Vol2 Suleimaniyah en Print

WATER AND SANITATION
MASTER PLANS AND

CAPACITY BUILDING
Volume II
City Report: Suleimaniyah
PROJECT : 1112601
REVISION APPROVED
NOTES
REV Description Date BY BY
0 Phase I NOV 2011 VC LB
WATER AND SANITATION MASTER PLANS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Volume II
City Report: Suleimaniyah -November 2011
CONTENT
Content ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
VOLUME II .................................................................................................................................................................. 4
PART ONE: Regional aqueducts .................................................................................................................................. 5
1 The Project area .................................................................................................................................................. 5

1.1 Location .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
2 The existing water system................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Local water authorities ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 General layout of the system .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.3 Raw water source ............................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Aqueduct Dokan I ............................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.1 Intake at Qasquoli (LS1) ............................................................................................................................ 9
2.4.2 WTP and high lift pumping station at Perqurban (LS2) .......................................................................... 10
2.4.3 Kotal boosting station (LS3) .................................................................................................................... 11
2.4.4 Sherkoz 1 storage tank ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.4.5 Transmission lines .................................................................................................................................. 11
2.4.6 Total water production and Delivery points ........................................................................................... 13
2.5 Aqueduct Dokan II ............................................................................................................................................ 13
2.5.1 Intake at Qasquoli................................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.2 WTP, reservoir and high lift pumping station at Perqurban ................................................................... 14
2.5.3 Storage tank and high lift pumping station at IPS1 ................................................................................ 15
2.5.4 Storage tank and high lift pumping station at IPS2 ................................................................................ 16
2.5.5 Sherkoz 2 master balance reservoir ....................................................................................................... 17
2.5.6 Transmission lines .................................................................................................................................. 17
2.5.7 Total water production and Delivery points ........................................................................................... 18
3 Project under construction ................................................................................................................................19

3.1 Augmentation of the aqueduct DOkan I (project “Dokan III”).......................................................................... 19
3.2 Dokan II second stage ....................................................................................................................................... 21
4 Water production ..............................................................................................................................................23
PART TWO: Suleimaniyah City ...................................................................................................................................24
5 The Project Area ................................................................................................................................................24

5.1 Location ............................................................................................................................................................ 24
5.2 Urban development .......................................................................................................................................... 25
6 Available water resources ..................................................................................................................................31
7 Water demand and waste water generation forecast ........................................................................................32

7.1 Population ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
7.2 Water demand .................................................................................................................................................. 32
7.3 Waste water generation ................................................................................................................................... 33
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8 Rainfall amount analysis ....................................................................................................................................35
9 The existing Water System .................................................................................................................................39

9.1 Local Water authorities .................................................................................................................................... 39
9.2 General Layout of the system ........................................................................................................................... 40
9.3 Raw water Source ............................................................................................................................................. 42
9.4 Intake works...................................................................................................................................................... 44
9.4.1 Intake n. 1 – Sarchnar Water Project ..................................................................................................... 45
9.4.2 Intake n. 2 – Sherkoz 1 and distribution (Dokan I) ................................................................................. 52
9.4.3 Intake n. 3 – Sherkoz 2 (Dokan II) ........................................................................................................... 54
9.4.4 Total production for Suleimaniyah water supply system ....................................................................... 55
9.5 Transmission lines ............................................................................................................................................. 56
9.6 Reservoirs ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
9.7 Distribution network ......................................................................................................................................... 63
9.7.1 Performance Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 65
10 The existing waste water system and storm water system ................................................................................69
10.1 Sewage authorities ........................................................................................................................................... 69
10.2 Description of the system ................................................................................................................................. 69
10.3 Performance analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 79
11 Main service indices ...........................................................................................................................................86
12 Projects under construction ...............................................................................................................................87

12.1 Water supply system ........................................................................................................................................ 87
12.1 Stormwater and Sewage sector ........................................................................................................................ 89
Annex 1 – Tanks with pumping stations details .........................................................................................................91
Annex 2 – Sarchnar WP distribution lines details .......................................................................................................97
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VOLUME II
This City report is divided into two parts. The first part describes the regional aqueducts serving various towns and
cities, among which is Suleimaniyah. The second part analyzes the city water supply and wastewater sewerage
infrastructures.
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PART ONE: REGIONAL AQUEDUCTS
1 THE PROJECT AREA
1.1 LOCATION
The regional water schemes are those key water infrastructures supplying more than one town over long distances
from raw water source to distribution.
Two regional schemes are in the Governorate of Suleimaniyah:
 Dokan I regional aqueduct: transmitting water from the Lower Zab River to Suleimaniyah city (both directly to the
network and at Sherkoz 1 Tank);
 Dokan II regional aqueduct: transmitting water from the Lower Zab River to Suleimaniyah city (Sherkoz 2 Tank)
and the towns of Tasluja; All Aiy, Bazian; Shorsh, Chamchamal.
Both water schemes, described in the next chapter, abstract water at intakes on the Lower Zab River, a main tributary
of the Tigris River, just downstream of the arch dam and the district capital Dokan (about 50 km northwest of
Suleimaniyah City).
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2 THE EXISTING WATER SYSTEM
2.1 LOCAL WATER AUTHORITIES
The Suleimaniyah Water Directorate is responsible for the operation and management of the two regional water
aqueduct systems Dokan I and Dokan II, for details refer to the report of Suleimaniyah city.
2.2 GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE SYSTEM
Dokan Water Project I currently supplies about 3,200 m³/h of potable water. Raw water is lifted from the Lower Zab
River in Qasquoli (approximately 3 km downstream Dokan Dam) by a low level pumping station (LS1) to the Water
Treatment Plant (LS2) in Perqurban. After treatment and chlorination the water is pumped from LS2 to LS3 where the
treated water flows directly to Suleimaniyah city. In past times the water was collected in a transition tank which has
been bypassed since 1991.
Dokan I also serves Fort Suse, Piramagroon town and the tank Rapareen 5 (Soorga).
Dokan Water Project II has a current potential to supply 8,000 m³/h but the current capacity and condition of the
transmission pipeline permits a flow of only about 6,500 m³/h. Raw Water is pumped from the Lower Zab River in
Qasquoli (beside the Intake of Dokan Water Project I) by a Low Level pumping station to the Water Treatment Plant
(WTP) in Perqurban (beside the WTP of Dokan Water Project I). After treatment and disinfection the water is pumped
in stages by two high level pumping stations (IPS1 and IPS2). Each intermediate station consists of high level booster
pumps and 6,000m3 holding reservoirs.
Two pipelines transfer water from IPS2:one serving Suleimaniyah city through the Sherkuz 2 Main Balancing Reservoir
(20,000m3 capacity); the other temporarily transmits water to Chamchamal and in turn the towns of Tasluja, Allayi,
Bazian, Takia, Shorsh.
A general layout of the existing water supply systems is shown in the following Figure ‎2.1.
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Figure ‎2.1 – General Layout of the regional water schemes
2.3 RAW WATER SOURCE
The source of potable water supply for the two regional aqueducts is the Lower Zab River, in Dokan District, as shown
in Figure ‎2.2.
Figure ‎2.2 - Intakes at Lower Zab River , about 7 kilometers downstream Dokan dam
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The Lower Zab River flow is perennial, the flow is regulated from the discharge of the upstream dam with discharge
3 3
rates between 8 m /s and 315 m /s.
Water quality data of samples tested by the Salahaddin University (nr. 3) and Suleimaniyah Water Directorate (nr. 1)
are shown in the table below.
Table ‎2.1 - Water quality analysis at intake (Lower Zab River)
Suleimaniyah lab
N. Parameter Unit 29/06/2008 03/07/2008 07/07/2008 WHO limit
June-July 2008
1 Ph - 7.46 7.38 7.31 7 7-8.8
-1
2 Conductivity (EC) µS*cm 483 504 447 317 -
3 Total Hardness ppm as CaCO3 288.22 295.42 310.2 2240 100
4 Ca mg/l 60.08 68.47 72.21 16 75
5 Mg mg/l 28.21 30.00 31.11 48.6 -
6 Na mg/l 6.2 7.1 7.7 5.3 -
7 COD mg/l 32 41 38 - -
8 SO4 mg/l 280 310 298 200 200
9 Cl mg/l 210 265 277 32 -
10 HCO3 ppm as CaCO3 110 115 118 - -
11 Fe (Total) mg/l 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.38 0.1
12 TSS mg/l 45 73 64 - -
13 TDS mg/l 610 680 723 202 500
14 SiO2 µg at Si - SiO2/l 182.14 178.52 190.14 - -
15 Turbidity NTU 12 13 12 0 5
16 MPN Fecal form Cells/100ml 2.2 2.2 2.2 - -

Source: MMWS/WD Suleimaniyah; Design of augmentation of old Dokan water supply project; prefeasibility report – 2009
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2.4 AQUEDUCT DOKAN I
The layout of Dokan Water Project I is shown in Figure ‎2.3 and the main characteristics of the infrastructure are
described in the following paragraphs.
Figure ‎2.3: Layout for the aqueduct DOKAN I
2.4.1 INTAKE AT QASQUOLI (LS1)
Coordinates: 35°54'11"N; 44°58'38"E. Elevation: 409 m asl.
The intake on the left bank of the Lower Zab River conveys raw water through a concrete channel to the raw lift
pumping station. A coarse screen removes any large debris and rubbish from entering the pump suctions. Six vertical
pumps are installed which work in parallel. Three of these pumps (see the table below for characteristics) lift raw
water to the water treatment plant in Perqurban (LS2). The three other pumps have been recently been replaced in
preparation for an augmentation project but can be used as a back-up. Two pumps operate alternately for 24h/day
(unless power outages occur) and one is stand-by. A 30 m³ surge protection vessel is installed on the intake lift
pipeline.
Table ‎2.2 – Main characteristics of low lift pumps (LS1 - Qasquoli)
Operating 3
ID Type Year Q (m /h) H (m) P (kW)
time (h/d)
1 Vertical lineshaft 1980 24 1800 132 770
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Operating 3
time (h/d)
3 Vertical lineshaft 1980 stand-by 1800 132 770
Figure ‎2.4 – LS1 (Qasquoli) site view
2.4.2 WTP AND HIGH LIFT PUMPING STATION AT PERQURBAN (LS2)
Coordinates: 35°53'12"N, 44°59'47"E. Elevation: 520 m asl.
Raw water from LS1 is pumped into a break pressure tank at LS2. The water then receives traditional treatment as
follows:
 flash mixing (1unit)

 clarification (2)
 rapid sand filters
 disinfection and storage
 final pumping to LS3(three pumps characteristics as in the table below)
3
The WTP is designed to produce 3,200 m /h and is operating 24h/day.
Table ‎2.3 – Main characteristics of high lift pumps (LS2 - Perqurban)
Operating 3
time (h/d)
3 Vertical lineshaft 1980 stand-by 1627 257 1380
Figure ‎2.5 - LS2 (Perqurban) site view
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2.4.3 KOTAL BOOSTING STATION (LS3)
Coordinates: 35°50'30"N, 45° 4'8"E. Elevation: 749 m asl.
Booster pumps convey treated water to Sherkuz 1 tank and Suleimaniyah city network, a tee connection off the main
supplies Piramagroon and Fort Suse.
Table ‎2.4 – Main characteristics of booster pumps in LS3 (Kotal)
Installation Operating
ID Type Q (m3/h) H (m) P (kW)
date time (h/d)
1 Boosting 2006 24 1627 295 1850
2 Boosting 2006 24 1627 295 1850
3 Boosting 2006 Stand-by 1627 295 1850
Figure ‎2.5 – LS3 (Kotal) site view
2.4.4 SHERKOZ 1 STORAGE TANK
Coordinates: X=534233,3379; Y=3939822,37. Elevation: 842 masl.

3
This steel circular tank with a capacity of 2825 m , receives the water from aqueduct Dokan I.
2.4.5 TRANSMISSION LINES
The layout of Dokan Water Project I is shown in Figure ‎2.3 and the main characteristics of the infrastructure are
Figure ‎2.35 the characteristics of the transmission lines are mentioned in the table below.
Table ‎2.5 – Main characteristics of transmission lines
Line n. From To Length (m) Material Diameter (ø)
1 LS1 LS2 2,900 Steel 800 mm

2 LS2 LS3 8,500 Steel 800 mm
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Line n. From To Length (m) Material Diameter (ø)
3 LS3 Sherkoz 1 Tank 42,800 Steel 800 mm-700 mm
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2.4.6 TOTAL WATER PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY POINTS
Total production of Dokan I
There are no flow meters installed to measure produced water and the flow is estimated using pumping rates from
3
pump curves and hours pumped. A total of 3,200 m /h is produced and distributed as follows:
 400 m3/h for 10 h/d (i.e. 4,000 m3/d) to Piramagroon town;

 A negligible amount to Fort Suse;
 3,050 m3/h to Suleimaniyah city; Sherkoz 1 Tank, Raparin 5 Tank in Soorga, and then directly into the distribution
network).
2.5 AQUEDUCT DOKAN II
The layout of Dokan Water Project II is shown in Figure ‎2.6 and the main characteristics of the infrastructure are
Figure ‎2.6 - Layout for the aqueduct DOKAN II
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2.5.1 INTAKE AT QASQUOLI
Coordinates: 35°54'13.53"N; 44°58'35.95"E. Elevation: 412 m asl.
The raw water intake is located on the east shore of the Lower Zab River downstream of the Dokan Dam. A concrete
intake channel directs the river water to the raw water pump station. The channel splits to allow for flow to enter
each half of the wet well, located under the Raw Water Pump Station. Trash racks are placed at the end of the channel
to stop debris from entering the wet well. The pump station is constructed with sufficient room for up to 14 raw water
pumps, which is expected to be sufficient for the ultimate capacity of 12,000 m³/hr (phase II of the project, under
implementation), but currently only 10 low head vertical turbine pumps (8 working, 2 stand-by as described in the
table below) pump water to the new Water Treatment Plant in Perqurban. Water hammer and surge relief is provided
by two pressure tanks on the discharge pipeline.
Table ‎2.6 – Main characteristics of low lift pumps at intake (Qasquoli)
Installation Operating 3
ID Type Q (m /h) H (m) P (kW)
date time (h/d)
1 Vertical lineshaft 2008 1000 154 600

Alternatively:
4 Vertical lineshaft 2008 total discharge 1000 154 600
3
5 Vertical lineshaft 2008 of 6,500 m /h 1000 154 600
for24h/d
9 Vertical lineshaft 2008 Stand-by 1000 154 600
Figure ‎2.7 – Intake at Qasquoli site view
2.5.2 WTP, RESERVOIR AND HIGH LIFT PUMPING STATION AT PERQURBAN
Coordinates: 45° 0'0"E, 35°53'11"N. Elevation: 512 m asl.
The WTP site is of traditional design comprising the following process stages:
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 2 rapid mix basins (when the plant will be expanded to 12,000 m³/hr, a total of four rapid mix tanks will be
provided.);
 coagulation and flocculation using alum sulfate and polymers
 8 flocculating clarifiers;
 16 filter cells (expanded to 24 filters in the 12,000 m³/hr plant size);

3
a 6,000 m reservoir.
Chlorine gas is injected upstream of the rapid mix splitter box, at the filter influent channel, and at the site reservoir.
Aluminum sulfate (alum) is the coagulant which is injected upstream of the rapid mix splitter box. The proposed
design included provisions to inject polymer to the flow upstream of the rapid mix splitter box for reducing turbidity.
The high lift pump station at the end of the plant is constructed with sufficient room for up to 14 raw water pumps,
which is expected to be sufficient for the ultimate capacity of 12,000 m³/hr (phase II of the project, under
implementation), but currently only 10 vertical turbine pumps (8 working, 2 stand-by as described in the table below)
pump water to the Intermediate Pumping Station 1 (IPS1). Water hammer and surge relief is provided by two pressure
tanks on the discharge pipeline.
Table ‎2.7 – Main characteristics of high lift pumps at WTP (Perqurban)
date time (h/d)

Alternatively:
3
for24h/d
Figure ‎2.8 – WTP at Perqurban site view
2.5.3 STORAGE TANK AND HIGH LIFT PUMPING STATION AT IPS1
Coordinates: 35°51'30"N, 45° 2'57"E. Elevation: 680 m asl.
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The treated water from the WTP reaches the 6,000 m reservoir at Intermediate Pumping Station 1 (IPS1). The
3
Intermediate Pump room is sized to accommodate ten (10) 1,000 m /hr vertical turbine pumps, both operating and
standby for a capacity of 8,000 m³/hr, and have room for an expansion to 12,000 m³/hr. Water hammer and surge
relief is provided by two pressure tanks on the discharge pipeline.
Figure ‎2.9 – Intermediate Pumping Station 1 site view
Table ‎2.8 – Main characteristics of high lift pumps at IPS1
date time (h/d)

Alternatively:
3
for24h/d
2.5.4 STORAGE TANK AND HIGH LIFT PUMPING STATION AT IPS2
Coordinates: 35°36'43"N, 45°13'47 "E. Elevation: 818 m asl.

