CHAPTER 2 FLUID STATICS

2.1 Conception

FLUID MECHANICS

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2.2 Hydrostatic pressure
2.3 Basic differential equations for fluid statics

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2.4 Absolute Fluid Statics (The fluid equilibrium in the gravitational force)

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Assoc. Prof. LÊ VĂN DỰC

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Fluid Mechanics Department – Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
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Van Duc
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Date: 2020.07.29
16:36:49 +07'00'

2.2 Hydrostatic Pressure

CHAPTER 2 FLUID STATICS Definition:

• Average pressure (2.2.1)

2.1 Conception Hydrostatic pressure depends upon space: p = f [M(x,y,z)]

Fluid statics: • Pressure at a point (2.2.2)

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- Fluid is being at rest state: Properties:
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(i) Absolute rest (statics): The fluid movement is observed in terms of coordinates fixed upon the ground; ✓ Hydrostatic pressure acts normal to infinitesimal area around the point, and orientation toward the area, if it is
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absolute pressure or positive gauge pressure.
(ii) Relative rest (statics): The fluid can be regarded as being at rest if the fluid movement is observed in terms
✓ Hydrostatic pressure magnitude at any point is constant, regardless of the direction of infinitesimal bearing area.
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of coordinates fixed upon the vessel.
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Absolute – Gauge – Vacuum Pressures
- There is no shear (friction) stress component → Hydrostatic pressure acts perpendicular to solid walls or interface
surfaces. ✓ Absolute pressure: a pressure that is evaluated on the basis of absolute vacuum.
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- Considering the volume of fluid in the closed control surface → Apply Newton’ law II pabs = 0  pressure under absolute vacuum.
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- “The total force or torque of the external force exerted on the volume of the equilibrium fluid will be zero” ✓ Gauge pressure: Let pa be the datum pressure (usually atmospheric pressure), the gauge pressure is defined as follows:

→ find the differential equation for static fluid → integral we obtain equation of fluid statics. p gauge = p abs - pa (2.2.3)

✓ Vacuum pressure: In the case, if pgauge < 0, vacuum pressure (pvac) is defined as follows:

pvac = - pgauge = pa - pabs (2.2.4)

 pabs = ∞ pgauge = ∞ 2.3 Basic differential equations for fluid statics
Suppose the fluid medium is subjected to body force with unit vector of
𝐹Ԧ = (Fx, Fy, Fz). Consider the box of fluid having their sides parallel to
the axes (See Fig. 2.3.1). Since this fluid box is in equilibrium, applying
ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE
GAUGE
PRESSURE pgauge =pabs - pa Newton II's law, we have:

Σ 𝑓Ԧ = 0 ⇒ Σfx = 0

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pa ≈10m(H2O) pgauge = 0 - Body force:

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pvac = 0
ρ.δx.δy.δz.Fx

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- Surface force:
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
+p(x,y,z).(δy.δz) – [p(x,y,z) + 𝛿𝑥].(δy.δz) = - 𝛿𝑥.δy.δz

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𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
- Total projection of forces on x-axis:

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VACUUM
PRESSURE 𝜕𝑝
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ρ.δx.δy.δz.Fx - 𝛿𝑥.δy.δz = 0 Fig. 2.3.1
𝜕𝑥
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pvac = - pgauge = pa - pabs 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝
→ ρ.Fx - =0 ⇔ = ρ.Fx ⇔ = Fx
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕𝑥
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Similarly proved for the projection of forces on y- and z- axis, we get:
pgauge = - pa pvac = pa 1 𝜕𝑝
pabs = 0 = Fx 1 𝜕𝑝 𝑠
𝜌 𝜕𝑥 .dx = Fx .dx 𝑠
1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜌 𝜕𝑥
= Fy ⇔ Ԧ
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑝 = 𝐹 (2.3.1) 1
𝜌 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 1 𝜕𝑝
Fig. 2.2.1 .dy = Fy .dy 𝑑𝑝 = ( Fx.dx+Fy.dy+Fz.dz) (2.3.2)
1 𝜕𝑝
= Fz 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 𝜌
𝜌 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕𝑝
𝑠
.dz = Fz .dz 𝑠
𝜌 𝜕𝑧

