sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

cf}Bf]lus If]q cGtu{t cf}Bf]lus If]qdf & j6f ;+:yfgx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf]df hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf
ln= sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf;lxt cjsf; u/]kZrft\ pQm ;+:yfgaf6 s'g} sf/f]jf/ gePsf] l:ylt
/x]sf] / xfn Joj:yfkgaf6 ;Lldt ljj/0fdfq pknAw ePsf]n] ;f]xL ljj/0f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷ @)&! Dff cf}Bf]lus If]q cGtu{t ;~rflnt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿n] ?= ^ ca{
!$ s/f]8 (@ nfv a/fa/sf] ;~rfng cfo cfh{g u/]sf 5g\ h'g cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷@)&) sf]
t'ngfdf &=)^ k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g uPsf] 5 . hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln= aGb cj:yfdf /x]sf] / g]kfn
cf]l/08 DofUg];fO8 k|f= ln= ;~rfng g} x'g g;s]sf] tyf g]kfn cf}ifwL lnld6]8n] ;Lldt pTkfbg
dfq u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . hl8a'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL ln= b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg tyf cf}Bf]lus
l;d]G6 pBf]u ln= n] qmdz $%=!! k|ltzt, (=^& k|ltzt / %=!) k|ltzt ;~rfng cfo j[l4 ug{
;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! Dff o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b gf]S;fgut jif{sf] t'ngfdf #%=(^
k|ltztn] a9\g uO{ ?= && s/f]8 $^ nfv k'Ug uPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dddf of] If]qsf]
s"n ;l~rt gf]S;fg ?= ( ca{ () s/f]8 @) nfv k'Uf]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! ;Dddf
cf}wf]lus ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b l:y/;Dklt ut jif{sf] ?= # ca{ ^! s/f]8 %^ nfv af6 ?= @$ s/f]8
() nfv IfoLs/0f eO{ ?= # ca{ #^ s/f]8 ^^ nfv k'Ug uPsf] 5 . o; If]qdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfgx¿n]
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ltg{ afFsL C0f cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷@)&) sf] t'ngfdf of] cfly{s jif{df ?= ! ca{
^) s/f]8 ** nfvn] j[l4 eO{ ?= % ca{ *% s/f]8 @& nfv k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/;+u 7"nf] /sd
C0f lng]df pbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]u lnld6]8 ?= @ ca{ @! s/f]8, hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln= ?= @ ca{
!& s/f]8, / g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln= ?= &$ s/f]8 /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:t} z]o/wgL sf]if
?= $ ca{ ^ s/f]8 (( nfv C0ffTds eO{ ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf ?= @& s/f]8 #^ nfvn] C0ffTds
j[l4 ePsf] 5 . & j6f ;+:yfgx¿dWo] # j6f ;+:yfgx¿ h:t} b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg, x]6f}+8f l;d]G6 pBf]u
lnld6]8, / pbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]u lnld6]8n] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! ;Ddsf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf
5g\ eg] cGosf] ;dod} n]vfk/LIf0f x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cf}Bf]lus If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df hDdf @%&*
hgf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ eg] s"n k|zf;lgs vr{ jflif{s ?= ^@ s/f]8 %$ nfv tyf sd{rf/L
cjsfzsf] lgldQ sf]ifdf Joj:yf gu/]sf] bfloTj ?= ! ca{ (! s/f]8 !) nfv /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cf}Bf]lus If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dddf z]o/ nufgL ?= % ca{ $@
s/f]8 %^ nfv u/]sf] t/ nfef+z k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g\ .

228
Jofkfl/s If]q cGtu{t Jofkfl/s If]qdf s[lif ;fdu|L s]Gb|, /fli6«o aLp aLhg sDkgL ln=, g]zgn 6«]l8Ë
lnld6]8, g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg, g]kfn cfon lgud lnld6]8 / lb l6Da/ skf]{/]zg ckm g]kfn ln= u/L
hDdf ^ j6f ;:yfgx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿n] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! df ?= ! va{
$% ca{ (% s/f]8 (& nfv ;~rfng cfo cfh{g u/]sf 5g\ eg] v'b gf]S;fg ?= * ca{ %( s/f]8 #
nfv /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ut jif{ ;~rfng cfo ?= ! va{ @) ca{ #^ s/f]8 $& nfv / v'b gf]S;fg ?=
! ca{ %% s/f]8 #$ nfv /x]sf] lyof] . To:t} ut cfly{s jif{df g]kfn cfon lgudsf] ?= @ ca{ %
s/f]8 v'b gf]S;fg ePsf]df of] cfly{s jif{df ?= * ca{ #) s/f]8 v'b gf]S;fg ePsf] kfOof] . of] jif{df
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df sRrf t]nsf] d"No a9\g uPsf] / cfGtl/s ahf/df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"No ;f]
cg';f/ ;dfof]hg gugf{n] v'b gf]S;fg 7"nf] c+sn] a9g uPsf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df o;
If]qdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfgx¿sf] s"n C0f ?= @^ ca{ %) s/f]8 ^! Nffv ePsf]df pQm /sddf pn]Vo
¿kdf j[l4 eO{ o; cfly{s jif{df ?= #$ ca{ ^( s/f]8 ^) nfv k'u]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿
dWo] g]kfn cfon lgudn] ;a}eGbf a9L ?= ## ca{ (@ s/f]8 !) nfv C0f lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dddf g]kfn cfon lgud ln= nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hdfgtdf sd{rf/L
;~rosf]if tyf gful/s nufgL sf]ifaf6 ?= @) ca{ @* s/f]8 C0f k|jfx ePsf] kfOof] . cfly{s jif{
@)&)÷&! ;Dddf o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b l:y/ ;Dklt ?= @ ca{ * s/f]8 !# nfv /x]sf] 5 .
v'b ;Dklt ;a}eGbf a9L s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgLsf] ?= &( s/f]8 &! Nffv /x]sf] 5 . eg] ;a}eGbf Go"g
/fli6«o aLpaLhg sDkgLsf] ?= ^ s/f]8 &@ nfv /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;du|
z]o/wgLsf]if ?= #! ca{ ^) s/f]8 $) nfv C0ffTds /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] sf]if C0ffTds /xg'df d"Vo
e"ldsf g]kfn cfon lgudn] v]n]sf] 5 . h;sf] o:tf] sf]if ?= #@ ca{ %$ s/f]8 &$ nfv C0ffTds
/x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf ^ j6f ;+:yfgx¿dWo] $ j6fn] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Ddsf] n]vfk/LIf0f
u/fPsf 5g eg] g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgn] cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷@)^& / g]zgn 6]l8Ë ln= n] cfly{s jif{
@)^*÷@)^( ;Ddsf] dfq n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf 5g\ !&*$ hgf sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]sf] o; If]qsf
;+:yfgx¿df sf]ifsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] bfloTj ?= &) s/f]8 ## nfv /x]sf] 5 . o:t} k|zf;lgs vr{
jflif{s ?= ! ca{ &! s/f]8 @$ nfv /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{
@)&)÷&! ;dddf C0f nufgL ?= !@ ca{ (* s/f]8 #% nfv tyf z]o/ nufgL ?= ! ca{ (( s/f]8
(# nfv u/]sf] t/ nfef+z eg] z"Go /x]sf] cj:yf kfOof] .

;]jf If]q cGtu{t ;]jf If]qdf ljutdf & h:t} g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f, g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud,
cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg ln=, g]kfn kf/jxg tyf uf]bfd Joj:yf lnld6]8, /fli6«o pTkfbsTj tyf
cly{s ljsf; s]Gb| lnld6]8, g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë sG;N6]G;L ;]jf s]Gb| ln= / g]zgn sG:6«S;g sDkgL
lnld6]8 u/L hDdf & j6f ;+:yfgx¿ ;~rfng /x]sf]df g]zgn sG:6«S;g sDkgL g]kfn lnld6]8 /
g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë sG;N6]G;L ;]jf s]Gb| ln=sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf ;lxt cjsf; u/]kZrft\ pQm
;+:yfgaf6 s'g} sf/f]af/ gePsf] l:ylt /x]sf] x'Fbf pQm ;+:yfgsf] ljj/0f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . o;
If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;~rfng cfo cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df ?= !) ca{ ^* s/f]8 *( nfv /x]sf]df
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! df pQm cfodf !%=@! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ s"n ;~rfng cfo ?= !@ ca{ #!

229
s/f]8 %) nfv k'u]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud / g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0fn]
qmdz ?= & ca{ *@ s/f]8 !^ nfv / ?= # ca{ && s/f]8 &@ nfv ;~rfng cfo cfh{g u/]sf
5g\ . ;]jf If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b gfkmf gf]S;fg ljin]if0f ubf{ cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷@)&) df ?=
! ca{ $$ s/f]8 #) nfv v'b gfkmf /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! Dff 36g uO{ ?= ! ca{ #$
s/f]8 $* nfv k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f, g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud, cf}wf]lus If]q
Joj:yfkg ln=, g]kfn kf/jxg tyf uf]bfd Joj:yf sDkgL ln=n] v'b d'gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf 5g\ eg]
/fli6«o pTkfbsTj tyf cfly{s ljsf; s]Gb| ln= 3f6fdf ;~rfng ePsf] tyf g]zgn sG:6«S;g sDkgL
g]kfn lnld6]8 / g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë sG;N6]G;L ;]jf s]Gb| ln=sf] sf/f]af/ gePsf] l:ylt b]lvG5 .
;]jf If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b l:y/ ;Dklt cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dddf s"n ?= !@ ca{ %@ s/f]8
*& nfv k'u]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] z]o/wgL sf]if ?= !* ca{ $! s/f]8 !* nfv /x]sf]
5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dddf ;]jf If]qsf] C0f bfloTj ?= & ca{ ^) s/f]8 $% nfv k'u]sf]
5 . pQm C0f dWo] g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] ?= % ca{ ^( s/f]8 %# nfv, g]kfn gful/s p8og
k|flws/0fsf] ?= ! ca{ &* s/f]8 ^& nfv / g]kfn kf/jxg tyf uf]bfd Joj:yf s=ln= sf] ?= !@
s/f]8 @% nfv /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dddf o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf
gePsf] bfloTj ?= *% s/f]8 ^@ nfv k'u]sf] 5 . oL dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] ?=
*# s/f]8 $! Nfv /x]sf] 5 . of] cfly{s jif{df g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudnfO{ b'Oj6f Gof/f] a8L Po/a;
hxfh vl/b ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hdfgtdf sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifjf6 ?= !) ca{ C0f k|jfx
ePsf] / lgudn] hxfh ;Df]t leœofO;s]sf] 5 .

o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dddf s"n @##$ k'u]sf]
5 . ;fy} s"n k|zf;lgs vr{ jflif{s ?= @ ca{ !( s/f]8 ** nfv ePsf] b]lvG5 . n]vfk/LIf0f l:ylt
ljZn]if0f ubf{ cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg ln=n] dfq cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! ;Ddsf] n]vf k/LIf0f
;DkGg u/]sf], g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud . g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f / g]kfn kf/jfxg tyf uf]bfd
Joj:yf sDkgLn] cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) ;Ddsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ;DkGg u/]sf] tyf /fli6«o pTkfbsTj
tyf cfly{s ljsf; s]Gb|n] ln=n] cly{s jif{ @)^$÷^% ;Ddsf] dfq n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! ;Dddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ?= !% ca{
$! s/f]8 @@ nfv z]o/ nufgL tyf ?= @ ca{ $* s/f]8 & nfv C0f nufgL u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s
jif{ @)&)÷@)&! Dff cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg ln afx]s o; If]qsf cGo ;+:yfgx¿af6 g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5}g\ .

;fdflhs If]q cGtu{t ;fdflhs If]qdf % j6f ;+:yfgx¿ h:t} ;f+:s[lts ;+:yfg, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg,
hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| ln=, g]kfn 6]lnlehg / /fli6«o cfjf; sDkgL ln= ;~rflnt 5g\ . cfly{s
jif{ @)^(÷&) df o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] ?= !* s/f]8 %^ nfv v'b gf]S;fg /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{
@)&)÷@)&! Dff v'b gf]S;fg ?= @ nfv dfq /x]sf] kfOof] . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] cfly{s jif{
@)&)÷&! Dff ;~rfng cfo ?= ! ca{ $# s/f]8 #^ nfv / v'b l:y/ ;Dklt ?= *& s/f]8 (^ nfv

230
/x]sf] 5 . h'g cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df qmdz ?= ! ca{ @! s/f]8 ^ nfv / ?= *) s/f]9 ( nfv /x]sf]
lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! ;Dddf o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df s"n ?= @ ca{
^) s/f]8 @) nfv z]o/ nufgL tyf ?= %) s/f]8 &% nfv C0f nufgL u/]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
o; If]qsf s'g}klg ;+:yfgx¿af6 nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5}g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Ddf ;fdflhs
If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] s"n z]o/wgL sf]if ?= *( s/f]9 @@ nfv /x]sf] 5 h'g cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df
?= &^ s/f]8 & nfv /x]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! Df !^%! Hfgf sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]sf] tyf
sf]ifdf Joj:yf gu/]sf] bfloTj cfly{s jif{ ?= @)&)÷@)&! ;Dddf ?= *& s/f]8 @( nfv k'u]sf] 5 .
h;df ;a}eGbf a9L uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] ?= $* s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . ;+:s[lts ;+:yfg / g]kfn 6]lnlehg
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Ddsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/]sf]df cGon] ;dod} n]vfk/LIf0f u/]sf] kfOPg .

hgf]kof]uL If]q cGtu{t ;~rflnt # j6f ;+:yfgx¿– g]kfn b'/;~rf/ sDkgL ln=, g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0f / g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf] s"n ;~rfng cfo cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] ?= ^! Ca{ @
( s/f]9 *% nfvdf ?= @ ca{ *& s/f]8 ^& nfvn] j[l4 eO{ cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! Df ?= ^$
ca{ !& s/f]8 %@ nfv k'u]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L g]kfn b'/;~rf/ sDkgL ln= n] ?= #% ca{ ((
s/f]8 %* nfv ;~rfng cfo k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . o; If]]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b l:y/ ;Dklt cfly{s
jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dddf ?= ! va{ $ ca{ %* s/f]8 @( nfv /x]sf] 5 eg] z]o/wgL sf]if ?= *% ca{
*^ s/f]8 !! nfvn] wgfTds /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! df ;a}eGbf a9L g]kfn b'/;~rf/
sDkgL ln=n] ?= !! ca{ %% s/f]8 #& nfv v'b gfkmf cfh{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] v'b gf]S;fg ?= $ ca{ &) s/f]8 @) nfv -h'g utjif{ ?= $ ca{ ^# s/f]8 #^ nfv
/x]sf] lyof] ._ / g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf] v'b gf]S;fg ?= !$ s/f]8 (& nfv -h'g ut jif{ ?= !%
s/f]8 %) nfv /x]sf]_] sfod e} o; If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] v'b gfkmf ?= ^ ca{ &) s/f]8 @) nfv /xg
uPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷@)^* df g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;l~rt gf]S;fgL ?= @& ca{ %#
s/f]8 ckn]vg ul/Psf]df kl5Nnf] tLg jif{df ;l~rt gf]S;fgL ?= !^ ca{ ($ s/f]8 k'Ug'n] k|flws/0f
;d:of hl6n /x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 . 7"nf] /sd ;l~rt gf]S;fgdf ;~rflnt g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
aSof}tfdfq sl/a ?= ( ca{ k'Ug uPsf]n] k|flws/0fsf] sdhf]/ Joj:yfkgsf] la8Dagfk"0f{ cj:yf
lrq0f ub{5 . hgpkof]uL If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] s"n C0f bfloTj cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! df ?= *%
ca{ #^ s/f]8 &) nfv k'u]sf] 5 . h'g cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df ?= &^ ca{ !^ s/f]8 &% nfv /x]sf]
lyof] ;a}eGbf a9L g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ?= *# ca{ ^^ s/f]8 %$ nfv C0f bfloTj /x]sf] 5 .
eg] g]kfn b'/;~rf/ sDkgLn] s'g} C0f lnPsf] 5}g . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df sfo{/t s"n sd{rf/Lsf]
;+Vof cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! sf] cGTo ;Dddf hDdf !$*!$ hgf /x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fdf ?= *^(( hgf sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] s"n k|zf;sLo
vr{ ?= @) ca{ $) s/f]8 !* nfv /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

hgpkof]uL If]qsf # j6f ;+:yfgx¿sf] dfq} sf]ifdf Joj:yf gul/Psfn] bfloTj cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!
df ?= @! ca{ $@ s/f]8 (& nfv k'u]sf] 5 . h;df g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ?= !$ ca{ &)

231
s/f]8 $% nfv, g]kfn b'/;~rf/ sDkgL sf] ^ ca{ @# s/f]8 $& nfv / g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf]
?= $( s/f]8 % nfv /xsf] b]lvG5 . hgpkof]uL If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{
@)&)÷@)&! ;Dddf s"n ^( ca{ *) s/f]8 &$ nfv z]o/ nufgL / ?= *& ca{ # s/f]8 *^
nfv C0f nufgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! Dff g]kfn b'/;~rf/ sDkgL ln= af6 ?= ^
ca{ #! s/f]8 #) nfv g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

ljQLo If]q cGtu{t ( j6f ;+:yfgx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! Dff o; If]qsf]
s"n ;~rfng cfo ?= @& ca{ &* s/f]8 $^ nfv k'u]sf] 5 . h'g cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] t'ngfdf
!%=(* k|ltztn] j[l4 xf] . ljleGg kl/;"rsx¿sf cfwf/df ljQLo If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿ ;'wf/f]Gd'v /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ljQLo If]qsf ( j6} ;+:yfgx¿n] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! Dff v'b gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf 5g\ .
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷@)&) df oL If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b gfkmf % ca{ &% s/f]8 %* nfv /x]sf]df
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! Dff pNn]Vo j[l4 eO{ ?= ^ ca{ #^ s/f]8 *& nfv k'u]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf
?= ! ca{ eGbf a9L gfkmf cfh{g ug]{df /fli6«o jfl0fHo a+}s ?= ! ca{ *# s/f]8 ^& nfv, s[lif ljsf;
a}+s ?= ! ca{ $( s/f]8 !* nfv / Pg= cfO{= l8= ;L= 8]enkd]G6 a}+s ?= ! ca{ @% nfv /x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! Df o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b l:y/ ;Dklt ?= @ ca{ *# s/f]8 !@ nfv /
z]o/wgL sf]if ?= #^ ca{ $( s/f]8 *# nfv wgfTds eO{ ;a} ;+:yfgx¿sf] z]o/wgL sf]if wgfTds
/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fy} ljQLo If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] shf{ nufgL /sd j[l4 eO{ cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!
Dff ?= @ va{ @% ca{ ^( s/f]8 @! Nffv k'u]sf] 5 . h'g cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df ?= ! va{ (# ca{ ((
s/f]8 *( nfv /x]sf] lyof] . o; cfly{s jif{df s[lif ljsf; a}+s, /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s, Pg cfO{=l8=;L
8]enkd]G6 a}+s, gful/s nufgL sf]if / lgIf]k tyf shf{ ;'/If0f lgud ln=sf] shf{ nufgLdf cl3Nnf]
cfly{s jif{sf] t'ngfdf cTolws j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .

ljQLo If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! ;Dddf s"n ?= @) ca{ %^
s/f]8 &( nfv z]o/ nufgL / @ ca{ *! s/f]8 *& nfv C0f nufgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . z]o/ nufgL
jfkt\ cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! Dff ljQLo If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿ dWo] s[lif ljsf; a}+saf6 ?= !( s/f]8 ($
nfv, hnljB't nufgL tyf ljsf; sDkgLaf6 ?= !) s/f]8 / gful/s nufgL sf]ifaf6 ?= $ nfv
u/L hDdf ?= @( s/f]8 (* nfv nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5 . lgIf]k tyf shf{ ;'/If0f lgud ln=sf] k"FhL
j[l4 ug{ ?= ! ca{ yk z]o/ nufgL ul/Psf] 5 . ;fgf lgIf]kstf{sf] lglZrt /sd ;Ddsf] lgIf]k ;'/lIft
/xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]n] ljQLo If]qdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljZjf; a9\g uPsf] dxz'; ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo
If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df s"n ^$!* hgf sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ h;df ;a}eGbf a9L s[lif ljsf;
a}+s / /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+sx¿df qmdz #@(@ / @^&* /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] s"n
k|zf;sLo vr{ jflif{s ?= & ca{ $$ s/f]8 (! Nffv /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿ dWo]df
/fli6«o aLdf ;+:yfgn] cfly{s jif{ @)^$÷@)^% ;Ddsf] tyf s[lif ljsf; a}+s / gful/s nufgL
sf]ifn] cfly{s jif{ @)^( ÷@)&) ;Ddsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ . eg] cGo ;a} ;+:yfgn]
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dds} n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+ssf] sf]ifdf Joj:yf