3
The treated water from the IPS1 reaches the 6,000 m reservoir at Intermediate Pumping Station 2 (IPS2). The
3
Intermediate Pump room is sized to accommodate ten (10) 1,000 m /hr vertical turbine pumps, both operating and
standby for a capacity of 8,000 m³/hr, and have room for an expansion to 12,000 m³/hr. Water hammer and surge
relief is provided by two pressure tanks on the discharge pipeline.
date time (h/d)
1 Vertical lineshaft 2008 Alternatively: 1000 257 1020
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date time (h/d)
3
of 6,500 m /h
3 Vertical lineshaft 2008 for24h/d 1000 257 1020
Figure ‎2.10 – Intermediate pumping station 2 site view
2.5.5 SHERKOZ 2 MASTER BALANCE RESERVOIR
Coordinates: X=533726,3094; Y=3941366,573. Elevation: 992 m asl.

3
This rectangular tank made of concrete with a capacity of 20,000 m located at the entrance of the city of
Suleimaniyah receives water from IPS2 and distributes the water by gravity to several storage tanks which supply the
network.
2.5.6 TRANSMISSION LINES
Transmission line details for Suleimaniyah and Chamchamal are shown in table 2.10 below.
Line n. From To Length (m) Material Diameter
1 Intake WTP 3,350 GRP DN1400

2 WTP IPS1 5,600 GRP DN1400
3* IPS1 IPS2 32,700 Steel DN1200
4a IPS2 Sherkoz 2 Tank 3,800 GRP DN1400
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4b IPS2 Chamchamal 44,000 Steel DN1200

*GRP1400 pipeline is currently under construction to replace the DN1200 steel
2.5.7 TOTAL WATER PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY POINTS
Total production of Dokan II

3
Dokan II is currently capable of producing 6,500 m /h of which:
 about 5,000m3/hr is distributed to Suleimaniyah city;


3
about 1,500 m /h is distributed to Chamchamal but serving along the way the towns of Tasluja, Allayi, Bazian,
Takia, and Shorsh.
3
The expansion to 12,000 m /h total flow of the aqueduct Dokan II is under construction.
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3 PROJECT UNDER CONSTRUCTION
3.1 AUGMENTATION OF THE AQUEDUCT DOKAN I (PROJECT‎“DOKAN‎III”)
The augmentation of old aqueduct Dokan I, named Dokan Water Project III, has been designed and once built it will
provide Suleimaniyah with an additional 3,200 m³/h of potable water. Dokan Water Project III will be in parallel to the
Dokan Water Project I and it is planned to have the same configuration: raw water will be lifted from the Lower Zab
River in Qasquoli by a low lift pumping station (LS1) to the Water Treatment Plant (LS2) in Perqurban. After treatment
and chlorination the water will be lifted from LS2 to LS3 in Kotal where the treated water will be boosted to the
location of the Old Sherkuz reservoir site in Suleimaniyah city, where a new tank will be built. The water will then feed
into the distribution network of the city, to be decided. The project will likely be developed following the upgrading of
3
aqueduct Dokan II to 12,000 m /h.
Intake (LS1)
This intake will be sited at the existing intake (left side of Lower Zab River), comprising a concrete approach channel
and pump chambers for three low lift pumps with characteristics as in the table below. The water will be pumped to
LS2.
Table ‎3.1 – Main characteristics of intake pumps (Qasquoli)
date time (h/d)
1 Horizontal lineshaft 2011 - 1800 132 770
2 Horizontal lineshaft 2011 - 1800 132 770
3 Horizontal lineshaft 2011 stand-by 1800 132 770
Figure ‎3.1 – New pumps in LS1 (Qasquoli)
WTP (LS2)
The water pumped from LS1 will reach a conventional WTP system (LS2) at Perqurban having the following main
treatment processes:
 INLET: break pressure tank with chlorination

 FLASH MIXER: for coagulation with alumina, lime or sulphuric acid dosing for pH regulation;
 CLARIFIERS: for flocculation and settling;
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 RAPID SAND FILTERS: for removing microorganisms and suspended matter;

 CHLORINE CONTACT TANK: for disinfection and PH correction;
 HIGH LIFT PUMP STATION: to LS3 in Kotal (pumps characteristics, see Table‎3.2).
Table‎3.2 – Main characteristics of high lift pumps (Perqurban)
date time (h/d)
1 Horizontal lineshaft - - 1,600 244 -
Boosting station (LS3)
Water from LS2 high lift pump station will reach LS3 at Kotal where booster pumps will transmit water all the way to a
tank close to Sherkoz 1.
Table ‎3.3 – Main characteristics of intake pumps (Kotal)
date time (h/d)
1 Vertical spindle 2011 - 1,627 295
2 Vertical spindle Boosting 2011 - 1,627 295
3 Vertical spindle Boosting 2011 - 1,627 295
Figure ‎3.2 – New pumps in LS3 (Kotal)
Transmission lines
The augmentation project design provides for a 900 mm diameter transmission pipeline. This new 900mm pipe is now
not likely to be built, instead the project will use the existing, old Dokan II 1200 mm pipeline which is to be replaced
with a new 1400 mm pipe.
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3.2 DOKAN II SECOND STAGE
The upgrade of aqueduct Dokan II to an increased capacity of 12,000 m³/h discharge is under construction. The
project consists of increasing the number of pumps and replacing the old DN1200 steel pipeline with a new DN1400
GRP pipe.
Intake at Qasquoli
The pumps described in the following table will be added to the existing Intake of Dokan II.
Table ‎3.4 – Main characteristics of low lift pumps at intake (Qasquoli)
date time (h/d)
11 Vertical lineshaft - - 1000 154 600
WTP and high lift pumping station at Perqurban
Additional main components for the existing WTP will be 4 filters and the pumps described in the following table.
Table ‎3.5 – Main characteristics of high lift pumps at WTP (Perqurban)
date time (h/d)
High lift pumping station at IPS1
The pumps described in the following table will be added to the existing Intermediate Pumping Station 1 of Dokan II.
date time (h/d)
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High lift pumping station at IPS2
The pumps described in the following table will be added to the existing Intermediate Pumping Station 2 of Dokan II.
date time (h/d)
Transmission lines
The following DN1400 transmission line will be laid between IPS1 and IPS2 to complete the upgrade of the system.
3 IPS1 IPS2 32,700 GRP DN1400
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4 WATER PRODUCTION
As previously described, Table ‎4.1 summarizes the present and future water production of the Dokan Projects
3
considering the 3,200 m /h increased output of Dokan I as a result of new project Dokan III:
Table ‎4.1 – Present and future water potential from the regional aqueducts
3
WATER PRODUCTION (m /h)
Present Future
Dokan Water Project I (max) 3,200 3,200
Dokan Water Project II (max) 6,500 12,000
Dokan Water Project III (max) - 3,200
TOTAL 9,700 18,400
3
The present output of 4,000 m /d (400 m³/h at 10 hours pumping per day) to Piramagroon will hypothetically double
3
in future, meaning that Suleimaniyah city will receive an additional 2,850 m /h from Dokan 1 project in the future.
3 3
Dokan II is currently capable of producing 6,500 m /h (of which about 5,000 to Suleimaniyah city and 1,500 m /h to
3
Chamchamal) but in its second stage (under completion) the discharge will produce 12,000 m /h.
Table ‎4.2 below summarizes the present and future potential water production from the regional aqueducts supplied
to Suleimaniyah and to Chamchamal only (net of the water to Piramagroon town).
Table ‎4.2 – Present and future potential water supply from Dokan I and Dokan II to Chamchamal main
and Suleimaniyah city (net of the water to Piramagroon town)
3
WATER SUPPLY (m /h)
Present Future
Suleimaniyah city 8,050 16,600
Mains to Chamchamal 1,500 1,500
TOTAL 9,550 18,100
Previous plans proposed the construction of a new water supply scheme for Chamchamal and the disconnection of
Chamchamal pipeline connection to Dokan II. This scheme will be evaluated in Phase 2.
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PART TWO: SULEIMANIYAH CITY
5 THE PROJECT AREA
5.1 LOCATION
The Suleimaniyah city is capital of the Suleimaniyah district and governorate. Suleimaniyah District has an area of
2
approximately 2,200 km and it is located in the central part of the governorate. It includes five sub-districts:
Suleimaniyah center, Bakrajo, Bazyan, Tanjero, and Qaradagh. A map of the district is shown in Figure ‎5.1.
Figure ‎5.1 - Map of Suleimaniyah District
The city of Suleimaniyah is hilly, ranging approximately between 700 and 1,150 m asl, and is on the verge of Chaq-
chaq River (to the West) and the Tanjero River (to the South). On the North-West it is constrained by an edge of the
Piramagroon mountains, while on the East by Azmir-Goizha range. Suleimaniyah city is connected to the other
important cities of Erbil and Kirkuk and Iran through good link roads. Access to remote villages is more difficult.
The present report examines Suleimaniyah city and its expansion towards the two municipalities of Rapareen and
Bakrajo. The three locations will more or less merge and will be supplied by the Sarchnar Water Project (Sarchnar
W.P.) the main source for the water supply of the City.
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5.2 URBAN DEVELOPMENT
The city’s urban development has been investigated using information made available from local offices and remote
sensing applications.
SPOT images of the city, shown in the following figure, indicates a pattern of a densely built up center with areas of
scattered houses to the west.
Figure ‎5.2 - Map of Suleimaniyah city
A total urban population of over 570,000 inhabitants was registered in 2009 and this number has increased in recent
years.
Previous NIMA project drawings were compared with more recent Spot orthophotograph images (2006-7) showing
that development has been significant in the above mentioned period of time, partially by increasing population
density in the urban center and expanding along the borders on North and South areas. The city has practically
doubled its populated areas in this time.
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Figure ‎5.3 – Historic urban development of the city
The Consultant completed its assessment of the city development patterns by analyzing existing Development Plans;
in fact, three maps of the city plan are available for different periods. The first one is related to the mid 1990s, the
second year 2002 and the last one was created under the recent Master Plan (2009). The maps are shown in the next
Figures.
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Figure ‎5.4 – City Urban Master Plan (old one mid 1990s)
Figure ‎5.5 – City Urban Master Plan (2002)
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Figure ‎5.6 – City Urban Master Plan (2009)
The huge expansion of the city can be clearly seen by comparing the figures. Further aspects of this expansion must
be considered.
Formerly, the settlement area of Suleymaniyah was limited by a ring road, most development was confined within this
area bounded by the traffic network. In recent years as the popultain increased , development grew beyond this and is
continuing to expand outwards. Large amounts of land outside the 60-m-ring-road have been identified as settlement
areas and have become occupied through new house construction. Moreover, Kurdistan Government Policy was that
new cities should be established around central cities to absorb population excess and create the proper environment
for investment and economic development.
This has been the case of Bakrajo and particularly Raparin, where population and construction has exploded in the last
3 – 5 years. Between 2003 and 2006 the settlement area of Bakrajo tripled and that of Raparin increased five fold.
Familiar settlement patterns are spreading out in the west of Raparin, and also the space in between Bakrajo and
Raparin, are being developed for settlement purposes.
The city needs an organised and controlled pattern of extension, which can be followed in the next 10 to 20 years. For
this reason, a Master Plan has been carried out in the last years, and the Final Option has been recently presented.
Principal elements of the Final Option are:
 Main development to the north-west (residential) and south (commercial). The Master Plan identifies large
expansion areas particularly in the south and west for future development of Slemani. The main objective is to
merge the sub-divided areas. The related population growth requires no new settlement areas to meet the
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demand providing existing areas are used to occupy a greater house density and more people. The existing
settlement areas are considered sufficient through to 2017..
 A huge amount of reserve area exists. In Raparin and Bakrajo, land has already been allocated to meet the
planned expansion, construction is underway but still not complete and the necessary utility infrastructure has to
be erected: water supply, sewerage system, electricity and solid waste collection.
 The Southern ring road is limiting further development outwards into the agricultural land area. This provides a
conflict between the food needs of the community and the commercial development required to provide more
employment and income. An important aim of the plan is to stop uncontrolled urban sprawl by arbitrarily insular
design of settlement areas without an overall structure.
 Green belts around the city for agriculture (south), recreation (north) must be envisaged together with more
green interior settlement areas. All mountains and foothills surrounding the city are designated in the Master
Plan as protected areas. Airport direction – landing corridors – do not affect residential areas.
 Heavy industry is to be restricted outside the Master Plan area. The existing industrial area and industrial
companies which generate heavy traffic, are to be relocated outside the city. An Industrial Location Policy is
envisaged, with a need for distributing economic development and industrial activitiesthrough a spatial
development balance. The industrial area in the south to Arbat has to be developed further provising incentives
for companies to relocate from existing industrial zone.
 Further extension of the University Campus must be envisaged.
In the Master Plan final option, the previous aspects have been considered in incremental steps (until 2019, 2019-
2029, 2029-2039, after 2039), shown in the following Figure.
Figure ‎5.7 – City Urban Master Plan phases
A more detailed evaluation of the potential land use of the city and the possibility to accommodate future population
has been carried out on the NIMA maps and SPOT images.
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The potential to accommodate an expanding population has been carried out by analyzing the extension of the urban
centre as well as the surrounding suburban areas, characterized by scattered housing in the mid 90s and in 2006-2007,
shown in following Table.
Table ‎5.1 – Land use
Area (ha) Urban Centre House scattered
NIMA‎(mid‎’90) 251 2870
Orthophoto (2006-07) 1533 6708
Source: National Imagery and Mapping Agency and Consultant elaborations
An evaluation of land use indicates that about 900,000 people can be accommodated in the service area using typical
population densities of 120 person/ Ha for central areas and 60 person/ Ha for suburban scattered housing.
Population projections through to 2030 in the urban area estimate about 1,100,000 persons; housing development
and construction should be extended in the next few years to contain the future population growth.
For the future, reserve land area exists. Land outside the central areas is at present only partially occupied with
fragmented building density. The consultant considers that future population influx (in the next 5 years) can be met by
the existing and new settlement areas.
Finally, to arrive at a starting point for the consistent socio economic development of domestic, commercial and
industrial land infrastructure A grading exercise of existing facilities was undertaken using a scale of: Sufficient, quite
good, good or not available (#N/A). Following Table shows the ranking of this grading exercise.
Table ‎5.2 – Presence of infrastructure
Socio-economic characteristic Rank
Transportation infrastructure (Roads, bridges, railroads, airports..) good
Ordered development process in the city sufficient
Presence, in the vicinity, of water resources good
Existence of significant industrial areas good
Existence of significant and developed agricultural areas good
Presence of adequate electrical network good
Source: Consultant elaborations
The socio-economic indicators support the further development of the city.
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6 AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES
An extensive description of the surface and underground water resources for Suleimaniyah Governorate and
Suleimaniyah District is reported in Volume 1 of the Master Plan.
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7 WATER DEMAND AND WASTE WATER GENERATION FORECAST
7.1 POPULATION
The following paragraphs summarize the results of the analyses and findings of Volume 1, and the standard
methodology used.
The basic assumptions and relevant calculation are shown in the following tables.
1 2
The growth rates for city population projections, evaluated on COSIT and UN Pop. Division assumptions and
parameters have been assumed, resulting in:
Table ‎7.1 – Population forecast growth rates – Medium Variant
2009-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030