In Equation (2.3.2)
2.4 Absolute Fluid Statics (The fluid equilibrium in the gravitational force)
Considering the cartesian coordinate system OXYZ, having OXY horizontal, OZ vertical and upward, so the body-
𝐹Ԧ 𝐹𝑥 , 𝐹𝑦 , 𝐹𝑧 ∶ Body-force unit vector; force unit vector can be written:
p(x,y,z) : pressure function. Fx = 0; Fy = 0; Fz = - g (2.4.1)
• The equation (2.3.2) indicates that the right side must be a total differential of some force function that depends on Substitute these values into Equation (2.3.3), integral, we get: →  = g.z + Co (2.4.2)
coordinates: U(x,y,z).
• Let U(x,y,z) = - (x,y,z).  (x,y,z) is called as potential function, we have: 2.4.1 Fluid statics equation(for incompressible fluid)
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Substitute (2.4.1) into (2.3.2), after integration, we get:
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(2.4.3)
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(2.3.3) Z : elevation head (m)
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(2.4.4) 𝑝
: pressure head (m)
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𝛾
𝑝∗
; piezometric head (m)
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𝛾 Fig. 2.4.1
Consequences:
a) The isotropic plane (isobar) is the horizontal plane: p = const → z = const
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Therefore, fluid is just equilibrium, if the body-force is a conservative body force [ satisfied equation (2.3.3) ]
b) If we have some insoluble liquids of different densities in a jar → The contacting surface between liquids is the
Substitute (2.3.3) into (2.3.1), after arrangement, we can get the basic differential equation in the following vector form: horizontal plane; the fluid, which is heavier, is below.
c) Consider two points in same fluid A and B (Fig. 2.4.1), we have: pB = pA + γ.h (2.4.5)
(2.3.4)
d) Pascal's law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure) is a principle in fluid
mechanics given by Blaise Pascal that states that a pressure change at any point in a confined incompressible fluid is
transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.
 2.4.2 Static gas equation (basic equation of compressible fluid)
+ Compressible fluid → Density  is a function of pressure and temperature:  = f (p, T) → 2.4.3.2 Application of Pascal’s law
dp = -ρg.dz
If given  = (z), g = g(z), we can get p(z)
Piston 2
Piston 1

2.4.3 Application of hydrostatic equations (2.4.7)

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2.4.3.1 Manometer
❑ Open Type: Fig. 2.4.3 p = γ1.h1 – γ.h

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2.4.3.3 Pressure distribution chart
Fig. 2.4.2f p1-p2 = γ2.h2 + γ3.h3 – γ1.h1

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Absolute manometer (Fig.2.4.2a) p = po + .(zo-z) = po + .h (2.4.8) Fig. 2.4.2g
Relative manometer Fig. 2.4.2c
Fig. 2.4.2b

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- Gauge Pressure measurement (Fig.2.4.2b) Fig. 2.4.2a

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- Vacuum Pressure measurement (Fig.2.4.2c)
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❑ Different Type:
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An inverted U-tube differential manometer (Fig.2.4.2d)
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Fig. 2.4.4a
(2.4.6)

A U-tube differential manometer (Fig.2.4.2e)

