Impact Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicle on Integration with Micro grid -A
Review
2020 IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Energy, Signal Processing and Cyber Security (iSSSC) | 978-1-7281-8880-5/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/iSSSC50941.2020.9358824
Balaram Das
P.K. Panigrahi
PhD Scholar, Dept. of EEE
Department of EEE
GIET University
GIET University
Gunupur, Odisha, India
Gunupur, Odisha, India
balaram305@gmail.com
pkpanigrahi@giet.edu
Abstract— The internal combustion engine of conventional
vehicle is the main part of producing carbon dioxide and other
harmful gases in the transportation sector. Now the time came
to think about how to control and reduce the air pollution and
make the environment pollution free. This pushes the
manufacturing companies in the automobile sector to think
about electric vehicle. A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is one
which can reduce carbon dioxide emission and global warming.
Integration of these electric vehicles with the grid will not only
save fossil fuel, but also it will make the environment pollution
free. In this paper different methods have been explained
which integrate of PHEV to the electric grid and vice versa to
reduce global warming and carbon emission. Apart from this
various works related to the analysis of vehicle to grid (V2G)
have been presented. This paper also focuses different energy
storage device used in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
Keywords— Microgrid, Electric vehicle (EV), Plug-in Hybrid
electric vehicle (PHEV), Vehicle to grid (V2G), Energy storage
systems (ESS).
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
The environment is facing issues like greenhouse gas
(GHG) emission due to more carbon emission from burning
fossil fuel using conventional vehicles. This affects the
climate and weather condition. Electric vehicles are more
efficient vehicles in present era compared to the internal
combustion engine (ICE) and do not emit any harm gases to
the environment during on road services. This helps to
improve the air quality, reduce climate issues and make the
world more comfortable for the next generation. This is
possible if the energy used for charging the vehicle is coming
from renewable sources [1]. Development of Plug-in electric
vehicle is the promising solution to reduce carbon dioxide
emission, make the environment pollution free and save the
fossil fuel. The electric vehicle can act as an energy storage
device and the stored electrical energy and it can be used to
support micro grid in emergency cases. The vehicle to grid
(V2G) can also help to shape the load profile when
renewable energy sources integrate with it [2].
Burning different fossil fuels in conventional vehicles
produces carbon dioxide emission and affect the
environment and causes global warming. Different
renewable energy sources like solar photovoltaic system, fuel
cells can help to overcome the above issues These energy
sources does not effect to the environment and keep the
environment pollution free [3].
The Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) concept was introduced by W.
Kempton in 1997. This concept utilizes the stored energy of
the vehicle to fulfill the demand of grid during peak hour.
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Chandan Kumar Samant
Principal
Satyasai Engineering College
Balasore, Odisha, India
chandan.samanta71@gmail.com
V2G is a system in which PHEV communicates with the
grid, getting charged for it or any sustainable energy sources
such as solar, wind during off peak hour when the price is
low and the controlled amount of stored electric energy sells
to the grid when the price is high, usually during peak hour
[4].
In the automobile sector, fuel cells are widely used due to
its high efficiency as it produces electricity directly from
hydrogen in an electromechanical method. [5]. Both wind
energy and solar energy systems have similar advantages as
they are not producing any harmful gases, but the
disadvantage of wind energy system produces severe noise
due to the rotation of its turbine to produce electricity. Due to
this disadvantage, Solar photovoltaic system is preferable
than wind energy system [6].
From table-1, it is clear that BEV and PHEV have
advantages, like reduction of CO2 emission and can be
plugged in to an external source to recharge. Therefore, they
can be used in the V2G application.
II. MICROGRID
A micro-grid is a self sufficient decentralized network that
consists of a combination of various electricity sources and
loads that can serve a remote local place or a geographically
isolated area. A micro-grid can be used in island mode or
can connect in synchronous with national grid. The energy
sources present in a micro-grid system may be solar panels,
wind turbines or combination of heat and power or any
other source like generators. National grids send electrical
energy from generating station to consumer over a long
distance through transmission lines and distribution lines.
This power delivered from a long distance dissipates 8-15%
of its total energy during the transmission. A micro-grid
overcomes this inefficiency by generating power in the
same area from more than one source in a smaller place
independently. Rooftop of local buildings can be used in
case of solar panel to produce electricity.
From table2, it is clear that parallel PHEV is the most
suitable for V2G application. [7][8].
A microgrid can operate independently by disconnect from
the national grid. This islanding mode of microgrid allows
supplying continuous power to their customers during any
outage occur due to storm, lightning or any other calamity in
central grid. Another disadvantage of national grid is that
due to a small fault like a tree fall on a live conductor can
Battery Hybrid Electric Plug-in Hybrid discontinue supply in many parts of the country but by
Electric Vehicle (HEV) Electric Vehicle islanding, a microgrid will not effect by the power failure
Vehicle (BEV) (PHEV) and give continuous supply to the local area.

