THE FEASIBILITY OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) SKIN AS AN

ALTERNATIVE PAPER

Samuel CACANINDIN
Kim Irishmae INONG
Roscel Ericka MAGCALAS
Graciela RODRIGUEZ

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
MALAYAN COLLEGES LAGUNA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

PRACTICAL RESEARCH

MARCH 2018
 ii

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank our almighty God who gives us knowledge and wisdom

throughout our entire research.

Also, our research adviser Ma. Charina Krissel Tingson for guiding us from start to

finish and continuously giving sincere comments, insights, and advice for the improvement

of our research paper.

Our key informants Mr. Marco Guetta and Ms. Abigail Angelia helped the

researchers in improving the experiment by suggesting ways on how to properly execute the

experiment based on their full knowledge about the topic

Our ten random participants who patiently tested the sample garlic papers in terms of

its texture.

We would also like to show our gratitude to our beloved family, friends, and

constituents who gave us moral support and help. This entire research wouldn’t be possible

without them. Thank you,

Samuel R. Cacanindin

Kim Irishmae A. Inong

Roscel Ericka T. Magcalas

Graciela P. Rodriguez
 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i
Acknowledgement ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Tables v
List of Figures vi
Abstract vii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 2

Statement of the Problem 3
Objectives of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
Scope and Limitation 5
Definition of Terms 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 6

The History of Garlic 6

The History of Paper 6
The Components of Garlic 8
The Components of Paper 9
The Use of Garlic 10
Starch as Component in Paper Making 10
Chlorine as a Component in Paper Making 11
Water as a Component in Paper Making 11

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 14

Research Design 14
Methods on Creating the Paper 15
Analysis and Interpretation 16

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 25

Summary 25
Conclusion 26
Recommendation 27
REFERENCES 30
 iv

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Tables 33
Appendix B: Figures and pictures 34

LIST OF TABLES
 v

Table Page

1 Experimental Design 16
2 Set of Combinations for Garlic Skin, Water, Chlorine, and Starch 18
3 Weighted Average of the Types of Garlic Skins in Terms of Texture 23
4 ANOVA for Water Resistance and Strength of Garlic Skins as Alternative 23
Paper

LIST OF FIGURES
 vi

Figur Page
e

1 Conceptual Framework for the Process of Making a Garlic Paper 13

2 Comparison in Terms of Texture 20
3 Comparison in Terms of Water Resistance 20
4 Comparison in Terms of Strength 21
 vii

Abstract

The study aims to find out if Garlic skins are feasible in paper making. To answer these
problems, the researchers conducted an experiment. The researchers collected and segregated
Garlic skins into three groups: fine, semi-fine, and whole. The experiment was composed of
five combinations per group and was conducted with two trials. After segregating, the semi-
fine and whole pieces were boiled for a minute while other components such as water, starch,
and chlorine were measured. The researchers placed the boiled (semi-fine and whole) skins
and the fine skins into its designated cups, each with constant amount of water and garlic
skins, and varying amounts of liquid starch and chlorine. These cups were mixed thoroughly
then the liquid was drained using silkscreen, and the pulps were each placed on a plastic
sheet. Due to the changes in the weather, the pulps were dried inconsistently under the sun.
These pulps were carefully collected and tested in terms of texture, strength and water
resistance using Likert Scales and ANOVA. In conclusion, the study found out that Garlic
skins are feasible as the main component in paper making. Based on the results, the
combination that has a large amount of starch and whole pieces of Garlic skin had the best
results in terms of texture, water resistance, and strength compared to the other groups of
Garlic skins. The study was conducted to help preserve our nature and to be able to recycle
Garlic skins instead of just throwing it away.
Keywords: Garlic skins, fine, semi-fine, whole, Likert Sales, ANOVA, feasible, texture,
water resistance, and strength.
 1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
As of September 2015, a research conducted by Thomas Crowther of the Netherlands

Institute of Ecology shows that there are 15.3 billion trees chopped down every year. Due to

excessive need of materials for infrastructural matters, movables such as furniture

manufacturing, medicinal purposes, and especially for printing media that uses papers, an

astounding decrease of forests is an alarming issue that the world faces.