232
gePsf] bfloTj ?= ! ca{ @# s/f]8 *) nfv / ;Defljt bfloTj ?= ^ ca{ @! s/f]8 *# nfv u/L
hDdf ?= & ca{ $% s/f]8 ^# nfv bfloTj /x]sf] kfOof] . g]kfn :6s PS;r]~hsf] sf]ifdf Joj:yf
gePsf] bfloTj ?= &! Nffv / ;Defljt bfloTj ?= #$ nfv u/L hDdf ?= ! s/f]8 % nfv bfloTj
/x]sf] 5 . lgIf]k tyf shf{ ;'/If0f lgudsf] sf]ifdf Joj:yf gePsf] bfloTj ?= * nfv /x]sf] 5 eg]
cGo ;+:yfgx¿sf] sf]ifdf Joj:yf gul/Psf] bfloTj /x]sf] kfOPg .

pbf/Ls/0f cuffl8sf] jfl0fHo gLlt ;+/If0ffTds / cfoft k|lt:yfkgfTds vfnsf] lyof] . k|hftGq
kZrft\ pbf/Ls/0fdf ltj|tf lbFb} gofF jfl0fHo gLlt, @)$( NofO{of] . o;n] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{
;/n agfof] . xfn g]kfndf WTO df k|j]z u/]sf] sf/0fn] Jofkf/df cem ;/nLs/0f ePsf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus/0f cGtu{t j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ leq\ofpg] k|sf/sf, cfw'lgs 1fg tyf ;Lk ljsf; ub}{
gLlh If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] k|sf/sf gLltx¿ lgdf{0f eP h;n] ubf{ jfXo nufgL a9\g yfNof] . cf7f}+
of]hgfnfO{ gLlh If]qdf ;+nUg u/fO{ pBf]uwGbf ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{df tLa|tf cfof] . ;/sf/sf nflu ef/
alg/x]sf] ;+:yfgx¿sf] cfly{s ef/ sd x'g uO cGo If]qx¿df nufgL ug]{ Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g uO{/x]sf]
5 . pbf/Ls/0fsf] j}b]lzs sf/0fn] j}b]lzs a}+sx¿n] g]kfnsf ljlQo If]qdf klg nuffgL ug{ yfn]sf
5g\ . ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf] pbf/ gLltsf sf/0f clxn];Dd %* ljQ sDkgL tyf !* j6f ladf sDkgLx¿
:yflkt eO{;s]sf 5g\ . j}b]lzs C0f ;xfotf cy{tGq w]/} dfqfdf lge{/ /x]sf] 5 . o:tf ;+:yfaf6
k|fKt cg'bfg tyf C0f ;xfotf kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] If]q 36fpb} gLlh If]qnfO{
k|lt:kwf{Tds ¿kdf k|j]z u/fpg yfn]sf] 5 . To;}u/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/, xjfO{ oftfoft, s[lif cflb
h:tf ljljw If]qx¿df gLlh ;xeflutf a9fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . h:t} gLlh If]qnfO{ xjfO{ If]qdf j}b]lzs
p8fg cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 . s[lif ;fdu|Ldf gLlh If]qnfO{ :jLs[t cflb .

b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ s;/L pRr cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ToxfF nfu" ul/Psf gLlt, lgod
tyf ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIfdf e/ k5{ . b]z ljsf;sf nflu pknAw ;|f]t tyf ;fwgx¿sf] d'Vo
e"ldsf x'G5 . k|fKt ;|f]t tyf ;fwgx¿sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ub}{ b]z tyf kl/l:ylt ;'xfpFbf gLltlgodx¿
cjnDag u/]df dfq b]z ljsf;tkm{ cu|;/ x'g ;S5 . cfkm"nfO{ rflxg], ;|f]t, ;fwg, gofF gofF k|ljlwx¿
;Lk cflbsf] ;kmn ;+of]hg ug{sf nflu cGo afXo If]q;Fu klg e/ kg'{kg]{ x'gfn] ljZjJofkLs/0f
cfjZos ePsf] xf] . pbf/Ls/0f, v'nf cy{tGq tyf ljZjJofkL kl/j]zdf ;a}n] cfˆgf] l:ylt
;'xfpFbf] kl/jt{g ub}{ afXo d'n's;Fu k|lt:kwf{df pqg ;s]df dfq a9LeGbf a9L kmfObf x'G5 / o;af6
dfq b]zsf] ;j{kIfLo pGglt -cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, z}lIfs cflb_ x'g ;S5 . ;sf/fTds
k|efjx¿df ljZj ahf/df kx'Fr eO{ ljZj cy{ Joj:yfdf cj;/x¿ j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf
sfg"gL ¿kdf kl/eflift 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/L / ljk|]if0fdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . lgof{t j[l4sf nflu æAid for
TradeÆ ePsf] 5 . ko{6ssf] ;+Vof / j:t' Jofkf/df j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] Jofks pkof]u /
;:tf] x'g k'u]sf] 5 . eG;f/ / s/sf b/x¿ 36]sf 5g\ . ;]]jf ljt/0fdf ljs]lGb|t xF'b} uPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs
If]qsf] Jofks lj:tf/ / ;lqmotf b]lvPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] cfotg jif]{gL a9]sf] 5 . ljQLo

233
;+:yfx¿sf] ;+VofTds j[l4 ePsf] 5 . k"FhL ahf/ pbf/ ePsf] sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf tof/
ePsf] 5 . /f]huf/L Jofks j[l4 ePsf] 5 . lghL If]qn] pTkfbgd"ns pBf]udf rf;f] b]lvPsf 5g\ .

gsf/fTds k|efjx¿df cfo / wgsf c;dfgtf emg} j[l4, u|fdL0f If]qdf / s[lif If]qdf vf;} k|efj kg{
g;s]sf] :jb]zL pBf]ux¿ c:j:y k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ w/f;foL eP 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] cl:tTj
nf]k x'g nfu]sf] pTkfbg If]qdf eGbf pkef]u If]qdf a9L j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t, lghLs/0fn] ;f]r]
cg'¿k ult lng ;s]g, bf]xf]/f] c+ssf] d'b|f l:kmlt s[lqd cefj / rsf]{ d"No j[l4, k|bz{g k|efjn]
ubf{ ljnf;L j:t'x¿sf] pkfof]udf ltj| j[l4, cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿
b]zsf] ;/sf/ eGbf klg zlQmzfnL eP g]kfnsf] ;jf{lws phf{zLn hgzlQm ljb]z knfog eO/x]sf],
vfBfGg cfoft ug]{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf], Jofkf/ cfoft ug]{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf], Jofkf/ 3f6f y]Ug} g;Sg] u/L
a9]sf] cj:yf 5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/df pRr eG;f/ b/x¿ $) tyf *) k|ltztdf em/]sf] ^ j6f dfq
eG;f/ b/aGbL, v'nf ahf/df cfwfl/t cy{tGq cfoftdf delicence sf] gLlt, lgof{td"ns pTkfbg tyf
pBf]unfO{ Jofks 5'6 (Duty Draw Back tyf Export Promotion sf] cj:yf_ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
lghL nufgL v'Nnf, #) j6f ;+:yfg lghLs/0f, cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&, afl0fHo gLlt, @)^%, ;"rgf
k|ljlw gLlt, @)^&, xjfO{ gLlt, @)^#, ko{6g gLlt @)^%, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g,
@)^&, lghLs/0f P]g, @)%), k"jf{wf/ nufgLdf lghL nufgL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^$,
Foreign Direct Investment k|j4{gsf nflu Aofh tyf d'gfkmf ljb]zL d'b|fdf n}hfg kfpg] Joj:yf .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] e"ldsf lgodg, cg'udg k/fdz{ / ;'k/Lj]If0fstf{sf] ¿kdf 5, lghL If]qdf a}+s vf]Ng]
sfg"gL cfwf/ Jofhb/, d'No:t/, ljlgdob/ tyf Hofnfb/ v'nf ahf/sf] dfWodaf6 lgolGqt ul/Psf]
5, k"FhLahf/ If]qnfO{ lghLsf] nufgL v'nf 5, s/sf b/x¿ 36fO{ s/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfPsf] 5,
df}lb|s Joj:yfkgdf ck|ToIf pks/0f tyf v'nf ahf/nfO{ a9L dxTj lbPsf] 5, rfn' vftf k"0f{ ¿kdf
/ k"FhLut vftf cf+lzs ¿kdf v'nf ul/Psf] 5 . Social Sector M lghL lzIffno, c:ktfn, vfg]kfgL
If]qnfO{ sDkgL lnld6]8df kl/0ft ul/Psf], Real Sector df lghL nufgL v'nf ul/Psf], Boot, Bot
Turn Key Project sf] dfWod ckgfO{Psf], dn, aLp jfkt\ lj:tf/} cg'bfg s6f}tL x'Fb} cfPsf] 5, ;]jf
If]qdf :jtGq ahf/sf] dfWodaf6 k|lt:kwf{Tds d"No lgwf{/0f x'G5, h;df ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f 5}g .

cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] NofPsf r'gf}tLx¿df, ;fj{ef}d;Qfdf b]vfPsf] cl:y/tf, k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fn]

sdhf]/ d'n'sx¿ l6Sg g;Sg] cj:yf 7"nf] a;fO{ ;/fOaf6 tLj| zx/Ls/0f, clgolGqt ljsf;,
jftfj/0fLo ljgf;, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u aLr vf8n, ljZj cfly{s dGbLsf sf/0f k6s–k6s
wSsf Weak State Capacity ePsf sf/0f cfˆg} e"ldleq klg ks8 gx'g' "One Size Fit All" gLltsf]
cjnDag Government Monopoly to Private Monopoly, Culrural Diversity Pilar of Liberalization
(MPA) dha't ug]{ M Market Institution Legal and Regulatory Frameword df x'g'k5{, Physical
Infrastructure tof/ x'g'k5{ -;~rf/, ;"rgf tyf oftfoft_, Aggregate Development of Private
Sector Capacity and Empowerment lgof{t of]Uo j:t'sf] klxrfg ug{, nfut 36fpg tyf u'0f:t/
a9fpg] k|ljlw cfoftdf ;xfotf lng] . Inter Sectoral dGqfno;Fu Forward and Backward Bindage

234
ug]{ yk Double Taxation Treaty u/L sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf agfO nfu" ug]{ Paris Declaration
for Aid Effectiveness (Ownership, Alignment, Harmonization, Managing for Result, Mutual
Accountability, Aountry System, Conditionary, Untying) Dff ePsf ljifox¿n] g]kfndf u/LaL
36\g'df ;/sf/L gLlt / of]hgfx¿n] sfd gu/]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft e} ;s]sf] 5 . u/LaL 36g'sf k5f8L
/]ld6\ofG;sf] k|d'v xft /x]sf] ljZj a}+s nufotsf d'Vo bftfx¿n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ . v'nf ahf/
cy{gLlt g]kfnsf] cfkmgf] pkh xf]Og eGg] klg k|dfl0ft e} ;s]sf] 5 . cfly{s ;Dj[l4sf nflu clxn]
9f]sf v'nf ePsf] s'/f ;To xf] . o;nfO{ ca lg/Gt/tf lbg' kb{5 . h;sf nflu ljutsf gLltut
sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;Rofpg' kb{5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx tyf ahf/ lgodgsf nflu ;/sf/ cfkm}n] ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ k|s[ltsf ;+:yfgx¿df
afx]s lghL If]qsf] Jofj;flos bIftf ePsf] If]qdf /x]sf ;/sf/L nufgL qmdzM Go"gLs/0f nfUg'
cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/ cfkm}n] ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{ tyf Jofj;flostf
clej[lå ub{} ;dGjofTds 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy tL ;+:yfgx¿sf] gLlt lgwf{/0f,
k'g;+/rgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ u7g ePsf] 5 . af]8{n]
cfˆgf] sfo{ k|f/De ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df casf lbgx¿df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ Jofj;flos of]hgf ;lxt
pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd / s'zn Joj:yfkg k4ltcg'¿k ;~rfng x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf
cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jf cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'sf ;fy} /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ ;d]t Wo]on] :yflkt
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿dWo] sltkon] kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfˆgf] k"0f{ cf}lrTo b]vfpg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5,
oBlk k"0f{ ¿kdf o:tf ;+:yfgx¿sf] cf}lrTo cGTo eO;s]sf] cj:yf eg] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{
:jfldTjdf #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf ;+:yfgx¿ dWo] !( ;+:yfgx¿ gfkmfdf
/x]sf ePtf klg afFsL !& ;+:yfgx¿ nuftf/ 3f6fdf / Ps ;+:yfg nfdf] ;dob]lv sf/f]af/ ljxLg
cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg dGqfnox¿ cGtu{t 5l/P/ /x]sf ;+:yfgx¿sf] aLrdf Ps} dfkb08 cem}
nfu" gx'g', hgzlQm Joj:yfkg kIf sdhf]/ /xg', bL3{sfnLg Joj;flos of]hgf tyf To;sf] ;kmn
sfof{Gjogsf] cefj x'g', ljQLo sfo{s'zntf sdhf]/ /xgfn] gfkmfsf] t'ngfdf bfloTj a9\b} hfg'
h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfgx¿sf] p2]Zo cg'¿k ;~rfng k|lqmofdf tfnd]n ldnfO{
;+:yfgx¿sf] sfo{ut bIftfdf clej[l4 ug'{, bL3{sfnLg Jofj;flos sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L ;f] sf]
;kmn sfof{Gjog ug'{, ;+:yfgx¿af6 ;/sf/dfly k/]sf] ljQLo tyf Joj:yfksLo ef/ Go"gLs/0f ug'{
tyf ;/sf/L ;+:yfg ;~rfngsf] ;Gbe{df Joj;flos lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf qmdzM sd ub{}
lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu :ki6 /fli6«o gLlt / To;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf sfo{x¿ cem}
r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} 5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• World Bank, (various years), World Development Report, Washington DC: World Bank
Research Department.

235
• lji0f' ;'j]bL, g]kfnsf /fli6«o gLltx¿sf] ljZn]if0ffTds ;+lxtfs/0f (Analytical codification of
National Policies in Nepal), k}/jL k|sfzg, k|=;+=@)^% .
• afn uf]ljGb lji6, ;fj{hlgs dfldnf Joj:yfkgsf ;dsfnLg kIfx¿ (Contemporary Issues in
Public Affairs Management), k}/jL k|sfzg, k|=;+= @)^% .
• ab|L axfb'/ sfsL{, uf]ljGb k|;fb rf}+nfufO{ -;Dkfbs_, g]kfnL k|zf;gn] vf]h]sf] gofF g]kfn–ljz]if
;+ufnf], @)^$ r}q, k|sfzg M ;DklQ cfly{s klqsf, sf7df8f}+ .
• k'is//fh l/hfn, Fundamentals of Public Policy Analysis, Pairabi Prakashan, Kathmandu,
2nd Edition, January 2003.
• s[i0fx/L af:sf]6f, cfly{s ljsf; —ljrf/ / ljj]rgf, Pd=s]=klAn;z{ P08 l8li6«Jo'6;{, k|yd
;+:s/0f @)^^ .
• r'8fdl0f zdf{, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d"ne't kIfx¿ (Fundamental Aspects of Public
Administration), t];|f] ;+:s/0f df3 @)^% .
• z'sb]j e§/fO{ -vqL_, uf]ljGb k|;fb rf}nfufO{+, g]kfnsf] k|zf;g Pj+ cfly{s ;'wf/sf kIfx¿,
;DklQ cfly{s klqsf, k|sfzs M cflZjg @)^@ .
• ef]h/fh cf]emf, ;dsfnLg ljsf; cy{zf:q Pj+ g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yf (Contemporary
Development Economics and Nepalese Economy _, tn]h' k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+, klxnf] ;+:s/0f
@)%( .
• ;'/]z clwsf/L, /fli6«o gLlt –gLltut Joj:yf sfof{Gjog, ;d:of / ;'emfjx¿, MIS, k|yd k6s
k|sfzg, @)^! k'; ! .
• Nepal in figures 2006, Government of Nepal, NPC Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics,
Ramshahapath, Kathmandu.
• Agrawal, A.N. and kundan, L. (1993) Economics of Development and planing, New Delhi:
Vikas Publishing house Pvt.Ltd.
• Andamad, B and Blaug m (Eds). The practice of man power and forecasing. London:
Elseview.
• CBS, (2011). Nepal living standsard survey 2010/11(statistical report volume one and two)
Kathmandu: Central Bureau of statistics , National planning Commission Secretariate,
Nepal Government.
• CBs, (2004).National Sample Census of Agriculturte Nepal_2001/02(Ecological, Belt-
Hill, Tarai and Mountain Government.
• l3ld/], xl/x/, blntx¿sf nflu cfly{s ;xfotf / /fxt ;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^$ d[tssf
xsbf/nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ lgb]{lzsf, @)^% a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf xsbf/nfO{ /fxt

236
 k|bfg ug]{ lgb]{lzsf, @)^% :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf sfo{ If]qut zt{x¿, @)^%, g]kfn ;/sf/,
zflGt tyf k'g/lgdf{0f dGqfno, zflGt k|lqmof ;xof]u cfof]hgf, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, h]i7
@)^^ .
• bLks k|;fO{, k|zf;g / ljsf; –;}4flGts tyf Jojxfl/s kIfx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, k|yd ;+:s/0f
@)^^ .
• lqjifL{o of]hgf @)&)÷)&!–@)&@÷&#, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
• ah]6 aStJo , cfly{s jif{ @)&@ ÷@)&# , g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno , c;f/ @(, @)&@ .
• cfly{s ;j]{If0f, cfly{s jif{ @)&! ÷@)&@ , g]kfn ;/sf/ , cy{dGqfno ,c;f/ @)&@ .
• Andamad, B and Blaug m (Eds). The practice of man power and forecasing . London:
Elseview.
• Casley, D.J. and Kumar, K.(1987). Project monitoring and Evalutaion in Agriculture
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• Sm]za k|;fb cfrfo{, g/axfb'/ yfkf, lzj zdf{, g]kfndf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f k|lqmof / qmd, /fli6«o
>d k|lti7fg, cS;kmfd lh lj g]kfn
• t'N;L/fd kf}8]n, g]kfnsf] ljsf; /0fgLlt Ps ljx+ud b[li6, x'nfs The Post ljZj x'nfs lbj;
ljz]if+fs, jif{ #*, k"0ff{+s !%$, c;f]h @# @(%& x'nfs k|lzIf0f s]Gb| aa/dxn sf7df08f} .
• cof{n /d]z, ljsf; k|lqmofdf /fHo / /fHo afx]s If]qx¿sf] e"ldsf, lghfdlt ;]jf klqsf, jif{
#^ c+s !, @)&!, kf}if, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .
• e08f/L s[i0f k|;fb, pkef]Qmfsf] lxtdf d"No lJfZn]if0f cfhsf] vfFrf], jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{, jif{
!#, c+s !#, @)^*, c;f9, jfl0fHo ljefu aa/dxn sf7df08f}+, g]kfn .
• cj:yL lj/]Gb| / bQ, g]kfnsf] ljsf; df]8]n / ljQLo If]qsf] uGtJo, cfly{s lddf+;f, g]kfn
ljQLo ;+:yf sd{rf/L, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, jif{ !), @)&!, r}q, sf7df8f}+ .
• Dr, Adhikari, Gyanmani, Globalization, support and discontent, charter Accountant,
December 2012.vol 15, No 2, journal of the institute of Chartered Accountancy ,of Nepal.
• Paudel, Bamdev, New open economy, macro economic----- evidence from an empirical
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237
 nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :j¿k / e"ldsf

– ;"o{k|;fb ;fksf]6f*

;f/f+z
cfof]usf] kljq p2]Zo æ:jR5, lgikIf / k|lt:kwf{Tds 5gf}6, nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] b[9 c7f]6Æ
nfO{ k"/f ug{ s]Gb| b]lv c~rn:t/;Dd # txsf] sfof{no ;+/rgf /x]sf] 5 . b/vf:t ;+sng nfO{
&% j6} lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{n] cfof]usf sfd :yfgLo txdf k'u]sf] cg'e"lt
x'g yfn]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf s]xL kbx¿sf] lnlvt k/LIffsf] pk s]Gb| klg ;~rfng x'g] qmd
a9b} uPsf] 5 . cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnL / ;]jf k|jfxsf] 9fFrf (Model) klg kl/is[t x'Fb} hfg'
Hofb} ;sf/fTds kIf xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿ OMR, Online Application cflbsf]
pkof]udf a9f]Q/L x'Fb} uPsf]n] sfo{ kl/0ffdsf] nflu nfUg] ;do, nfut s6f}tL x'Fb} uPsf]n]
cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf a9]sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 .
cfof]un] pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ d"n st{Jo k"/f ub}{ hgljZjf; a9fpFb} hfg] r'gf}tL k"/f
ug{ cfof]u ;zQm¿kdf nflu k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . hgzlQm >f]t ;fwgsf] cefj x'g' gkg]{ u/L
cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] ljifodf cfof]unfO{ k"0f{ :jfot ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/
kf/Llbg' kb{5 . cfof]usf] k/fdz{nfO{ cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt gu/L a9L eGbf a9L sfof{Gjog
ug'{ ;/sf/ / /fi6«;]js ;a}+sf] nflu >]os/ x'g] b]lvG5 . cfˆgf] :j¿k / e"ldsfnfO{ pko'Qm
tl/sfn]] ;'wf/ ub}{ cAan ;+:yfsf] bhf{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' cfof]usf] r'gf}tL / cj;/ b'a} xf] .