4.0% 3.6% 3.3% 2.9% 2.6%
Source: COSIT, UN values and Consultant elaborations
Assuming these growth rates, the population forecasts for successive 5-year intervals have been estimated and are
shown in the following table. The forecast also includes the urban areas of Bakraio and Rapareen.
Table ‎7.2 – Population projections at different dates (absolute values)
Area 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Suleimaniyah Centre 594,367 709,339 834,363 962,570 1,094,382
Bakrajo district 26,702 31,867 37,484 43,244 49,165
Municipality of Rapareen 28,642 34,182 40,207 46,385 52,737
Total Suleimaniyah Area 678,352 809,570 952,261 1,098,582 1,249,020
In the United Nation forecasting model, three sets of parameters describe three different future population growth
trends (Low, Medium and High variants), from which the analyst is supposed to choose the one which best applies to
the study area.
The differences among population values calculated for 2030 for the three different variants are very limited, with a
5% variation on the Medium variant value, which was assumed for the present project.
7.2 WATER DEMAND
The Water Demand has been determined using the specific consumption of different categories of users; Domestic,
Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and losses (Unaccounted for Water). The following tables elaborate the demand
for users through to the year 2030.
Even though the population is expected to rise the daily water consumption per person is expected to decrease to a
more reasonable level similar to those in the region.
1
COSIT " Population Forecast of Iraq", 2007
2
World Population Prospects (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division,
2010 Revision)
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Table ‎7.3 – Water demand parameters (lpcd)
Area 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Suleimaniyah 400 345 310 285 260
Centre
Bakrajo / Rapareen 370 320 275 240 215
Table 3.4 below shows the expected increase in water supply coverage with 100% of the population anticipated to be
served by the public piped network by 2030.
Tables 3.5 and 3.6 use this extrapolation to estimate daily demand and then the maximum demand at peak
consumption.
Table ‎7.4 – Water Supply Service Coverage in the area
Area 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Suleimaniyah 80% 90% 100% 100% 100%
Centre
Bakrajo / Rapareen 80% 90% 100% 100% 100%
Table ‎7.5 – Overall Average Day Water Demand (m³/d)
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

206,579 239,272 280,018 295,843 306,448
Max. Day Water Demand has been calculated by an increasing factor of 1.2 over the average demand per day, as
follows.
Table ‎7.6 – Max. Day Water Demand (m³/d)
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

247,895 287,126 336,021 355,012 367,738
7.3 WASTE WATER GENERATION
The same population trends used for water supply have been used to arrive at the expected Sewerage System
demands. Similar to water supply actual volumes of sewage collected is expected to decrease over time as
consumption is reduced. Table 3.7 shows the net daily per capita expected flows to the sewerage network using the
domestic, commercial and industrial consumption as above but less the unaccounted for water losses.
Table ‎7.7 – Net water consumptions (lpcd)
Area 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Suleimaniyah 200 190 185 185 180
Centre
Bakrajo / Rapareen 185 175 165 155 150
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Connections to the sewerage network are expected to increase from a level of 80% coverage 2010 to 90% in 2015 and
100% in 2020 and maintained thereon.
Table ‎7.8 – Population WasteWater Coverage (%)
Area 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Suleimaniyah 80% 90% 100% 100% 100%
Centre
Bakrajo / Rapareen 80% 90% 100% 100% 100%
Finally, assuming a return value into the Sewerage System of 80% of the water used by consumers, the volumes to be
considered in the network are as follow.
Table ‎7.9 – Sewerage System Volumes (m³/d)
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Average day 82,632 105,360 133,741 153,574 169,819
Max. day 99,158 126,432 160,489 184,289 203,783
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8 RAINFALL AMOUNT ANALYSIS
The Figures below show the patterns of rainfall data over the last 13 years. Figure ‎8.1 shows the annual rainfall and
long term average for Suleimaniyah while Figure ‎8.2 shows the monthly average rainfall.
Figure ‎8.1 - Annual rainfall and long term average at Suleimaniyah city
Figure ‎8.2 - Monthly average rainfall at Suleimaniyah city
Two different approaches have been used to develop the relationship between the height “h” *mm+ and the duration
“t” *min] of precipitations for Suleimaniah.
The first approach is empirical which uses the study of Bell [Bell, F.C., Generalized rainfall-duration-frequency
relationships, Journal of the Hydraulics Division – Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Motorers, vol. 95, no.
HY1, January 1969]in which it is assumed that the threshold value for a rainy day is 10 mm rainfall height.
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The second approach is statistical that uses Hershfield’s ratios *Hershfield, D. M., Rainfall frequency atlas of the United
States for durations from 30 minutes to 24 hours and return periods from 1 to 100 years, Technical paper 40, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C., 1961], assuming a Log Pearson type III distribution for
the data series and the relation h(t=1hour) = 0.23h(t= 24hours) [Guide to hydrological practice, World Meteorological
th
Organization, 5 edition, 1994].
The curves shown in Figure ‎8.3 and Figure ‎8.4 are constructed for different return periods namely 2, 10, 50 and 100
years.
Figure ‎8.5 shows the curves obtained by using the average values calculated using the two methods explained above;
in particular, the graphic corresponding to 10-year return period is marked because the design storm frequency of 10-
year return period is used to check the sewerage network.
In order to represent the relation between the rainfall duration and the rainfall height, the following equation was
used:
h  a tn
where:
h is the rainfall height (mm);
a and n are the climatic parameters;
t is the rainfall duration (hours).
Table ‎8.1 summarizes the design values as a function of the return period; the climatic parameters corresponding to
the 10-year return period are highlighted in bold font.
Figure ‎8.3 - Rainfall elaboration for Suleimaniyah city, empirical approach
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Figure ‎8.4 - Rainfall elaboration for Suleimaniyah city, statistical approach
Figure ‎8.5 - Rainfall elaboration for Suleimaniyah city, design values
Table ‎8.1 - Design values for climatic parameters as function of the return period for Suleimaniyah city
n
h = at ; h [mm]; t [hours]
design values
TR (years)
a n
2 26.1 0.4840
10 42.5 0.4845
50 60.0 0.4849
100 68.1 0.4851
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It is important to highlight that, to perform the frequency analysis for Suleimaniyah, the available rainfall data refers
to a period of 13 years only (1994 – 2007). In order to overcome this drawback and to check the validity of the
obtained results, a comparison between the rainfall data coming from other cities of the same region and similar
elevation (i.e. Dokan and Darbandikhan) has been developed.
Table ‎8.2 makes a comparison between the average values (long term rainfall, daily maximum rainfall and annual
thunderstorm days) calculated for Suleimaniyah referring to the period 1997 - 2007 and for the same period and the
whole available period for the cities of Dokan and Darbandikhan. It can be noticed that these values are very close to
each other and they differ by only a few percent points.
The results of the probabilistic evaluation for the climatic parameters a and n of the three samples are also compared
in Table ‎8.3.
Since both the values of the climatic parameters are similar and the comparative analysis shows homogeneity
between the different distributions of data, it can be assumed as representative for Suleimaniyah the results obtained
by the elaboration of its (short) period of observation (Table ‎8.1).
Table ‎8.2 – Comparison between the available rainfall data referring to Suleimanyiah, Dokan and Darbandikhan
Daily maximum Annual average of thunderstorm

Observed period Long term average
Rainfall city station average days
(years) (mm/year)
(mm) (height‎≥‎15‎mm)
Suleimanyiah 1994 - 2007 636 63 14
1959 – 2009 724 61 16
Dokan
1994 – 2007 656 58 15
1962 - 2009 666 64 15
Darbandikhan
1994 – 2007 546 61 11
Table ‎8.3 – Comparison between the climatic parameters obtained for Suleimanyiah, Dokan and Darbandikhan
(10-years return period)
Rainfall city station a n

Suleimanyiah 42.5 0.4845
Dokan 40.7 0.4837
Darbandikhan 42.2 0.4842
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9 THE EXISTING WATER SYSTEM
9.1 LOCAL WATER AUTHORITIES
The Suleimaniyah (center) Directorate of Water is responsible for the operation of all water supply systems in the city
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Municipalities and Tourism. The directorate is also responsible for water
supply in the municipalities of Bakrajo and Rapareen. The Directorate is structured as illustrated in Table ‎9.1.
Table ‎9.1 – Organization chart of the Directorate of Water (Centre) in Suleimaniyah
The Water Directorate has approximately 1,400 employees (about 20% females; 80% males) with many different
levels of education: from illiterate to post graduate degrees, from industry school to high school of commerce, etc.
The number of customers divided for each supply category is shown in Table ‎9.2.
Table ‎9.2 – Number of customers for each category
Municipality Domestic Commercial Public Industrial Total

Suleimaniyah 86,400 6,082 1,188 192 93,862
Bakrajo 8,878 14 20 2 8,914
Rapareen 5,263 150 12 - 5,425
Total 100,541 6,246 1,220 194 108,201
The number of staff per connection is 13 employees/1000 con. This value is higher than the standards usually
recommended by the international institutions/agencies: as an example World Bank suggests optimal values of 3 to 4
employees/1000 connections for similar systems.
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The city is divided into 8 maintenance districts. The machineries section owns 13 cars; 59 tankers; two front loaders
and backhoe, one jack hammer shovel, one Dyna, three Mitsubishi, one Hino, one backhoe and one tractor.
9.2 GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE SYSTEM
In the early 20th century artesian and semi-artesian wells supplied water to a small population living in Suleimaniyah.
In the 1940s a distribution network was installed to supply the growing needs of the expanding city carrying water
from the spring of Sarchnar village, nowadays included in the city of Suleimaniyah. In the following years water
projects to supply the City with surface water were implemented and the supply network was further developed and
extended. Today, the potable water supply of the city of Suleimaniyah relies on:
Water wells
A large number of water wells (surface, deep, artesian, karez) were constructed in the city in the last centuries but
only a few are still in operation either due to; lack of maintenance or poor quality from severe contamination by
industrial activities and uncontrolled residential development (mainly sewage problems).
The GIS database from the Water Directorate (03/08/2011) reports that out of the 15 water wells currently in use, 3
are connected to a water network while the remaining 12 are mainly used by tankers to supply areas not connected to
the piped network. Tankered water is also used for irrigation of public parks and for emergency supply. The plan for
the short to mid-term is to remove the last 3 wells feeding the water network.
Water Supply projects
Sarchnar spring is an important water sources for Suleimaniyah but the flow is very much restricted in the summer
and the most important has become the Lower Zab River. This source is preferred for its better quality and more
abundant quantity, dependable all year long. Discharge quantity from the Dokan Dam is sometimes restricted in order
to maintain sufficient water flow to generate electricity through the hydro electric power station on the outlet of the
dam.
Two regional aqueducts are currently serving the City from Lower Zab River, namely Dokan I and Dokan II, operating
24h/d (note: an average of 2 electrical blackout every two days). The water from Dokan I reaches the City both at
Sherkoz 1 (old) tank and directly into the network. Water from Dokan II reaches the City at Sherkoz 2 (new) Master
Balance Reservoir. The water is then distributed to the complex system of tanks, pumping stations and networks
characterizing the City.
Tankers
The few areas not served by the water network are mostly supplied by public tankers freeof charge. 2,000,000 liters of
water are distributed a day by the tankers of the Directorate and 2,000,000 l/d by private companies. Tanker filling is
mostly with water from Sarchnar W.P. and aqueduct Dokan I (75%) and the remaing 25% at tanker filling and deep
well stations within the city. The tankers replenish each house once every 2 days.
A simplified general layout of the existing water supply is shown in the following figure (general layout of
Suleimaniyah city Water System). Details of each component of the infrastructure are described in the following
sections.
40
T
U
Raparin 5
Legend
"
! Intake
¬
Sherkuzh 2 T
U Reservoir
Sherkuzh 2 Sarchnar spring
(
!
"
!
¬T
U
Water network
Sherkuzh 1
Sherkuzh 1
Kalakn
T6 "
!
¬
T
U
T
U
KurdSat
T
U
Raparin 3_T4 Kany Spika T

U
Raparin 3_T5
Sarchnar
T
U
PWJ 1
Raparin 4_T7 U
T
Raparin 2_T3 Qliasan 1
!
(
T
U
Azad
PWJ 2
Raparin1_T1
PWJ 3
GrdaGrwe 1
T
U
T
U T
U Dabashan
Malaykhaial 1
U
T
TU
U
Malaykhaial 2
U
T
GrdaGrwe 2
T
U
T
T
U
Rapareen Qaiar
Raparin 2_T2 Qliasan2 Hawara Barza
T8 .
! T
U
Grdy Jamea
T
U
T
U T
U
T
U
Bakhtiary ( Doshka ) Handren 1
Bakrajo 5 Grdy Joga 1
Shakraka
T
U
U
T
T
U
T
U
Handren 2
T
U
T
U
Xabat
T
U U
TT
U
T
U Grdy Joga 2
Bakrajo 4 U
T T
U Grdy Joga 5
Grdy Joga 4
Bakrajo 1 Grdy Joga 3
ShekhMhedin
Bakrajo 2 T
U
U
T
SalimBag
T
U
Bakrajo 3 T
U
Qrga 2
.Bakrajo
! T
U
T
U
Rzgary ( Kargay Jgara 1 )

Awal Kostay
T
U
Rzgary ( Kargay Jgara 2 ) Qrga
T
U
Wluba
T
U Zerinok 1
Suleimaniyah City main water network