Paper was invented in ancient China during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) and

spread slowly to the west via the Silk Road for the purpose of imprinting mass-producing

prayers distributed by the Buddhist monks. In other matters, papers are also used in monetary

purposes, for printing media. In fact, people working in printing press cut down 500,000 trees

per week to produce each week’s issue of newspaper.

Until now, there is still a huge demand of papers resulting to a more massive cutting

down of trees. For this rationale, the researchers found an alternative component in paper-

making which is the Garlic (Allium sativum) skins.

This study aimed to produce an alternative paper with its main component Garlic

skins to potentially aid the decreasing number of forests in our environment.

 2

Background of the Study

Allium sativum, commonly known as Garlic, is a species in the onion genus, Allium.

Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive and rakkyo. With a history of human

use of over 7,000 years, Garlic is native to Central Asia, and has long been a staple in the

Mediterranean Region, as well as a frequent seasoning in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It was

known to Ancient Egyptians, and has been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.

On the other hand, paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers,

typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible

sheets. However, Garlic skins are rich in fiber and it contains cellulose pulp that a typical

paper has.

In addition, papers are made from millions of trees, every year. People cut down 4

billion trees to provide quality papers.

 3

Statement of the Problem

This research was conducted to test the effectiveness of Garlic skins for paper

production. Specifically, this study was sought to answer the following:

Main Problem:

Is it possible to produce an alternative paper using Garlic skins?

Sub Problems:

1.) How can the variance of variables affect the paper produced out of Garlic skins? In

terms of:

a.) Amount of Garlic skins

b.) Amount of liquid starch

c.) Chlorine amount

2.) How can the researchers test the effectivity of Garlic skin as the main component

of an alternative paper?

In terms of:

a.) Texture

b.) Water resistance

c.) Strength
 4

Objectives

This research aims to prove the effectiveness of using Garlic skins as an alternative

paper.

Specific Objectives:

1. To eliminate the garlic skins as trash by recycling.

2. To aid the management in giving people concepts that will help the conservation of

nature.

3. To prove that garlic skins are feasible as the main component in paper making.

Rationale

The study will enhance involvement in lessening the rate of trees being cut down for

paper production. Garlic skins will not be a trash in our kitchen, instead it will help the

community especially the scholars for a better but not that expensive paper for school. This

study will also aid the management to give people concepts that will help the conservation of

nature destitute.

Furthermore, the succeeding generation will benefit from this study; they will be

using unique but quality papers from Garlic skins.

 5

Scope and Limitation

It is concerned only with the processing of Garlic skins into papers and nothing more.

If there are unexpected results that will occur, the researchers will only focus on the methods

that they proposed. It does not seek about the other products that can be made out of Garlic

and the objective is to make an alternative paper.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined for a better understanding of the study:

Allium sativum - commonly known as Garlic, is a species in the onion genus, Allium.

Cellulose – responsible for the overall strong structure of plants found in cell walls.

Hemicellulose – a supporting part of a plant cell walls.

Lignin – found in plant cell walls which are insoluble to water and alcohol.

Surface – exposed outer part of something.

 6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is a review of related literature that will discuss and support the

feasibility of Garlic (Allium sativum) skin as an alternative paper. The sub-topics are divided

into 5 sections namely, (1.) The history of garlic, (2.) The history of paper, (3.)

The components of garlic, (4.) The components of paper and (5.) The uses of garlic. (6.)

Starch as a component in paper making. (7.) Chlorine as a component in paper making.

(8.) Water as a component in paper making.

1. The History of Garlic

“Allium sativum, (cultivated) garlic, is a species of monocot, bulb-forming perennial.

Relatives include onions and shallots (A. cepa), and leeks (A. ampeloprasum). Garlic is not

found in the wild—“sativum” means “cultivated”—but appears to have originated in

mountainous regions in Central Asia.” (Brewster 2008).

It has been more than 500 years since garlic was developed. Garlics were extensively

used since approximately 3000 B.C. to 2700 B.C. according to the ancient writing of the

Mesopotamians and ancient Egyptian dating (Block 2010; Fritsch and Friesen 2002). The

father of medicine, Hippocrates; Pliny the Elder, a roman author; and a botanist Pedanius

Dioscorides suggested the garlic for different problems.