!= kl/ro
Revitalising the Guardin of Civil Service.

of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ / sfo{sf/Lsf] sd{rf/L 5gf}6 k|lqmosf] Psnf}6L /j}ofnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
:jtGq lgsfosf] cfjZstf dx;'; x'Fb} uP cg';f/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;+j}wflgs lgsfos]f x}l;ot
kfpg ;kmn ePsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfpF5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ;+u;+u} o:tf] ;+:yfsf]
hGd ljZjsf w]/} b]zx¿df eP h:t} g]kfndf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg"g @))$, n] b/vf:t

* zfvf clws[t, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

238
kl/ifb\sf] ¿kdf kl/sNkgf u/]sf] eP klg ljlwjt ¿kn] :yfkgf eg] @))* ;fn c;f/ ! df dfq}
ePsf] lyof] . ^% cf}+ a;Gtdf x's{+b}+ u/]sf]] o; cfof]un] ablnFbf] ;do rqm;Fu} lghfdtL ;]jf afx]ssf
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ ;d]tdf @)@# ;fn b]lv xft nDAofPsf] ePklg @)#& ;fndf ;fdfGo
l;4fGt tf]Sg]u/L ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] g} yfn]sf]n] sfddf s6f}tL ePsf]n] @)$& ;fnkl5
lghfdtL ;]jf leq dfq} l;ldt /x]sf] lyof] . @)^# ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg cfPkl5 cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/
;f+s]lts, cf+lzs / k"0f{¿kdf ljleGg lgsfodf km}lng' o; ;+:Yffk|ltsf] hgljZjf; g} d"n cfwf/ xf] .
df}lns cEof;sf] cfkm\g} l;4fGt, k4lt / sfg"gn] o;nfO{ dha't agfpg cf}hf/sf] sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
kbk"lt{sf ljifosf ;Gbe{df ljZjs} best practice nfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft\ u/]sfn] cfof]usf] kbk"lt{sf]
;Gbe{df z'4tf / uf]kgLotfn] ubf{ cGo lgsfon] ;d]t o;sf] sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ cg's/0fLo ¿kdf
c+uLsf/ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . of] cfof]usf] nflu cfkm}df uf}/jsf] ljifo ;d]t ePsf] 5 .

kljq p2]Zo, :jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo sfo{k|0ffnL ;lxt cfof]u cfˆgf] sfo{If]qdf nfdf] ;dob]lv
lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . cfjZos P]g, sfg"gx¿ cfkm}n] th'{df ug]{ :jfoQ ;+:yf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g,
@)^^ / lgdfojnL, @)^&, sfo{;+rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^& th'{df u/L log} sfo{ljlwx¿sf cfwf/df
sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kbk"lt{sf] lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfsf
;t{ ljefuLo ;hfosf] k/fdz{ nufotsf ljifodf dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo af]s]sf] x'Fbf o;nfO{
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/Ifs, sd{rf/Lsf] cleefjs tyf k|j{4ssf ¿kdf ;d]t a'‰g] ul/G5 . ;'/Iff
lgsfox¿ / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ljifodf ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL
;fdfGo l;4fGtdf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg] ub{5 / cGo sfg"gdf ;d]t cfof]usf]
;xeflutf /x]cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;} u/L cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L a9b} uPsf]n]
lghfdtL ;]jfdf eljiodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;Gb{edf ;'emfj lbg], ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
h:tf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ cGo lgsfosf] eGbf ct'ngLo¿kn] ljjfb/lxt 9+un] ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@% – !@& df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g, sfd st{Jo
/ clwsf/ nufotsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ d"ne"t sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
a'Fbfut ¿kdf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
 pko'Qm pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6sf nflu k/LIff ;~rfng,
 pko'Qmtf ;DaGwL l;4fGt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog,
 k/fdz{ -ljefuLo ;hfFo / lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;t{sf ljifox¿_,
 ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] k/fdz{ /
 lghfdtL ;]jf ;'wf/sf ljifox¿sf] l;kmfl/z .

239
#= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :j¿k

s_ u7gsf] :j¿k M– cfof]usf] u7gsf ;DaGwdf g]kfns]f cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@% df
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf Ps nf]s ;]jf cfof]u x'g] h;df cWoIf / cfjZostf c'g;f/ cGo
;b:ox¿ x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . /fi6«kltaf6 ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf]
lgo'lQm x'g] ub{5 . cfof]u u7g ubf{ cfof]usf ;b:ox¿ dWo] slDtdf %) k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ @) jif{ jf
;f] eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 / afFsL ;b:ox¿ lj1fg, k|ljlw,
snf ;flxTo, sfg"g hgk|zf;g, ;dfhzf:q jf /fli6«o hLjgsf cGo If]qdf zf]w, cg';Gwfg, cWoog
jf cGo s'g} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ u/L Voflt k|fKt u/]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 lgo'lQm x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
o;n] ubf{ cfof]udf ljljw kIfsf cg'ejL / k|fl1s JolQmTj /xg] x'Fbf cfof]usf sfo{df ;/ntf /
gljgtf lelqg ;Sb5 . h;n] ubf{ cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / bfloTj k"/f ug{ g]t[Tj bfoL e"ldsf k"/f
ug{ ;Sb5 .

v_sfo{ut :j¿k M– cfof]usf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ s]xL d"ne"t l;4fGt, k4lt / dfu{bz{gsf]
cfwf/df ;~rfng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag, uf]kgLotf, lgikIftf, k|ltkwf{Tds 5gf}6
bf]xf]/f] c;+nUgtf, bf]xf]/f] ;f+s]tLs/0f cflbn] uf]kgLotf / lgikIftfsf nflu hgljZjf; a9fpFb} uPklg
o;sf] ;fvnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfo{ eg] r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} /x]sf] 5 . . o; sfo{nfO{ ;d"xut ¿kdf b]xfo
cg';f/ juL{s/0f u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .

i_ sfo{sf/L sfo{x¿ M o;df kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL sfo{ k|jfxx¿ kb{5g\ . k|ltzt lgwf{/0f tyf lj1fkg x'g]
;dob]lv k/LIff ;~rfng / cGtjf{tf{{ Pj+ l;kmfl/z;Ddsf] sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L cfly{s jif{sf] ;'?
dlxgfdf g} kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL jflif{s tflnsf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ul/G5 . h;cg';f/ lj1;d"x / ;DalGwt
;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{df z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f, kf7\oqmd Pj+ k/LIf0f k|0ffnL
lgwf{/0f u/]kl5 nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 egf{ 5gf]6sf] k|lqmof ;'? x'G5 .
kbk"lt{ k|lqmofsf r/0fx¿
!= jflif{s sfo{tflnsf k|sfzg @= k/LIf0f ljlw lgwf{/0f
#= kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f $= dfu ;+sng
%= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ^= lj1fkg k|sfzg
&= b/vf:t ;+sng *= k|Zgkq lgdf{0f
(= k|Zgkq kl/dfh{g !)= k/LIff ;~rfng
!!= pQ/k'l:tsfdf bf]xf]/f] sf]l8Ë÷;f+s]tLs/0f !@= pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pj+ lnlvt glthf tof/L
!#= lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg !$= k|of]ufTds k/LIff ÷;Lk k/LIf0f
!%= cGtjf{tf{{ / l;kmfl/z

240
 kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL pNn]lvt sfo{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lrqdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

lnlvt k/LIff ;+rfngsf nflu rflxg] cfjZos k|Zgkqx¿sf] lgdf{0f uf]Ko tl/sfn] ;DalGwt ljifo
lj1x¿af6 u/fO{G5 h;df k|Zg t uf]Ko x'g] g} eof] o;df ;+nUg lj1 dgf]gog Pj+ lj1 / k|Zgkq
lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx¿ uf]Ko /fVg ;+s]t g+=sfod ul/Psf] x'G5 . k/LIff ;+rfng;Fu ;DalGw
;"rgfx¿sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ljleGg dfWodaf6 -j]a;fO6, ;"rgfkq, uf]/vfkq, /]l8of] g]kfn cflb_ ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . k/LIff ;DkGg eO;]s]kl5 ha pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ vfddf l;naGbL x'G5g\ To;kl5 Tof] ;fdu|L
/ tTkZrft\ pQ/k'l:tsfdf /flvg] k|yd sf]8 Pj+ låtLo sf]8x¿ ;d]t uf]Ko tj/n] /fvL pQ/k'l:tsfx¿
k'g l;naGbL u/]/ uf]Ko ¿kdf g} ;DalGwt lj1nfO{ k/LIf0fsf] nflu k7fOg] u/]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og
k|yd / låtLo sf]8 klg 5'§f5'§} zfvf / sd{rf/Lx¿af6 u/fO{ bf]xf]/f] c;+nUgtfsf] l;4fGt cjnDag
ul/Psf] 5 . k|yd / låtLo sf]8sf cw{s§L Pj+ kmf/fdx¿ uf]Ko¿kdf l;naGbL u/L cfof]us} lgoGq0fdf
/flvg] ul/Psf] x'G5 .

pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f, k/LIf0f kZrft\ ul/g] ?h', k|fKtf+s tflnsLs/0f, låtLo sf]8df of]Uotfqmd lgdf{0f
Pp6f zfvfn] ub{5 eg] låtLo sf]8nfO{ l8sf]8 ub}{ pDd]bjf/sf] gfdgfd];L ljj/0f tof/ u/L j0ff{g'qmddf

241
lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf lgsfNg] sfo{ km/s zfvfaf6 cNu} sd{rf/Lsf] ;+nUgtfdf x'G5 . o;f] ubf{
lnlvt k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf+s yfxf kfpg] zfvfsf sd{rf/Ln] pDd]bjf/sf] /f]n g+=
/ gfdgfd];L ljj/0f yfxf kfpFb}gg\ eg] o:tf] ljj/0f yfxf kfpg] zfvfsf sd{rf/Ln] pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt
u/]sf] k|fKtf+s yfxf gx'g] u/L 5'§f 5'§} lznaGbL ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . clGtd r/0fsf] k/LIff
x'g'cl3 pDd]bjf/n] lnlvt k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf+s / k|fKtf+sdf x'g] km/s uf]Ko /fVg' cfjZos
x'g] x'gfn] o:tf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . clGtd r/0fsf k/LIff, cGtjf{tf{{ cflb ;DkGg eO;s]kl5
;DalGwt 5'§} zfvfn] ;a} k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] c+sx¿ hf]8L clGtd of]Uotfqmd tof/ u/L pDd]bjf/
l;kmfl/z u/]/ k7fO;s]kl5 kbk"lt{sf] Ps rqm k'/f x'G5 .

ii_ k/fdz{ ;DaGwL sfo{ M lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;t{ ;DaGwL ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg] kbk"lt{sf ;DaGwdf
;'/Iff lgsfox¿ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtdf cfjZos k/fdz{ lbg] tyf lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L dfu
ePsf] k/fdz{ k|bfg ug'{ h:tf sfo{x¿ cfof]un] ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . cw{Goflos k|s[ltsf o:tf sfo{x¿
ubf{ cfof]un] ljz]if ;+odtf ckgfpg] tyf ljZn]if0f u/L pko'Qm lsl;dsf] k/fdz{ k|bfg ug]{ ePsf]n]
cfof]u ljjfbaf6 d'Qm /x]sf] kfOG5 .

iii_ cw{Goflos sfo{ M lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] a9'jfsf ;DaGwdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/
a9'jf ;ldltaf6 a9'jf ;DaGwL sf/jfxL 6'ª\uf] nfufpg] sfo{ ul/G5 . o;/L x'g] a9'jfdf lrQ ga'emg]
sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L ;dIf lbg] ph'/Lsf ;DaGwdf cfof]un] Goflos dg;fosf ;fy pko'Qm
ljlw / k|lqmofsf cfwf/df a9'jf ;DaGwL ph'/L ;'gL a9'jf ;+zf]wg ug{ cfjZos eP ;f] sf] 6'ª\uf]
;d]t nufpg] ub{5 .

u_ ;+/rgfut :j¿k – cfof]udf ;a}eGbf pRr txdf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿ /xg] ub{5g\ eg] cfof]usf]
lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ cfof]unfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cfof]u cGtu{t Ps
;lrjfno /xG5 . ;f] cGtu{t % j6} ljsf; If]qdf Ps Ps j6f If]qLo lgb]{zgfno / cfof]usf If]qLo
lgb]{zgfno g/x]sf afFsL ( j6f c~rndf Ps Ps j6f c~rn sfof{nox¿ Pj+ @)^* ;fndf :yfkgf
ePsf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb| u/L !^ j6f sfof{no b]zsf ljleGg efudf 5l/P/ /xL
cfof]usf] sfo{df k|ToIf ¿kn] lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf ;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg kbsf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
cfof]u cGtu{t lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"xsf u/L hDdf #&& hgf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t /x]sf
5g\ h;df !@% hgf /fhkqf+lst, !^* hgf /fhkq cg+lst / *$ hgf >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lx¿ /x]sf
5g\ . cfof]usf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf tn k|:t't ul/P adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

242
k'gZrM tf]lsPsf kbx¿sf] b/vf:t ;+sngsf ;Gb{edf ;DalGwt lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox¿, uf]Zjf/f
x'nfs sfof{non] cfof]usf] If]qLo lgb]{zgfno jf c~rn sfof{nosf] lgb]{zgdf ;xsfo{ ug]{ ub{5g\ .

dfly pNn]lvt ;+u7g tflnsfdf b]xfo cg';f/sf dfxfzfvf, zfvf, kmfF6 /x]sf 5g\ .

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no tkm{ If]qLo lgb]{zgfno tkm{ c~rn :t/Lo sfof{no tkm{
s_ k/LIff dfxfzfvf cGtu{t s_dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfnodf s_ c~rn sfof{nox¿df
–k/LIff ;+rfng zfvf, k|fljlws – dfu lg/LIf0f tyf k|zf;g zfvf – cGtjf{tf{ tyf l;kmfl/z kmfF6
–k/LIff ;+rfng zfvf, ck|fljlws – cGtjf{tf{ tyf l;kmfl/z zfvf – k/LIff kmfF6
–lnlvt k/LIff glthf tof/L zfvf, k|fljlws –k/LIff zfvf
–lnlvt k/LIff glthf tof/L zfvf, v_ cGo lgb]{zgfnox¿df v_ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf b/vf:t
ck|fljlws ;+sng s]Gb|df
–lnlvt k/LIff glthf zfvf – k|zf;g, cGtjf{tf{ tyf l;kmfl/z – k|zf;g tyf ck|fljlws btf{
zfvf zfvf
v_ k|Zgkq kl/dfh{g Pj+ l;kmfl/z dxfzfvf – k/LIff zfvf – k|fljlws btf{ zfvf
cGtu{t
– k|Zgkq kl/dfh{g zfvf, k|fljlws
– k|Zgkq kl/dfh{g zfvf, ck|fljlws
–cGtjf{tf{ tyf l;kmfl/z zfvf

243
u_ k|zf;g tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf cGtu{t
–k|zf;g zfvf
– ;"rgf tyf k|sfzg zfvf
– cflYf{s k|zf;g zfvf
– of]hgf tyf ;dGjo zfvf
3_ k/LIf0f tyf kf7\oqmd dxfzfvf cGtu{t
– k/LIf0f k|ljlw tyf cg';Gwfg zfvf
–kf7\oqmd tyf d"Nofs+g zfvf
ª_ sfg"g dxfzfvf cGtu{t
– gLlt lgod tyf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg
clen]v zfvf
– a9'jf ph'/L tyf ljefuLo ;hfo k/fdz{
zfvf
o;/L cfof]u cGtu{t /x]sf dxfzfvf, zfvf, kmfF6nfO{ lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug{ sfo{ ljj/0fdf
tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkP cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

ck|fljlws tkm{sf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL / ;f] eGbf d'lgsf kbx¿df kg]{ b/vf:t ;+sngsf] sfo{nfO{
:yfgLo tx ;Dd k'¥ofpg @)^% ;fn b]lv g} x'nfs sfof{nox¿af6 ;xsfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf]n] &% j6f
lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox¿ klg cfof]us} cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;fy} cf=j=)&@–&#
b]lv cfof]usf] sfof{no /x]sf lhNnfsf lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox¿n] klg ck|fljlws tkm{sf zfvf
clws[t jf ;f] ;/x / ;f] eGbf d'gLsf kbx¿sf] cGo lhNnf x'nfs sfof{no ;/x b/vf:t lng] ul/
cfof]un] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] 5 .

cfof]udf /xL xfn ;Dd cfof]usf] g]t[Tj ug]{ ;efklt÷cWoIf / ;f] l6ddf /xg] ;b:ox¿ tyf cfof]usf]
;lrjfnosf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf ug]{ xfn;Ddsf ;lrjx¿sf] ljj/0f qmlds ¿kn] lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

cfof]usf cWoIfx¿ -;efklt, sfod d"sfod ;efklt, sfo{jfxs cWoIf ;d]t_

sfo{/t cjlw
qm=;+= gfd
b]lv ;Dd
! ;/bf/ >L gu]Gb|dfg l;+x k|wfg* @))*÷#÷! @)!@÷&÷@
@ a8fsfhL >L dflgsnfn /fhe08f/L* @)!@÷&÷# @)!$÷^÷(
# >L eujtLk|;fb l;+x@ @)!$÷!)÷!# @)!^÷#÷!$
$ >L clg?bk|;fb l;+x @)!^÷$÷! @)!&÷(÷!!
% >L s]z/axfb'/ s]=;L= @)!&÷(÷!% @)!&÷!!÷!(
^ >L tf/saxfb'/ zfx !)!&÷!@÷@$ @)@@÷!@÷@#

244
 & >L s]z/axfb'/ s]=;L= @)@@÷!@÷@$ @)@^÷!)÷#
* >L 8Da/axfb'/ l;+x @)@&÷@÷% @)#@÷*÷^
( ;/bf/ k|f= >L ob'gfy vgfn @)#@÷*÷@% @)#$÷!)÷!^
!) ld=;'= >L s[i0fad dNn @)#$÷!)÷@) @)$)÷$÷!*
!! ld=;'= >L k|B'Dgnfn /fhe08f/L @)$)÷*÷! @)$^÷&÷#)
!@ >L ;Togf/fo0f emf @)$^÷*÷! @)$*÷$÷@@
!# k|f]= >L u0f]z/fh l;+x @)$*÷%÷& @)%!÷&÷#
!$ >L ;Gtaxfb'/ /fO{ @)%!÷!)÷% @)%*÷&÷!*
!% >L of]u]Gb|gfy cf]emf @)%*÷(÷@# @)^!÷^÷#)
!^ >L tLy{dfg zfSo @)^!÷(÷@^ @)^%÷!@÷)(
8f= sof]b]jL odLs 2065÷12÷10 2070÷124
!&
8f= sof]b]jL odL @)&)÷!÷@% @)&!÷!!÷$
!* >L pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL @)&!÷!@÷!! xfn ;Dd
* ;efklt
@
sf=d'= ;efklt
s sf=jf=cWoIf

gf]6M klxnf] ;efklt ;/bf/ >L gu]Gb|dfg l;+x k|wfg klxnf] cWoIf >L clg?b|k|;fb l;+x .

cfof]usf ;b:ox¿

sfo{/t cjlw
qm=;+= gfd
b]lv ;Dd
! >L b]jgfy zdf{ jdf{ @))(÷!÷! @)!@÷&÷@
@ >L s]z/axfb'/ s]=;L= @))(÷!÷! @)!@÷*÷^
# >L g/]Gb|dl0f cf=bL= @)!@÷&÷# @)!^÷#÷!$
$ >L eujltk|;fb l;+x @)!@÷&÷# @)!$÷!)÷!@
% ;/bf/ >L dfgaxfb'/ @)!%÷#÷!^ @)!&÷#÷@^
^ >L lzj]Gb|ljqmd zfx @)!%÷#÷!^ @)@!÷#÷!(
& >L 8Da/axfb'/ l;+x @)@)÷*÷!) @)@&÷@÷$
* >L b'uf{gGbk|;fb l;+x @)@!÷*÷@@ @)##÷*÷@
( >L g/]zdfg l;+x @)@&÷@÷^ @)##÷@÷$