Fig. 2.4.2e
(2.4.7) Fig. 2.4.2d Fig. 2.4.4b

METHOD TO COMPUTE PRESSURE AT A POINT 2.4.4 Hydrostatic Forces

Step 1: Select type of pressure (pabs, pgage) for computation Notices: 2.4.4.1 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged plane surfaces
Step 2: Determine contact surfaces between fluid, other 1. Gauge pressure of contact surface with open air pgauge= 0 Value of force P = pc.A (2.4.9)
fluids (unmixable), or gases: set names of points on these
contact surfaces (Ex: A, B, C,..) 2. All points in the same closed air have the same pressure.
The hydrostatic force applied to a plane area lying entirely in the fluid is
Step 3: Find out a point on the contact surfaces, or where the Example: equal to the product of the pressure at the centroid C of the area (pc) and
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pressure is known (or assumed known)
gas
γ5 the area A.
po gas C pa
Step 4: From the point whose pressure is known, we compute E
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the unknown pressure points. Repeat until get the pressure at G h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 A Center of pressure D (The point of application of the force P)
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the required point through the points on the contact surface F B Fig. 2.4.5
h2 γ2 D
in the same fluid, use formula: H (2.4.10)
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pB = pA + γ.h When B lies lower than A γ1
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h1
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pB = pA - γ.h When B lies higher than A γ3 γ4 γ6
If the area is symmetrical through the CY’ axis (// Oy) → Ix’y’= 0 → xD = xC , the
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+ γ : specific weight of fluid containing 2 points A & B Given: h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7 , γ1, γ2, γ3, γ4, γ5, γ6 point D lies on the symmetry axis CY' → Then we just need to specify yD only.
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Find the pressure at point I, pI on the bottom of tank ?
+ h : difference of elevation of 2 points A & B
Plane surface is a rectangular area (See Fig. 2.4.6)
pI = pA + γ6 h7 - γ5 h6 + γ4 h5 + γ3 h3 + γ2 h2 + γ1 h1
Value of force (2.4.11) Fig. 2.4.6
Gauge pressure pA = 0

Center of pressure D (2.4.12)

 METHOD OF COMPUTATION FORCE ACTING ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREA
2.4.4.2 Hydrostatic forces on submerged curved surfaces
Step 1: Select type of pressure (pabs, pgage) to use ho
Consider a curved surface of area A in the liquid. The OXYZ coordinate system has the horizontal OXY surface which + If plane area A is not a rectangle,
Step 2: Determine area A, centroid C of the plane area A using the following formula:
is the free open surface of the fluid (pressure equal to atmospheric pressure, p a), and OZ axis is vertical and upward.
M Pdư = 0 M O
Step 3: Find the horizontal plane having zero of gauge
We can find the force 𝑃 (𝑃𝑥 ; 𝑃𝑦 ; 𝑃𝑧 ) acting on curved area A with the components as shown below pressure: it can be the free surface exposed to open air, or the po
ho > 0
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Px = .hcx.Ax = pcx. Ax surface (MM) parallel to the closed-air fluid interface in the O
pa vessel (NN) (with gauge pressure po) at the distance from it :

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P A yc x
Py = .hcy.Ay = pcy. Ay (2.4.13) ho =
𝑝𝑜 po > 0 ➔ Surface (M-M) lies above (N-N) D
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𝛾 po < 0 ➔ Surface (M-M) lies below (N-N) C

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Pz = W Step 4: Let (M-M) the open free surface having 0 gauge- y x'
yD

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pressure. And we will compute gauge pressure based on this Notices: y'
free plane. 1. The origin O of OXY is the intersection between the surface stored area A
(2.4.14)

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Step 5: Compute pressure at the centroid C (pC). and surface (M-M).

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Step 6: Compute force by fluid acting on area A, use the 2. Notice on the intersection between (M-M) and area A, if possible:
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Fig. 2.4.7 following formula: - The portion of area A below (M-M) having positive gauge pressure.
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- The portion of area A above (M-M) having negative gauge pressure.
P = pc .A
3. Compute the force by the positive gauge pressure acting on area
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W: volume of pressure object, created by the curved surface A as the bottom; the curved surface created by vertical Step 7: Determine the center of pressure D:
+ If the area is rectangle having
A, called P1; the force by the negative gauge pressure acting on area
line sliding along the edge of A, and extending to the free surface of the liquid, or its extension; and the free surface A, called P2. P1 and P2, act in the opposite direction. P 1 acts toward
of liquid (or horizontal plane having pressure equal to atmospheric pressure, p a) as the top (see the Fig. 2.4.7). one side parallel to the free
surface using the following the area from the fluid & normal to area A. P 2 is in opposite
formula: direction. Compute P is algebraic sum of P 1 and P2.