T
U
Zerinok 2
T
U
0 1,600 3,200 6,400 Meters

1:55,000 .
Volume II
9.3 RAW WATER SOURCE
The current source of potable water supply for Suleimaniyah city are Sarchnar spring, Lower Zab River, and a few wells
and karez scattered along the City as indicatively shown in Figure ‎9.1.
Figure ‎9.1 - Location of the water supply sources (currently in use)
Sarchnar spring is the second main source of the town’s water supply but the flow is insufficient during summer
period and in danger of contamination by nearby industry, residential development and wells over exploitation. The
2
spring catchment is about 4,700 m . The catchment suffers from a permanent proliferation of algae that could
deteriorate water quality and cause clogging.
It is reported that Sarchnar spring has a large output deviation between the maximum discharge in winter (34,500
3 3
m /h – SETEC 2003) and the minimum in summer (1,465 m /h – record from the Water Office in Sarchnar 2008). The
spring production during an average year (2002) is shown in the following Figure ‎9.2.
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Figure ‎9.2 - Registered flows at Sarchnar spring during 2002
Sarchinar Spring
30.0
25.0
20.0
Discharge (m3/h)
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
June
March
July
Jan
April
Aug
Sep
Oct
May
Feb
Time (day)
Source: FAO, 2002
Figure ‎9.3 - Sarchnar spring and Water Project from top
The Directorate is considering the idea to use spring water entirely for tourism and leisure. Leaving the Lower Zab
River for potable water supply and Sarchnar spring in case of emergency.
Location and description of the two intakes for the aqueducts Dokan I and II that take raw water from Lower Zab River
to Suleimaniyah city is detailed in the Regional schemes report (Part 1).
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Wells and karezes are used only for filling tankers except for: Well ID2 Bakhtiary used for Mahad building, Well ID3
Mamayara feeding nearly 40 houses, and Well ID27 Azady2 feeding nearly 100 houses (for these the project of
network connection will be implemented soon).
Data on wells discharge are not available and anyway their contribution is minimal for potable purposes, therefore
disregarded in the present study.
Table ‎9.3 – Some water wells in Suleimaniyah city
Well id. Name Supply
1 Zargata (tankary ahly) Tanker
2 Bakhtiary mahadaka Network
3 Mamayara Network
5 Rahim mubray Tanker
6 Ashty Tanker
7 Qadam kher Tanker
8 Karezy Hajy bag Tanker
9 Biry pshty arabisc Tanker
11 Qrgay (1) Tanker
12 Qrgay (3) Tanker
20 Biry shex Fathulla Tanker
25 Baxtyary (2) Tanker
26 Zargata (1) Tanker
27 Azady (2) Network
28 Biry zargata (shary jwan) Tanker

Source: Water Directorate Suleimaniyah - GIS database 26/08/2011
9.4 INTAKE WORKS
Suleimaniyah City intake works considered:
 Sarchnar spring;
 Dokan I aqueduct (at Sherkoz 1 old tank and distribution);
 Dokan II aqueduct (at Sherkoz 2 new tank).
The functional scheme of the intakes is shown in the following Figure ‎9.4 and each component is described in the next
sections.
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Figure ‎9.4 - Suleimaniyah city “intakes”: Sherkoz 1 & 2, Sarchnar
9.4.1 INTAKE N. 1 – SARCHNAR WATER PROJECT
Coordinates: 35°35'23"N; 45°23'00"E; Elevation: 750 m asl
Undergoing optimization of the water project
Sarchnar spring has been supplying Suleimaniyah city since the 1950s and, currently, Sarchnar W.P. consists of 10
pump stations with a total of 56 pumps of different capacities and heads connected to the many distribution lines of
different size and material. The efficiency of the Water Project is very low and for this reason is undergoing a
rehabilitation project funded by UNICEF to optimize the system.
Today most of the potable water discharge from aqueducts Dokan I and Dokan II is sourcing Sarchnar Water Project
(through two mains: see table below) and distributed to the water network using the same lines that pump water
from the spring to the network (therefore mixing the two sources of water).
Table ‎9.4 Transmission lines from the 2 regional aqueducts (Dokan I and II) to Sarchnar WP
From To Diameter (mm) Material Length (m)

Sherkoz 1 [old] Sarchnar W.P.
700 Carbon steel 1,650
842 masl 750 masl
Sherkoz 2 [new] Sarchnar W.P.
1400 GRP 3,780
992 masl 750 masl
The layout of Sarchnar Pumping Station is reported below and gives an idea of the complexity of the pumps, the
existing lines, and the interconnections.
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Figure ‎9.5 Layout of Sarchnar Water Project (not explanatory but just indicative for its complexity)
Figure ‎9.6 – Part of Sarchnar catchment area and suction pipes
The UNICEF rehabilitation project is not fully implemented yet but will be considered as built and a starting point
for our considerations in this report. Following UNICEF rehabilitation project the number of pumps will be reduced as
in the table below. The operating time, currently 24h/day, (note: an average of one power outage every three days
due to bad electrical supply) will in future be demand related and pumps will operate to maintain network pressure to
ensure a sufficient supply for customers. Basically the innovative idea of the project is to have two mains (headers), 12
and 19 bars, operating as pressure regulators : pump duty will maintain the designed pressure in the mains and
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therefore one or more will be activated to equilibrate any pressure drop (due to water demand by the users). This
system will run as such:
 each header is monitored and controlled through pressure sensors whose signal is read and processed by a PLC;
 if users fed by the header get more water, pressure in the header is lower and this signal is processed by the PLC
so as to increase the flow-rate;
 if users fed by the header get less water, pressure in the header is higher and this signal is processed by the PLC
so as to reduce the flow-rate.
In this system, flow-rate coming from Sherkoz 2 tank will be the base flow-rate and pump operation will follow user
requirement changes.
For a more efficient operation, flow-rate requirements will determine the number of pumps to be operated, variable
flow controllers will ensure optimal flow and pressure thereby reducing energy and increasing efficiency.
Automatic level control of reservoirs and pump controls will ensure that levels are maintained throughout the day to
ensure sufficient capacity in the daytime and avoid overflows at night when demand is low.
Pressure control of direct fed mains will be controlled by pressure sustaining valves installed at critical points in the
network.
In the figure below, the logic diagram of the pipelines in Sarchnar W.P. is shown (source: Optimization of Sarchnar WP;
UNICEF 2010).
47
Water from
new Dokan
m3/h 8000
(future m3/h 12.000)
TANK
Elev. = 992m Elev. = 992m
Water from
old Dokan
m3/h 3200
(future m3/h 6400) SEE DETAIL
SEE DETAIL SEE DETAIL SEE DETAIL SEE DETAIL
TANK SEE DETAIL SEE DETAIL
TANK Elev. = 901m
TANK TANK TANK TANK DISTRIBUTION TANK

Elev. = 842m Elev. = 884m Elev. = 884m Elev. = 885m Elev. = 882m Elev. = 884m
SEE DETAIL
SEE DETAIL
SEE DETAIL TANK SEE DETAIL
Elev. = 838m
TANK TANK
PRIVATE
TANK
SEE DETAIL SEE DETAIL TANK
Elev. = 807m Elev. = 800m SEE DETAIL Elev. = 814m SEE DETAIL PRIVATE Elev. = 814m
TANK TANK
Elev. = 791m Elev. = 791m SEE DETAIL SEE DETAIL TANK TANK
Elev. = 775m
Elev. = 772m Grdy joga 1 Grdy joga 4 Grdy joga 3 Grdy joga 5 Karezawsh (p.w.j) Tavga distribution
v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s
DISTRIBUTION
Length = 7,000m Length = 7,000m Length = 7,000m Length = 7,000m Length = 5.250m Length = 1.800m
Grdy joga 2
v < 2.00 m/s
Bakrajo new Bakrajo old 1/2 Raparin Rezgary 1 Syaha(Qlyasan) Length = 7,000m
v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s
Length = 6.050m Length = 6.100m Length = 4.100m Rezgary 2 Length = 2.200m
v < 2.00 m/s
Length = 4.300m
Kany Kurda Zerinok Sugar House Grdy Sarchnar

Bakhtiary
Static Head = 242m

v < 2.00 m/s
v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s v < 2.00 m/s Length = 2.700m
Length = 2.000m Length = 8.900m + 700m Length = 3.000m + 700m Length = 2.750m
Static Head = 92m
sub.pump
by gravity
m3/h 100
by gravity sub.pump
KW 54
m3/h 100
sub.pump
KW 54
FROM
SARCHINAR SPRING
P-1 P-2
FROM
SARCHINAR SPRING
m3/h 400 K4.3-7

KW 315
m3/h 700 N.P.6-4
KW 400 ND 250 ND 150
N.P.1-11
ND 250
m3/h 400 K4.3-6

ND 200 m3/h 700 KW 315
ND 250 KW 550
m3/h 700 N.P.6-3 N.P.4-3 ND150
ND 150
ND 300
KW 400 ND 250 N.P.1-6 K7.1-1

m3/h 700 m3/h 700 m3/h 400 N.P.3-5
ND 200 ND 200 KW 400 m3/h 700 KW 550 KW 315
ND 250 ND 250 KW 550 ND150
m3/h 700 N.P.6-2 N.P.4-2 N.P.3-2 ND200
KW 400 ND 250 ND 150
ND 250 N.P.1-7 K7.1-2
m3/h 700 m3/h 700 m3/h 400 K4.3-4
ND 200 KW 400 KW 400 m3/h 700 KW 315
ND 200 ND 200 m3/h 700 KW 550
ND 250 ND 250 KW 550 ND 250
m3/h 700 N.P.6-1 N.P.4-1 N.P.3-1 ND200 ND150
KW 400 ND 250 ND 150
ND 250 N.P.1-8 K7.1-3
ND 300
m3/h 700 N.P.2-1 m3/h 700 N.P.3-3

ND 200 m3/h 700 KW 400 m3/h 700 KW 550
ND 200 KW 400 ND 200 m3/h 700 KW 550
KW 550 ND 250 m3/h 700
ND200 ND150 KW 550
ultrasonic level control N.P.1-9 K7.1-4
N.P.2-2
ND 250 ND 250
FROM m3/h 700

SARCHINAR SPRING
FROM
SARCHINAR SPRING
FROM
SARCHINAR SPRING
for pump station m3/h 700
KW 550
ND200 ND150
KW 550
ND 250 m3/h 700
KW 550
ND 250
on/off N.P.1-10 N.P.1-5
N.P.2-3
m3/h 700 m3/h 700
KW 550 KW 550 m3/h 700
ND200 ND200 KW 550
ND 250
K7.0 NEW PUMPS KSB (m3/h700)-(assembly)
FROM FROM FROM
SARCHINAR SPRING SARCHINAR SPRING SARCHINAR SPRING
midpoint Elev. = 750m NEW PUMPS KSB (m3/h400)-(assembly)
K4.0
PIPE LINE NP19 N.P.0-0 NEW PUMPS (supply and assembly)

SARCHINAR SPRING from warehouse
QALIASAN STREAM DESIGN WORKS - GENERAL DESIGN PROJECT: 1004601
REVISION
DESCRIPTION DATE BY APPROVED NOTES
NP12 bar pressure line 0
1
First emission
Review
June 2010
July 2010
S.F. G.G.
NP19 bar pressure line

Volume II
Table ‎9.5 - Main characteristics of the pumps that will serve Sarchnar WP mains (12 and 19 bars)
Operating 3
Hall Id. Type Q (m /h) H (m) P (kW)
time (h/d)
MAIN 19 bar
(automatic level
1 K7-1.1 Horizontal
control) 700 200 500
lineshaft
with inverter
(automatic level
1 K7-1.2 Horizontal
control) 700 200 500
lineshaft
with inverter
(automatic level
1 K7-1.3 Horizontal
control) 700 200 500
lineshaft
with inverter
(automatic level
1 K7-1.4 Horizontal
control) 700 200 500
lineshaft
with inverter
1 NP 1.5 Horizontal (automatic level
700 200 560
lineshaft control)
700 200 560
lineshaft control)
700 200 560
lineshaft control)
700 200 560
lineshaft control)
700 200 560
lineshaft control)
700 200 560
lineshaft control)
700 200 560
lineshaft control)
NP 2.1 Horizontal (automatic level
2 700 200 550
lineshaft control)
2 700 200 550
lineshaft control)
2 700 200 550
lineshaft control)
3 700 200 560
lineshaft control)
K4.3.4 Horizontal (automatic level
3 400 200 315
lineshaft control)
(automatic level
NP 3.5 Horizontal
3 control) 400 200 315
lineshaft
with inverter
3 400 200 315
lineshaft control)
3 400 200 315
lineshaft control)
Sub-tot. 12,100
MAIN 12 bar

6 700 130 355
lineshaft control)
6 700 130 355
lineshaft control)
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Operating 3
Hall Id. Type Q (m /h) H (m) P (kW)
time (h/d)
6 700 130 355
lineshaft control)
6 700 130 355
lineshaft control)
3 700 130 355
lineshaft control)
3 700 130 355
lineshaft control)
(automatic level
NP 4.1 Horizontal
4 control) 700 130 355
lineshaft
with inverter
(automatic level
NP 4.2 Horizontal
4 control) 700 130 355
lineshaft
with inverter
(automatic level
NP 4.3 Horizontal
4 control) 700 130 355
lineshaft
with inverter
Sub-tot. 6,300
TOTAL 18,400
Source: Sarchnar Optimization Project – UNICEF 2010
Disinfection
Before entering the distribution network the water is disinfected by chlorine gas. A new chlorine gas facility has been
recently built at Sarchnar WP and it will be soon commissioned for service.
Figure ‎9.7 – New chlorine gas facility at Sarchnar WP
Maximum capacity of the infrastructure supplied by Intake n.1
In the UNICEF mentioned project the maximum carrying capacity of the existing main transmission lines have been
estimated conceiving the carrying capacity of the pipelines as: “the higher the flow-rates that can be delivered to each
connected user, the higher the hydraulic head available at the inlet of each pipe connecting users to Sarchinar W.P.
(considering the head impressed by pumps and the remaining head at the pipe outlet coming from New & Old Sherkoz
tanks). These flow-rates are however limited by two factors:
 The hydraulic head at the inlet of each feeding pipe must be lower than the pressure that each one can bear;
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 The flow velocity in the pipe must not be much higher than 2 m/s.
It is also necessary to consider pipes that feed branches and distribution points along the length of the mains before
entering a tank: in all these cases, to avoid that flow-rates needs of branches and distribution points can reduce the
hydraulic head to such an extent that tank feeding will be impossible, a control valve must be provided and set so as to
restrict the branch flow-rate (...).
In the light of the above criteria the users fed by Sarchinar (...) can be divided in two groups: an “upper” that can be fed
through a hydraulic head of 940 m at the pipe inlet and a “lower” group that can be fed through a hydraulic head of
870 m at the pipe inlet. (...) On the basis of the above feed hydraulic heads (corresponding to the elevation of each
tank) it is possible to calculate the maximum flow-rates that can be conveyed to the various users, taking also into
consideration branches and distribution points along the mains: the results are shown in following figures that
summarize altimetric performances of pipes and hydraulic heads, with and without branches.”
According with these criteria, the following were calculated as the maximum flow-rates that can be supplied to
different users through the existing pipelines (see calculations in the Sarchnar Optimization Project funded by UNICEF
- 2010) and met by the pumps capacity. IMPORTANT NOTE: the flow rates below do not correspond to the production
of potable water (supplied water) but to the maximum amount that could hypothetically be distributed through the
existing mains. The water flowing through the lines in the table below could be both from Sarchnar spring and/or
Sherkoz 1 tank (Dokan I) and/or Sherkoz 2 (Dokan II) in different amount and depending on the water availability.
Table ‎9.6 – Maximum flow-rates from Sarchnar Water Project to Suleimaniyah city (hypothetic value)
Maximum flow-rates Maximum flow-rates