2. The History of Paper

Chinese invented paper making and it was said to be created in the year 105 after

death (A.D.). Records were shown by Ts'ai Lun, an authority of the Imperial Court, in that
 7

same year that it was the Eastern Han Emperor Ho-di who started papermaking. But

according to some recent archaeological examinations, paper was really invented nearly 200

years prior. Ts'ai Lun experimented and found out that sheets can be created through getting

pieces of strand from a bark of a Mulberry tree and then beating them after. Conclusions

have been made that paper and its nature can be enhanced if clothes hemp and old fish nets

are added into the mash. China then utilized the use of paper, making it also known in the

world through the Silk Road.

The Chinese began using paper for writing after a few years. Woodblock printing was

invented around 600 A.D., and the first printed newspaper in China was said to be invented

around 740 A.D.

Papermaking in Korea became popular in the 6th century A.D. Papers are made from

pulp that contains fibers coming from different materials such as rattan, rice, seaweed,

mulberry, straw, hemp, and bamboo. One part of their history states that Doncho, a Korean

monk, carried and shared his knowledge in creating paper to an Imperial Palace in Japan in

the year A.D. 60, where Buddhism was also introduced into this country sixty years after.

It was also said that in the records of some archeologists, paper was introduced early

in Xinjiang along the Silk Road. Dated as early as 2 nd Century, papers have been found in the

area of Kusha, Dunhuang, Kaochang, Kotan, and Loulan. Around 650 A.D., this technique

reached Tibet and then around 645 A.D. it reached India. Paper was widely used in India

already when Hsuan Tsang, who came from China, arrived in that country around 617 A.D.

The Chinese kept the secret in papermaking for a long time while also trying to

hinder its production in Oriental centers to ensure monopoly. But the Ottoman Turks
 8

defeated the T’ang army around 751 A.D. at a might battle at the Talas River. Paper makers

and some Chinese soldiers were captured and brought to Samarkand. While they were at the

prison, they taught some Arabs the basic steps in paper making, allowing them to build the

first paper industry around 793 A.D. But just like the Chinese, they kept it a secret and they

did not allow the Europeans to learn how to make paper until several centuries later.

Papermaking was then distributed into other countries and one of those is in Egypt.

The Arabs introduced it to them during the early 10th Century. It reached Northern Africa

around 1100 A.D. As a result of the crusades, it arrived to Spain by 1150 A.D but the first

paper industry was established in Europe. The printing press was invented by Johann

Gutenberg in 1453 A.D. and it was in Philadelphia when the first paper industry was built in

North America around 1690 (“The History of Paper”, n.d.).

3. The Components of Garlic

Garlic contains diverse components, namely, starches, sugar, soluble and insoluble

fiber, sodium, vitamins, and minerals. In garlic, insoluble fiber can be found which cannot

break up in water. It is incorporated by substances such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and

lignin. In relation with the study, an extensive amount of cellulose is used to create

paperboard and paper. Cellulose is a dense, solid fiber that gives organic products (e.g.

vegetables and fruits) their structural form. Another substance is hemicellulose;

Hemicellulose, joined with cellulose, gives physical and organizational strength to cell wall

of the organic products.

 9

As it was said in the history of paper, the Chinese invented the way in making one. In

a span of time, various countries attempted to improve and make their own kind of papers

like newspapers. In the Garlic’s history, it states that it is not found in the wild making its

possibility to access increase. For comparison, making an alternative paper from garlic is

possible for it have similar components to work with. Both paper and garlic are composed of

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin as well as starch. In garlic, cellulose, hemicellulose, and

lignin can be found in the substance insoluble fiber which is a good candidate for a material

that does not easily dissolve in water.

4. The Components of Paper

As stated by Roberts (1996), paper is a heterogeneous blend of plant material which

is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. It also contains filling material, namely,

china clay, calcium carbonate, and chemical additives which are rosin, alum, and starch.

Papers like money are almost composed of 100% cellulose. However, papers like copy paper

that are produced from deinked pulp are composed of more than 10 organic and inorganic

mixtures.

In relation, components of paper can also be found in garlic skins. As stated in the

components of garlic, cellulose can be found which is a component that is mainly found in

papers.
 10

5. The Use of Garlic

Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion genus, Allium.

