Energy Equation

Situation 1. A 120-mm diameter pipe enlarges to a 180-mm-diameter pipe. At section 1 (smaller pipe), the density of a gas in steady flow is 200 kg/m3 and the velocity is
20 m/s; at section 2, the velocity is 14 m/s. Find the density of the gas at section 2.

Situation 2. Gasoline (6.68 kN/m3), flows in a pipe enlargement from 50-mm-diameter to 90-mm-diameter. The pressures at smaller and larger sections are 388 Pa and
400 Pa, respectively. Calculate the velocity of flow at smaller diameter section.

Situation 3. A 50-mm-diameter siphon is drawing oil (SG = 0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown. If the head loss from (1) to (2) is 1.50 m. and from (2) to (3) is 2.40 m.,
find the discharge of oil from the siphon and the oil pressure at point 2.

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Situation 3. A 50-mm-diameter siphon is drawing oil (SG = 0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown. If the head loss from (1) to (2) is 1.50 m. and from (2) to (3) is 2.40 m.,
find the discharge of oil from the siphon and the oil pressure at point 2.

Situation 4. A large tank contains compressed air, gasoline (SG = 0.68), light oil (SG = 0.80), and water as shown. The pressure of the air is 120 kPa gage. If we neglect
friction, what is the mass flow of oil from a 20-mm-diameter jet?

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Flow Measuring Devices

FLOW MEASUREMENT: Pitot Tube

It was invented by French Hydraulic engineer Henry Pitot in 1732 to measure the flowing fluid or air velocity.

Situation 5. A mercury-kerosene manometer is connected to a Pitot tube as shown. The deflection on the manometer is 180 mm.
Determine the flow rate down the pipe if the pipe is 150mm in diameter. Assume specific gravity of kerosene is 0.81.

FLOW MEASUREMENT: Orifice Meter

Consists of a flat plate that has a sharp-edged hole accurately machined in it and placed concentrically in a pipe. This is called the ORIFICE.

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Situation 6. A 50-mm circular orifice at the end of the 75-mm diameter pipe shown discharges into the atmosphere a measured flow of 17 L/s of water when the pressure in
the pipe is 68.95 kPa. The jet velocity is determined by a pitot tube to be 11.95 m/s. Calculate the three coefficients of the orifice.

FLOW MEASUREMENT: Venturi Meter

It is based on the use of the VENTURI EFFECT, the reduction of fluid pressure that results when a fluid runs through a constricted section of pipe.

Situation 7. An oil (SG = 0.90) is flowing through a venturi meter having an inlet diameter of 20 cm and throat diameter of 10 cm. The oil-mercury differential manometer
shows a reading of 20 cm. Calculate the discharge of oil through the horizontal venturi meter. Take Cd = 0.98.

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FLOW MEASUREMENT: Weir

Weirs are overflow structures that stretch across an open channel of water and are meant to alter the channel’s flow characteristics making it easier to measure the
volumetric rate of water flow.

Situation 8. A rectangular irrigation canal 3 meters wide carries water with a discharge of 6 m3/s. A rectangular weir is to be installed across the canal to raise the water
level 2 m. above the canal floor. Calculate the required height if it is (a) suppressed and (b) contracted. Use Francis Formula.

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Situation 9. Find the time required to lower the water level from 3 m. to 2 m. in a reservoir of dimension 80 m x 80 m, by a rectangular notch of length 1.5 m. Take Cd =
0.62

Situation 10. The head of water over a triangular notch of angle 60° is 50 cm and coefficient of discharge is 0.62. The flow measured by it is to be within an accuracy of
1.5% up or down. Find the limiting values of the head.

Situation 11. Find the discharge through a trapezoidal notch which is 1-meter wide at the top and 0.40 m. at the bottom and is 30 cm high. The head of water on the
notch is 20 cm. Assume Cd for the rect. portion as 0.62, while for the triangular portion as 0.60.

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