Line
(m³/d) (m³/h)
Grdy Joga 1 127,248 5,302
Grdy Joga 2 20,040 835
Pipe from Grdy J.2 4,008 167
Grdy Joga 3 43,320 1,805
Pipe from Grdy J.3 4,320 180
Pipe to Xabat tank 4,320 180
Grdy Joga 4 6,936 289
Grdy Joga 5 6,936 289
Pipe to Grdy J. T. 3,4 2,784 116
Karezawshk 32,352 1,348
Tavga Distribution 15,096 629
Sub-total (main 19 bar) 267,360 maximum flow rate 11,140 maximum flow rate
Bakhtiary 14,640 610
Bakrajo old 1 3,528 147
Bakrajo old 2 7,680 320
Bakrajo new 20,568 857
Raparin 4,104 171
Grdy Sarchinar 5,472 228
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Maximum flow-rates Maximum flow-rates

Line
(m³/d) (m³/h)
Rzgary 1 24,696 1,029
Rzgary 2 40,608 1,692
Qliasan 4,992 208
Zerinok 7,128 297
Kany Kurda 12,888 537
Sub-total (main 12 bar) 146,304 maximum flow rate 6,095 maximum flow rate
GRAND TOTAL 413,664 maximum flow rate 17,235 maximum flow rate
Total production of Intake n.1
There are no flow meters to measure or record volume produced in this intake. From historical data and information it
3
is known that the minimum discharge of the spring was registered as 1,465 m /h (August 2008) while the maximum
3
discharge was 34,500 m /h.
It is also known that in summer time all the water available in the spring is pumped to the network and the river is left
completely dry.
Finally it is known that the actual production in winter times is lower than the maximum value of the spring discharge.
It is important to preserve a flow to the Chaqchaq River and its recreational touristic area.
The water produced by Sarchnar Spring is variable during the year according to availability and the demand of the
system. To evaluate the available water production of the sources, we can consider the minimum water produced is
1,465 m³/h or 35,160 m³/day.
9.4.2 INTAKE N. 2 – SHERKOZ 1 AND DISTRIBUTION (DOKAN I)
Coordinates: 35°36'5" N; 45°22'40" E; elevation: 842 m asl.
As said before, in this report we consider the inflow of the regional aqueducts (discussed in a separate report) as
intake for the system.
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Volume II
Figure ‎9.8 –Sherkoz 1 (old) tank
Dokan I feeds Sherkoz 1 (old) tank and from there a DN700 steel pipeline brings water by gravity (though designed to
be boosted in Hall 5, now out of order) through Sarchnar W.P. to Xabat and Shekh Mhedin tanks and the network.
Dokan I can also by-pass Sherkoz 1 and directly supply the network by gravity with another DN700 steel pipeline
(reaching Rzgary tank and then down to Wluba tank). Aqueduct Dokan I also directly feeds into the tank Rapareen 5 in
Soorga.
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Volume II
Figure ‎9.9 – Connection of aqueduct Dokan I with the city system at Sherkoz 1
Disinfection
Treated water (old WTP in Perqurban) supplied by Dokan I reaching Suleimaniyah city is disinfected using chlorine gas
at Sherkoz 1 (note Figure ‎9.8) and Sarchnar W.P.
The volume provided by this intake is not metered but calculated as nominal production assuming the rating data of
3
the installed working pumps and the operational procedure adopted by the engineers (for an average of 3,200 m /h
3 3
continuous during 24h). A fraction of this water, 400 m /h for 10 h/d (i.e. 4,000 m /d), is diverted to Piramagroon
town.
3
Accordingly the total water production reaching Suleimaniyah city is about 3,050 m /h or 73,200 m³/d.
9.4.3 INTAKE N. 3 – SHERKOZ 2 (DOKAN II)
Coordinates: 35°36'56" N; 45°22'20" E; Elevation: 992 m asl.
The input of the regional aqueduct Dokan II is assumed as a third intake for the network of Suleimaniyah city.
Dokan II supplies Sherkoz 2 (new) tank and then, by gravity, feeds two mains: a DN1400 GRP pipeline to the network
through Sarchnar W.P. and a DN1200 carbon steel pipeline serving the eastern part of the city through reservoirs at
Kani Spika, PWJ, and up to Qrga.
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Figure ‎9.10 –Sherkoz 2 tank (archive picture, 2008)
Disinfection
Water supplied by Dokan II reaches Suleimaniyah city already treated (new WTP in Perqurban).
The volume provided by this intake is not metered but calculated as nominal capacity assuming the rating data of the
3
installed working pumps and the operational procedure adopted by the engineers (average of 6,500 m /h continuous
3
for 24h). A fraction of this water,1,500 m /h is diverted to Chamchamal town and other urban areas.
3
Accordingly the total water production reaching Suleimaniyah city is about 5,000 m /h or 120,000 m³/d.
9.4.4 TOTAL PRODUCTION FOR SULEIMANIYAH WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
As said, Sarchnar spring and, in addition, two regional aqueducts from Lower Zab River (namely Dokan I and Dokan II)
are currently supplying water to the City.
Following the considerations in the previous paragraphs, the Total Water Production (TWP) coming from the three
“intakes” can be estimated and is shown in Table ‎9.7
Table ‎9.7 – Total nominal water production for Suleimaniyah city
Intake Nominal production (m³/d) Nominal production (m³/h) Nominal production (l/s)
Intake n. 1 35,160 minimum registered 1,465 minimum registered 407 minimum registered
(Sarchnar spring) value value value
Intake n. 2
73,200 3,050 847
(from Sherkoz 1 – Dokan I)
Intake n. 3
120,000 5,000 1,389
(from Sherkoz 2 – Dokan II)
TOTAL 228,360 9,515 2,643
It is noted that the production in Sarchnar spring most of the year can be higher than the value reported as described
in the previous paragraphs.
The following points should be considered:
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 The piped system covers about 80% of the total population i.e. approximately 525,900 inhabitants including the
urban areas of Suleimaniyah, Bakrajo and Rapareen;
 The gross average per capita daily water allocation (water demand), based on the assumption that all water
produced would be delivered to customers, is 435 liters per capita per day;
 Physical losses and reduced efficiency of mechanical equipment entail a reduction of the net volumes reaching
final customers that can be reasonably assumed to be up to 50% lower than nominal production;
 Under the above-mentioned assumptions, the net daily average flow to customers is about 1,320 l/s that
corresponds to an average per capita consumption of 218 lpcd including domestic, commercial, public and
industrial uses;
 As discussed in other section of this report the per capita daily demand of 350 liters (corresponding to a flow of
1,900 l/s) is the targeted standard for Suleimaniyah in the year 2010.
The results of the preliminary analysis show that the present per capita daily demand (435 lpcpd) of Suleimaniyah
water system is about 25% higher than the targeted standard of 350 lpcd.
It can be observed that the estimated nominal production 9,515 m³/h can be compared with the registered
production supplied to the network after the operation of starting Dokan II at the beginning of 2009, shown in the
following Figure ‎9.11. The total average water production in the period was 9,040 m³/h with a maximum value 13,600
m³/h.
Figure ‎9.11 –Registered total water production from March to December 2009
Water Quantity in the System
15000
12000
9000
m3/h
6000
3000
0
1/4/2009 1/5/2009 31/5/2009 30/6/2009 30/7/2009 29/8/2009 28/9/2009 28/10/2009 27/11/2009 27/12/2009
Day
Sarchinar Water Old Dokan I Dokan II Total
Source: SGI data collection 2011 (Water Directorate of Suleimaniyah)
9.5 TRANSMISSION LINES
Pipelines from Sarchinar W.P.
Pipelines from Sarchinar W.P. supply both tanks and networks. Details of diameter, length, possible tank elevation are
noted in the following table. The pipeline usually takes the name of either the tank or the network that it is supplying.
It should be noted that these lines distribute the water from the spring, as well as distributing water from both
Sherkoz 1 tank (aqueduct Dokan I) and Sherkoz 2 tank (aqueduct Dokan 2) to Sarchnar. For details about these lines,
refer to the logic diagram in Paragraph 9.4.1 and the table below.
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Table ‎9.8 - Users supplied from Sarchnar W.P.
Line Elevation Pipe length Diameter Distribution

To the tank
name (m asl) (m) (mm) (Y/N)
GRDY JOGA tanks:
Grdy Joga 1 884 7,000 900 N
1,2,3,4,5
Grdy Joga 2 GRDY JOGA TANKS 3,4 884 7,000 500+450 N
Pipe from Grdy Joga 2 KANY SPIKA 906 2,000 500+450+400 N
Grdy Joga 3 GRDY JOGA TANK 2 884 6,950 600 Y
Pipe from Grdy Joga 3 Forest/Xabat tank 843 1,430 600 N
Pipe to Xabat tank Shekhmhedin 834 1,300 300 N
Grdy Joga 4 GRDY JOGA TANKS 3,4 884 6,700 300 N
Grdy Joga 5 GRDY JOGA TANKS 3,4 884 6,700 300 N
Pipe to Grdy J. T. 3,4 Doshka/Bakhtiary tank 838 950 150 N
Tavga Distribution Distribution 869 1,800 300 Y
Karezawshk PWJ tanks 1,2,3 901 5,250 500 Y
Bakhtiary MALAY KHAYAL Tank 1 852 3,600 450+350 Y
Bakrajo Old 1 BAKRAJO red tank 767 5,500 200 N
Bakrajo Old 2 MILITARY base 759 2,000 200 Y
Bakrajo New BAKRAJO tanks 4,5 781,778 5,700 400 N
Raparin RAPARIN 1 805 4,100 200 N
GRDY SARCHINAR GRDY Sarchinar/Jamea 794 2,700 200 Y
Rzgary 1 RZGARY (complex) 800 500 400 Y (complex)
Rzgary 2 RZGARY (complex) 800 500 500 Y (complex)
Qliasan (Seaha) QLIASAN 1 & 2 775 1,700 200 Y
Zerinok ZERINOK 814 10,200 300 Y
Kany Kurda Distribution 834 2,000 300 Y
Total 85,580
The above transmission lines are mainly made of carbon steel or ductile iron.
Transmission line from aqueduct Dokan I
The aqueduct Dokan I also supplies tanks and networks directly (by-passing Sherkoz 1 tank and Sarchnar W.P.) with a
DN700: then a DN500 to Wluba and a DN400 to Salim street. This same line in winter, when the spring production is
high, is also fed by Sarchnar W.P.
Transmission line from aqueduct Dokan 2
The aqueduct Dokan 2 also supplies tanks and networks in the city by-passing Sarchnar W.P. with another DN1200
transmission line and reaching the tanks of: Kani Spika, PWJ, Dabashan, Grda Grwe, Handren, Hawara Barza, and Qrga.
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9.6 RESERVOIRS
From the GIS database provided by the Water Directorate of Suleimaniyah on 26th August 2011 and field investigation
conducted by the Consultant, the water distribution system of Suleimaniyah city includes 40 reservoirs serving
Suleimaniyah area (1 out of service), 9 reservoirs serving Rapareen area (2 out of service) and 6 reservoirs serving
Bakrajo area (4 out of service). These storage facilities are shown in the figure below and listed in Table ‎9.9. Details
about the lines from Sarchnar to distribution or reservoirs in the city are given in Annex 1 (Source: Optimization of
Sarchnar W.P.; UNICEF 2010): those plates bear details on the inlets, and not outlets from the reservoirs.
Figure ‎9.12 –Reservoirs in Suleimaniyah city
Table ‎9.9 - Characteristics of tanks in the city of Suleimaniyah
3 Elevation
Tank name Capacity (m ) Base shape Type Material Notes
(m asl)
Azad 731 Rectangular Underground Concrete 920
Bakhtiary (Doshka) 1000 Rectangular Ground Concrete 838
Bakrajo 1 433 Rectangular Ground Concrete 767 Not in use
Bakrajo 2 422 Rectangular Elevated PLT 767
Bakrajo 3 240 Rectangular Elevated Concrete 767 Not in use
Bakrajo 4 248 Square Elevated Concrete 781 Not in use
Bakrajo 5 248 Square Elevated Concrete 778 Not in use
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3 Elevation
(m asl)
Data from Bakrajo

Bakrajo 6* n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Water Office
Dabashan (PWJ New) 4000 Rectangular Ground Concrete 919
GrdaGrwe 1 800 Circular Ground Steel 1028
GrdaGrwe 2 2352 Rectangular Ground GRP 1029
Grdy Jamea 202,6 Square Elevated Steel 794
Grdy Joga 1 800 Circular Ground Steel 884
Grdy Joga 2 800 Circular Ground Steel 884
Grdy Joga 3 1600 Circular Ground Carbon Steel 885
Grdy Joga 4 1600 Rectangular Ground Steel 884
Grdy Joga 5 2040 Rectangular Elevated GRP 882
Handren 1 1600 Circular Ground Steel 929
Handren 2 1200 Rectangular Elevated GRP 928
Hawara Barza 800 Circular Ground Steel 982
Kalakn 4600 Rectangular Ground GRP 1051
KanySpika 5000 Rectangular Ground Concrete 906
KurdSat 300 Square Ground GRP 997

One output with
Malaykhaial 1 356 Rectangular Ground Steel 852
Malaykhaial 2
One output with
Malaykhaial 2 338,8 Rectangular Ground Concrete 852
Malaykhaial 1
PWJ 1 1000 Rectangular Ground Concrete 901
PWJ 2 300 Circular Ground Concrete 901
PWJ 3 300 Circular Ground Concrete 901
Qaiar 70 Rectangular Elevated Steel 866
Qliasan 1 210 Rectangular Ground Steel 775
Qliasan 2 280,7 Rectangular Elevated Concrete 775
Qrga 1 8000 Rectangular Ground Concrete 1010
Qrga 2 4000 Rectangular Ground Concrete 1136
Raparin 1 (T1) 287 Rectangular Elevated Concrete 805
Raparin 2 (T2) 344 Rectangular Ground Concrete 805 Not in use
Raparin 3 (T4) 360 Square Elevated Concrete 807 Not in use

Use for Apartment
Raparin 4 (T7) 360 Square Elevated Concrete 786
Raparin
Raparin Water
Raparin 5 (Soorga) 1000 Square Underground Concrete 894
Office
Data from Raparin
Raparin 6 (T3)* n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Water Office
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Volume II
3 Elevation
(m asl)
Data from Raparin

Water Office
Data from Raparin
Water Office
Data from Raparin
Raparin 9 (T8) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Water Office
Connected with
Rzgary (Kargay Jgara 1) 98 Rectangular Elevated Steel 800
other outlet
Connected with
Rzgary (Kargay Jgara 2) 98 Rectangular Elevated Steel 800
other outlet
SalimBag 626 Rectangular Ground Concrete 966
Shakraka 134 Circular Ground Steel 772
ShekhMhedin 250 Square Elevated Steel 834
Sherkuzh 1 2825 Circular Ground Steel 842
Sherkuzh 2 20000 Rectangular Ground Concrete 992
Wluba 100 Rectangular Elevated Steel 791 Not in use
Xabat 1407 Circular Ground Steel 843
Zerinok 1 363 Rectangular Ground Concrete 814
Zerinok 2 330 Rectangular Elevated Concrete 796