Allium sativum are round, fat plants that sprout underground. It is used in a variety of heart

and blood disorders including blood pressure and heart attacks. However, due to lack of

study, this study will serve as the first to use garlic skins as main ingredients to make an

alternative paper.

6. Starch as a Component in Paper Making

Starch is a white, soft, flavorless pulverized natural chemical used as thickener that is

a product by green plants. Starch is known to be insoluble in ice-cold water, alcohol, or other

liquids (Sampaolo, 2016). In paper production, different types of starches at different phase

of the production process for different objectives; it is favored since it possesses stable

density, clear paste, and firm layer therefore it improves the strength properties of the paper

making it the most suitable material for paper production.

“In a typical sheet of copy paper, the starch content may be as high as 8 percent”

(Minland, n.d.).

The research will involve the usage of starch to possibly bind the components

together. Also, the researchers will use a type of starch, specifically corn starch, due to its

availability.
 11

7. Chlorine as a Component in Paper Making

Chlorine is a toxic gas about 1.5 times heavy than water which is the mostly used

chemical agent. According to Loyer (2016), paper production requires chlorine to produce

pure white papers and according to Berry (2008), even recycled papers are bleached with

chlorine.

In relation, chlorine will be used to whiten the garlic skins. It will serve as the

bleaching agent in the process of paper making.

8. Water as a component in paper making

Water is a necessary component in the pulping and paper-making process, from start

to end of the production. According to (Paperonline, n.d.) these waters are purified before

utilized and proceeded to the operation.

The researchers decided to use water as the solvent for the solutions or mixtures. As a

solvent, it will help dissolve the components into the solution.

In conclusion, Garlic (specifically its skin) can be used in paper making since it

contains chemical components that are also present in paper. Paper and garlic contains

similar components and/or chemicals such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin as well as

starch. In addition, due to the other components’ properties that will be added, the

researchers believe that it can be a suitable alternative paper.

 12

Conceptual Framework

As seen at the next page in Figure 1, a conceptual framework was made to display the

process of making the Garlic Paper/s as well as testing and/or evaluating the finish products.

In the first part, four main components of the Garlic Paper are the garlic skins for the

construction of the paper, water as a solvent or dissolver, chlorine for the whitening of the

paper, and starch for the molding of the components or, basically, the paper. A total of five

combinations will be made having garlic skins and water as constant values. For the process,

Key Informant Interview (KII) will be used to assess if the garlic skins can either be an

alternative paper or not according to a professional. The experiment will then follow

performing it with three different types of garlic namely fine, semi-fine, and whole garlic

skins in two trials with the five combinations each type of garlic skins. The finish products

will then be tested by letting it be evaluated by ten random participants in terms of texture;

getting the time duration for water resistance; and getting the angle for strength. The output

will be the most effective Garlic Paper as an alternative paper base on the data that will be

gathered.

In addition, the independent variables will be the ones in the input box; garlic skins,

water, starch, and chlorine. While the dependent variables will be the characteristics of the

outputs; strength, texture, and water resistance.

 13

PROCESS

INPUT Interview with the key OUTPUT

informant.
Garlic Skins Alternative

Perform the experiment in two Paper made

Water

trials. out of Garlic

Chlorine
skins.
Evaluate the following:
Starch

Durability

Texture

Water Resistance

FEEDBACK

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework for the Process of Making a Garlic Paper

 14

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The research mainly focused on the production of paper made out of garlic skins with

three different types which are fine, semi-fine, and whole garlic skins. The main objective of

this research was to prove the effectiveness of using garlic skins as an alternative paper. The

null hypothesis was that there was no difference among the fined, semi fined, and whole

garlic skins products in terms of texture, water resistance, and durability. This therefore

discussed the following: (1.) Research design, (2.) Materials (3.) Data gathering procedure,

(4.) Instrument, and (5.) Data analysis.