METHOD FOR COMPUTATION FORCE PZ ACTING ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREA
Step 1: Select type of pressure (pabs, pgage) to use
Step 2: Determine free surface or equivalent surface (M-M)
CASE 1: Open curved area (Ω), created by a line segment
parallel to OY, having length L.
• Determine curve (C), intersection between curved surface and XOZ
• Using vertical line segment to divide (C), into small curves on which
2.4.5 Archimedes’ Buoyant Force
CASE 2: Open curved area (Ω), having symmetrical axis parallel to OX. • The horizontal component of the hydrostatic force applied by the fluid on a submerged body is zero
• The vertical component of the hydrostatic force exerted by the liquid on a submerged body is equal to the net upward
• Determine volume V, lies between curved surface and the vertical force acts on submerged body and called buoyant force. This force is caused by the imbalance of pressure on the
plane sides
upper and lower surface.
• Force Pz will be computed by formula: Pz= γ.V ❖ Archimedes' Principle: The buoyant force acting on the body submersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the body and it acts upward through the centroid of the displaced volume
- Force Pz upward ↑ if volume V does not store fluid
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pressure acts either upward or downward, EX: AA’, BB’, CC’, DD’,
where A’,B’,C’ and D’ lie on (MM) - Force Pz downward ↓ if volume V store fluid Pz = .W (2.4.15) W: volume of submerged body
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• Compute Pzi acting on these curves, for example, Pz1 on curve AB,
Pz2 on curve BC, Pz3 on curve CD. • The point of application of force Pz is the center of buoyancy, D, which is the centroid of the
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• Assumption: Pz > 0 when the force is downward, Pz < 0 when the
Pz
submerged volume of fluid that the body occupies.
force is upward.
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R R 2.4.6 Stability of objects in liquids
C’ D’ A’ B’ H O
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M M O O
Pz1
❖ Submerged bodies
Z A Pz = Pz2 – (Pz1+PZ3) Pz Fig. 2.4.8
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Y Pz2 B - Weight G of body exerts at its centroid C in vertical and downward direction
Pz3 Pz1 = γL.dt(ABB’A’) 1
Pz = γ.V = γ. .π .R2.H Pz = γ.V =
2
γ. .π .R3 - Buoyant force Pz exerts at the center of buoyancy, D in vertical and upward direction
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Pz2 = γL.dt(CBB’C’)
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If G > Pz  body sinks; If G < Pz  body rises up ; If G = Pz  body is suspended
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Pz3 = γL.dt(CDD’C’)
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(i) If C lies lower than D  object is stable equilibrium
(ii) If C lies higher than D  object is unstable equilibrium  returns to state (i).
(iii) If C coincides with D  Object is neutral equilibrium (equilibrium in any
position). Fig. 2.4.9
❖ Floating bodies
+ If C lies lower than D  object is stable equilibrium
+ If C lies higher than D  Consider Metacenter M
- If M is higher than C ↔ ρ > CD  object is stable equilibrium
- If M is lower than C ↔ ρ < CD  object is unstable equilibrium
- If M coincides with C ↔ ρ = CD  object is neutral equilibrium

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(2.4.16)

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Waterplane area

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Fig. 2.4.10
(2.4.17)
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G : weight of object; γ : specific weight of fluid

W : immersed volume; ρ : Metacentric radius Fig. 2.4.11

Fig. 2.4.11
Where Ixx, Iyy’ moment of inertia of waterplane area A about xx’ and yy’ axis, respectively.
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