Source: Water Directorate Suleimaniyah - GIS database 26/08/2011 completed by *Field Survey
Among the tanks scattered inside the city (Table ‎9.9), some associated pumping stations. In the following table these
reservoirs are listed together with their pumps and pump characteristics. Annex 1 depicts the flow charts of these
reservoirs and associated pumping stations.
Table ‎9.10 – Reservoirs with annexed pumping station in Suleimaniyah city
3
Tank name ID Pump Q (m /h) H (m) P (kW)
Grdy Joga 1 P1 – Hall 1 340 200 -
“ P2 – Hall 1 680 200 -
“ P3 – Hall 1 680 200 -
“ P1 – Hall 2 765 52.5 -
“ P2 – Hall2 765 52.5 -
“ P3 – Hall 2 765 52.5 -
“ P4 – Hall 2 300 220 -
“ P5 – Hall 2 340 200 -
“ P1 – Hall 3 700 200 -
“ P2 – Hall 3 700 200 -
“ P3 – Hall 3 400 200 -
“ P4 – Hall 3 700 200 -
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3
Tank name ID Pump Q (m /h) H (m) P (kW)
“ P5 – Hall 3 700 200 -
“ P1 – Hall 4 500 100 -
“ P2 – Hall 4 680 200 -
“ P3 – Hall 4 680 200 -
Handren P1 195 65.5 75 kW
“ P2 (broken) 195 65.5 86 kW
“ P3 200 100 90 kW
PWJ P1 300 100 315
“ P2 340 200 255
“ P3 400 200 315
“ P4 400 200 315
“ P5 400 200 315
“ P6 300 100 315
“ P7 700 200 350
“ P8 100 50 -
“ P9 100 50 -
“ P10 200 100 90
Dabashan (PWJ New) P1 750 200 -
“ P2 750 200 -
“ P3 750 200 -
“ P4 750 200 -
“ P5 750 200 -
“ P6 750 200 -
Qrga 1 P1 680 200 -
“ P2 680 200 -
“ P3 680 200 -
“ P4 680 200 -
Rapareen 5 (Soorga) P1 370 70 110
“ P2 370 70 110
Zerinok P1 201.6 100 90
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Figure ‎9.13 – Some tanks in Suleimaniyah

Grdy Joga Bakrajo
PWJ Old Dabashan (2010) Qrga 1 (2010)
Zerinok Dabashan (2011) Qrga 1 (2011)
The total storage capacity is 73,632 m³. This capacity can be divided in three parts:
 the first part is the total capacity directly connected to the distribution network, it means that water is readily
available the users and it can be used to compensate for increased demand during the day: 44,034 m³;
 the second part is the capacity stored in reservoirs not directly connected to the network or mainly used to
balance water within the main transmission lines system: 27,625 m³;
 the third part is the capacity not used: 1,973 m³.
The first part corresponds to 19% of the minimum production. It can be affirmed that the available capacity is not
appropriate with the water production of the city usually considered a reference value of 30% of the average demand.
Further analyses are also necessary to evaluate the operational performance of the tanks according to their location
and connection to the network sectors to estimate the maximum static pressure of the tank above the distribution
sector to avoid high pressures to protect pipelines, reduce leakage and balance of the water demands between the
reservoir capacity and the district served. These analyses need to have a deep knowledge of the network that cannot
be achieved in a master plan project, preliminary evaluation will be examined during phase 2 in order to propose what
projects that are necessary to implement, their priority and cost estimate.
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9.7 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
The data reported in this subchapter were elaborated from the GIS database obtained on 26/08/2011 from the
Directorate of Water for Suleimaniyah city (DWS). Other information comes both from SGI field survey and
bibliographic review (mainly SETEC, 2003).
The water supply for Suleimaniyah city relies on a network of 1,233 km pipelines of different types and sizes (the
mains of the regional aqueducts Dokan I and Dokan II are not included). The main distribution network in the city is
widely interconnected and therefore not divided into precise individual sectors. The urban areas of Bakrajo and
Rapareen have their own separated network, each fed by dedicated tanks, receiving water from Dokan I and Sarchnar
spring.
The water in the main pipelines is under pressure 24 h/day but distribution to the single user, both in summer and in
winter, is supplied 2 hours every 2 days obtained by opening and closing hundreds of valves throughout the city.
Customers make use of private storage tanks to cope with the interrupted supply to maintain their own supply 24 hrs
/day. Some users are linked to more than one distribution pipeline and can therefore receive water more often.
Water rationing is not only an inconvenience for customers but frequent pressurization/depressurization can seriously
damages the entire water distribution network during filling and emptying: the water hammer and air entrapment
damages service connections in particular. The absence of anchor blocks on all bends and T-pieces installed in the past
20 years worsen the problem.
The water network is separated into eight operational areas which are managed by an appointed area manager who
carries out all necessary operation and maintenance activities. Interruptions or no supplies are frequent due to lack of
materials for emergency repairs and network improvements. Operation and Maintenance is purely reactive to
situations arising. There is no planned preventative maintenance procedures.
Approximately 1,500 valves are installed in the distribution network. Valves older than 30 years are gate valves with
insert gate seats. Most of the valves are either installed in chambers or protective concrete rings. Valve in chambers
are equipped with hand wheels. Due to different sizes of the spindles the O&M teams use many different valve keys
for operation. Extension spindles and surface boxes are not in use. Socket valves designed for the use with PVC pipes
are welded to spigot flange or spigot pipes and connected to CI pipes. Valves installed at the sources of supply, mainly
reservoirs or tanks are used to execute the rationing plan. Most of the valves in the network are broken or leaking: it is
estimated that approximately 80% of the existing valves should be replaced. The location of valves is not indicated or
marked by marker plates on site.
The pipelines are made from 7 materials; Polyethylene, Ductile Iron, Galvanized Iron, Carbon Steel, Polyvinyl chloride,
Cast Iron, Asbestos Cement with nominal diameters ranging from DN25 to DN1200.
Polyethylene (PE) and ductile iron (DI) pipes are most utilized in the network: about 494 km (40%) and 478 km (39%)
respectively. Ductile iron is the most reliable and durable a maintenance concern.
The installed galvanized iron (GI) pipes is generally of poor quality, it is sometimes welded to steel pipes enhancing
corrosion. The GI pipes are also badly corroded due to the very acidic soil chemistry. Total length in the system: about
143 km (12%).
Carbon steel (CS) pipes, spiral welded, with bitumen coating and bitumen lining are present. Most of the pipes are
between 30 and 60 years old but still considered in good condition apart from the joints, bolts and the spigot ends due
to poor protection against corrosion. Leaks caused by corrosion occur. Total length in the system: about 52 km (4%).
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The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes in Suleimaniyah have been used in the last about 30 years. The installed PVC is of
poor quality and the socket form and rubber gasket do not comply with international standards. In addition, the
installation of the PVC pipes was not with sand bedding therefore the existing PVC pipes are exposed to traffic load
and sharp edged stones. Total length in the system: about 26 km (2%).
Cast iron (CI) pipes installed in the last 30 years are generally in good condition. In the city centre, pipelines made of
common CI spigot / screw gland type are approximately 50 to 70 years old. The pipes are still in good condition due to
a low network pressure. CI pipes present in the distribution network as DN 200 to DN 300 show weakness due to the
common practice of direct tapping of service connections with fittings screwed into the pipe wall instead of using pipe
saddles. Corrosion at the tapping points causes leakages and weakening of the high quality pipes. Welding of
galvanized pipes to CI pipes for T-Pieces and of CI bends and joints increase corrosion and leakage in the transmission
and distribution network. Total length in the system: about 23 km (2%).
The Water Directorate replaced most of the asbestos cement pipelines. Total length in the system: about 17 km (1%).
The water network for Suleimaniyah city cannot be clearly divided into primary and secondary pipelines depending on
the size (i.e. pipes equal or bigger than a certain nominal diameter defined as primary while smaller as secondary)
because through the years (especially during embargos and wars) main laying and replacements were done according
to whatever material was available. Consequently, as an example a DN100 can be found used as primary pipeline
while a DN400 in a network of secondary pipes. Despite this, some approximate figures have been taken by the GIS
database (DWS; 26/08/2011) considering: equal or above DN300 as primary network; below DN300 as secondary
network.
Primary network
The lengths of pipelines equal or above DN300 are reported in the table below, classifying also their construction
materials. The length of the primary distribution network is approximately 614 km. Prevailing materials are ductile
iron (56%) and polyethylene (24%), prevailing nominal diameter DN300 (35%).
Table ‎9.11 – Length (m) of different diameters in order of material in the primary network
DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN
Total %
300 350 400 450 480-550 600 650 700 750-850 900 1200
AS 3,911 4,286 - 5,385 - 1,003 - - - - - 14,585 2.4%
CI 4,401 4,448 - - 6,148 - - - - - - 14,997 2.4%
CS 4,761 2,007 - 1,967 21,572 1,948 99 15,906 265 65 2,229 50,819 8.3%
DI 106,182 78,468 - 67,935 34,559 24,390 26,882 4,268 - - - 342,684 55.8%
GS 21,694 1,159 - 1,504 - - - - - - - 24,357 4.0%
PE 65,057 - 54,910 24,588 3,353 - - 28 - - - 147,936 24.1%
PVC 10,124 6,525 - 1,817 - - - - - - - 18,466 3.0%
Total 216,130 96,893 54,910 103,196 65,632 27,341 26,981 20,202 265 65 2,229 613,844 100%
% 35.2% 15.8% 8.9% 16.8% 10.7% 4.5% 4.4% 3.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 100%
The total length of the main network pipeline (> 300 mm) for 1000 connections is 567 m.
Secondary network
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The lengths of pipelines below DN300 have been reported in the following table, classified by their construction
materials. The length of the primary distribution network is approximately 619 km. Most of the pipes are made of
polyethylene (56%), ductile iron (22%), and galvanized steel (19%). Prevailing nominal diameters are DN250 (44%) and
DN200 (33%).
Table ‎9.12 – Length (m) of different diameters in order of material in the secondary network
MATERIAL DN25 DN50 DN80 DN100 DN125 DN150 DN180 DN200 DN250 Total %
Asbestos Cement - - - - - - - 2,457 - 2,457 0.4%
Cast Iron - - - - - - - 8,041 - 8,041 1.3%
Carbon Steel - - - 234 - - - 1,120 - 1,354 0.2%
Ductile Iron - - - - - - - 135,579 1 135,580 21.9%
Galvanized Steel 218 59,945 - - 6,704 - - 52,063 - 118,930 19.2%
Polyethylene 263 - 14,144 710 - 56,316 284 1,529 272,653 345,899 55.8%
Polyvinyl chloride - 430 - - - - - 6,809 - 7,239 1.2%
Total 481 60,375 14,144 944 6,704 56,316 284 207,598 272,654 619,500 100%
% 0.1% 9.7% 2.3% 0.2% 1.1% 9.1% 0.0% 33.5% 44.0% 100%
9.7.1 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
A preliminary mathematical model of the network has been built to assess the pressure fields under continuous water
supply using MIKE URBAN. MIKE URBAN is a GIS-based urban modeling system for water distribution systems and is
fully compatible with worldwide standard EPANET.
The separated networks of Bakrajo and Rapareen, each fed by dedicated tanks, were not input into the hydraulic
modeling software due to lack of information (differently, information and path exist for their feeding mains).
Nodes demand has been assumed considering the average nominal production to evaluate how the system responds
operating as a continuous network. A steady state analysis has been performed to evaluate the network actual
operation.
Ground network elevations have been assumed from available information. The model includes the pipes ranging
from 25mm to 1400mm and the feeding sources, as shown in Figure ‎9.14 and Figure ‎9.15.
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Figure ‎9.14 – Network model scheme general: pipes and reservoirs
Figure ‎9.15 – Network model scheme: pipes and reservoirs
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After inputting the data, the flow and pressure regime during the hour of maximum consumption was simulated.
The simulations have been run looking for the maximum water demand that the system is capable of handling. It was
found that the system is capable of distributing a maximum demand of 2500 l/s according to the input condition
assumed in the model.
The results of the flow and pressure simulation are shown in Figure ‎9.16 and Figure ‎9.17. Figure ‎9.16 shows the flows
ranges in each pipe of the distribution network during the hour of maximum consumption. In Figure ‎9.17 the pressure
at each node is indicated by a specific color that changes each 10 m of hydraulic head. The model simulation,
considering continuous supply, highlights that pressure at each distribution node is greater than 20 m of hydraulic
head but in the most parts of the town there are problems of low pressure, such as in the areas close to Tanks Hawara
Barza and Azad.
Figure ‎9.16 – Flow at maximum consumption snapshot
Flow
5.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
LPS
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Figure ‎9.17 – Pressure at maximum consumption snapshot
Pressure
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
m
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10 THE EXISTING WASTE WATER SYSTEM AND STORM WATER SYSTEM
The description of the wastewater and storm water system follows the same format as the water supply system.
Suleimaniyah city and the two municipalities of Rapareen and Bakrajo are examined as follows in the next chapters.
10.1 SEWAGE AUTHORITIES
The Design Department belongs to the Municipality and is in charge of design and work supervision of public utility
facilities in the city, including the sewerage infrastructures. The Operation and Maintenance Unit also belongs to the
Municipality and it is responsible for operating and maintaining the sewage system in the District Center by clearing
blockages, maintenance and minor works to improve the system. No organized data base is available stating the
condition of manholes and the activities done on each manhole by the unit. The Operation and Maintenance Unit has
49 employees: 1 Head, 2 Technician, 3 administrative officers, 27 full time workers, 11 temporary workers, and 5
drivers. The operations department does not carry out scheduled routine maintenance. The records of job files with
location, problem and works carried out are on paper and difficult to keep organized and produce reports. The main
problem is cleaning out settled solids which vary from fine sands, dumped solid waste, to stones washed down from
the mountains.
For Bakrajo and Rapareen, the maintenance unit belongs to the local Municipality and can handle minor works. For
major works the Operation and Maintenance Unit of Suleimaniyah city would be contacted.
10.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM
In Suleimaniyah a well developed wastewater collection network of sewer pipes and drainage channels exist. Most
households are connected to the sewerage network while a minority discharge into septic tanks or street gutters. The
sewer system is combined, collecting both rainwater and wastewater. The general layout of the system is shown in
the figure below.
Many of the wadi from the mountains have been canalized with closed box culvert (locally named "box sewers" as
they carry wastewater as well as surface runoff) within the city. The collected wastewater is directly discharged into
open storm water drains just outside the urbanized area and then into receiving water courses, the Chaqchaq and
Tanjero Rivers and used for irrigation of food crops. Recently laid sewers are in good condition while most of the older
network has problems of clogging and blockage and needs continuous maintenance.
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Legend
(
! Outlet
Main sewer pipe
Secondary network
OUTLET 16
OUTLET 29
(
!
(
!
OUTLET 17
(
!
OUTLET 1
OUTLET 31 (
!
Rapareen
.
!
OUTLET 2
(
!
(
!
OUTLET 3
!
(
OUTLET 28
OUTLET 30 (!
! (
OUTLET 33 OUTLET 5
OUTLET 23
OUTLET 32 OUTLET 18
(
!
Bakrajo !
(
(
! (
!
(
!
!
(
(
! OUTLET 15
OUTLET 6
.
! (
!
(
!
OUTLET 26 OUTLET 8 OUTLET 12

(
!
(
! (
!
(
! (
!
OUTLET 25
(
!
OUTLET 27 OUTLET 7
Suleimaniyah City main sewage network