Research Design

The research involved experiments which had a step-by-step procedure following

data analysis. The researchers proposed to use quasi experimental design to gather data

relating to the feasibility of Garlic (Allium sativum) skin as an alternative paper through

objectively evaluating it (e.g. random volunteers). According to Leedy (1997), experimental

design is a blueprint of the methods that allows the researchers to examine the hypothesis

through having its conclusions regarding the connection amid independent and dependent

variables. Due to the fact that this research utilized different combinations of dependent

(texture, water resistance, and durability of the product/s) and independent variables (garlic

skins, water, starch, and chlorine), quasi experimental design is most suitable.
 15

Methods on Creating the Paper

An experiment with two trials composed of five combinations were made, each had

different measurements in the given material such as Garlic skins, water, and starch. It was

performed with five combinations which determined the best outcome among the different

results. In addition, two trials were performed to assure consistency of the experiment and,

also, due to the cost of the experiment. The Garlic skins were divided into three groups: fine-

grained garlic skins, semi fine-grained garlic skins, and whole garlic skins or chunked garlic

skins. Fine and semi fine were acquired through the use of blender. For the procedure, the

materials were measured in relation to their combinations, semi and whole garlic skins were

boiled in water after they were blended, the solutions were mixed, the solutions were then

laid on a foil, plastic cover or silk screen, all solutions were then dried under the sun. The

data collection followed after the experiment was done.

In order to collect data, qualitative and quantitative data collection tool were used.

For qualitative data collection, key informant interview was used while in quantitative data

collection, tables and charts were used. The interview had questions that deals with the

components of Garlic skin that are suitable for paper making, and its connection to the

components of paper.

The materials and independent variables that wesre used in this study are Garlic skins,

water, starch, and chlorine. The amount of each material varied in each trial in the

experiment. While the dependent variables are texture, strength, and water resistance. The

additional materials needed for the experiment are foil or plastic cover, silk screen, weighing

scale, cups, and blender.

 16

Table 1

Experimental Design
Combination Garlic Water Chlorine Starch Texture Water Strength
Skin/s (mL) (mL) (mL) resistance
(g)
1 5 20 10 20
2 5 20 20 30
3 5 20 30 40
4 5 20 40 50
5 5 20 50 60

Analysis and Interpretation

The experiment, using the given materials, was made within the given timeframe

which was a week. After the experiment, the researchers recorded the observations in terms

of strength, texture, and water resistance. It was then interpreted through the use of tables and

charts. In addition, Single Factor ANOVA was used to differentiate the three groups or types

of garlic skins which had the same set of combinations of mixtures of garlic skins, water,

starch, and chlorine that determined the results that were gained in terms of strength, texture,

and water resistance.

Key informant interviews were done to selected Chemistry teachers at Malayan

Colleges Laguna which helped to find out the suitable chemical components of Garlic skin

for paper making. Key informants that major in chemistry were interviewed to seek their

knowledge as well as their previous experiences in regards to our research. Two of them

were interviewed to ensure the objectivity of the research and to compare their insights. The

recorded data, in the form of sentences, were gathered, analyzed, and transformed into

findings by identifying, coding, and categorizing.

 17

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

There were three sets of garlic skins: fined, semi – fined, and whole. Each set of

garlic skins had 5 combinations with 2 trials to ensure the precision of the results. The

solutions were mixed thoroughly after coming up with blended and boiled garlic skins. As
 18

observed, boiling of the garlic skins might had caused it to smoothen and removed the

excessive particles that is not needed in the experiment. The solutions were then dried under

the sun.

Table 2

Set of Combinations for Garlic Skin, Water, Chlorine, and Starch

Combination Garlic Skin/s (g) Water (ml) Chlorine (ml) Starch (ml)

1 5 20 10 20

2 5 20 20 30

3 5 20 30 40

4 5 20 40 50

5 5 20 50 60

Through an interview with Ms. Angelia and Mr. Guetta, both chemistry professors,

provided information that can strengthen the study. Prior to data gathering, several questions

were asked.

Ms. Angelia saw the study as a new idea because, as she stated, garlic skins were

usually not recycled. Yet, as she had researched, it was possible to have garlic skins for paper

making due to its chemical component, cellulose, and being an organic matter; but it was

only perceived as an additive not a main component. In addition, she also believed that the

standard paper was still better than the garlic skin based paper.

Mr. Guetta, on the other hand, stated that the idea was not new to him for he had

already saw similar studies about it. Since, it was already done in other studies and the

process of making it is not difficult, he believed that it is possible to make garlic skins as

alternatives. Also, he agreed that standard paper is still better than the paper recycled from
 19

garlic skins to use. In addition, he believed that the study would be a success by having the

right chemical combinations.

