Formula Sheet 4

CXC
Area and Perimeter Formula Trigonometric Formula
Opposite – side
Perimeter = distance around the outside opposite to angle
(add all sides).
Adjacent –side beside
(adjacent) to angle θ c

Hypotenuse- longest adj hyp

side a
opposite
sin  hypotenus
opp
adjacent b
cos  hypotenus

opposite Remember: works only

tan  adjacent on right angle triangles

Pythagorean Theorem

Triples: 3,4,5 5,12,13 8,15,17

C is the hypotenuse, a and b are the other sides.
Remember: works only on right angle triangles
Coordinate Geometry Formula

Volume and Surface Area Distance Formula:

Midpoint Formula:

Gradient Formula:
Equation of a line

Slope-Intercept Method:
y  mx  c Parallel lines have equal slope.
Perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal
Point-Gradient Method: gradients.
 Angle Information Parallel lines
Complementary angles - two angles whose
sum is 90.
Supplementary angles - two angles whose
sum is 180. Corresponding angles are equal. 1= 5,
2= 6, 3= 7, 4= 8
General Triangle Information Alternate Interior angles are equal. 3= 6,
4= 5
Sum of angles of triangle = 180. Alternate Exterior angles are equal.
1= 8, 2= 7
Measure of exterior angle of triangle = the Same side interior angles are supplementary.
sum of the two non-adjacent interior angles. m 3+m 5=180, m 4+m 6=180

The sum of any two sides of a triangle is Solving triangles

greater than the third side.
A
Polygons
c b
Sum of Interior Angles:
B
Sum of Exterior Angles:
a C

Each Interior Angle (regular poly): Sine rule

a b c sin A sin B sin C
sin A  sin B  sin C or a  b  c
Used when any two sides and their corresponding
angles are involved to find one missing side or angle.
Each Exterior Angle (regular poly):
Cosine rule
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc  cos A
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac  cos B
Quadratic Formula
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab  cos C
Used when three sides and an angle between them
are given to find the other side
If ax2  bx  c  0 Heron’s Formula
Area of a triangle given only the length of the
b  b2  4ac sides
then x
2a A  s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
abc
where s 
2
Capital letters represent Angles
Common letters represent sides
 Circle Facts
Tangent
5. Radius to tangent is 90o at point of contact.
6. The tangents to a circle from an
radius external point T are equal in length.
diameter 7. Angle between tangent to circle and
chord at the point of contact is eqaual to
the to the angle in the alternet segment
segment 2.

1a.

O
Sector
4.
Diameter = 2× radius
3.
Area of circle = πr2

Circumference of circle = 2πr or πd


Length of arc = 2πr ×
360
 6.
Area of sector = πr ×
2
5.
360
Area of Segment  Areaof sector  Areaof triangle
   1 2 
 r 2   r sin 
   
 360   2  T
Angles in circles B

7.
A

1. a,b,c,d Angle at the center in twice D

T
E

angle at the circumference.

1b. 1c.
2. Angle formed on the diameter in 90o
3. Angles in the same segment are equal
4. opposite angles in a cyclic
Quadrilateral are supplimentary(
1d.
add up to 180o)
 Matrices Transformational Matrices
Adding or subtracting matrices REFLECTION
Multiply matrices by each point to get reflection in
 a b   e f   a  e b  f 

c d  g h  cg dh
     x- axis y- axis y=x y=-x
Multiplying Matrices  1 0  1 0   0 1  0  1
       
 a b   e f   ae  bg af  bh  0 1   0  1   1 0    1 0 
     
 c d   g h   ce  dg cf  dh 
TRANSLATION
Movement of x in x direction and y in ydirection add matrix
Determinant of 2×2
x
Matrix a b   to eack point to get its image.
A y
 
If c d
A  ad  cb ROTATION
Multiply by matrices to get rotation of ϴ-degrees clockwise
A singular matrices has a determinant of about origin (0,0)

0 Adjoint of 2×2 matrix

a b  cos  sin   0  1
A  R sin cos R90 1 0
c d    
 d b 
A adjo int   
c a
  1 0   0 1
R180   R270  
Inverse of 2×2 matrix  0  1   1 0
Enlargment
a b Multiply each point by scale factor K to get the image of the
A 
c d point for an enlargment from the origin.
1
A1   A adjoint
A Sets
or   universal set
1 1  d  b   is a member of
A  ad 
 bc c a
   is not a member of
  union
  intersect
= null set
'
Reverse oppertions A = Elements not in set A

  sin sin1 
_  cos cos1 
  tan tan1 
  f ( x) f 1 ( x)
x
a ax
 Arithmetic Operations
Exponent ProperGes
ab + ac = a(b+ c) a b a’ ,., l
a
ab

a0 1, a x 0
n .
(ab)' —— a°b’ a a
a c ad +bc
+—— d b b b'
b d bd b d bd l ,
. l
a —b b — a a ——
c—d d—c
a +b a b —. =a

ab + ac
= b+ c, n z b a
0 a‘

Completing the Square

Solve 2x — 6s —10 -
2 (4) Factor the left side
2
0 3 29
(l) Divide by the coefficient of the x2 2 4
2
— 3z — 5 0 (5) Use Square Root Property
(2) Move the constant to the other side.
3
2
— 3x = 5
(3) Take half the coefficient off, 2 4 2
square it and add it to both sides (6) Solve for x
2 2
2
› —3z + —— = 5 + —3 —s+ 9= 9
2 2 4 4
 Shape Volume Surface Area

Cube
l×l×l=l3 6l2
1
l
l
Cuboid
lwh 2lw+2hw+2lh
h
l
w

Prism
s 1
h bhl bh  lb  sl  hl
2
l
b

Cylinder

h r2h 2r2  2rh

or
2r( r  h)

Cone
1
r 2 h r2  rs
3

Sphere
4
r 3
3 4 r 2

©2006 D. Ferguson