(
!
OUTLET 22 OUTLET 4 OUTLET 13

OUTLET 24
(
!
(
! (
! OUTLET 11
(
!
OUTLET 9
OUTLET 14
OUTLET 10 (
!
0 1,500 3,000 6,000 Meters

(
!
OUTLET 21
1:50,000 .
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A Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) was built between 1979/80 about 10 km southwest of the city along with the
main sewer line connecting the city with the treatment plant. The main collector sewer and wastewater treatment
plant were never put into operation (electrical and mechanical equipments were never installed) and have suffered
major structural damages during the Iraq-Iran war and has been adopted for processing bitumen.
The wastewater sewerage system contains no pump station, relying on gravity flow to pass effluent down to the
Tanjero River. For convenience, the extent of the network was divided into three categories of conduit (box sewers,
main pipes and pipes within the Quarters) as described below.
Box Sewers
In 2003 the combined length of the box sewers was about 60,000 m with cross section varying from 1.5 by 1.0 m to
3.0 by 3.0 m (H and W). As indicated in the figure above, nowadays box sewer lines merge, resulting in a total of
twenty one existing outfalls on the south and west of the city. Some of these outfalls other than taking the combined
flow of wastewater and rainwater also convey the surface runoff from the mountains. The mountains are low quality
grasslands and with their steepness cause short run off times between the most remote areas of the catchment to
reaching the points of entry to the box sewers that run through the city. This has the potential of a short, high
intensity storm causing massive flooding problems, as the time of concentration is short. There is no on-line storage
tanks in the city nor any means employed to dissipate the time taken for runoff concentrations. Network problems
and flash flooding problems affect the old city center in particular. Most of the box sewers, placed in the old wadi
beds, have no overflow systems incorporated into the design.
The following table summarizes the main characteristics of the box sewers, shown in Figure ‎10.1.
Table ‎10.1 – Box sewers characteristics
Drainage n. Material Cross section Pipe length (m)

Concrete Rectangular, 1,5m x 1,5 m 1,125
Concrete Rectangular, 1,35m x 1,8 m 504
SS1 Concrete Rectangular, 2,5m x 2,5 m 1,370
Concrete Rectangular, 2,5m x 2 m 155
Concrete Rectangular, 1,5m x 2,5 m 157
Concrete Rectangular, 1 m x 1 m 226
Concrete Rectangular, 3 m x 3 m 4,311
Concrete Rectangular, 2,5 m x 3 m 510
Concrete Rectangular, 1,5 m x 1,5 m 5,273
SS2 Concrete Rectangular, 2,1 m x 2,15 m 2,023
Stone Rectangular, 1,2 m x 1,2 m 1,853
Stone Rectangular, 1 m x 1 m 563
Stone Rectangular, 1,5 m x 1,5 m 420
Stone Rectangular, 1,5 m x 2 m 555
Concrete Unknown 294
Concrete Rectangular, 0,75 m x 1,5 m 299
SS3
Concrete 2 Rectangular, 0,95 m x 0,95 m 444
SS4 Concrete Rectangular, 3 m x 2,5 m 2,161
SS5
Concrete 2 Rectangular, 2,5 m x 2,5 m 2,005
Concrete Rectangular, 2 m x 2,5 m 609
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Drainage n. Material Cross section Pipe length (m)

Concrete Rectangular, 2,5 m x 3 m 1,716
Concrete 2 Rectangular, 2,5 m x 2,8 m 3,341
Concrete Rectangular, 3 m x 2,5 m 1,745
SS8 Stone Rectangular, 2 m x 2 m 785
Stone Rectangular, 2,1 m x 2,1 m 946
Stone Rectangular, 2,5 m x 2,5 m 1,470
Concrete Rectangular, 3 m x 2,5 m 1,550
Concrete 2 Rectangular, 2 m x 2,5 m 2,109
SS9 Concrete Rectangular, 2,5 m x 2 m 619
Concrete 2 Rectangular, 3 m x 2,5 m 2,190
Stone Rectangular, 2 m x 1,4 m 176
SS10
SS11 Concrete 2 Rectangular, 2 m x 2,5 m 2,165
SS12 Concrete Rectangular, 1,5 m x 1,5 m 834
SS13 Concrete Rectangular, 1,2 m x 1,2 m 252
SS14 Concrete Rectangular, 1,2 m x 1 m 440
Concrete Rectangular, 2,5 m x 3 m 1,483
SS15
Concrete 2 Rectangular, 3 m x 2.5 m 1,689
Stone Rectangular, 1,5 m x 2 m 725
SS16
SS17 Concrete Rectangular, 2 m x 2 m 674
SS18 Concrete Rectangular, 2 m x 2 m 332
TOTAL 98,312
Source: Municipality of Suleimaniyah - GIS database 2011
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Figure ‎10.1 – Suleimaniyah city box culverts
There are three types of connections made to the box sewers: connections to gulley grates that take surface flows
during rainfall events; connections to the secondary system, which are incorporated into the initial design;
connections made by households.
The first two are normally well designed and properly jointed so as to prevent infiltration, usually under municipal
inspection, while the third is often carried out by builders or households without supervision. Very often these are not
controlled and joints are not properly sealed and the protruding sewer pipe connection into the box sewer has the
potential of snagging floating debris such as rags, plastic bags etc. and reducing the hydraulic profile of the box sewer.
In smaller pipes there is the potential of blockages occurring.
Access to the box sewers through manholes is hindered by the heavy concrete lids that can only be lifted by crane. In
addition, step irons (when present) have been placed far from the entry point making them unusable (ladders have to
be used and secured instead). On deeper sections of the sewers the manholes are too narrow to allow for safe access
and would hinder any inspection or maintenance requirements. Other problems are associated with manhole covers
being either partially or completely buried by the extensive resurfacing and road surfacing program undertaken by the
municipal authorities. Finally, some lengths of sewers have manholes that greatly exceed a 100m separation distance,
which would be the typical distance for large sewers. The above prevents any routine inspection and maintenance
program of these lengths, with the result that they could collapse suddenly and most likely during a storm event,
risking damage to property and injury to people.
The outfalls of the box sewers are to open wadis, but a significant proportion is diverted for irrigation, before ending
up in the Tanjero River. The outfalls have also ended up as illegal dump sites, further deteriorating the environment.
No grills are placed at the end of neither the outfall points nor fencing to restrict access.
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In general the concrete is in good condition, scour problems are minimal and there are few problems of H2S. Some
walls collapsing on the older box sewers are reported.
Main Pipes
Pipelines determined as main pipe (DN500 to DN1200) is adopted for the present study only. The Consultant has
categorized pipe sizes of 500 mm diameter and above as main pipe. The maximum pipe diameter in the network for
Suleimaniyah is 1.2 m. The total lengths, in this category and as taken from municipality GIS archive dated 2011,
comes to 125,530 m. The table below shows the lengths for each diameter.
Table ‎10.2 – Main pipelines characteristics
Cross section Material Pipe length (m)

Concrete 7,510
Asbestos 4,790
Circular, DN 500
Polyethylene 3,663
Unknown 23,910
Concrete 17,980
Asbestos 117
Circular, DN 600
Polyethylene 3,273
Unknown 11,204
Concrete 2,645
Circular, DN 750 Polyethylene 1,261
Unknown 3,201
Polyethylene 513
Circular, DN 800
Unknown 1,078
Concrete 434
Circular, DN 850 Polyethylene 637
Unknown 1,400
Concrete 3,176
Unknown 6,298
Concrete 85
Circular, DN 1000
Unknown 1,617
Concrete 2,056
Unknown 1,222
Concrete 4,900
Polyethylene 218
Unknown Unknown 14,062
Asbestos 870
Stone 6,930
TOTAL 125,530
Source: Municipality of Suleimaniyah - GIS database 2011
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Figure ‎10.2 – Suleimaniyah city main pipelines
The Municipality reports some problems (blockages, backflows and inadequate size) from the network laid down in
the 1980s. This is due to the fact that the design concept was for a separate system but ended up being mixed by
connecting sewers to road gutters, therefore pipes are not properly sized for the purpose. As a logical solution, the
municipality has effectively removed all spillways by breaking down weirs and dividing walls while the wadis (where
the spillways overflowed to) are now channeled by a box sewer. Currently, for new areas the Municipality always
designs on the basis of combined sewerage and storm water. This means only one pipeline needs to be laid and
maintained, but for much of the year it has to carry only dry weather flows of sewerage, which means self cleaning
velocities must be maintained.
Similar to manholes on box sewers the Main Pipe Manholes have concrete block covers meaning that a crane has to
be used for lifting and often the Main Pipe Manholes are covered by new road surfacing. This makes it difficult to
inspect and maintain the system. In addition, the network constructed in 1980 has well constructed manholes with
little sign of scouring or deterioration but often difficult to access due to limited space. Newly constructed manholes
(since 1997) have much larger sizes and once the heavy concrete cover is removed, easier to enter. In some areas of
the city there is a good coverage of manholes with reasonable access, however, for some parts of the network there
are no manholes. Chambers with missing cast iron lids or slabs exist and quickly fill with solid waste causing blockages.
As for the box sewers, in general the concrete is in good condition, scour problems are minimal and there are few
problems of H2S.
Pipes within The Quarters
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The Quarter pipe network is defined in this study as pipes of 150 mm to 400 mm in diameter. The table below shows
the quantities taken from the Municipality maps and comes to an approximate total of 698,450 m.
Table ‎10.3 – Main pipelines characteristics
Pipe diameter Material Pipe length (m)

Concrete 511
Asbestos 2,800
PVC 17
Unknown 2,326
Concrete 7,727
Asbestos 3,879
PVC 117
Unknown 18,389
Asbestos 732
Unknown 4,651
Concrete 67,938
Asbestos 1.047
Circular, DN 300
Polyethylene 64,604
Unknown 73,581
Concrete 144,322
Asbestos 492
Circular, DN 400
Polyethylene 23,825
Unknown 228,791
TOTAL 698,451
There are also about 15,900 m of pipes named “lateral sewers”; they are the connections between the users and
sewage network and their diameter range from 150 mm to 300 mm.
In the older parts of the city there is still a reliance on ancient brick arch sewers.. The municipality aims to replace
these due to their age, inadequate size and difficulty in carrying-out maintenance. Due to their location, in the oldest
part of town, where streets are narrow and buildings have been built on top of the alignment, this is not an easy task.
The quantities measured from the municipality drawings came to 27,000 m [Seureca 2003].
Relating to design, the main problem experienced is in backflows, particularly in the areas of the sewerage network
constructed in 1980s (converted from a separate design concept to a combined system). In cases where the sewers
are not deep enough and the sewage flow is low, there is a problem of household connections maintaining a minimum
slope to prevent problems of blockages by settling solids.
There are a wide variety of manholes used for the smaller pipes that receive the quarter’s wastewater and storm
drainage. They vary from the standard manhole designs, to concrete block covers (no benching; no hinged steel plate
covers), to any material deemed suitable and available (waste material from builders sites, flattened steel drums etc).
There is a major problem with manholes with loose or no covers, allowing solid waste and rubbish to block the
pipelines. In addition, large parts of the city do not have manholes to allow for inspection and maintenance. The
matter has been made worse by some being covered by road resurfacing.
Where the manholes are accessible, the concrete structure was found in good condition.
Bakrajo and Rapareen sewer systems
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Bakrajo has a combined waste water and storm water system. Waste water and storm water are collected into the
main pipes and then directed by gravity to the outlet points located outside the urban area.
The red lines in Figure ‎10.3 represent the main pipes of the existing sewerage system. There are six main drainages
that run along the main streets being 9,891 m their total length.
Table ‎10.4 shows in detail the main characteristics of the conveying pipelines according to the data provided by site
surveys and conversations with the authorities and the technicians.
Figure ‎10.3 – Bakrajo sewage system
Table ‎10.4 – Pipeline characteristics (Bakrajo)
Drainage n. Material Cross section (m) Pipe length (m)

22 Polyethylene Circular,  1.2 543
Polyethylene Circular,  1.2 495
23
Polyethylene Circular,  1 566
Concrete Circular,  1.2 1,058
24
Concrete Circular,  0.9 535
25 Concrete Rectangular, 1.5 m x 2 m 1,987
Concrete Rectangular, 1 m x 1.5 m 698
26
Polyethylene Circular,  1.2 2,512
27 Concrete Rectangular, 3 m x 2 m 1,497
TOTAL 9,891
Rapareen has a combined waste water and storm water system. Waste water and storm water are collected into the
main pipes and then directed by gravity to the outlet points located outside the urban area. The red lines in Figure
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‎ 0.4 represent the main pipes of the existing sewerage system. There are six main drainages that run along the main
1
streets, total length 9,457m.
Figure ‎10.4 – Rapareen sewage system
Table ‎10.5 shows in detail the main characteristics of the conveying pipelines according to the data provided by site
surveys and discussions with the authorities and the technicians.
Table ‎10.5 – Pipeline characteristics (Rapareen)

Concrete Rectangular, 1.5 m x 1.5 m 578
Unknown Circular,  0.3 2,246
Unknown Circular,  0.4 632
28 Unknown Circular,  0.6 557
Concrete Rectangular, 1.5 m x 1.5 m 1,547
31
32 Concrete Rectangular, 1.5 m x 1.5 m 1142
Concrete Rectangular, 1.5 m x 1.5 m 3015
33 Concrete Rectangular, 2 m x 2 m 1832
Concrete Circular,  1,2 757
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TOTAL 9,457
10.3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
A preliminary network hydraulic analysis has been carried out to estimate the performance of the storm system.
Routes and size of main drainages has been input and, due to the lack of data, pipe slopes have been assumed
according with natural ground elevation. Further analysis is necessary to confirm the results obtained, but preliminary
information about the performance of the system can be considered.
Figure ‎10.5 shows the distribution of the rainfall runoff basins for Suleimaniyah city.
Figure ‎10.5 – Runoff basins of Suleimaniyah
A design storm frequency of 10 years return period is used to generate the rainfall runoff and to evaluate the existing
network capacity.
The obtained results are shown in Table ‎10.6. Q indicates the rainfall flow that drains into the main sewer pipes.
Table ‎10.6 - Model results
3
Drainage n. Runoff basin Area (ha) Q (m /sec)
9 166 6.8
10 354 8.7
1
11 92 5.5
12 43 3.2
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3
13 102 4.2
14 33 1.9
15 43 2.2
16 45 2.7
17 75 2.9
19 174 4.4
20 136 6.8
21 57 4.2
2 22 77 3.1
23 179 4.5
24 134 4.1
25 129 3.3
3 1 61 3.2
4 2 256 6.2
26 223 7.1
27 58 3.1
28 27 2.1
30 201 8.1
31 224 7.1
32 143 4.4
33 71 2.5
34 94 2.9
5
35 49 3.1
36 35 2.6
37 74 3.8
38 14 0.6
39 52 3.2
40 16 1.1
41 77 3.2
42 7 0.6
43 182 5.8
6
44 96 3.5
45 133 5.1
7 46 87 4.2
47 165 5.6
48 74 3.1
8
49 43 2.9
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3
50 108 4.6
51 96 3.5
52 10 1.4
9 53 70 3.1
54 53 2.6
55 116 4.8
10 5 389 29.1
11 4 137 4.1
12 82 89 3.9
13 81 82 3.7
14 3 116 3.8
56 237 7.3
57 158 5.4
58 106 3.8
59 173 6.3
60 96 4.5
61 8 0.7
15
62 10 0.8
63 51 2.6
64 26 1.8
65 24 2.5
66 20 2.3
67 16 1.9
7 352 8.7
16
8 128 6.1
17 29 228 7.2
18 83 68 2.7
81
Volume II
Figure ‎10.6 shows the distribution of the rainfall runoff basins for Bakrajo.
Figure ‎10.6 – Runoff basins of Bakrajo
network capacity.
Table ‎10.7 - Model results for Bakrajo
3
22 73 82 3,7
23 73 82 3,7
24 72 71 3,4
27 68 96 5,5
25 69 80 5,1
70 28 2,1
26
71 51 3,3
82
Volume II
The figure below shows the distribution of the rainfall runoff basins for Rapareen.
Figure ‎10.7 – Runoff basins of Rapareen
network capacity.
Table ‎10.8 - Model results for Rapareen
3
28 79 149 5.5
29 78 31 1.7
30 74 303 5.3
31 75 183 7.8
32 76 62 2.7
77 71 2.9
33
80 207 7.6
The study of the water flow is performed by the software “EPA's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)”.
Figure ‎10.8 to Figure ‎10.10 show the modelled sewerage system of Suleimaniyah, Rapareen and Bakrajo and the
results of the simulations. Pipelines and nodes are differently coloured according to water flow amount expressed in
liters per second (LPS). Red dots indicates that during rainfall event the sewer pipe from that point to the next one is
not capable of draining the runoff hence causing flooding.
83
Volume II
Figure ‎10.8 – Model results Suleimaniyah
On the basis of the input properties of the sewage system and the design storm frequency of a 10 year return period,
EPA’s SWMM shows that as a general rule the preliminary results of the model demonstrate a sufficient performance
of the network: only one node indicated with red dot in present insufficient drainage capacity as a consequence of the
necessary approximation of the model.
Figure ‎10.9 – Model results Bakrajo
84
Volume II
EPA’s SWMM shows that that there are no critical zones.
Figure ‎10.10 – Model results Rapareen
EPA’s SWMM shows that there are no critical zones.
85
Volume II
11 MAIN SERVICE INDICES
The main service indices for Suleimaniyah city water and sanitation systems including Bakrajo and Rapareen urban
areas, are shown in the following Table ‎11.1 and Table ‎11.2
Table ‎11.1 – Main Indices for Suleimaniyah city Water Supply System including Bakrajo and Rapareen urban areas
Index Unit Value