The amount of garlic skins affects the product as it is the main ingredient. The

produced paper mainly depends on the amount of garlic skins used, it may either be thick or

thin. For that being the case, the amount of garlic skins was constant to maintain each

products’ size. The papers produced were mostly a size of a palm, and the color appeared to

be constant which the researchers observed chlorine as insignificant.

The amount of liquid starch is for the products’ solution to bind. From the results

obtained, increasing the amount of starch for the making of garlic skin papers appeared to

have an effect on the products’ structure.

All combinations and trials were measured in terms of texture, strength, and water

resistance. The papers produced from the fine-grained garlic skins looked smooth, close to a

standard paper’s, compared to the semi fine grained garlic skins and whole garlic skins.

However, when evaluation was done, the whole garlic skins showed more positive results.

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Rate

fine
2 semi
1.5 whole
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5
Combination
 20

Figure 2. Comparison in Terms of Texture

The texture for each product was evaluated through rating. The test was done with 10

random volunteers to ensure the objectivity of the research. Through the sense of touch, each

volunteer rated every product from one to five having 5 the highest. Gathered data were then

organized.

As it can be seen from figure 2, the highest value for texture is around 4.5 which

belongs to the product made out of whole garlic skins. Also, it can be seen that almost all of

its products gained high results in terms of texture.

20
18
16
14
12
Time (s)

10
fine
8
6 semi
4 whole
2
0
1 2 3 4 5
Combination

Figure 3. Comparison in Terms of Water Resistance

The water resistance for each product was evaluated using time duration. Each

product was laid on top of water then letting it soak. The time was obtained when a product

was completely soaked.

In terms of water resistance, the whole garlic skins appeared to have the most

products that have high resistance to water. Also, it garnered the longest duration of time. It

might be due to that these products were thick and were more bind and dense compared to

the fine and semi fine-grained garlic skins.

 21

200
180
160
140
120

Angle
100
fine
80
60 semi
40 whole
20
0
1 2 3 4 5
Combination

Figure 4. Comparison in Terms of Strength

The strength for each product was evaluated by getting the angle. On a flat surface,

each product was bent on the middle. A protractor was used beside the paper to get the angle.

In terms of strength, the whole garlic skins, which were not chopped, produced

stronger products despite its thickness compared to the fine and semi – fine grained garlic

skins. It shows a stable form for its strength. In addition, as observed by the researchers, most

of the samples that got 180° actually did not break but just folded which can be found in the

whole garlic skin samples.

As it can be seen on figures two to four, the papers made out of whole garlic skins

might be the best type to work on compared to the other two types. This is due to its surface.

The researchers observed that the garlic skins’ surfaces maybe played a role in constructing

or binding the mixtures together to form a paper. The observation was that garlic skins that

were whole have bigger surfaces that is why, maybe, there is more space for the mixtures to

settle and bind; compared to the fine garlic skins which had small surfaces.

For the texture, it might have affected by the surface that the products were dried on

and how it was dried. In using the silk screen and blower, it was observed that the product’s
 22

texture was mostly brittle and parts of it was left attached to the surface making it break

apart. While for the usage of foil, plastic cover, and was sun dried, it gave a result of mostly

smooth products. In addition, it was observed that, as a product dries, it removes itself from

the surface which was mostly due to the very smooth surfaces that both the foil and plastic

cover have.

The researchers expected that the fine-grained paper will possess the best quality of

paper due to its thickness close to a standard paper, but it turned out to be the whole garlic

skins that did not went through the blender attained the highest ratings in terms of texture,

water resistance, and strength.

In addition, the researchers also expected that the strength of the product is as strong

as the standard paper, but most of the outcomes were fragile maybe due to the starch used in

the experiment. The starch might not have dissolved thoroughly in the water due to its

properties and its type may have also affected the outcomes. Starch did not completely

dissolve because it is insoluble in water due to the presence of larger molecules (Jacob, n.d.).

Table 3

Weighted Average of the Types of Garlic Skins in Terms of Texture

Texture
Fine 2.60
Semi 2.40
Whole 3.60

For texture, weighted average mean was computed in order to compare determine

which type was the best. It can be seen in the table that semi got the most unfavorable texture
 23

which rate is, when rounded – off, 2. On the other hand, it can also be seen in the table that

whole can be considered the best type due to its favorable rating which is, when rounded –

off, 4.