245
 sfo{/t cjlw
qm=;+= gfd
b]lv ;Dd
!) >L ;L=jL= l;+x @)@*÷!÷% @)$)÷!÷$
!! >L s[i0f/fh dfgGw/ @)@*÷!÷% @)#%÷!@÷!%
!@ pk/yL >L kxnl;+x nfdf @)##÷$÷!@ @)#(÷@÷@)
!# >L s"n/Tg t'nfw/ @)##÷(÷@! @)$)÷!!÷!*
!$ 8f=uf}/Lz+s/ nfn bf; @)#%÷!@÷@* @)$&÷&÷@#
!% >L v8\udfg dNn @)#(÷%÷! @)$%÷$÷#@
!^ >L ;Togf/fo0f emf @)$)÷*÷! @)$^÷&÷#)
!& >LdtL pdf kf08] @)$!÷!÷!% @)$*÷$÷@@
!* >L df]xgljqmd zfx @)$%÷%÷! @)$*÷$÷@@
!( >L g'tgb]j vgfn @)$^÷(÷! @)$&÷(÷@
@) >L ;Gtaxfb'/ /fO{ @)$*÷%÷& @)%!÷!)÷$
@! >L u0fktnfn /fhe08f/L @)$*÷%÷& @)%#÷!÷@
@@ 8f= åfl/sfgfy /]UdL @)$*÷%÷& @)%@÷&÷@)
@# 8f= /fddf]xg dxtf] @)$*÷%÷& @)%#÷(÷@^
@$ >L of]u]Gb|gfy cf]emf @)%@÷(÷@! @)%*÷(÷@)
@% 8f= of]u]Gb|dfgl;+x k|wfg @)%@÷(÷@! @)%&÷!÷@&
@^ >L j]bJof; If]qL @)%@÷(÷@! @)%*÷(÷@)
@& 8f= dw'lglw ltjf/L @)%@÷(÷@! @)%*÷(÷@)
@* >L b]jz/0f k|;fb @)%$÷%÷^ @)^)÷%÷%
@( >LdtL ljhof s]=;L= @)^!÷(÷@^ @)^$÷!÷!)
#) >LdtL pld{nf >]i7 @)%(÷!÷% @)^%÷!÷%
#! 8f= eLdb]j e§ @)%(÷!÷% @)^%÷!÷%
#@ 8f= u0f]zdfg u'?ª @)%(÷!÷% @)^%÷!÷%
## 8f= >Ls[i0f ofbj @)%(÷!÷% @)^%÷!÷%
#$ 8f= sof]b]jL odL * @)^%÷!!.% @)^%÷!@÷(
#% k|f= >L s[i0fk|;fb kf]v/]n @)^%÷!!÷% @)^(÷&÷^
#^ >L l6sfbQ lg/f}nf @)^%÷!!÷% @)&!÷!!÷$
#& >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb zfx @)^%÷!!÷% @)&!÷!!÷$
#* >L ljGb|f xf8f -e§/fO{_ @)&!÷!@÷!! xfn ;Dd
#( 8f= uf]ljGbk|;fb s';'d @)&!÷!@÷!! xfn ;Dd
$) >L >Lk'?if 9sfn @)&!÷!@÷!! xfn ;Dd
$! >L czf]sj'mdf/ emf @)&!÷!@÷!! xfn ;Dd
$@ >L a|Xdb]j /fo @)&!÷!@÷!! xfn ;Dd
$# >L s[i0frGb| emf @)&!÷!@÷!! xfn ;Dd
* sfo{jfxs cWoIfkbdf lhDd]jf/L ;/]sf]
246
cfof]usf ;lrjx¿

qm= cjwL
;+= ;lrjsf] gfd
b]lv ;Dd
1 >L v8\udfg dNn 2008÷3÷1 2017÷10÷26
2 >L ljgf]bk|;fb lwtfn 2017÷10÷27 2019÷4÷10
3 >L pbok|;fb pkfWofo 2019÷4÷15 20223÷4÷27
4 >L nId0fk|;fb l/dfn 2023÷4÷28 2025÷9÷29
5 >L s[i0f/fh e08f/L  2025÷10÷1 2027÷5÷14
6 >L k/LlIft g/l;+x /f0ff 2027÷5÷14 2027÷8÷23
7 >L k/LlIft g/l;+x /f0ff 2027÷8÷24 2032÷8÷24
8 >L /f]xL0fL/fh ;Tofn 2032÷8÷25 2034÷11÷10
9 >L dgdf]xgnfn l;+x 2034÷12÷8 2036÷5÷6
10 >L e'jgdfg l;+x k|wfg 2036÷5÷7 2037÷1÷16
11 >L e'jgdfg l;+x k|wfg 2037÷1÷17 2045÷1÷16
12 >L njaxfb'/ k|wfg  2045÷1÷17 2045÷6÷31
13 >L /fds[i0f >]i7  2045÷7÷1 2046÷4÷22
14 >L /fwf/d0f pkfWofo 2046÷4÷23 2047÷10÷28
15 >L /fds[i0f >]i7  2047÷10÷28 2048÷6÷3
16 >L /fds[i0f >]i7 2048÷6÷4 2048÷11÷9
17 >L lji0f'uf]kfn l/;fn 2048÷11÷14 2049÷7÷20
18 >L cfgGbaNne hf]zL  2049÷7÷24 2050÷12÷28
19 >L cfgGbaNne hf]zL 2050÷12÷29 2051÷11÷18
20 >L 8f=/jLGb|s'df/ zfSo 2051÷11÷19 2052÷7÷21
21 >L ;'zLnsfGt emf 2052÷7÷22 2053÷11÷12
22 >L cfgGbaNne hf]zL 2053÷11÷13 2055÷3÷31
23 >L bfgaxfb'/ zfxL 2055÷5÷3 2057÷11÷25
24 >L /fds[i0f kGt  2057÷11÷29 2058÷1÷5
25 >L bfdf]b/ 9sfn 2058÷1÷6 2058÷9÷14
26 >L >L/fd kf}8]n 2058÷11÷5 2059÷1÷16
27 >L x]d/fh kf}8]n 2059÷3÷1 2060÷11÷12
28 >L /fds[i0f kGt 2060÷12÷2 2061÷6÷11
29 >L /fds[i0f kGt 2061÷6÷12 2061÷11÷27
30 >L afa'/fd ;fksf]6f  2061÷11÷28 2062÷5÷5
31 >L afa'/fd ;fksf]6f  2062÷5÷6 2062÷5÷14

247
 qm= cjwL
;+= ;lrjsf] gfd
b]lv ;Dd
32 >L ;'lzn h+u a= /f0ff  2062÷5÷27 2062÷7÷9
33 >L ;'lzn h+u a=/f0ff 2062÷7÷10 2063÷1÷9
34 >L ;'lzn h+u a =/f0ff 2063÷1÷10 2063÷4÷28
35 >L j'mdf/ kf}8]n 2063÷4÷29 2066÷1÷31
36 8f= lg/Ghgk|;fb pkfWofo 2066÷2÷1 2066÷4÷27
37 >L s]zjk|;fb e§/fO{ 2066÷4÷28 2067÷10÷16
38 >L clgns'df/ kf08]  2067÷10÷17 2068÷2÷1
39 >L Zofdk|;fb d}gfnL 2068÷2÷2 2069÷4÷16
40 >L gfy'k|;fb rf}w/L 2069÷4÷28 2071÷4÷5
41 >L /d]zs'df/ zdf{ 2071÷4÷6 2071÷5÷1
42 >L lji0f'k|;fb nD;fn 2071÷5÷2 xfn ;Dd
 sfod d'sfod ;lrj
 lgldQ ;lrj

-$_ cfof]usf] e"ldsf

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd lgikIf ¿kn] k/LIffsf] dfWodaf6
of]Uo pDd]bjf/nfO{ 5gf}6 u/L lgo'lQmsf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf l;kmfl/z ub{5 . ljleGg ;fj{hlgs
;+3;+:yf / lgsfox¿sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL sfo{df cfof]un] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ tL lgsfox¿sf] kbk"lt{
k|0ffnLnfO{ :jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo agfpFb} uPsf]n] To:tf lgsfodf ljutsf clgoldttfx¿sf]
u'~hfo;nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . To:tf lgsfosf kbk"lt{df gftfjfb,
s[kfjfb, eg;'g, /fhg}lts efua08faf6 d'Qm /fVg cfof]un] pNn]vgLo sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . sd{rf/L
pk/ x'g] ljefuLo ;hfonfO{ Jojl:yt / Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ sfo{sf/Lsf ljleGg c+unfO{ df]nflxhf,
kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ Ps} k|s[ltsf] s;"/df cnucnu ;hfosf] k|:tfjnfO{ sd ug{ ljleGg sbdx¿
p7fpFb} cfPsf]n] cfof]u sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cleefjs / ;+/Ifssf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . nfdf] Oltxf;df
:jR5 / kljq 5lj /fVb} cfPsf] cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

s_ sfo{ut e"ldsf (Functional Role)

• pko'Qm pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6sf] nflu pko'Qm lsl;dsf] k/LIff ;+rfng ug'{

• k/LIff / of]Uotf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL ljleGg l;4fGtx¿, lg0f{o / k|of]u ug'{
• lghfdtL ;]jf / kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL k/fdz{ pknAw u/fpg'

248
 • ;'/Iff lgsfosf] kbk"lt{sf nflu cfjZos ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] nflu k/fdz{ k|bfg ug'{
• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{sf nflu cfjZos ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] nflu k/fdz{ k|bfg ug'{
• lghfdtL ;]jfdf eljiodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;'emfjx¿ pknAw u/fpg'
• k/LIff Jojl:yt ug{ pko'Qm k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ug'{
• lg/LIf0f, cg'udgsf] sfo{
v_ ;+/Ifs / k|j{4gsf] e"ldsf (Guardian's & Promoter Role)
• gLlt lgdf{0fsf] e"ldsf, -lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;'wf/sf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{_
• lghfdtL÷/fi6«;]jssf] ;+/Ifssf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug'{ -ljefuLo ;hfo / lghfdtL ;]jfsf zt{
;DaGwL ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg'_
• lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu ;+/If0f÷k|j4{g ;DaGwL sfo{ ug'{ -lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodfjnLdf
kl/dfh{g ubf{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{ cfjZos kg]{_
• lghfdtL ;]jfdf eljiodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf] nflu dfu{ bz{gsf] ;'emfj ;/sf/nfO{ lbg'
• cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ljifodf cfof]usf] k4lt cg';/0f ub}{ hfg'
• ;dfgtf / clje]bsf] dfGotfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg]
• of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{
• ;dfj]zLs/0f gLltsf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog / ;xhstf{sf] sfo{ ug]{,
• k/LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwL, cg';Gwfg / k|sfzg ;DaGwL sfo{
• k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffsf] ;+rfns÷cGj]if0f ug'{
o;} u/L cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 o;} ;Gb{edf csf]{ kIfaf6
x]bf{ lgDgfg';f/sf] e"ldsf cfof]udf /x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .

s_ sfo{sf/L e"ldsf (Executive Role)

• k/LIff ;~rfng / of]Uo pDd]bjf/nfO{ lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug'{
• ;'/Iff lgsfox¿sf] kbk"lt{df lgo'lQm / a9'jfsf ljifodf ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿df k/fdz{ lbg'
• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] kbk"lt{df lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo ;hfosf ljifodf ;fdfGo
l;4fGtx¿df k/fdz{ lbg'
• kf7\oqmd / k/LIf0f k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug'{
v_ k/fdz{bfoL e"ldsf (Advisory Role)
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf nflu gLlt, ;]jf ;t{sf ljifodf / sfg"g ;DaGwL ljifodf ;/sf/nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg]

249
 • lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos k/fdz{ lbg' .
• lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;'wf/sf d'2fx¿df ;'emfj tyf k/fdz{ k|bfg ug'{
u_ cw{GofoLs e"ldsf (Semi Judicial Role)
• a9'jf ;ldltsf lg0f{o pk/ ph'/L ;'Gg] / pko'Qm lgsf; lgsfNg] .
• ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltsf] cg'udg ug]{ .
3_ ljljw e"ldsf (Miscellaneous Role) M
• jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{
• of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/Ifs
• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cleefjs
• k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{s
• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] sfof{Gjogstf{
ljleGg ;}4flGts p2]Zo af]s]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;+j}wflgs p2]ZonfO{ k"/f ug{ cfˆgf] sfo{nfO{
Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu cfof]u cxf]/fq v6\g' kl//x]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] st{Jok|lt
OdfGbfl/tf, sfo{;Dkfbgk|lt lgikIftf / kf/blz{tf tyf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gk|lt lgi7fjfg /xL cfof]usf
:yflkt d"No dfGotfaf6 cg'k|fl0ft x'Fb} cfof]un] cfjZostfg';f/ lgod / lgb]{lzsf agfpg] clwsf/
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf %# / %$ n] pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . cfof]un] ;f]xL cfwf/df
k/LIff ;DaGwL sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs sfo{ / ljwflosL dg;fo cg';f/ cfof]u cfˆgf]
ljBdfg sfo{k|0ffnL / If]qdf k/Dk/fut sfo{z}nLdf ;f]w cg';Gwfg u/L gljg e"ldsfsf] vf]hL ub}{
cufl8 a9]df emg} ;fGb{les x'g] b]lvG5 .

lgisif{

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cf}lrTo kl/jlt{t ;Gb{edf emg\ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . cfof]un] cEof; / cjnDag
u/]sf kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL l;4fGt, d"No, dfGotf / :jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo 5gf}6k|lt cfof]usf] c7f]6n]
cfof]uk|lt ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljZjf; cem} dha"t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf klg cfof]usf]
;+nUgtfn] To:tf ;+:yfgx¿df x'g] kbk"lt{ lgikIf x'Fb} uPsf] cfd hgtfsf] cg'e"lt e}/x]sf] ;Gbe{df
cfof]usf] prfO / ul/df a9\b} uPsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 . :jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo 5gf}6df cfof]u
cl8u /x]sf] 5 . a9\b} uPsf] cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ Psflt/ cfd hgtfsf] ljZjf;sf] cfwf/ ag]sf]
5 eg] csf]{lt/ lgikIf 5gf}6df r'gf}tLx¿ klg ylkPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfof]usf] dd{nfO{ ;a}
kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Ln] dfq xf]Og, 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf ;+nUg ;a}n] cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;s] efjL lbgdf
cfof]u cem} ;jn / hgtfsf] ljZjf;sf] s]Gb| aGg]df b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g .

250
cfof]unfO{ ;jn agfpg hgk|ltlglwsf] ;jf]{Rr ;+:yf Joj:yflksf ;+;b / ;f] cGtu{tsf] /fHo
Joj:yf ;ldlt klg k|ltj4 b]lvPsf] 5 . of] Hofb} v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . ;+;bLo ;ldltdf cfof]usf] jflif{s
k|ltj]bgdf ;3g ¿kdf 5nkmn eO{ cfof]un] k]z u/s]f ;'emfjnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ b[9tf k|:t't x'g' tyf
cfof]unfO{ df}lns ;'emfj ;f] ;ldltaf6 k|fKt x'g' Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o:tf dxTjk"0f{ tyf lhDd]jf/
lgsfoaf6 cfof]unfO{ ;jn agfpg] ;Gbe{df k|fKt ;'emfj ;bf ck]lIft 5g\ .

cfof]un] pko'Qm pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ d"ne"t st{Jo k"/f ug]{ ;Gb{edf ljleGg k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;
;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] cfkm\g} ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] :j¿k klg cfof]usf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ;+u} lj:tf/
x'Fb} hfg' kb{5 . ;f] sf] nflu ;+/rgf lhNnf tx;Dd k'Ug] pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . cfof]usf] sfo{÷;]jf
k|jfxsf] 9fFrf u'0f:t/Lo / ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf g} qmlds ¿kn] km}ng' cfjZos 5 . ljleGg ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfg, ;/sf/L lgsfodf, :yfgLo lgsfox¿ cflbdf cfof]un] kbk"lt{sf] k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf a9fpb}
uPsf]n] lgikIftfsf] kl/0ffd ;j{;fwf/0fn] cg'e"t u/]sf 5g\ . h;af6 cfof]usf] ;fvdf IfoLs/0f x'g
lbg' lsdfy{ x'Fb}g .

lgikIftfnfO{ d"n dd{, uf]kgLotfnfO{ oIf wd{, k/LIff k|0ffnL Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{nfO{ d'Vo sd{ / e]befj
tyf kIfkft k"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ dxf zd{sf] ¿kdf cfof]un] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{
;jn, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg cfof]un] v]n]sf] e'ldsfnfO{ ;a} kIfx¿af6 k|z+;f eP klg pko'Qm
pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6df gljgtd ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿ pkof]u Go"g ¿kdf x'Fbf kbk"lt{sf] r/0f nfdf] x'g
k'u]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ ;fw'/f] -l56f]_ agfpg ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/af6 dfu a9b} uPsf] 5 . cfof]un] s]xL
;Lldt ck|fljlws kbsf b/vf:t ;DaGwL sfd lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox¿nfO{ clVotf/L k|bfg u/]
em}+ a9L pDd]bjf/ x'Fbf k/LIffsf] pk s]Gb| ljleGg 7fFpdf tf]j]m h:t} ;a} kbx¿sf] b/vf:t ;+sng ;a}
lhNnf x'nfs af6 x'g' / ;a} lsl;dsf kbx¿sf] k/LIff c~rn:t/Lo sfof{no;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ ;s]
cfof]usf] sfo{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cg'el"t ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a} kIfx¿n] ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf
cfof]usf] :j¿k / e"ldsfdf lgM;Gb]x ¿kdf lj:tf/ ePdf cfof]u ;Da4 ;a} kIf÷;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
dgf]sf+Iff k"/f x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf vol 27, no 2, June 2006 (2063 Ashad)

• lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf vol 36, no 1, June 2014 (2071 Poush)

• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&) / @)&!

• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

251
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ / lgodfjnL @)^& tyf sfo{ ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^&

• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -;+u7g / Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f_ k|ltj]bg, @)^(

• ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;|f]t ;fdu|L, cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|

• zf;sLo :j¿k, ;+ljwfg / ;'zf;g, Zofdk|;fb d}gfnL, @)&), ljdnf d}gfnL, k|sfzs

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljljw cfofdx¿, gj/fh e08f/L, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^&

• :jtGqtf / zf;gflwsf/, gj/fh ltjf/L, ;f]kfg dfl;s, !)) cf}+ c+s, @)^(

• /fHo ;+rfngsf cfwf/, uf]lkgfy d}gfnL, @)^&, ;f]kfg k|sfzg

• k|zf;g Joj:yfkg / ljsf;, s[i0faxfb'/ /fpt, @)^* cflzif a'S; xfp;

• zf;g ;+rfngsf gljg dfGotf, 9'08Lk|;fb lg/f}nf, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^*

• ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ;fdlos ax;, /fhg vgfn, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)&! k'if

• g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf;, k|f=8f= ledb]j e§, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)&! c;f]h

252
 n}ª\lus ;dfgtf / lzIff

– b]jL/fd cfrfo{*

;f/f+z
dlxnf / k'?if h}ljs ¿kdf dfq leGg /x]sf 5g\ t/ ;dfhdf oxL h}ljs leGgtfnfO{ cfwf/
agfO{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLrdf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, wfld{s / j}olSts
leGgtfsf k|yfx¿ v8f ePsf 5g\ . oL ljleGg k|yfx¿s} sf/0f dlxnfx¿ ljleGg clwsf/af6
al~rt x'gfsf] ;fy} lzIff, /f]huf/ / /fhgLlts kx'Frdf k'?if ;/xsf] :yfgdf /x]sf 5}g\g .
h}ljs leGgtfs} sf/0fn] dlxnfn] lgjf{x ug]{ kfl/jfl/s e"ldsfnfO{ sdhf]/ e"ldsfsf] ¿kdf
JofVof ub}{ dlxnfn] 3/df lgjf{x ug]{ e"ldsfnfO{ cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf u0fgf ug]{ k|rng g/x]sf]
cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf{lt/ n}ª\lus d"nk|jfxLs/0f / ;zlSts/0fsf b[li6n] k'?ifeGbf
sdhf]/ /x]sf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df ljleGGg z}lIfs ;"rsx¿df dlxnfsf] cj:yf lrq0f ug]{ u/L
of] n]v tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld M
dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLrdf h}ljs kIfdf ePsf] leGgtfsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs Jojxf/x¿df leGgtf x'Fb}
hfbf ;dfhdf n}ª\lus lje]b JofKt /x]sf] 5 . ;dfhsf] n}ª\lus ljeb]s} sf/0f dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLrdf
c;dfgtfsf] vf8n a9\b} uP/ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs, /f]huf/L, ;Dklt h:tf
cg]sf} If]qdf dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf sdhf]/ x'Fb} uof] . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx¿ o;/L
ljsf; eP sL j:t' pTkfbg / ljlj|m u/]/ cfocfh{g ;Dd dlxnfn] u5{g\ t/ pgLx¿n] u/]sf] cfDbfgLdf
pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ gx'g] eof] . o:tf] cj:yfaf6 ;dfhdf ;[lht n}ª\lus c;dfgtfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f
ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;dfg clwsf/, d"nk|jfxLs/0f, ;zlSts/0f x'Fb] xfn ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfGotf :yflkt
eO;s]sf] 5 . n}ª\lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL / gLltut ¿kdf yk|} ;sf/fTds
lje]b / ;dtfsf ljifox¿ pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . n}ª\lus ;dfgtf k|fKtLsf nflu ;~rfng ul/g] w]/}
lj|mofsnfkx¿ dWo] lzIff Ps dxTjk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L dfWod xf] . n}ª\lus ;zlSts/0f, /f]huf/L / cfo
cfh{gdf j[l4, lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; nufotsf ljljw kIfdf lzIffsf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . of]
cfn]vdf g]kfnsf] z}lIfs kIfdf dlxnf -5fqf_ sf] cj:yf -kx'Fr / glthf_ sf] ax'kIfLo ljZn]if0f
ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
* zfvf clws[t, z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k|lzIf0f s]Gb|

253
dlxnf lzIffsf] k|of; M

g]kfndf dlxnf lzIffsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ /f0ffsfn b]lv g} s'g} g s'g} ¿kn] cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvG5 .
/f0ffsfnd} :yfkgf ePsf sGof kf7zfnf / k|hftg\qsf] k|fKtL kZrft ;'¿ ul/Psf] ;x lzIffsf]
cjwf/0ffn] lzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtf k'?ifsf] eGbf w]/} k5fl8 ePsf] xf]Og eGg ;lsG5 .
lj=;+= !(() ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/LIffdf klg Ps hgf 5fqfn] k/LIff kmf/d e/]sf] Oltxf; b]lvG5 .
t/ ;doj|mddf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs / kfl/jfl/s nufotsf y'k|} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ dlxnf /
k'?ifsf] z}lIfs :t/df vf8n aGb} uof] / of] xfn;Dd klg sfod} 5 . dlxnfsf] kfl/jfl/s e"ldsf
/ xfd|f ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts rfnrngx¿ g} o;sf nflu w]/}xb;Dd lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . lzIffdf
dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{sf nflu lj=;+= @)@& df o'g]:sf]n] ælzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfg
kx'FrÆ eGg] sfo{j|mdsf] ;'?cft u¥of] . @)@* ;fndf lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{j|mdcGt/ut dlxnfnfO{
tflnd lbO{ k|fylds ljBfnosf] lzIfs agfpg] sfo{j|md cg'¿k k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; kf]v/f, @)#) df
wgs'6f, @)## df g]kfnu~h / @)#^ df h'Dnfdf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ePsf] kfOG5 . o; sfo{j|mdaf6
P;=Pn=;L= kf; u/]sf dlxnfnfO A Level/ !) sIff kf; u/]sfnfO{ B Levelsf] tflnd pknAw
u/fOGYof]-zdf{, @)^@_ . of] sfo{j|mdsf] gfd @)#& df Education of girls and Women of Nepal
/ agfOof] o;n] nfdf] ;do dlxnfx¿sf] lzIffsf nflu sfd u/]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L @)#* df ;]tL
c~rndf nfu" ePsf] u|fdL0f ljsf;sf lglDt lzIff -­ ;]tL kl/of]hgf_ n] r]nLa]6L sfo{j|mdx¿ ;+rfng
u/]sf] kfOG5 . @)$( ;fndf dlxnf lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu lzIff dGqfnodf dlxnf lzIff
zfvfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL jif{ cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf cGt/ut dlxnf
lzIff PsfOsf] klg :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . xfn lzIff ljefudf dlxnf lzIffsf] sfo{j|md sfof{Gjogdf
;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ sfd ug{ n}ª\lus ;dljsf; zfvf /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ;zlSts/0f /
lzIffdf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{ y'k|} sfo{j|md lzIff dGqfno, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno dfkm{t ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . n}ª\lus pQ/bfoL ah]6sf] cEof;
z'¿ ePsf] 5 .

kx'Fr clej[l4sf sfo{j|md

;a}+sf nflu lzIff pknAw u/fpg] cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf -;g\ !(() sf] hf]lD6og ;Dd]ng_ df g]kfnn]
klg ;xdlt hgfP kZrft\ 5fqfx¿sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr clej[l4sf nflu ljleGg sfo{j|mddf ljz]if hf]8
lbg yflnof] . ;a}+sf nflu lzIff 8sf/ sfo{9fFrf @))!–@)!% n] ^ cf]6f nIox¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]df
Pp6f nIo 5fqf lzIff;Fu -;g\ @)!% ;Dddf k|fylds tyf dfWolds lzIffdf n}ª\lus leGgtfnfO{
x6fO{ n}ª\lus ;dfgtf k|fKt ug{]_ ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 .

5fqfx¿nfO{ ljBfno lzIffdf cfs{lift ug{ / ljBfnodf 6LsfO/fVg / k|f]T;fxgsf nflu ljleGg
k|sf/sf 5fqj[lt pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5, h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .

254
 != 5fqf 5fqj[lt M cfwf/e"t txsIff !–* df cWoog/t 5fqfx¿ / s0ff{nL c~rndf sIff !
b]lv !) ;Dd .
@= blnt 5fqj[lt M blnt 5fq5fqfx¿sf nflu .
#= zlxbsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu 5fqj[lt sfo{j|md cGtu{t 5fqfx¿sf nflu .
$= clt l;dfGts[t / nf]kf]Gd'v hfthflt nlIft ;d"xsf ljBfyL{sf nflu .
%= dfWolds lzIff 5fqj[lt .
^= lkm8/ 5fqfjf;sf ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lt
&= lxdfnL 5fqfjf;sf ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lt
*= ;LdfGt u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu 5fqj[lt .
(= ckfª\u ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lt
!)= åGåkLl8tx¿sf nflu 5fqj[lt
!!= d'St sdn/Lsf nflu 5fqfjf; / 5fqj[lt
!@= ljkGg nlIft dfWolds lzIff 5fqj[lt
!#= 5fqf k|f]T;fxg :j¿k -t]n ljt/0f_
!$= lbjf vfhf sfo{j|md - s0ff{nL c~rn / tf]lsPsf !$ lhNnf / l;dfGts[t ju{sf
afnaflnsfsf] nflu_
!%= gd"gf ljBfnosf ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lt
!^= pRr dfWolds txdf lj1fg ljifo k9\g] nlIft ;d"xsf ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lt
o;sf ;fy} k|To]s k|fylds ljBfnodf ! dlxnf lzIfs clgjfo{, dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns
kf7\ok':ts, 5fqf zf}+rfnosf] Joj:yf, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ufFp lzIff ;ldlt, lhNnf lzIff
;ldlt nufotsf ;ldltx¿df dlxnf ;b:o clgjfo{ x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf M lj=;+= @))& df g]kfnsf] s"n ;fIf/tf b/ @ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] eg] dlxnf
;fIf/tfsf] b/ )=& /x]sf] lyof] . k|hftGqsf] k|fKtL / cfw'lgs z}lIfs ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tof/ ePsf]
;dodf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf b/sf] cGt/ lgs} sd /x]sf] lyof] t/ o;kl5sf jif{x¿df dlxnf /
k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf b/df leGgtf a9\b} uof] . dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf] ;fIf/tf leGgtf tflnsf ! df k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf !– dlxnf / k'?if ;fIf/tf :t/ -% jif{ dfly_

hgu0fgf jif{ hDdf dlxnf k'?if

@)#* !(=( *=^ #)=&

255
@)$* #(=^ @%=! %$=%
@)%* %$=! $@=* ^%=%
@)^* ^%=( %&=$ &%=!
@))& ;fnsf] ;fIf/tf b/sf aLrsf] leGgtf !=!# af6 j[l4 eP/ @)#* df @@ / @)$* df k'Ubf #)
k|ltzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;kl5 j|mdzM of] leGgtfsf] b/ 36\b} @)%* df @@ k|ltzt eof] eg] @)^*
df !* ePsf] 5 . @)$* b]lv @)%* sf] aLrdf * k|ltztn] 36]sf] of] cGt/ @)%* b]lv @)^*
df hDdf $ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . ;fIf/tf b/sf] hDdf k|ltztdf ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvPtf klg o;sf
s]xL cGo kIfx¿df eg] uDeL/ ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . hfthfltut ;d'bfosf] cfwf/df x]bf{ kxf8] afx'g
dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf *@ /x]sf] 5 eg] dw];L / cGo hghflt dlxnfsf] @$ /x]sf] 5 . blnt k'?ifsf]
;fIf/tf b/ ^) x'Fbf dlxnf blntsf] ;fIf/tf b/ #% /x]sf] 5 -a]g]6, l;hfktL / yfkf, @)!!, k]h
*_ . n}ª\lustfdf ljeflht z}lIfs tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ sfd Jojl:yt / lgoldt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ .
u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf] ;fIf/tf b/df t leGgtf 5 g} To;df klg u|fdL0f dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ cem
Go'g /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; If]qut lx;fan] dWoklZrd / ;'b"/klZrddf dlxnf ;fIf/tf Hofb} sdhf]/ /x]sf]
5 . kxf8L If]qsf] t'ngfdf dw]; / lxdfnL If]qsf] sdhf]/ t 5 g}, dw];df klg dw];L ;d'bfo, d'l:nd
dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf cem sd /x]sf] 5 . dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf, lzIff;Ddsf] kx'Fr / k|zf;s, ljwfos jf
k]zfsdL{sf ¿kdf lg0f{osf/L e"ldsfdf dlxnfsf] :yfg k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf tn /x]sf] 5 -a]g]6, l;hfktL
/ yfkf, @)!!_ .

egf{, l6sfp tyf bf]xf]¥ofpg] / 5f8\g] b/ M hg;ª\Vofsf] agf}6d} aflnsfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9L ePsf]
;Gbe{df s]6fsf] t'ngfdf s]6Lsf] egf{b/ a9L x'g' :jefljs xf] . ;g\ !(() kl5sf] cjlwdf 5fqfx¿sf]
ljBfno egf{df w]/} g} ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 t/ v'b egf{b/df o;sf] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf]
v'b egf{b/ ^$ af6 j[l4 eP/ ;g\ @)!% df (^=@ k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L v'begf{b/df 5fqf / 5fqsf]
cGt/ sd x'Fb} ;g\ @))% sf] ^=& af6 @))( df @=! /x\of] eg] @)!% df o;sf] cGt/ =( /x]sf] 5 .
ljBfno txsf] lzIffdf n}ª\lus ;dtf ;"rs )=((sf] cg'kftdf /x]sf] 5 . ;dfhdf 5f]/fnfO{ lbOg]
lzIff / 5f]/LnfO{ lbOg] lzIffdf lje]b 5 eGg] tYo lghL ljBfnodf /x]sf] 5fq / 5fqfsf] egf{b/af6
yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . s"n ljBfyL{dWo] k|fylds txdf 5fqf !#=@ k|ltztn] dfq gLlh ljBfnodf
k9\5g\ eg] 5fq !&=& /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L lgDg dfWolds txdf 5fqf !#=^ / 5fq !*=@ k|ltzt
/x]sf 5g\ . dfWolds txdf 5fqfsf] k|ltzt !^=$ k|ltzt / 5fqsf] @!=( /x]sf] 5 . dflyNnf] txdf
hfFb} ubf{ gLlh ljBfnodf 5fqfsf] cg'kft 36\b} uPsf] 5 . s"n ljBfyL{dWo] ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf]
k|fylds txdf %@ k|ltzt 5fqf 5fqfn] cWoog u5{g eg] gLlh ljBfnodf $# k|ltzt 5fqfx¿ /x]sf
5g\ . lzIff ljefusf] km\Nof; k|ltj]bg @)&! sf cg';f/ k|fylds txdf %)=*, lgDg dfWolds txdf
%)=& / dfWolds txdf %! k|ltzt 5fqfx¿n] cWoog u5{g -lzIff ljefu, @)&!_ .

256
pknlAw M

n}ª\lus ;dfgtfsf] b[li6n] x]bf{ ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf] cfwf/df lzIffdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf k|fKt x'g]
lbzfdf cu|;/ ePsf] / ;a}+sf nflu lzIffn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] of] nIo k'/f x'g] eGg] oflGqs ljZn]if0f x'g]
u/]sf] 5 . t/ o; tYonfO{ l;sfO pknlAwsf ;Gbe{af6 x]bf{ o;sf] jf:tljs cj:yf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff @)^( df 5fq / 5fqfsf] pQL0f{ k|ltztdf !)=&^ k|ltztsf]
leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . @)&) df of] b/ cem} a9]/ o:tf] leGgtf !!=!^ k'u]sf] 5 . >]0fLut / ljBfnosf]
k|sf/ cg';f/ x]bf{ lgDgfg';f/ b]lvG5 . ljlzi6 >]0fLdf pQL0f{ x'g] 5fq / 5fqaLrsf] leGgtf ;fd'bflos
ljBfnodf #(=* k|ltzt 5 eg] ;+:yfut ljBfnoodf !(=*^ /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf @– 5fq / 5fqfaLrsf] pQL0f{ k|ltztsf] leGgtf

;fd'bflos ;+:yfut
hDdf s]6f s]6L leGgtf hDdf s]6f s]6L
leGgtf
k|ltztdf k|ltztdf
pQL0f{ k|ltzt @(=&# #$=$! @%=## (=)* **=$# *(=!& *&=$$ !=&#
ljlzi6 >]0fL !$!% (*@ $## #(=* !^^(% !)))% ^^() !(=*^
k|yd >]0fL @&@$* !^@)# !!)$% !*=(# %^#*( #@!## @$@%^ !#=(&
bf];|f] %^&)$ #)&)( @%((% *=#! !!@#* ^^*# $%%% !*=($
t];|f] #^%$ @))^ !^$* (=* (# %^ #& @)=$#
;|f]t M k/LIff @)&! k[i7 &@

;fd'bflos ljBfnodf 5fq / 5fqsf] pknlAw :t/sf] 7"nf] leGgtf ljlzi6 >]0fLdf /x]sf] b]lvG5
eg], ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] leGgtf t[tLo >]0fLdf /x]sf] 5 . @)&! ;fnsf] k|j]lzsf k/LIffdf ;xefuL
5fqfx¿sf] k|ltzt g} a9L /x]sf] lyof] t/ k/LIffdf pQL0f{ x'g] k|ltztdf eg] 5fqfx¿sf] lgs} sd /x]s]f
5 . ;xefuL ePsf ljBfyL{dWo] %#=($ k|ltzt 5fq / $$=(^ -( k|ltztsf] leGgtf_ k|ltzt 5fqf
dfq pQL0f{ ePsf 5g\ . ljlzi6 >]0fL Nofpg] s"n ljBfyL{ @! xhf/ @ ;o $& hgf dWo] %* k|ltzt
5fq / $@ k|ltzt dfq 5fqf /x]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L x]bf{ of] leGgtf cem 7"nf]
dfqfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 -k=lg=sf= @)^(_ .

z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|n] sIff #, % / * df u/]sf /fli6«o pknlAw k/LIf0fx¿df g]kfnL, ;fdflhs
h:tf ;fwf/0f ljifodf 5fq / 5fqfsf] cf};t l;sfO pknlAwdf sd leGgtf /x]sf] tyf s'g}df 5fqfsf]
a9L 5 t/ dflyNnf sIff / ufl0ft, lj1fg cª\u|]hL h:tf ljifox¿df 5fqsf] pknlAw :t/ 5fqsf]
t'ngfdf Go'g /x]sf] / leGgtfsf] dfqf klg w]/} /x]s]f b]lvG5 . ljleGg sIffsf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] /fli6«o

257
k/LIf0fsf] cf};t :t/ tflnsf # df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf #– 5fq 5fqfsf] l;sfO pknlAw cj:yf

pknlAw k/LIf0f hDdf cf};t 5fqsf] cf};t pknlAw 5fqfsf] cf};t

sIff ljifo
ePsf] jif{ pknlAw k|ltzt k|ltzt pknlAw k|ltzt
g]kfnL $( $* $(
@)^* * ul0ft $# $% $!
;fdflhs $( %) $(
g]kfnL ^# ^# ^$
#
ul0ft ^) ^) ^)
@)^( g]kfnL ^) %( ^!
% ul0ft %# %$ %#
cª\u|]hL %$ %% %#
g]kfnL $* $* $*
@)&) * ul0ft #% #* ##
lj1fg $! $# #(
;|f]t M z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| .

ljBfno lzIffsf] pRr dfWolds tx sIff !! / !@ df 5fq / 5fqfsf] pQL0f{ k|ltzt, kf; x'g] >]0fL
/ lj1fg ljifo cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofdf klg leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . z}lIfs jif{ @)&) df sIff !!
df lj1fg ljifo cWoog u]// clGtd k/LIffdf ;xefuL ePsf s"n ljBfyL{dWo] ^( k|ltzt 5fq lyP
eg] #! k|ltzt dfq 5fqf /x]sf lyP . Joj:yfkg ljifodf %( k|ltzt 5fq / $! k|ltzt 5fqf /x]sf
lyP . o;}u/L dfgljsLtkm{ %! k|ltzt 5fq / $( k|ltzt 5fqf lyP . t/ clwsf+z u|fdL0f :t/df
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k9fO x'g] lzIff ljifodf $! k|ltzt 5fq / %( k|ltzt 5fqf /x]sf lyP . s'g}
klg ljifo cfkm}df /fd|f] g/fd|f] t x'Fb}g t/ >d ahf/ / cWoogsf] hl6ntfsf b[li6n] lj1fg / Joj:yfkg
kl5 dfq dfgljsL / lzIff kb{5g\ . /f]huf/L / cfocfh{gsf b[li6n] ;a}eGbf sd cj;/ ePsf] ljifo
lzIffdf 5fqfx¿sf] a9L ;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 . pQL0f{ k|ltztsf b[li6n] @)&) sf] sIff !! df ;a}eGbf
sd pQL0f{ k|ltzt @!=^& lzIff ljifodf /x]sf] 5 eg] To;df klg 5fqsf] pQL0f{ k|ltzt @#=! /x]sf]
lyof] eg] 5fqfsf] @)=& dfq /x]sf] lyof] -pdflzk @)&!_ .

lgisif{ M

lzIffdf kx'Frsf] b[li6n] 5fqfx¿sf] egf{ b/df pT;fxhgs k|ult eP tfklg u'0f:t/sf b[li6n] z}lIfs
c;dfgtf ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf c;dfgtfx¿ ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf, hft hfltdf tyf
dlxnf ;fIf/tfsf] :t/df /x]sf 5g\ . 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] aLrdf e]befj ug]{ xfd|f ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts

258
d"No dfGotfx¿n] n}ª\lus c;dfgtf j[l4 ug{df e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf 5g\ . ;du| ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts,
kfl/jfl/s d"No dfGotfdf ;'wf/ gu/L lzIffdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{ sl7g b]lvG5 eg] lzIffdf
;dfgtfsf] cefjdf ;du| dlxnf ;zlSts/0f / ;dfgtfsf] k|fKtL sl7g x'g] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| -;g\ @)!%_ National Assessment of Student Achievement:A
glimpse of the results. ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/ .
• a]g]6 nLg, l;hfktL alGbtf / yfkf bLks -;g\ @)!!_, g]kfndf n}ª\lus lje]b / ;fdflhs
jl~rtLs/0f . lxdfn lstfa .

• lzIff ljefu -@)&!_ km\Nof; k|ltj]bg @)&!, ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/ .

• zdf{, uf]kLgfy -@)^@_, g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] Oltxf;, dsfn' k':ts e08f/ . sf7df8f}+

• k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no -@)&!_ k/LIff, jif{ $, cª\s !, eStk'/ .

• Higher Secondary Education Board (2071 B.S.). A Profile of Higher Secondary Education
Statistics Book. Santothimi, Bhaktapur.
• Office of the Controller of Examinations (2069 B.S.). Statistics. Bahaktapur: Author.