Total Population inhab 649,300
Population served inhab 525,900
Coverage % 80%
Total customers n. 108,201
Domestic customers n. 100,541
Commercial customers n. 6,246
Industrial customers n. 1,220
Public customers n. 194
Total staff (employees) n. 1,400
Number of staff for connections empl/1000 con 13
Average water produced l/s 2,643
Gross per capita water provision (average nominal production per capita lpcd 435
day)
Net per capita water provision lpcd 218
Water demand l/s 1,900
Total storage capacity m³ 44,034
Storage capacity as % of average daily production % 19
Total length of main distribution network (>300 mm) m 613,844
Main network length for connections m/100 con 567
Table ‎11.2 – Main Indexes for Suleimaniyah city Wastewater and Sanitation System
Total Population inhab 649,300

Population served by wastewater system inhab 525,900
Coverage % 80%
Total wastewater customers n. n.a.
Total staff (employees) n. 49
Total length of main drainage pipe (>400 mm) m 240,312
86
Volume II
12 PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
12.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The water supply for the city of Suleimaniyah mainly relies on the spring of Sarchnar (with annexed pumping station)
and on two regional aqueducts (Dokan I and Dokan II).
Sarchnar Water Project is currently undertaking rehabilitation works (funded by both UNICEF and the KRG Ministry of
Municipalities and Tourism) that will soon allow, if needed, to fully exploit the whole spring discharge.
Figure ‎12.1 – Works for rehabilitating Suleimaniyah Water Project
3
The 3,200 m /h discharge of Dokan I is intended to link with a project, to be implemented, named Dokan III. About
3
4,000 m /d is taken by Piramagroon and this will hypothetically double in the future, meaning Suleimaniyah city could
3
likely get 6,100 m /h in total from this source.
Figure ‎12.2 – Works at Kotal station (LS3)
3 3
Dokan II is currently capable of producing 6,500 m /h (of which about 5,000 to Suleimaniyah city and 1,500 m /h to
3
Chamchamal) but in its second stage (under implementation) the flow will increase to 12,000 m /h.
87
Volume II
Figure ‎12.3 – Pump witness test and pipeline laying for upgrading the aqueduct Dokan II
Table ‎4.1 below summarizes the possible future water production for the city of Suleimaniyah.
Table ‎12.1 – Main water sources going to Suleimaniyah city
3
Water production (m /h)
Present Future
Sarchnar spring 1,465 minimum registered value 1,465 minimum registered value
Dokan Water Project I (max) 3,050 3,050
Dokan Water Project II (max) 5,000 10,500*
Dokan Water Project III (max) - 3,050
TOTAL 9,515 18,065

*considering that out of the 12,000m3/h that Dokan II will produce, 1,500m3/h will be still diverted to Chamchamal.
88
Volume II
12.1 STORMWATER AND SEWAGE SECTOR
In the proximity of Chaq Chaq river (West zone of the city) and in the Qirga zone (East part), there are some new box
sewerage sections under construction (see Figure ‎12.4).
Figure ‎12.4 – Suleimaniyah new Sewer system
Four box sewers run along the Chaq Chaq River, two boxes each side: the ones on the right watershed have a section
of 3 x 3 m, while the others (on the left watershed) are 2.5 x 2 m. The outlet pipes coming from the West zone of
Suleimaniyah and the outlet pipes coming from Bakrajo will be connected to these trunks.
A new box sewer (2.5 x 2 m) is under construction in the Quirga zone; it will connect the North-East part of
Suleimaniyah to the outlet n. 14.
Figure ‎12.5 to Figure ‎12.7 show the work progresses.
89
Volume II
Figure ‎12.5 – New box sewerage on Chaq Chaq right watershed
Figure ‎12.6 – New box sewerage on Chaq Chaq left watershed
Figure ‎12.7 – New box Qirga Zone
90
Volume II
ANNEX 1 – TANKS WITH PUMPING STATIONS DETAILS
Source: SGI local field surveyors, 2011.
91
Volume II
DABASHAN, QRGA, AND QRGA2
92
Volume II
GRDY JOGA
93
Volume II
HANDREEN
94
Volume II
PWJ
95
Volume II
ZERINOK
96
Volume II
ANNEX 2 – SARCHNAR WP DISTRIBUTION LINES DETAILS
Source: Optimization of Sarchnar W.P.; UNICEF 2010.
The following plates bear details of the inlet pipelines (Sarchnar to the reservoirs) while the outlets from the
reservoirs (to distribution or other reservoirs) are not depicted.
97
Grdy joga 1 Grdy joga 2
Grdy joga 3
connected in
Karezawishk
SEE DETAIL "A"
SEE DETAIL "A"
ND 450
ND 300
Tank 3 Tank 4
ND 450
ND 300
ND 300
450
ND ed
ND 300 clos
ND 300
TANK
All tanks( outlets ) ND 300 Lines Girdy goga 4&5 Grdy joga 2
ND 300
are connected ND 450
ND 300
from bottom SEE DETAIL "A"

together with ND 600
pipes.
ND 600
Girdy joga 2
ND 600
From Sarchinar
pumping station TANK
ND 600
Xabat
to Xabat
Tank 2 ND 600 butterfly valve
Tank From Sarchinar ND 600 ND 600 ND 600
pumping station
ND 350
butterfly valve
0
60
0
ND
ND 500 ND 900 ND 900 60
ND
ND 300
REINFORCED CONCRETE MANHOLE
ND
Nonreturn valve 60
ND 200
ND 200
ND 200
ND 200
ND 200
ND 200
ND 200
ND 200
ND 900
ND 900
ND 600 0
ND 300
outlet
SEE DETAIL "A"
900
not used
ND
ND
60
0
Tank 5 Tank 1
Grdy joga 3
ND 300
BY-PASS
Elv. 834
ND 600
ND 300
ND 300
TANK
ND 300
ND 150
ND 150
ND 150
ND 150
ND 150
ND 150
ND 150
ND 150
ND 900
ND 900
Shekhmhedin
ND 900
ND 350
ND 500
Grdy joga 1
From Sarchinar Distribution to Ashty sector
pumping station
DETAIL "A"
Tank level control valve
with electric actuator Grdy joga 4&5
controlled by an ultrasonic meter.
length 100 M
length 400 M
length 100 M
length 150 M
length 150 M
length 500 M
length 200 M
length 200 M
length 200 M
length 50 M
length 300 M
DESIGN WORKS - GENERAL DESIGN
ND 200
ND 200
ND 200
ND 150
ND 150
ND 100
ND 100
ND 100
ND 100
ND 100
ND 100
TANK
From Sarchinar
pumping station
11 Distributions spread along the way
The position shown for the ND 300

ND 300
flowmeter is valid only for the
installations where it is foreseen.
SEE DETAIL "A"

BY-PASS closed closed closed
Conected close
to Zargata
ND 300
underpass road TANK TANK
ND 300
ND 300 ND 300 Grdy joga 3 Grdy joga 4

From Sarchinar
pumping station ND 300 ND 300
Grdy joga 4
ND 150
SEE DETAIL "A"
ND 150
TANK
PROJECT: 1004601
Doshka
REVISION
0 First emission June 2010 S.F. G.G.
1 Review July 2010
Karezawsh
p.w.j.
SEE DETAIL "A" SEE DETAIL "A" SEE DETAIL "A"
ND 300
ND 300
ND 300
ND 300
TANK TANK TANK

PWJ 1 PWJ 2 PWJ 3
From Sarchinar ND 500 ND 500 ND 300 ND 300 ND 300

pumping station
ND 200
ND 200
ND 200 ND 200 BY-PASS ND 300


BY-PASS
BY-PASS
ND 200 ND 200
ND 200
ND 200
ND 150
ND 150
ND 150
ND 200
ND 200
ND 150
ND 150
ND 200
ND 200 distribution distribution
DETAIL "A"
with electric actuator Tavga
DESIGN WORKS - GENERAL DESIGN controlled by an ultrasonic meter.
distribution
TANK
From Sarchinar
pumping station
The position shown for the

flowmeter is valid only for the
ND 300
ND 300
BY-PASS
ND 300
ND 300
From Sarchinar
pumping station
PROJECT: 1004601
REVISION
1 Review July 2010
From
distribution Zerinok OLD DOKAN
Kany Kurda
ND 80
ND 300
ND 80
by gravity
open
BY-PASS
closed
From Sarchinar ND 300 ND 300 ND 300

distribution
pumping station
ND 300
ND 300
ND 80
ND 80
BY-PASS
From Sarchinar ND 300 ND 300

pumping station
SEE DETAIL "A"

Sugar house
ND 300
distribution distribution
ND 100
ND 300
TANK
ND 80
ND 300
ND 200
Sugar house
BY-PASS
TANK From Sarchinar ND 300 ND 300

pumping station
Zerinok
ND 300
ND 300
ND 300
ND 100
ND 200
BY-PASS
ND 300
distribution
distribution
DETAIL "A"
with electric actuator
controlled by an ultrasonic meter. Rezgary 1 Rezgary 2
New Sherkoz Tank
DESIGN WORKS - GENERAL DESIGN
ND 700
closed
TANK ND 200
Old Sherkoz Tank
closed
ND 400
From Sarchinar
pumping station
SEE DETAIL "A"
The position shown for the From Sarchinar ND 500 ND 400
ND 200
flowmeter is valid only for the pumping station
ND 700
Rezgary 2 ND 300 ND 300
distribution
TANK TANK
ND 300
ND 300
Rezgary Rezgary
BY-PASS ND 200
ND 400
ND 400
ND 300
ND 300 ND 400
distribution
ND 300
ND 300
BY-PASS
ND 500
ND 300
ND 300 ND 500
distribution
ND 300
ND 300
TO Howana
From Sarchinar ND 350
pumping station BY-PASS
Rezgary 1
ND 350
ND 300
ND 300 ND 350
PROJECT: 1004601
distribution
ND 300
ND 300
REVISION
1 Review July 2010
BY-PASS

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WATER AND SANITATION

MASTER PLANS AND

PART ONE: Regional aqueducts .................................................................................................................................. 5

1 The Project area .................................................................................................................................................. 5

2 The existing water system................................................................................................................................... 6

3 Project under construction ................................................................................................................................19

4 Water production ..............................................................................................................................................23

PART TWO: Suleimaniyah City ...................................................................................................................................24

5 The Project Area ................................................................................................................................................24

6 Available water resources ..................................................................................................................................31

7 Water demand and waste water generation forecast ........................................................................................32

8 Rainfall amount analysis ....................................................................................................................................35

9 The existing Water System .................................................................................................................................39

11 Main service indices ...........................................................................................................................................86

12 Projects under construction ...............................................................................................................................87

Annex 1 – Tanks with pumping stations details .........................................................................................................91

Annex 2 – Sarchnar WP distribution lines details .......................................................................................................97

PART ONE: REGIONAL AQUEDUCTS

1 THE PROJECT AREA

Two regional schemes are in the Governorate of Suleimaniyah:

2 THE EXISTING WATER SYSTEM

2.1 LOCAL WATER AUTHORITIES

2.2 GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE SYSTEM

Figure ‎2.1 – General Layout of the regional water schemes

2.3 RAW WATER SOURCE

Table ‎2.1 - Water quality analysis at intake (Lower Zab River)

3 Total Hardness ppm as CaCO3 288.22 295.42 310.2 2240 100

4 Ca mg/l 60.08 68.47 72.21 16 75

5 Mg mg/l 28.21 30.00 31.11 48.6 -

6 Na mg/l 6.2 7.1 7.7 5.3 -

8 SO4 mg/l 280 310 298 200 200

9 Cl mg/l 210 265 277 32 -

10 HCO3 ppm as CaCO3 110 115 118 - -

11 Fe (Total) mg/l 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.38 0.1

13 TDS mg/l 610 680 723 202 500

14 SiO2 µg at Si - SiO2/l 182.14 178.52 190.14 - -

16 MPN Fecal form Cells/100ml 2.2 2.2 2.2 - -

2.4 AQUEDUCT DOKAN I

Figure ‎2.3: Layout for the aqueduct DOKAN I

2.4.1 INTAKE AT QASQUOLI (LS1)

Coordinates: 35°54'11"N; 44°58'38"E. Elevation: 409 m asl.

Table ‎2.2 – Main characteristics of low lift pumps (LS1 - Qasquoli)

2 Vertical lineshaft 1980 24 1800 132 770

Figure ‎2.4 – LS1 (Qasquoli) site view

2.4.2 WTP AND HIGH LIFT PUMPING STATION AT PERQURBAN (LS2)

Coordinates: 35°53'12"N, 44°59'47"E. Elevation: 520 m asl.

 flash mixing (1unit)

Table ‎2.3 – Main characteristics of high lift pumps (LS2 - Perqurban)

2 Vertical lineshaft 1980 24 1627 257 1380

3 Vertical lineshaft 1980 stand-by 1627 257 1380

Figure ‎2.5 - LS2 (Perqurban) site view

2.4.3 KOTAL BOOSTING STATION (LS3)

Coordinates: 35°50'30"N, 45° 4'8"E. Elevation: 749 m asl.

Table ‎2.4 – Main characteristics of booster pumps in LS3 (Kotal)

2 Boosting 2006 24 1627 295 1850

3 Boosting 2006 Stand-by 1627 295 1850

Figure ‎2.5 – LS3 (Kotal) site view

2.4.4 SHERKOZ 1 STORAGE TANK

Coordinates: X=534233,3379; Y=3939822,37. Elevation: 842 masl.

2.4.5 TRANSMISSION LINES

Table ‎2.5 – Main characteristics of transmission lines

Line n. From To Length (m) Material Diameter (ø)

1 LS1 LS2 2,900 Steel 800 mm