Table 4

ANOVA for Water Resistance and Strength of Garlic Skins as Alternative Paper

Water Resistance Strength

(Averages) (Averages)
Fine 6.42 75.00

Semi 9.43 82.00

Whole 13.39 164.00

P - values 0.0063 2.2376 x 10-06

Above is the ANOVA Analysis from the data gathered. The research was based on

the null hypothesis that there is no difference among the fined, semi-fined, and whole garlic

skins products in terms of water resistance and strength. However, it can be seen that for

water resistance and strength, their P – values indicate to reject the null hypothesis making a

conclusion that there is a significant difference in at least one pair.

 24

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

Paper are made from millions of trees and due to its huge demand, trees are more

massively cut resulting to the destruction of forests. To address this problem, the researchers

thought of finding an alternative component to be used in paper making which resulted to the

idea of why Garlic (Allium sativum) skins.

The main purpose of the study was to find out if Garlic skins are feasible as the main

component in producing an alternative paper.

 25

In addition, this study will help us reduce the cutting of trees for papers which in

return will help save our forests, and this will also help recycle Garlic skins instead of

throwing them away.

The experiment was done in approximately two weeks, while the time consumed to

complete the paper was a whole school year. The method of research that was used was both

qualitative (key informant interview) and quantitative (experiment), while the research

design of the study was experimental design that includes step-by-step procedures following

data analysis. The product was tested through an objective evaluation of ten random

volunteers and specific tests done by the researchers for the products’ texture, strength, and

water resistance.

Quantitative finding indicates that in terms of strength, the 3rd combination got the

highest average mean for the fined pieces of Garlic skin, the 5 th combination for the semi-

fined pieces of Garlic skin, and the 2nd combination for the whole pieces of the Garlic skin. In

terms of texture, the 2nd combination got the highest average mean got the fined pieces of

Garlic skin, the 4th combination for the semi-fined pieces of Garlic skin, and the 5 th

combination for the whole pieces of Garlic skin. Lastly, in terms of water resistance, the 5 th

combination got the highest average mean for the fined pieces of Garlic skins, the 1 st

combination for the semi-fined pieces of Garlic skin, and the 2 nd combination for the whole

pieces of Garlic skin. The most suitable combination that got favorable and highest ratings in

terms of texture, strength, and water resistance was made out of whole pieces of Garlic skins

due to the fact that its garlic skin’s surface is bigger than the first two sets of Garlic skin.

For the qualitative findings, the researchers gathered answers from Ms. Angelia and

Mr. Guetta, bot chemistry professors, that indicated the feasibility of Garlic skins as the main
 26

component on paper making. Also, the researchers have also gathered an additional

information on how to improve the product itself regardless of its comparison with the

standard paper.

In conclusion, Garlic skins are feasible as the main component in paper making,

specifically using whole pieces of it.

Conclusion

The findings from this study answered both the main and the specific objectives, and

it also guided the researchers to infer several conclusions. Garlic skin is a feasible component

in producing papers, therefore the products are great alternatives for paper - making. The best

type to use in making papers is the whole garlic skins. It is due to its favorable rating or

evaluation in terms of texture, strength, and water resistance. The whole garlic skins gained

positive results might be mainly due to its surface. On the other hand, starch affects greatly

the structure of a product while chlorine may not. Boiling the garlic skins appear to have an

effect on the products’ texture positively. Smooth surfaces and getting a product sun dried

may have contributed in the texture of the products. The inconsistency on the data and

fragileness of the products were maybe due to the undissolved starch particles. There were

significant differences among the types of garlic skins in terms of water resistance and

strength while none in terms of texture. Also, through this study, the researchers were able to

contribute an idea that will help the conservation of nature through eliminating garlic skins as

trash by recycling.
 27

Recommendation for the Improvement of Garlic Skins as Alternative Paper

Definite mold with smooth surface (like foil or plastic cover) for thickness and shape.

According to Christensen (2009), the starch mixed with the water do not dissolve without

heat unless it is heated so that the starch grains will be mixed thoroughly with the water.