BEV constitute HEV constitute of PHEV constitute

of Electric IC engine, of IC engine, Table2: Advantages and disadvantages of different
Motor and Electric Motor Electric Motor
PHEV
Battery Pack. and Battery Pack. and Battery Pack.

BEV is getting HEV is getting HEV is getting Series PHEV Parallel PHEV Series-
supply supply from supply from
completely Battery as well as Battery as well as Parallel PHEV
from battery IC engine. IC engine.
pack. Advantages
In BEV battery In HEV battery is In PHEV battery
• There is no • There is • Combine the
is charged from charged from is charged from
external plug regenerative external source mechanical link mechanical link concept of
point (or braking as well as and regenerative between the IC between the IC series and
source). Gasoline engine. braking. engine and the engine and parallel type
motor. electric motor PHEV.
Primary Primary Primary • Low fuel to drive the • Reduced fuel
propulsion of propulsion of propulsion of consumption vehicle. consumption
BEV is electric HEV is IC PHEV is electric • High efficiency • More flexibility • High
motor engine. motor • Complicated compared to efficiency
multi-speed series type
Advantages of Advantages of Advantages of transmission and • Economical
BEV: HEV: PHEV: clutch is • Parallel PHEV
• No fuel, no • Less fuel • Low carbon eliminated. is capable of
carbon dioxide consumption dioxide • Gasoline engine achieving zero
emission • Less emission used in series emission.
• Can be dependence on • High range of PHEV is smaller • Less energy
plugged in to fossil fuel vehicle and more lost compared
recharge the • Regenerative • Can be plugged efficient. to series type
battery braking helps in in • Suitable for urban
• Save the recharge battery • Fuel efficient in and sub urban
climate • Long drive traffic area.
• Less running range • Easy to drive Disadvantages:
cost • Save the climate • Tax efficient
• Low maintain partially • Need large and • Less flexibility • More complex
complicated • More expensive compared to
battery and than series type series and
motor. parallel type
Disadvantages Disadvantages of Disadvantages of
of BEV: HEV: PHEV: • More costly PHEV.
• Less efficient • More
• Driving range • Fuel is also • High than parallel expensive
is less. used in HEV manufacturing PHEV compared to
• High which causes cost series and
manufacturing pollution • Complex parallel type
cost. partially. maintenance
• Long recharge • Less power. • Safety concerns
time Hence suitable for • Need regular
• Limited small distance. checkups, oil
battery life • High changes etc.
maintenance cost
• High CO2
emission
• Can’t be
connected to
external source
for battery
recharge.
Fig.1: Basic representation of a Microgrid

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Microgrid systems are advanced systems and are intelligent.
It has a control system known as the central brain of the
system, control different part of the system like generating
systems, storage system and the energy management system
of different buildings which receive supply from this
microgrid. The control system manages all the generating
sources in it to meet the energy demand of customers.
Microgrid tries to minimize the unit price, make the energy
clean and more reliability by utilizing different resources or
combination of them [9].
III. THE VEHICLE TO GRID (V2G) SYSTEMS AND ITS
CHARACTERISTICS
Vehicle to grid system is defined as a system in which a
bidirectional controllable energy flows between an electric
vehicle and the power grid. The energy flow from grid to
vehicle to charge it and energy flow in reverse is to provide
backup power to the grid when it is required, usually during
peak hour. Usually maximum time the electric vehicles are
at rest position and during this time the vehicle can be used
to support the grid [10].
System architecture of a vehicle to grid system is shown in
Fig.2. The electric vehicles which are in ideal state can be
used in V2G system. These vehicles communicate with the
aggregator or the Independent System Operator (ISO) using
smart metering.
IV. DIFFERENT CHARGING TECHNIQUES USED IN THE PHEVS
Fig.2: Vehicle to grid system
In a parking area, the total number of PHEVs participating
in the V2G system can be treated as a distributed energy
storage capacity system which will affect the local grid
operation. These PHEVs can be connected as a bidirectional
power flow mode so that it can send power to the grid
(V2G) when extra power will be there or it can take the
supply from the grid to charge its battery [1].
In a vehicle to grid (V2G) system, the electric vehicle act as
a backup for power supply to the grid. In this way the Grid
operators and owner of the vehicle as well as the
environment will get benefit from V2G application. It also
helps in voltage regulation, frequency regulation, and power
backup during peak hour [11].
Because of more appeal in regulating market for guideline
and less stress in the power system from PHEVs, the prime
concern in the V2G system is to regulate Voltage and
frequency. Frequency regulation can be provided by large
generators. In V2G mode, the battery of a vehicle can
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quickly adjust by changing its charge and discharge rate.
With frequency regulation, it can also provide active and
reactive power support. [12].
In a microgrid V2G system plays an important role to
balance the demand supply, because the generation and
consumption of electric power is more volatile [13].
Aggregators will create additional profit by EVs and energy
storage and battery degradation price can even decrease by
programming them in an exceedingly day-ahead market
[14].
The V2G system can also be used to save peak hour load by
discharging the vehicle battery and charging during off peak
hours.
In recent years, the number of electric vehicle users
increased and also more vehicles use vehicle batteries for
grid support under the V2G system. Renewable energy
sources like solar and wind can be used to support the V2G
system fir charging the batteries as well as to help in
continuity of supply during peak hours.
Fig.3: Vehicle to grid (V2G) application
In a power grid three different types of energy storage
systems(ESS) are used. These are
(a) Electrical energy storage system (EESS),
(b) Electrochemical energy storage system (ECESS)
and
(c) Mechanical energy storage system (MESS).
The EESS consists of superconducting ESS, capacitor
ESS, and super capacitor type ESS. The ECESS consists
of primary cell/battery, secondary cell/battery, reserve
cell, and fuel cell ESSs. The MESS includes pumped
hydro storage system, compressed air ESS and flywheel
storage system [15].
Two characteristics are important in energy storage
systems. They are: (i) rated capacity and (ii) rated power
[12]. In Fig. 4, different battery charging techniques is
shown.