259
 sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] sfo{ / r'gf}tL

– lbnLk s'df/ >Ljf:tj*

;f/f+z
s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;+u7gdf /x]sf sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] d'Vo e"ldsf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L g} ;+u7gsf ;DklQ x'g\ . sd{rf/L k|zf;gn] dfgj
;+;fwgsf] egf{sf] k"j{b]lv cjsf; / ;]jf lgj[lQ;Ddsf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub{5 . ;+u7gnfO{ ;fy{s
agfpg of]Uo tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . h;sf] nflu sd{rf/L k|zf;g rgfvf]
/xg h?/L 5 . t/ /fhg}lts jftfj/0f cl:y/ x'g'sf sf/0f sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf o;sf] ;Lwf
c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf cg]sf} ;d:of / lj;+ultx¿ ljBdfg
/x]sf]n] o;sf] ;dodf g} ;dfwfg ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ctM b]zdf pknAw ePsf / x'g ;Sg]
hgzlQmx¿sf] pkof]u ;DaGwL of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg' cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .

!= k[i7e"ld

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx¿dWo] sd{rf/L k|zf;g Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|zf;g
cfkm} ;~rfng x'Fb}g . o;sf] nflu bIf / of]Uo hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gn]
b]zsf] ;dli6ut k|zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ ug{ ;dfhdf /x]sf] pTs[i6
hgzlQmn.O{ lghfdtL ;]jf k|lt cfs[i6 ug]{, cfk"lt{ ul/Psf JolQmnfO{ ;xL 9+un] ljsl;t ug]{, pkof]u
ug]{, kl/rfng ug{'sf ;fy} Joj:yfkg ug{ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 . h;n]
;fj{hlgs lgsfodf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmx¿sf] oyf]lrt Joj:yf ub{5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;+u7gdf d'Vo
:yfg /x]sf] x'gfn] o;sf] cfjZostf dxTj / pkof]lutf ;DalGwt ;+u7gsf] jt{dfg / eljio;Fu
hf]l8Psf] kfOG5 . lsg eg] sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf ;+nUg sd{rf/LnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ ;/sf/L lgsfosf]
lxt / ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L To:tf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfo
/ tL sd{rf/Ln] ;f] lgsfo dfkm{t ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf To:tf]
lgsfon] sfddf nufPsf] sd{rf/Lsf] lxtdf ug{] k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkg tyf log} ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt
Joj:yfkg / k|zf;gnfO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;g elgG5 .

* k|zf;sLo clws[t

260
;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ldf ePsf] jt{dfg Ifdtf / efjL ;DefJotfx¿ p;sf ;|f]t x'g h;nfO{
;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . Ifdtf / ;DefJotf Ps} ;fy ePsf] JolQm bIf dfgj ;|f]t
xf] . t;y{ ;+u7gn] sd{rf/Ldf /x]sf] ;Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{sf] nflu p;sf] klxrfg, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/
ug{ cToGt cfjZos 5 .

sd{rf/L k|zf;gn] sd{rf/Lx¿df cfOkg]{ dfgjLo ;d:ofnfO{ lgikIf / ;dfg ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ k|of;
ug'{ kb{5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gn] ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo cg'¿k ljleGg txx¿sf hgzlQm kl/k"lt{ u/]sf] x'G5 .
;+u7gsf] pRr txsf sd{rf/Lx¿ gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{, lgb]{zg lbg], ;dGjo ug]{, lgoGq0f / g]t[Tj ug]{
sfo{df ;+nUg /xG5g\ eg] dWod ju{sf sd{rf/Lx¿ tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ / lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ tyf tNnf] -:t/sf_ txsf sd{rf/Lx¿ dflyNnf] txaf6 lbOPsf] lgb]{zgx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
sfo{df ;xefuL /xG5g\ . x/]s txsf sd{rf/Lx¿df ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]uL / ;xsf/Lsf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ JolQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . To:tf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{,
kl/rfng ug]{, k|fKt ug]{ s;/L pgLx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf; ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] rfxgf, cfsf+Iff / OR5fnfO{
;+u7gsf] p2]Zo;Fu s;/L ;dGjo u/L ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg] eGg] 7"nf] ;d:of sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf ;fd' /x]sf]
x'G5 .

@= sd{rf/L k|zf;g kl/ro / kl/efiff

s'g} klg ;+u7g ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg ;|f]t ;fwgx¿ dWo] dfgj ;|f]tsf] :yfg clt
ljlzi6 x'G5 . sd{rf/L tyf hgzlQm s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] hLljt tyf ;zQm ;fwg x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g xf]; jf lghL k|zf;g jf cGo s'g} klg lgsfo To;sf] ;kmn ;~rfngsf] nflu dfgj
;fwgsf] ckl/xfo{tf /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg ;+u7gdf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg
ultljlwx¿sf] ;dli6 g} sd{rf/L k|zf;g elgG5 . s'g} klg ;+:yf jf sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ hgzlQm
pko'Qm dfWodaf6 5gf}6 u/L Jojl:yt Pj+ j}1flgs 9+uaf6 Joj:yfkg, ;~rfng / kl/rfng ug{]
sfo{ g} sd{rf/L k|zf;g xf] . sd{rf/Lsf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkgaf6 g} ;+:yfsf] ef}lts, ljQLo tyf cGo
;xof]uL ;|f]t Pj+ ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ pkof]u u/L ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f+ul7gs
Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg kIfx¿df sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg g} ;a} eGbf a9L d"ne"t kIfsf] ¿kdf dflgG5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] cfwf/ g} jf:tjdf sd{rf/L k|zf;g xf] . ;/sf/sf ljleGg ;+u7gx¿
cyf{t\ ;fj{hlgs ;+u7gx¿df cfjZos hgzlQmsf] cg'dfg ug]{, hgzlQm cfsif{0f ug]{, ;+u7gdf
leq\ofpg] pgLx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg], ;+u7gsf] lxtsf nflu pkof]u
ug]{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfksLo tyf sfo{ut ultljlwx¿nfO{ g} ;du|df sd{rf/L k|zf;g eGg ;lsG5 .
sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ ljåfgx¿n] ljleGg 9+un] kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL ljåfgn] hgzlQmsf] pkof]u
kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ eg] s]xLn] ;+u7gsf hgzlQmsf] dfgjLo kIfnfO{ ;d]t hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .
To:t} s]xL ljåfgx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ;+u7gx¿df dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfksLo kIfdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\
eg] s;}n] hgzlQmsf] sfo{ut kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . s]xL ljåfgx¿n] sd{rf/Lsf] ;fdflhs kIfnfO{

261
klg plQs} hf]8 lbO sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf af/]df kl/efiff lbPsf] kfOG5 . h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
! cd]l/sL sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;dfhsf cg';f/ æsd{rf/L k|zf;g eg]sf] ;+u7gsf] nIo a9L k|efjsf/L
Pj+ ldtJooL 9+uaf6 xfl;n ug{sf] lglDt ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] k|flKt ljsf; Pj+ lgjf{x ug]{ Pp6f snf
xf] .Æ o; kl/efiffaf6 sd{rf/L k|zf;gn] ;d]6\g] ljifox¿df hgzlQmsf] k|flKt ljsf;, lgjf{x tyf
x]/rfx cflb x'g eGg ;lsG5 .
@= P8ljg lkmlnkf]sf (Edwin Flipoo) cg';f/ "Personnel Management is the planning organizing,
directing and controlling of the procurement, development, compensation, integration,
maintenance and separation of human resources to the end that individual, organizational and
societal objectives are accomplished"
sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgnfO{ >d ;fwgnfO{ leq\ofpg], ljsf; ug]{, xhf{gf lbg], :jLs[t ug]{, ;+/If0f ug]{,
k[ys ug]{ sfo{ ;DaGwL k|lqmofdf cjnDag ul/g] of]hgf, ;+u7g lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ultljlw
xf] egL cleJolQm lbPsf 5g\ .
#= Perry Moore sf cg';f/ s'g} klg ;+u7gdf vfnL kbdf b/vf:t lbg cfs[i6 ug]{, lgj]bg lbg]
dWo]af6 5gf}6 ug]{, k|fKt sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbg] / pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]/0ff hufpg], pgLx¿sf] sfo{ d"NofÍg
ug]{ tyf pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿nfO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;g
elgG5 .
dfly pNn]lvt kl/efiffx¿sf cfwf/df sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg eGgfn] Joj:yfkgsf] Tof] If]q xf] h;df
dfgjLo ;fwgx¿sf] k|flKt, ljsf;, lgjf{x Pj+ pkof]u;Fu ;DalGwt of]hgf agfpg], ;+u7g ug]{, lgb]{zg
lbg] / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{x¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;+u7gsf] ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿aLr
;'dw'/ ;DaGw :yfkgf u/L ;+:yfsf] nIo a9L k|efjsf/L Pj+ ldtJolotfk"j{s xfl;n ug'{ xf] . o;/L
;du|df eGg] xf] eg] sd{rf/L k|zf;gn] s'g} klg ;+u7gdf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g'eGbf klxn]b]lv
sd{rf/Lsf] cjsf; kl5 ;Ddsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] l;4fGt

;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;g cGo k|zf;g h:t} ljleGg l;4fGtx¿åf/f lgb]{lzt ePsf] x'G5 . jf:tjdf
;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs xs lxtsf] ;'/Iff, nf]ssNof0fsf/L Joj:yf, dfgj clwsf/sf]
/Iff h:tf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿af6 lgb]{lzt ePsf] x'G5 . To;sf] ;fy} Joj:yfksLo tyf dgf]j}1flgs
b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] sd{rf/L k|zf;g dfgjLotf, of]Uotf, /fhg}lts t6:ytf, k|lta4tf, ;fdflhs
k|lti7f, ;xeflutf, k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotf ;'zf;g, Jofj;flostf cflb l;4fGtx¿af6 ;~rflnt
ePsf] x'G5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf b]xfo adf]lhd l;4fGtx¿nfO{ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= ;dfg cj;/sf] l;4fGt
@= lgikIftfsf] l;4fGt

262
#= lhDd]jf/L tyf pQ/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt
$= ultzLntfsf] l;4fGt
%= lg/Gt/tfsf] l;4fGt
^= ;dfg tnasf] l;4fGt
&= ;Dk"0f{tfsf] l;4fGt
*= k|efjsf/L ;"rgfsf] l;4fGt
(= Ifdtf k/LIf0fsf] l;4fGt
!)= pTk|]/0ffsf] l;4fGt
!!= s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf] l;4fGt
!@= d"NofÍgsf] l;4fGt
!#= cg'zf;gsf] l;4fGt
!$= ;]jfsf] l;4fGt
!%= /fli6«o ;d[l4df of]ubfg lbg] l;4fGt
$= sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo

;+:yf jf ;+u7gsf] nIo g} sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] k|d'v p2]Zosf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . nIo k|flKtsf]
nflu sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg u/L clwstd ;kmntf xfl;n ug{'nfO{ g} sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo
dflgG5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo To; ;+u7gdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lxt tyf ;+:yfsf] lxt ;Fu
ufFl;Psf] x'G5 t/ xfd|f] kl/k|]Iodf JolQm df]6fof], ;+:yf b'Anf] eof], ;+:yfsf dfWodn] JolQm wgL aGof],
;+:yf u/La eof] . ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo / :jfy{sf nflu JolQmsf] Ifdtf k|of]u JolQmsf] lghL / JolQmut
:jfy{ k"/f ug{ s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . o;/L ;+:yfx¿n] /fv]sf nIo tyf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;+:yfdf
;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pko'Qm 9+uaf6 clwstd kl/rfng / pkof]u ug'{ g} sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] d'Vo
p2]Zo dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] p2]ZonfO{ k|fylds / ;xfos p2]Zo egL
juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ . ;+u7gdf cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf}6 / pgLx¿sf] lgo'lQmdf ;xof]u k|bfg
ug]{, ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu lgi7fjfg, nugzLn Pj+ sfo{ s'zntfsf ;fy sfd ug]{ sfo{ ;d"xsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;+u7gdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf aLr cfk;L ;dGjo sfod ug]{ p2]ZonfO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf]
k|fylds tyf d"n p2]Zosf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . k|fylds p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
sfo{ Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug]{, cfk;df ;xsf/L efjgfsf] ljsf; ug]{, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] g}lts pTyfg ug]{, ;'dw'/
dfgjLo ;DaGw Pj+ cg'zf;g sfod ug]{ s'/fx¿ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] ;xfos p2]Zo cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf p2]ZonfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= ;+u7gnfO{ -;+:yfnfO{_ cfjZos of]Uo, ;Ifd tyf pko'Qm hgzlQm k|fKt ug]{,
@= ;+u7gdf pko'Qm hgzlQm, of]hgf th'{df ug]{,
#= k|fKt ePsf] hgzlQmnfO{ ;d'lrt pkof]u ug]{,
$= ljBdfg hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{,

263
%= hgzlQmnfO{ ;+u7g k|lt ;dlk{t u/fpg],
^= ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf / sd{rf/LaLr ;fy{s ;DaGw sfod ug{ pko'Qm ;~rf/ Joj:yf ug]{,
&= ljQLo Pj+ ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ cyf{t\ kof{Kt tna eQf Pj+ ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ,
*= j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/x¿sf] plrt Joj:yf ug,]{
(= cfr/0f / cg'zf;g sfod ug]{,
!)= ;Ifd Pj+ Gofok"0f{ sd{rf/L ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{,
!!= ;+u7gsf] ;kmntfdf of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{,
!@= Gofok"0f{ 9+un] ;]jfsf zt{x¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{,
!#= of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ a9fjf lbg],
!$= dfgjLo kIf / dfjgLo ;+j]bgzLntfsf] cg'z/0f / sb/ ug]{ l:yltsf] ljsf; ug]{,
!%= Jofj;flostf / g}ltstfdf hf]8 lbg],
!^= sd{rf/Lx¿af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{sf] oyf]lrt d"NofÍg ug]{,
!&= ;]jfu|fxL / ;/sf/aLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod u/L ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ug]{,
%= sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf sfo{x¿

sd{rf/L k|zf;gn] ;+u7g jf ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu h] h:tf sfo{x¿ ub{5g\ Tof] ;a}nfO{ sd{rf/L
k|zf;gsf] sfo{sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] d'Vo sfo{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+u7gdf
Jojl:yt ug'{ g} xf] . ;+u7gsf] cfsf/ ultljlw cg';f/ o;df cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg tx / lsl;dsf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg', ltgLx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo, lhDd]jf/L, pQ/bfloTj tyf clwsf/ :ki6 ug'{
g} sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] sfo{ xf] . To;sf ;fy} ;d'lrt 9+un] kl/rfng ug'{, sd{rf/Lsf] pRrtd pkof]usf
;DaGwdf ljleGg /0fgLlt klxrfg Pj+ cjnDag ug'{ cflb h:tf s'/fx¿ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] sfo{ leq
kb{5 . sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf k|d'v JofVotfM Edwin B. Flipoo n] eg] h:t} sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{
d'VotofM Joj:yfksLo sfo{ / sfo{ ;~rfng sfo{df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+u7gsf] dflyNnf] txdf
lhDd]jf/L jf bfloTj a9L x'g] / sfd klg hl6n k|s[ltsf] x'g] ePsf]n] pgLx¿ Joj:yfksLo sfo{;Fu
;+nUg x'G5g\ eg] tNnf] txsf lhDd]jf/L / xflsdeGbf klg dflyaf6 lgb]{lzt / tf]lsPsf] sfd ug'{ kg]{
/ sfd klg ;/n k|s[ltsf] x'g] x'Fbf To:tf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{ ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] ul/G5 .

-s_ Joj:yfksLo sfo{

• sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DaGwL of]hgf tof/ ug]{ / cfjZostfsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{,
• ;+u7g ;+/rgf, sfo{ ljj/0f, sd{rf/L / ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwgaLr tfbfTDotf sfod ug]{,
• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ / b08 tyf k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{,
• sd{rf/L sd{rf/LaLr / sd{rf/L / ;+:yfaLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{,

264
 • sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;do ;dodf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],
-v_ sfo{ ;~rfng sfo{x¿
• ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ hgzlQmsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{,
• pko'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ cfslif{t ub}{ pko'Qm sd{rf/L k|fKt ug]{,
• ljBdfg hgzlQmsf] nflu k|lzIf0f tyf j[lQ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ug]{ / sfd k|lt pTk|]l/t u/fpg],
• hgzlQmsf] clwstd of]ubfgsf nflu kof{Kt tna eQf / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
• sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf ;fy} :jf:Yo ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug]{,
• sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v /fVg]
^ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf r'gf}tLx¿
sd{rf/L k|zf;g Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf] . ljleGg ;fdflhs, kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"lddf hGdL x's]{sf
JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+u7gsf] lgod sfg"g cg'¿k kl/rfng ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] s'/f xf]Og . sd{rf/L k|zf;gn]
sd{rf/L egf{b]lv lgj[Q x'Fbf;Ddsf ultljlwsf] ;Demgf ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;+u7gleq sd{rf/L k|zf;g
cGtu{t b]lvg] ;d:ofx¿ Ps} k|j[lQ / bf]xl/g] vfnsf eP tfklg k|To]s ;d:ofsf] klxrfg a]Un} 9+un]
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf r'gf}tLx¿ b]xfosf a'Fbfdf cf}NofOPsf 5g\ .
!= sd{rf/Lx¿ /fhgLlts cf:yfsf sf/0f ljefhg x'g',
@= ;/sf/L ;]jf k|lt 36\bf] cfs{if0f,
#= c;dfg ¿kdf hftLo ljefhg,
$= ;+u7gdf hgzlQmaLr ljljwtf sfod /xg',
%= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Go"g tna eQf,
^= sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf e|i6frf/ a9b} hfg' ,
&= sd{rf/Lx¿df ;]jfeGbf hflu/] ;F:sf/,
*= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clglZrt eljio,
(= of]Uotf cg';f/sf] sfd lbg g;Sg',
!)= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'ljwfdf lje]b,
!!= pko"St d"NofÍg k4ltsf] cefj,
!@= sd{rf/Lx¿df pRr dgf]ansf] cefj,
!#= sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt gx'g',

& ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj

g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu k|of;x¿ klxn] b]lv g} ePs} 5 . o; cjlwdf ul7g
ljleGg ;ldlt tyf cfof]ux¿n] lbPsf] l;kmfl/;df cWoog ubf{ sd{rf/L k|zf;g leq /x]sf] ;d:of

265
tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx¿ k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ /fhg}lts k|lta4tf /
k|zf;sLo sl6j4tfsf] sdLn] o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf ;'emfjx¿ lgDg a'Fbfx¿df
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;sLo clwsf/L aLrsf] cl3sf/ If]q, e"ldsf :ki6 ul/g'
kb{5 .
@= /fhgLlt1 tyf k|zf;saLr ljleGg d'2fdf ;xsfo{ k|a4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] lgoldt ¿kdf
cGt/lqmof ;~rfng ul/g'sf ;fy} sd{rf/LtGqk|lt /fhgLlt1, gful/s ;dfh, ;]jfu|fxL tyf
cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] wf/0ffdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg' kb{5 .
#= ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;Fu} sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf c;/ gk'¥ofpg] vfnsf] jftfj/0f agfpg' kb{5 .
$= ljutsf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u tyf ;ldltx¿n] lbPsf] ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ tkm{ kxn
ug'{kb{5 .
%= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf; ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g tkm{af6 pbf;Lgtf gb]vfO{ sd{rf/L
tkm{ ;xof]uL xftx¿ cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 .
^= ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt cfd gful/sx¿sf] / ;]jf k|bfosx¿aLr a9\b} uPsf] cljZjf;nfO{ sd ub}{
o; tkm{ ljleGg cfsif{s of]hgfx¿sf] klxrfg / ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 .
pk;+xf/
/fHosf cfd hg;fwf/0fk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj k"/f ub}{ gful/sx¿k|lt d'n'sdf ;/sf/sf] hLjGt pkl:ylt
ePsf] af]w u/fO{ lbg] j}wflgstf k|fKt ;+:yf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;~rfns
sd{rf/Lx¿ x'g eg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|flKt b]lv cjsf;;Dd ug]{ ultljlwx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ g}
sd{rf/L k|zf;g xf] . cljsl;t tyf cNk ljsl;t d'n'ssf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g;Fu cg]s ;d:of tyf
r'gf}tLx¿ alNemPsf 5g\ . ;dod} tL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug'{ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df cfjZos
b]lvPsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• k|f=8f= eLdb]j e§, sd{rf/L k|zf;g, @)%^
• k|zf;g klqsf ljleGg c+sx¿, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, sf7df08f}
• r'8fdl0f zdf{, k|zf;gsf d"ne"t kIfx¿
• lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf ljleGg c+sx¿, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, sf7df08f}

266
 Managing Transition
Dr. Govind Prasad Kusum*
Bhagirath Basnet**

Abstract
Change is a recurring phenomenon for development. It is a shift in the external situation
of the events, which impact on and affect the institutions.  If the management of
an organization proclaims new policies replacing the old ones or restructures the
administrative mechanisms, the process has to undergo through some period. During
this period, we normally find the state of confusion, dissatisfaction and anxieties in the
organization, which is known as  transition. Transition itself is not chaos or confusion. It is
an internal three-phase psychological re-orientation of  transition process.  Transition is
not a negative term.  Transition period is intended to help move an organization's people,
processes, and technology from the current "as is" state to a desired future "to be" state,
which always stipulates for better management. The article focuses on transition and
articulates ideas for its smooth administration

Background

President Barack Obama in his election campaign in 2008 underlined the “need for
change” and successfully marketed the slogan. More than 12 million young Americans
supported Obama ‘who made them believe in their abilities to bring about change, the
person who gave them hope, and the person who let them feel united.’1 He won the
presidential election in 2008. This political transition lasted for about two years.