Heating of starch is suggested. The Garlic skin paper pulp should be dried constantly under

the heat of the sun and not just with the presence of air to preferably get more accurate

results. Digital scales give more accurate measurements instead of mechanical weighing

scale (Bestweighingscale, 2016). Specially that the researchers measured materials which

have small measurements, it is difficult to get the exact mass of it. Therefore, the use of

digital scale is highly recommended rather than analog weighing scale. Also, the

measurements of the components involved should be accurate to have more precise results.

As much as possible, if experiment will be done in groups, it is advised to do it with the

presence of all the members when executing to ensure the accuracy of data.

Recommendation for Further Research

Future researchers should evaluate the topic and consider if this would be worthwhile.

Future researches should make great effort to participate most especially in terms of the

duration of experiment. Future researchers should confirm the accuracy of data recorded in

order to end up with positive results, therefore providing new knowledge to the next

researchers.
 28

Implication

Several implications resulted in the following observations. Weather was

inconsistent. Quality was lacking for the products’ texture. The researchers did the

experiment separately instead of together. Measurements, specifically the mass of

components, were unsure due to the old state of the analog weighing scale. Blending the

garlic skins were difficult. Starch was not completely dissolved in water which may have

affected the outcomes.

Limitation

The weather was unpredictably inconsistent, thus, the samples did not get enough

sunlight and had a slow rate of drying. However, it dried even with the absence of sunlight

may be due to the presence of air. The researchers did the experiment separately which might

have affected the samples based on its measurement, temperature, weather, and procedure,

but it still turned out to have similar outcomes. Moreover, there is not enough literature to

support the experiment due to that this might be the first research to use garlic skins as a

major component in paper making without using other pulps or additives, however the

experiment turned out to be successful. The analog weighing scale that was used was not that

accurate due to its old state and buying a new one would be impossible due to financial

scarcity. But it still worked by checking the calibration every measurement and had been

used to measure the materials needed but still having some uncertainties.
 29

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 30

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APPENDIX A

Texture WATER RESISTANCE STRENGTH

Whol
Combination Fine Semi e Fine Semi Whole Fine Semi Whole
1 1.00 1.50 3.50 4.10 12.68 15.81 42.50 77.50 135.00
2 2.00 2.00 3.50 1.60 8.68 17.54 35.00 60.00 180.00
3 1.00 2.00 4.00 3.99 7.89 12.34 45.00 72.50 170.00
4 1.50 3.50 2.50 2.14 8.92 7.98 30.00 95.00 175.00
5 1.00 3.00 4.50 4.22 8.99 13.27 35.00 105.00 160.00
 33

APPENDIX B

October 11, 2017

ABIGAIL JOY R. ANGELIA

Director, Learning Environment and Innovations
Malayan Colleges Laguna
Pulo-Diezmo Road, Cabuyao, Laguna 4025

Dear Ma'am Angelia:

We are Grade 12 students from section A28 currently studying in Malayan Colleges Laguna.
We are conducting a research paper entitled “The Feasibility of Garlic (Allium sativum) Skin
as an Alternative Paper”. The research is about determining if garlic skin/s can be an
effective alternative main ingredient for paper-making.

We would like to invite you to a brief interview regarding the topic. The interview questions
may involve about the components both the garlic skin and paper have. Your response will
greatly help in strengthening the research. It would last about 30 minutes to one hour. The
interview may be conducted during your selected time. We recommend a time after 11:30 am
and on Tuesdays only to avoid conflicts in the schedule. It will be conducted in CLIR or any
place within the campus you would recommend. Thank you for your response.

Respectfully,

SAMUEL R. CACANINDIN KIM IRISHMAE A. INONG

2016100423 2016100526
 34

ROSCEL ERICKA T. MAGCALAS GRACIELA P. RODRIGUEZ

2016100417 2016100226

Endorsed by: CHARINA KRISSEL TINGSON JOHN VINCENT R. PLETO

Thesis Adviser Research Cluster Head, MCL-SHS

Key Informant Interview (KII) Questionnaire

• Have you ever thought of using Garlic skins as a major component in paper making?

• If so, why? Explain further.

• Do you agree that paper making out of Garlic skins is possible? Why? Explain further.

• Do you think a paper that is made out of Garlic skins is better than the usual paper?

What would be your basis in considering whether our experiment is successful or not?
35