Fig.4: Different battery charging techniques
In [16], author explained three different types of
charging. They are (a) Fast charging, (b) Smart Charging and
(c) V2G charging.
(a) Fast charging: In this case the EV is connected to the
grid for fast charging. The battery will start discharge when
the battery of the vehicle is fully charged or when the battery
disconnected from the grid.
(b) Smart charge: In this case there is data connection
between EV, charging system and an operator. Electric
vehicle share data to a charging device and the charging
device shares data with an charging operator.
(c) V2G charging: In this case the owner of the vehicle
will decide when to sell power to the grid and generate
income.
V. THE IMPACT OF V2G ON DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
PHEV can be connected to the grid for charging and
discharging purpose due to its bidirectional nature. Vehicle
to grid (V2G) system helps in improving the efficiency and
reliability of the grid system. Now the focus is how to
implement it effectively so thatV2G system will support the
grid during peak hour for continuity of the supply as well as
to generate income from this. Many research were conducted
and some are conducting in this regard to assure high
performance of implementing this new technology along
with grid and integrating the same with the available Micro-
grids (MG) [17]. In [18], the author discussed many
questions which arise in this V2G technology. One of the
important points is how the grid system will behave after
integrating the plug-in electric vehicles with it. What will be
the effect on frequency, voltage and current? Shall it affect
the grid system by increasing the harmonic content and
voltage distortion? Will it affect the quality of the entire
system or not? Also how it affect the individual components
of the system connected to it.
VI. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT V2G SERIVECES ON BATTERY
DEGRADATION
Battery is one of the main parameter of analyzing the
performance of an electric vehicle. The cost of the vehicle
completely depends on cost and reliability of its battery.
The electrode material and other part design of the battery is
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the key area where more research need to be done which
will help to reduce its cost as well as improve the
performance. The analysis of the impact of V2G services on
degradation of energy storage devices mainly depends on
the concept of battery degradation mechanism and its
modeling. During charging and discharging, there is a
decrease in energy storage capability during the battery
lifetime and in V2g system, continuous charging and
discharging cycles occur; hence, battery degradation might
be more severe compared to normal battery usage case.
There is different battery technologies used in the vehicle
field. Some of them are lead acid batteries, nickel based
batteries such as nickel iron batteries, nickel-zinc batteries,
nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries,
lithium based batteries like lithium polymer batteries,
lithium-ion batteries. Out of these batteries, Lithium ion
battery technology shows advantages in different fields like
energy and power density, eco friendly and different
charging properties. Lithium-ion battery with more than
220WH/kg energy density has been dominating the present
Electrical Vehicle (EV) market. [20].
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper we discussed about impact analysis of
integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in micro grid.
We observed that a huge research is going on in this field of
vehicle to grid (V2G) integration and research can be done in
the field of voltage and frequency regulation in V2G system.
Benefit to the owner is also an important criteria. Research
can be done to give more benefit to the owner. Related to this
different charging techniques also were studied. We
observed that the battery plays an important role in V2G
system. Research need to be done to improve the life span of
battery, reduce the charging time and reduce the cost of the
vehicle because it was observed that around 50% of cost of
the vehicle is going for battery. If cost of vehicle battery can
reduce, then the price of PHEV will reduce so that more
number of units can be sold and more vehicles can be used in
V2G system. The cost of vehicle battery need to be reduced
Then The advantages and disadvantages of reviewed
different journal paper related presented the review of
integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in microgrid
and its impact.
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