Nearer to home, during the Indian general election in 2014, NarendraModi appealed
to the youth with his relatively clean political career and impressive performance as
chief minister of his home state Gujarat. He presented himself as the most suitable
leader to lead his nation through good governance and development at a time when
many of the youths in India were frustrated and were desperately seeking a change,
which Modi promised to offer.2Modi struck a chord with the youth as well as all others

* Member, Public Service Commission

** Former Ambassador
1. (Ekaterina Alexandrova, ‘Using New Media Effectively: And Analysis of Barrack Obama’s Election Campaign
aimed at young Americans,’ Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts of Public Communication in the Department of Communication and Media Studies at Fordham
University , New York,2010 pp1-11.)
2. 2014 India General Elections: What is the real reason behind BJP's Victory in GE 2014, Is it Modi wave or is
it something else?, http://www.quora.com/2014-India-General-Elections/What-is-the-real-reason-behind-
BJPs-Victory-in-GE-2014-Is-it-Modi-wave-or-is-it-something-else retrieved on 6 July 2015.

267
who wanted to change the status quo, won parliamentary elections for his party, and
became prime minister. This transition happened in less than two years.

Nepal's transition has continued since 1990. First, political leaders said it was a
transition from the Panchayat system to the democratic system and things would be
better once the transition was over. Then the Maoist insurgency began and people's
life became miserable. King Gyanendra usurped power and imposed further hardships
on people. To free themselves from these twin evils, the people supported the People's
Movement II and historic change occurred in 2006, prolonging the transition further.

Monarchy which was standing firm and tall for almost 240 years crumbled like
the house of cards by the votes of all but four members of the re-instated members
of parliament. The Maoists joined democratic politics, though unwillingly. The
transition was promised to come to an end after the Maoist combatants and weapons
were managed and new constitution was written. Though the management of Maoist
combatants and handing over of arms and ammunitions has been sorted out, the
constitution is yet to be written. Our transition has not ended.

Transition

The word ‘Transition’ has been often used in Nepal after the successful People’s
Movement of 2006. Besides political arena, ‘transition’ period comes in all most
every sector of State life– administrative, economic, social, cultural, businesses,
education, government organizations and law to name the few.

After Nepal underwent a historical political change in 2006, some of the people’s
aspirations that have stemmed from the People’s Movement II have yet to be achieved.
As such, the nation still is in a state of transition and needs to sort out some outstanding
issues. But in Nepal, it has dragged on and on. Elsewhere, transition comes to an end
after a while. Transition in other way is the transmission period from previous stage to
desired stage that is ought to bring change in the organizations.

Peoples’ Movement IIhas brought a drastic change in the socio-politico change in

Nepal. Economically disadvantageous groups, females and backward ethnic groups
have been emboldened and encouraged to move forward.

Change is a recurring phenomenon for development in every sphere of day to day

life. It is through this change we have reached at the present state of development and
civilization. But the desired change can only be obtained if we successfully manage
the transition period. Now the question arises, what is change? Change is a shift
in the external situation of the events, which impact on and affect the institutions.
Thus, change is typically a desired outcome or results focused. If a new leader in the
government proclaims new policies or adopts new technology replacing the old ones

268
or restructures the administrative mechanisms, the process has to undergo through
some period. During this period, we normally find the state of chaos, confusion,
dissatisfaction, anger and anxieties in the organizations which is known as transition.
One should,however, understand that transition itself is not chaos or confusion.
Transition is an internal, three-phase psychological re-orientation that people go
through as they come to terms with a change.

Stages of transition:-

There are three phases of transition process.

1. Endings
2. Neutral zone
3. New beginnings
These three stages of transition can be illustrated by the transition curve. It is a useful
tool for understanding the sorts of issues people might be facing during a change.
Transition Curve
People discover they have As people go through the points of People have choose to commit
to let of what were normal, transition they blame and become and participate in building the
predictable and comfortable angry. People can feel uncertain, new processes witching the
environments. They feel lost, afraid, ‘in limbo’ or make new environment. Now that
loss of control. There are unusual outbursts of frustration they are more comfortable with
those who may be genuinely or anxiety. The key here is to be the transition, they can become
optimistic. It is important to patient. Focus on going forward, impatient for progress and
ensure people respect each not on the past. As with Endings, may be hopeful about building
other’s perspectives. those who are optimistic should new trust, relationships and
continue to be en, ouraged. achievements.

Endings Neutral Zone New Beginnings

Denial Commitment
Anxiety Enthusiasm
Shock Trusting
Confusion Undirected energy typified by Excitement
Uncertainty Confusion, Anger, Fear, Frustration Relief/Anxiety
Resentment Extreme Anxiety, Scepticism Hopeful/Skeptional
Sadness Apathy, Isolation Dislocation, Impatience
Anger Some Optimism Discovery, Acceptance
Fear Creativity Realisation of Loss
Blame
Identity: Have to let go of who Identity: Not who we were-not yet who Identify: Begin to identify with the
we were in the old we will be new ways

Source: Management Transition Curve, https://www.google.com/search?q=Management+t

ransition+curve&rlz=1C2LENN_enUS462&biw=136 …. accessed on 5 July 2015

269
The transition curve explains how the people react and feel during the different stages
of transition. Transition starts from ‘Ending’. The phase of ‘ending’ in transition brings
confusion, uncertainty, resentment, sadness, anger and fear.3 The reason for such state
is due to the fear of losing job, obsolescence of skills, unknown consequences, social
displacement and ego-defensiveness. It is the ending of the old methods of performing
the jobsin anaccustomed and familiar ways which can be categorized as comfort zone.
It is the period when people begin to understand the impact of the change. But once
we understand the need for transmission from the old stage, then we navigate towards
the Neutral Zone.

As a matter of fact, a difficult journey during transition lies in between letting go of

the old way and taking hold of the new one. It is an in-between time. We can call it
a time in between trapezes. This is a precarious time when systems do not function
properly and at this juncture of difficulty people easily lose heart. At this particular
time, people need to know that it is unusual to go through a chaotic interim between
letting go and taking hold again. They should be given proper orientation highlighting
the need for change in the organization and should be motivated for building the
sources of support. A kind of a feeling of belongingness about the change need to be
created so that they could contribute in bridging the gap of Endings and Neutral Zone
stages because there is a hiatus between two transition processes. The hiatus can be a
creative time.

In the Neutral Zone, one navigates through uncertainty between what was in the past
and the emergence of the new rules which appears to be of high risk and uncertain zone.
The neutral zone is exactly where people work for the change but the situations at this
juncture remain unsettled and confusing. In neutral zone, necessary reorientation and
redefinition takes place, and people need to understand it. It is just like the winter
during which the spring’s newgrowth is taking shape under the earth.4Only after
crossing the neutral zone, we reach the final stage of transition known as the ‘New
Beginnings.’

In the Neutral Zone the situation remains ambiguous and such situation requires
strategies to bridge the gap between old and the new phenomenon. During this
period, people easily get discouraged. As such it is important to give people a sense
of achievement and of movement in this phase. This will help to counter the feelings
of being lost, meaninglessness, and of self-doubt that are common in the neutral zone.
One shouldn’t keep high hopes and aim for high levels of productivity in the neutral
zone.5

3 William Bridges, ”Managing Transitions” Nicholas Brealey Publishing 1998,pp 1-5.

4 . Ibid. pp2-6.
5 Ibid. pp2-6

270
In any organizations be it in private or governmental, whenever new rules are
introduced it brings some short of confusion, uncertainty, anger or fear to the existing
people. During this stage people express their anger, fear, frustration, extreme anxiety,
skepticism, apathy, isolation, dislocation and lastly creativity. Nothing seems to be
working in the neutral zone. While implementing the change one may start running
into problems that befall many a transition. Once such resistance starts there appears
a ‘neutral zone’ of transition process.

At this stage, if these problems are not managed properly they can quickly and easily
derail transition, which later on may be more difficult to put on track. While managing
transition, human element is pivot. Despite the best efforts and intentions, some
businesses will find certain staff roles and responsibility impact the transition. The best
solution at this stage would be to acknowledge the problems and not to ignore potential
staffing issues, even if they are not explicitly raised as issues. It’s because while some
issues may seem trivial, if left festering, they may cause significant damage in the
organization. It is imperative to tackle the issue directly at such situation and defuse
other issues before they become insurmountable. During this stage stakeholders and
actors of change, despite their negative outlooks borrowed from the stage of endings
start thinking positively and resist the chaos and uncertainty.

Once we navigate to the New Beginning from the Neutral Zone, we find acceptance
and effective operation in the changed environment. Every transition process needs to
be skillfully managed. So far as timing to cross from one stage to another is concerned
it would be different from person to person or organization to organization. One should
understand that there is no fixed or even approximate time required at different stages
of transitions.Indeed, different stages require different strategies. In order to move
from one stageof transition to the next, leaders need to map different and distinct
strategies.6

Change is always difficult to adapt for all reasons and for managers and employees.
Both managers and employees face new challenges with change and at this period
managers must learn to ease the difficulty of the transition.7 While managing change,
reactive versus proactive response to change becomes the major issues.8Proactive
change involves actively attempting to make alterations to the work place and its
practices.Reactive change occurs when an organization makes changes in its practices
after some threat or opportunity has already occurred.

6 Marty Jordan, ‘Managing the 3 phases of transition’ http://mylinkage.com/blog/managing-the-3-phases-of-

transition, retrieved on 7 July 2015.
7 Reactive vs Proactive Change,http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Pr-Sa/Reactive-vs-
Proactive-Change.html, retrieved on 6 July 2015
8 ibid

271
During the transition period be it in political, economic, social or any kind of
organizations, change is inevitable. Once the change takes place, it is obvious that
the new system repositions the previous one that leads into the end of old practices
and traditional beliefs. And this is the critical stage where some sections of people try
to resist the change due to psychological fear of losing the control over the system,
which they had enjoyed in the past.

Currently, Nepal is in political transition. Though we have crossed the initial phase of
Ending,we are still struggling in the Neutral Zone. The political leaders have yet to
try hard and delicately manage to satisfy all those who suspect or feel uncomfortable
with the foreseeable results.

New Beginnings- the third stage of transition, demands commitment. People resist the
new program and business of a new beginning- doing and being what they never acted
and experienced before. At this stage we need to disseminatereasons of the purpose
for the change and explain the same matter to the people. In case of organizations,
it may require training, development, mentoring or coaching to help bridge certain
capability gaps for some employees. The transition period sometime provides an
opportunity and takes on more responsibility and contributes more for the positive
outcomes. Many of the confusions and dissatisfactions at this stage stems from lack
of confidence towards the new system.

Change can be triggered from within the organizations both internal and external
environment. Political, economic, social, cultural and technological factors cause
change. Changes can be initiated by the national legal framework or the set of policies
undertaken by the government. Even a sudden change in the political arena may force
nationwide changes in the organizations. Economy is the main driving force in any
organizational change. A serious contraction in the economy may force a big change.
The present economic crisis in Greek is a case in reference. Technological environment
has become another triggering factor for the change. The digital technology has played
vital role in contributing change. In fact, it has brought about a revolutionary change
in the world.

The New Beginnings is the phase of new ideas and new behaviors. Forces that make
the in –between time difficult, mean that normal resistance to new ideas and behaviors
do not work well either. The interim period can be turned into a creative time, because
new things can be introduced more quickly and easily than usual at this time. Leadersin
the organizations can view each problem as an opportunity to wipe out modeled ways
and establish functional system. Transition is the time for the leaders to reinvent the
management.

272
Transition is developmental

Transition is not a negative term. Transition period isintended to help move an

organization's people, processes, and technology from the current "as is" state to a
desired future "to be" state.9Transition is required to ensure effective, long-term, and
sustainable results. During transition period, the required changes are introduced,
tested, understood, and accepted. People have to let go of existing behaviors and
attitudes and move to new behaviors and attitudes that achieve and sustain the desired
outcomes.The leader of an organization, whilst adopting new ideas and values should
not forget the values of the past because such values can guide future – line of actions.

Transition in Government Organizations

Governance is  a  process of ruling  a country  through rule of law .The  main motto of
governance is to make people  economically  prosperous so as to make people feel that
the government is delivering all sorts of services in a  fair  and equitable  manner to its
people for their development and benefit. In order to make things happen, theGovernment
Organizations is fully dedicated to discharge their services to the citizens through the model
of New Public Service (NPS).The NPS always demands for quality services to the citizens
in a right time in a perfect way.

The primary concern of the government is to bring changes by accomplishing the

challenging tasks. Theoretical part of transition as discussed above is applied in every
sphere of national life. Nepali government organizations have a history of change since  the
Butch Commission Report -1951/52  was brought in action. The implementation of Butch
Commission's recommendations as outlined in the report was the departure point of civil
service reform.

Transition always stipulates for better management.Better management keeps risks

under its control and paves the new ways. Several occasions in the past, thegovernment
organizations have been renamed with different work divisions in the past - sometime
with the real needs of the State and sometime with the need of rebalancing political parties
in the Government.Even the Public administration history of Nepal has the record of the
formation as well as split and closure of variousMinistries,Departments, Commissions,
Authorities and Development Committees within a short period of time. It is sad to note
that nobody ventured to askthe Government on the rationality of the formation, closure or
split of new organizations.

9 Transformation Planning and Organizational Change, http://www.mitre.org/publications/systems-

engineering-guide/enterprise-engineering/transformation-planning-and-organizational-change, retrieved
on 3July 2015.

273
The implementation of the report of   High Level Administrative Reform Commission
-1991 headed by then Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala brought a massive change in
Nepali bureaucracy and administration. The Commission was formed immediately after
the restoration of multi-party democracy in the context of international wave of New Public
Management. Hundreds of civil servants lost their jobs after the Civil Service Act 1992came
into force. The reforms were, however, archetypes and had been felt the need of that time
but it created chaos, uncertainty, sadness and anger among government personnel at the first
stage of the implementation of reports.

The transition period brought Changes in government policies. At the stage of Ending and
Neutral Zone the acceptance level of people was low. But in the later days, the concerned
stakeholders accepted the change and made the transition smooth to bring change. The
acceptance of transition is the start of the 'New Beginnings.' People are major stakeholders
of the transition process. Moreover, transition management mainly depends on how people
react and show their behavior towards transition period.

Issues of Managing Transition in Organization

Many Government organizations normally fallunder a transition deficit. There lies a

gap between top down planning and bottom up instrumentalism. Within the context of
changing societal landscape, transition management is an effective tool to bridge the
gap. Transition management is developed as a model for good governance based on a
number of principles andinstruments. The novelty of transition management is that it
sets out to deal with them in an integrated way.10 

Angehrn (2005) has shown how the gap links to the phases of adoption of a change:

The Knowing-Doing Gap-Angehm(2005):

Awareness Interest Appraisal/Trail Adoption

Confidence Gap Motivation Gap

Source: The Knowing-Doing Gap-Angehm(2005), Published: 18 May 2006

10 René Kemp, DerkLoorbach and Jan Rotmans, “Transition management as a model for managing processes of
co-evolution towards sustainable development,” International Journal of Sustainable Development & World
Ecology 14 (2007) pp 1–15.

274
Updated: 31 January 2014, https://www.jisc.ac.uk/guides/change-management/-the-
knowing-doing-gap, accesseed on 7 June 2015.

The above model,the knowing -doing gap, is related with each other and focuses on
managing the transition through adopting changes.

Many of the reactions arise in Government organizations. They arise from uncertainty
about how the change will impact individuals and teams. These fears are basically
individual and group related, such as job loss, degree of change, personalstatus,
physical environment, technology, career development, moral and team spirit and so
on.

Frequent changes in the organizations weaken the trust of people and Government
employees. In many developing countries, people do not trust Governments' policies
and Ministers' words because of their low capacity of implementing the policies. Such
lack of trust is the weak State functioning and Governments' unaccountability towards
common people. In such situations people feel cheated by the Governments with sweet
words. It's difficult to manage transition in an effective way at such environment.
One of the problems in government organization of Nepal is the low trust of people
over the policy implementation of the Government.At this situation, Neutral Zone
takes  long time to be managed They say that whatever the political leaders speak are
not  executed and whatever are not said  are implemented. This is one of the reasonsfor
the resistance of change in Nepali environment.

Meeting the challenges

The first and foremost remedy of overcoming the challenges is to create awareness and
develop interests among the stakeholders which can be considered as psychological
therapy.It's a kind of negotiating formula in which leaders in the organizationsneed
to play decisive role. People in the organizations normally resist change because of
uncertainty, threat on theirinterests, differentperceptions, and feelings of losers. Once
such fears are erased, transitions become smoother.

Sometime, one can notice lack of two-way positive communications between leaders
and people in the governance system which creates a wide gap dismantling the newly
constructed change, thereby developing a sense of control from the top level change
makers. The leaders should learn that in the present day context human beings cannot
be moved towards achieving targeted goals through the application of McGregor’s
theory X. The stakeholders in every organization should be treated with positive
behavior and leaders need to communicate clear vision for the change.

275
Reference

• Geels, F.W. (2002) 'Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration

processes:A multi-level perspective and a case-study', Research Policy, 31(8/9):
1257-1274

• Gunderson, L.H., and Holling C. S. (2002) Panarchy: Understanding

transformations in human and natural systems. Washington DC: Island Press.

• Loorbach, D. (2004). Governance and transitions: a multi-level policy-framework

basedon complex systems thinking. Paper read at Conference on Human
Dimensions ofGlobal Environmental Change, at Berlin.

• Mintzberg, H. (1989) Mintzberg on Management: inside our strange world of

organisations Chicago, Free Press.

• Stacey, R. (1996) Strategic Management and Organizational Dynamics. 2nd Ed,

London, Pitman.

• Thompson, Arthur A. and A.J.StricklandIII(2003)Strategic Management:Concepts

and Cases,NewDelhi,Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company.

• William Bridge, Managing Transitions: Making the Most of Change Kindle

Edition

• Uchcha Stariya Prasasanik Sudhar Aayog ko pratibedan 2048 ( in Nepali)

276
 Vigilance: A Management Tool
Practices of Public Sector Undertakings in Nepal
Ramesh Kumar Sharma*

Abstract
PSUs in Nepal plays significant role in the country's development by using public fund
and so that are accountable to people. Accountability and transparency can be judged
through vigilance system applied in such entity. Vigilance is synonymous to transparency
but transparency requires vigilant system in the organization. An effective vigilance system
can spread the goodwill of organization to the people by its transparent transactions.
Vigilance is not only the oversight tool, but an effective management tool to ensure the
corporate and social objectives of such organizations. Corporate and social responsibility
of an organization directly concern with the interest of the people and thus the Parliament.
Vigilance management always ensures such relationship between objectives and
responsibility. An effective management always uses built-in vigilance tools in corporate
transactions. Nepalese PSUs have tendency of complete supervision by oversight agency
in order to set up proper vigilance tools to their entire transaction system.

Built-in vigilance tools that can be used in PSUs may be simply internal watch-dog systems
like internal control system, internal audit system, check and balances, use of computer
based applications, use of banking systems, application of COC, Whistle blowers and so
on. Likewise the prone areas that are to be addressed by vigilance system may be finance,
procurement, production and distribution of product and services by such PSUs

Today the Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) play a significant role in the economic
as well as social development of the country. Further, the spectrum of public sector
ranges from monopolistic nature like internal Air traffic control, Petroleum products
etc. to highly competitive fields like Health Services, Banking and Dairy products.
Today these undertakings are no longer regarded as large commercial concerns judged
on their commercial results but have in varying degrees wider social objectives than
commercial concerns in private sector. They deal with tax payers’ money and are
therefore accountable to the Parliament, ipsofacto; they are subject to public criticisms
and criticisms in the press too. Unlike the private commercial organization where
individuals count more, in these public undertakings, the systems have to work more
than individuals. Under such circumstances, there is a need for a strong vigilance
unit/system built-in with a set of rules to regulate the conduct of the employees of
these product/service delivery undertakings.
* Chief Administrator, National Vigilance Center

277
Vigilance has to be looked upon as one of the essential components of management.
It is as important as a segment in an organization like Finance, Personnel, Technical
and Marketing. If the vigilance set up is effective in such organizational setup, it
will certainly ensure the functioning of the other segment like Finance, Personnel,
Technical and Marketing in an efficient way. It has therefore to be given a rightful
place in the management of the PSUs. Though the work `vigilance’ is liked neither
by an honest officer nor a dishonest officer, yet its absence will be harmful to the
organization. It is like a Bitter Pill. For the health of the organization, the Bitter Bill
has to be administered. Like a Bitter Pill, the administration of vigilance will taste
sour. But in the long run, it will be in the good health of an organization.

The objective of vigilance is to ensure that the management gets the maximum output
of its various transactions. In the filed of purchases, it should get the quality product
at competitive prices. In the field of sales, it should get the maximum realization
for its products at the minimal selling cost. In the filed of personnel, it recruits the
best talented people and keeps the morale of the people high. Likewise, in anyone
of its transactions, it should endeavor to get the best. Unlike in private organizations
where individual's interests are totally centered round on the profitable functioning of
the organization, in public sector undertakings, it is rather difficult to inculcate that
culture without a vigilance set up. The presence of an effective vigilance setup will
enable the management to honor the presence of that culture.

Vigilance is not something external. It should be accepted as an essential part of the

management. Vigilance connotes watchfulness. It is not the purpose of vigilance to
wait for lapses to be committed and then try to conduct post-mortem. It is the biopsy
of transaction to detect lapses and timely corrections. What is more important than
punitive vigilance is preventive vigilance. In short, management should be interested
in preventive vigilance measures. If adequate attention is paid to preventive vigilance
side, many punitive vigilance cases will not arise. Preventive vigilance calls for
constant review of rules, procedures and practices which afford scope for corruption.
Some of the salient minimum features of preventive vigilance in different segments of
organization of PSUs are enumerated below:

I. Purchases and/or Procurement system

• Should be invariably on a public bid basis.
• Whenever limited bid is resorted to, enquiries should be done and adequate
notice be given to participate in such a bidding process.
• Further, bid should be both for technical and financial bids.

278
 • Technical bids should be scrutinized and approval of samples made before
financial bids are opened.
• Once the samples are approved, then the lowest price concept should be
implemented in awarding the contracts.
• List of suppliers should be reviewed periodically.
• Adherence of purchase conditions to be monitored.
• Delivery of samples should be got checked with basic samples.
• Review of settlement of bills of parties.
II. Sales System
• Fixation of prices as well as deliveries to be monitored.
• Quality assurance and feedback,
• Review of dealers performance,
• Review of discounts extended,
• Review of sale of substandard and damaged items, and
• Review of presentation of bills.
III. Transport Managements
• Should be done only on public bid basis.
• Evaluation of the performance of transporters on a periodical basis.
• Periodic review of rates applied in Public transport,
IV Execution of Civil Works
• Strict adherence to the procedure laid down by the PPA and its Regulations,
SBDs, Technical Specifications and Control measures applied in the
execution of civil works.
• Strict controls on Design, Time, Quality and Cost of the Civil Works.
• Surprise checks of measurements, quality of material and construction
quality as a whole etc.
• Timely and effective Technical Audits of the infrastructure projects.
V. Inventory Management
• Surprise check of stores both for quality and quantity.
• Review of stores lying unused for long time.

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 • Review the valuation methods used.
• Review the inventory methods and technique used
VI Financial Management
• Settlement of payments only by banking sytstems,
• Dispatch of cheques by post or curriers instead of hand delivery,
• Periodic review of debtors list,
• Obtaining confirmation of outstanding balances from parties time to time.
VII. Personnel Management
• Periodical rotation of officers/staff in sensitive posts,
• Review of the immovable properties return of the individuals.
• Proper implementation of the Code of Conduct, Discipline and Appeal
Rules like weeding out corrupt officers in pubic interest.
• Dispensation of unwanted procedures and practices,
• Streamlining procedures for recruitment, placements and transfers.
• Institution of effective grievance procedure machinery.
The aforesaid are some of the general aspects of preventive vigilance measures that
could be adopted in PSUs. But they will vary depending upon the type of activity,
size of the unit, the areas of operation etc. However, the point to be borne in mind is
that preventive vigilance measures help the management to get optimum results from
the different activities. For this purpose, PSUs can computerize all activities involving
delivery of services on a mission mode. This adoption of technology would reduce
direct interface between the citizens and the public officials in one hand, information
about the status of processing of the application of beneficiaries and progress of
delivery of services can be displayed publicly in another.

Simplification of rule and procedures should be undertaken so as to make them

citizen friendly and avoid the need for the citizens to approach public officials for
interventions. Review of systems and procedures should also aim at identifying and
mitigating the risk of corruption. So it is also advisable to have close liaison with
CIAA and NVC on a periodical basis so that the organization has the advantage of
having information from external front also.

Nutshell

Non-vigilant activities lead to a situation of non-transparent transactions and

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ultimately make major ground for corruption. It is said that corruption in Nepal is
now becoming rampant. It is said that earlier people earned to live but now many of
them live to earn. Obviously, this transformed attitude has cast aside ethics. News
about corruption clinches top spot in the news media too. Not only the media, but also
reports of the Auditor General, Commission for Investigation on Abuse of Authority,
National Vigilance Centre and other research reports increasingly carry stories on
corruption, fraudulent practices, and misuse of resources and public property by
concerned authorities.
Zero tolerance against corruption is the cardinal focus of the specific sectoral policies
pursued by Nepal against corruption. Following the signature of the UN Convention
against Corruption, Nepal adopted an Anti-Corruption Strategy and Action Plan in
2008, with several strategies, operational policies and activities to control all forms
of corruption and irregularities at all levels and positions as per the expectation of
the people which is considered as the latest anti-corruption effort of the government.
To conclude, it may be said that all these procedures could work well only if there is
a total commitment and honesty on the part of management in implementing them.
Let us therefore dedicate ourselves to be honest to implement the effective vigilant
procedures to make these PSUs function in an effective way so that they could reach
the commanding heights in the economic and social development of the country.

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 Citizen Engagement in Policy Process

Bishnu Ghimire*

Abstract
Citizen engagement is a two-way interaction between citizens and government officials
with the purpose of contributing meaningfully to specific public policy decisions in a
transparent and accountable way. It helps on bringing the voices of communities and
stakeholders into decision making which is relevant to them. The importance of citizen
engagement has been increasing as the policy process in today`s world is becoming more
complex for the government because modern democratic governments are dealing with
several complex policy issues. The engagement of citizen in the policy process is not only
help on strengthens democracy, transparency and accountability, but it also provides a
rich new source of ideas to the government before making the decision. It is a new way
of thinking about how governments, stakeholders, communities and ordinary citizens can
work together to find solutions to complex problems. Nowadays, the open government
initiative in developed countries has been helping on ensuring citizen engagement in the
policy process. Innovations in information and communication technologies are helping for
increased engagement with citizens. There are several regulatory provisions for ensuring
citizen engagement in the policy process in Nepal. Many public sector organizations in
the country are practicing various engagement activities for adjusting public`s and
stakeholder`s concerns and views in the policy process although the level of engagement
is basically limited just to the participation from the citizens and stakeholders instead of
their meaningful involvement in the policy process. There is also much work to be done in
acquainting citizens with, and building their capabilities for, participatory and deliberative
practices of policy development.

Introduction

Citizen engagement is a two-way interaction between citizens and government

authorities while making the decision regarding any issue of public concern. It is
the interactive processes of deliberation among citizens and between citizens and
government officials with the purpose of contributing meaningfully to specific
public policy decisions in a transparent and accountable way. In other words, citizen
engagement comprises such activities where a government uses to connect with
citizens in the development and implementation of policies, programs, and services.
It is a two-way learning process between citizens and their democratically elected

* Under Secretary

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government and public institutions in the search for common ground or activity. Within
this process; citizen involvement, interaction, and listening activities are carried out
with the purpose of generating mutual benefit. It is about bringing the voices of
communities and stakeholders into decision making which is relevant to them. This
relevance might be because they are directly affected by the decision being made,
or they might have a personal or professional interest in the issues being discussed.
Delivering high-quality public services at the least cost and achieving shared public
policy goals requires innovative approaches and greater involvement of citizens. It is
common that the effective policy-making is one where the public can play an active
and meaningful role. Citizen engagement is much broader compared to traditional
type of public participation because in citizen engagement, the public is only engaged
when assessing the acceptability of a policy idea during formulation of policy or after
a policy has been developed.

The policy process in today`s world is becoming more complex for the government as
the modern democratic governments are dealing with several complex policy issues
such as globalization, religious and cultural varieties, environment protection and so
on. The engagement of citizen in the policy process and service design is not only help
on strengthens democracy, transparency and accountability, but it also provides a rich
new source of ideas to the government before making the decision. More importantly,
citizens and other professionals are important sources of ideas. Alternatively, it can be
argued that government alone cannot effectively address the problems and concerns
which they do not fully understand. In this regard, the English National Coordinating
Centre for Public Engagement (NCCPE) suggest that “citizen engagement in policy
process helps to keep a breast of public concerns and expectations and supports real-
world problem solving as well as demonstrate accountability and leading to socially-
grounded decision-making”. Furthermore, it also helps to develop strong communities,
it gives them the confidence to participate and develop their interest in being part of
the solution. It can help on bringing better outcomes through better decisions, better
policies, better programs and effective resource mobilization based on the preferences
and requirements of the citizens and stakeholders. It is believed that communities
and stakeholders are best placed to identify and understand the challenges they face,
and more importantly, help design and implement the solutions needed. Therefore,
citizen engagement in the policy process and service design is important to bring their
requirements, problems, and preferences while making a policy decision. However,
social exclusion and other deprivations are very likely to discourage many citizens
from engagement, especially where inequalities of power and status prevail.

Citizen engagement provides citizens and communities an important role in raising

policy issues with government and subsequently working with the government to

283
identify policy options and implement solutions.It is a new way of thinking about
how governments, stakeholders, communities and ordinary citizens can work together
to find solutions to complex problems. Public engagement in the design and delivery
of public policy and services can help governments better understand people’s needs,
leverage a wider pool of information and resources, improve compliance, comprise
costs and reduce the risk of conflict and delays downstream.Nowadays, the open
government initiative in developed countries including Australia and the USA has
been helping on ensuring citizen engagement in the policy process. Hence, it can
be argued that effective engagement by citizens in the governance of their society
is the bedrock of democracy.There are some norms and values for ensuring citizen
engagement in the policy process. International Association of Public Participation
(IAP2) mentions the following core values for ensuring citizen engagement in policy
process:
• It is based on the belief that those who are affected by a decision have a
right to be involved in the decision-making process.
• It includes the promise that the public's contribution will influence the
decision.
• It promotes sustainable decisions by recognizing and communicating the
needs and interests of all participants, including decision makers.
• It seeks out and facilitates the involvement of those potentially affected by
or interested in a decision.
• It seeks input from participants in designing how they participate.
• It provides participants with the information they need to participate in a
meaningful way.
• It communicates to participants how their input affected the decision.
It is important to acknowledge that not all policy issues provide the opportunity for
broad community consultation or active citizen participation. In some cases, the
government’s policy agenda or prior commitments require specific decisions. In
other cases, the government will require only the input of stakeholders with specific
experience or expertise. Where there is no genuine opportunity for citizens to inform
policy development, a community engagement process should not beundertaken.
When the policy issue is complex and requires considered debate, or when there
is a legislative requirement to consult, citizen engagement is required in such case.
Similarly, if the issue is politically sensitive and requires a level of community
consensus or a range of creative options is required or if there is a need to know what
an informed general public would want, there would be the need for broader citizen
engagement.

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Benefits from Citizen Engagement

Citizen engagement provides several positive results within the policy process and other
decision-making processes. It can help on strengthening the democratic legitimacy of
policy, by ensuring that citizens are able to take and influence the decisions that affect
their lives; increasing the accountability of government, by ensuring that citizens are
aware and can respond to the decisions that government takes; and improving the
quality of policy, by ensuring as broad a range of knowledge, views and values as
possible are present in the process and ensuring that policy goes with the grain of
public values. In one hand, citizen engagement leads to a more active citizenry, and on
the other, it elevates the public discourse, enhances transparency and accountability.
It also increases the sphere within which citizens can make choices.It encourages
debates that lead to broad-based consensus in support of government initiatives and
improves the likelihood of success of government actions and decisions.

Focusing on the positive aspects of citizen engagement, Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD) mentions that, at first, strengthening relations
with citizens is a sound investment in better policy-makingand a core element of
good governance. Secondly, it allows the government to tap new sources of policy-
relevantideas, information, and resources when making decisions. Thirdly and equally
important, it contributes to building public trust in government, raising the quality
of democracy and strengthening civic capacity. Finally, such efforts help strengthen
representative democracy, in which parliaments play a central role. Similarly, a study
by Michels (2011) reveals that citizen involvement has a number of positive effects on
democracy such as it increases issue knowledge, civic skills, and public engagement
and contributes to the support for decisions among the participants.Therefore, the
following benefits can be achieved from effective citizen engagement:
a) It helps to improve the quality of policy being developed, making it more
practical and relevant, and helping to ensure that services are delivered in a
more effective and efficient way;
b) It is a way for government to check the health of its relationship with citizens
directly, to check its reputation and status;
c) It reveals ways in which government, citizens, and organizations could work
more closely on issues of concern to the community;
d) Engagement gives early notice of emerging issues, putting government in a
better position to deal with them in a proactive way, instead of reacting as
anger and conflict arise;

285
 e) It provides opportunities for a diversity of voices to be heard on issues that
matter to people;
f) It enables citizens to identify priorities for themselves and share in decision-
making, thereby assuming more ownership of solutions and more responsibility
for their implementation; and
g) It fosters a sense of mutuality, belonging and a sense of empowerment, all of
which strengthens resilience.
In addition, effective engagement practices can promote citizen and community
awareness, identify community perceptions, verify government information or thinking
about an issue, tap into new ideas and expertise, provide avenues for dialogue withkey
stakeholders, citizens, communities, government, and other stakeholders, promote
consensus and build ownership, achieve negotiated outcomes, provide feedback and
evaluation on existing policies and so on. Focusing on rewards and risk of citizen
engagement in the policy process, Stewart argues that the rewards of engagement are
enhanced legitimacy and better information where the risks lie in capture, backlash,
and confused accountabilities.

Engagement Tools and Techniques

There may be various tools and techniques for ensuring citizen engagement in the
policy process. It basically depends on the level of education, use of technology, history
of democratic practices and political and administrative will of the leadership in the
country. It is also clear that the momentum for increased engagement with citizens is
being assisted by innovations in information and communication technologies. For
example, the emergence of Web 2.0 as an interactive communications platform, offering
new social media tools like blogs and wikis, has further heightened expectations.
Integrating diverse views and perspectives in policy development through effective
information sharing, consultation and active participation processes can assist policy
officers in gaining a greater understanding of the policy issue, its various options
and possible solutions for developing more effective and sustainable policies that
better meet the needs of citizens and communities.Rowe and Frewer mention the
following method of communication-consultation-participation` for effective citizen
engagement in policy process or public service design:

286
 Communication
(Flow of information from
public agency to public)
• Information leaflets
• Organizational websites
• Annual reports
• Newsletters
• Media
• Road-shows
• Notice boards
Consultation
(Flow of information from
public to public agency)
• Citizen surveys
• Focus groups
• Public consultations
• Complaints systems
• Comment cards
• Public opinion polls
• Professional panels
Participation
(Information is exchanged
between public and public
agency)
• User representation on
committees
• Partnership boards
• Citizen`s juries
• Deliberative polling
• Stakeholder conferences
• Participatory appraisal

Based on the above analysis, it can be argued that engagement activities are required
within the whole cycle of a policy process. However, such activities may not be
similar in different stages of the policy cycle. First of all, citizen engagement can be
ensured while setting agenda through deliberative forums, visioning required policy,
public campaigns, and other mapping activities. In the phase of policy formulation,
proposed policy can be shaped through deliberative forums, citizen panels, focus
group discussions, dialogues, and sometimes through polling. Similarly, in the policy
proposal phase, engagement can be done through various consultations including
written, face-to-face, and media generate debates. Citizen engagement activities can
be carried out in the policy decision phase through attending meetings, webcasting,
newsletters, email, reports and media use which is the most important phase for ensuring
engagement in the policy process. Finally, policy feedback and evaluation activities
are done through citizen panels, polling and surveys for taking feedback for the policy
process and evaluation of the policy. In this regard, International Association of Public
Participation (IAP)suggests the following spectrum for ensuring citizen engagement
in the policy process:

INCREASING IMPACT IN THE DECISION

INFORM CONSULT INVOLVE COLLABORATE EMPOWER
To provide To obtain To work directly To partner with To place
the public public with the public the public in final
PUBLIC with balanced feedback throughout each aspect of decision
and objective on analysis, the process the decision making in
information to alternatives to ensure that including the the hands of
PARTICIPATION assist them in and/or public concerns development of the public.
understanding decisions. and aspirations alternatives and Promise to
the problem, are consistently the identification the Public
GOAL alternatives, understood and of the preferred
opportunities considered. solution.
and/or
solutions.

287
 We will keep We will keep We will work We will work We will
PROMISE you informed. you informed, withyou to together with implement
listen to and ensure that you to formulate what you
TO acknowledge your concerns solutions and decide.
concerns and and aspirations incorporate
THE aspirations, are directly your advice and
and provide reflected in the recommendations
PUBLIC feedback alternatives into the decisions
on how developed to the maximum
public input and provide extent possible.
influenced feedback on
the decision. how public
We will seek input influenced
your feedback the decision.
on drafts and
proposals.
Example Example Example Example Example
Tools: Tools: Tools: Tools: Tools:
Fact sheets
  Public Workshops
 Citizen advisory 
 Citizen
Websites
 comment Deliberate
 committees juries
Open
  Focus polling. Census-building 
 Ballots
houses. groups Participatory
 Delegated

 Surveys decision- decisions
 Public making
meetings.

Citizens will be most likely to engage with the government if they believe they can
make a real difference or where the issue affects them.Evidence also suggested that
people tend to engage only in issues which are of personal importance to them.
Therefore, care is needed in any engagement approach to getting beyond the people
with vestedinterests, and beyond the people who are most articulate and most aware
of policy‘opportunities’.

Citizen Engagement in Nepal

As a democratic country, Nepal has been trying to ensure citizen engagement in its
policy processes in the recent years. The Interim Constitution of Nepal (2007) has
recognized that every citizen shall have the right to demand or receive information
on any matter of public interest and it also accepts citizen participation in country`s
governance. Based on the constitutional guidance, Good Governance Act (2008) has
provisioned that there would be free access to people to administrative mechanism
and its decisions and every public authority should try for the popular participation of

288
the stakeholders. It further mentions that consultation may be made with civil society
or other stakeholders while implementing the matters of public concern (Article 20).
Good Governance Regulation (2008)further provisioned that selection of project or
program is based on citizen requirements, operation of programs through consumer
group and citizen engagement in implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
those programs or projects. Similarly, Local Self-Governance Act (1999) has several
provisions of public participation and engagement in selecting, implementing, and
evaluatingthe plans, programs and projects with the interest and requirements of the
citizen.

Many public sector organizations in the country are practicing feedback mechanism,
complaint/suggestion box, information in their websites, brochures, leaflets, meetings
with the public, public notice, media release and so on for adjusting public`s and
stakeholder`s concerns and views in the policy process. For example, few years ago,
Ministry of Land Reform and Management (MOLRM) has issued anotice through the
national newspaper while formulating new land policy for taking the views of the citizen
regarding the proposed policy issue and for ensuring citizen engagement. Likewise,the
Parliament has ordered (August 2014) to take people`s view before accepting the bill
regarding `Contempt of the Court` in Nepal. Recently (December 2014), Ministry
of Forest and Soil Conservation (MFSC) also decided to take public views from the
concerned citizens before making decision on whether to handover the managerial
authority of Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) to National Trust for
Nature Conservation or not.In this way several public sector organizations are trying
to ensure citizen engagement in the policy process although the level of engagement
isbasically limited just to the participation from the citizens and stakeholders instead
of their meaningful involvement in the policy process.In addition, there is the need for
ensuring citizen engagement while designing public services in the country.However,
citizen engagement through their representatives including parliamentary committees
has been trying to bring the view of the citizen in the policy process. In conclusion,
it can be argued that there are several areas for improving citizen engagement in the
policy process and public service design in the country. Most importantly, there is
also much work to be done in acquainting citizens with, and building their capabilities
for, participatory and deliberative practices of policy development and public service
design.

289
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