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PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2

Quarter 1
Module 1 (Week 1)

Nature of Inquiry
and Research

Compiler/Contextualizer
Reynaldo V. Moral, PhD
MT-1, Don Sergio Osmeňa Sr. MNHS

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 QUARTER 2
MODULE 1- (WEEK 1)
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of the

concepts learned about inquiry and research.

Performance Standard : The learner shall be able to decide on suitable

quantitative research in different areas of interest.

Competencies : 1. Explain the meaning of research in relation to

inquiry; and
2. Point out the similarities and differences of
research and inquiry.
CS_RS12-1a-c-1

Learning Outcomes : 1. Relate an unfamiliar term with other terms to

discover the meaning of such difficult term; and
2. Speculate about quantitative research.

What I Know

Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is meant by a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation

to answer existing future problems of man?
A. biology C. research
B. natural science D. sociology

2. Which characteristic of a researcher wherein man is always doubtful as to the

accuracy of the results?
A. healthy criticism C. intellectual curiosity
B. intellectual honesty D. prudence

3. Which type of research that explains phenomena by collecting numerical data

that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (statistics)?
A. basic research C. qualitative research

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 B. mixed research D. quantitative research
4. Which of the following is not the characteristic of quantitative research?
A. It is reliable and objective.
B. It prefers collecting data in a natural setting
C. It tests theories or hypothesis.
D. It uses statistics to generalize finding.

5. What way of behavior when a person is inclined to do quantitative research

and wants to discover truth?
A. a careful way C. an exact manner
B. a personal way D. an indirect way

6. Quantitative research usually happens in the hard sciences. Which does not
belong to the group?
A. biology C. physics
B. chemistry D. psychology

7. What is the best way to solve problem?

A. computation C. research
B. experimentation D. tabulation

8. Why do some students think of quantitative research as complex subject?

Because of its use of:
A. factual data C. numerical data
B. hypotheses D. theories

9. What characteristic of research that starts with a problem and ends with a
problem?
A. analytical C. logical
B. cyclical D. methodical

10. Which quality of a good researcher shows preciseness in conducting his

research?
A. economical C. resourceful
B. efficient D. scientific

11. Which type of information which describes quantitative data?

A. numerical in nature and have the property of measurability
B. possessing the element of quantity
C. the researcher accumulates because of their quantity
D. all of the above

12. When the researcher establishes different treatments and studies their effects,
what type of research should be used?
A. descriptive research C. experimental research
B. educational research D. survey research

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13. What type of experimental design in which the control and experimental
groups are given tests at the beginning and at the end of the school year?
A. counter balanced C. pretest-posttest
B. parallel-group D. two-pair group

14. What research design in which the study focuses at the present condition?
A. case study C. experimental
B. descriptive D. historical

15. What type of experimental design which involves one treatment with two or
more levels is
A. parallel group C. two-group
B. single-group D. two-pair group

Lesson Inquiry vs. Research:

1 A Review

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1.Relate an unfamiliar term with other terms to discover the meaning of

such difficult term.
2.Define quantitative research accurately.
3.Explain the meaning of research in relation to inquiry.
4.Judge the applicability of inquiry or research to a given situation; and
5.Point out the similarities and differences of research and inquiry; and
appraise the value of concepts learned about inquiry and research.

What’s In

Vocabulary Improvement

Instructions: Based on your stock knowledge and on the words surrounding the
middle word, define the middle word in each cluster. Construct
sentences using the newly learned words. Write your answer on
a piece of paper.

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 What’s New

Free Writing

Instructions: What do you recall about these two words: Inquiry and Research?
Write the freely on your answer sheet without worrying about your
grammar.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

What else do you know about Inquiry and Research? Expand what you know
about them by reading the following text.

What Is It
Nature of Inquiry and Research

Inquiry, a term that is synonymous with the word investigation. When

you inquire, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something. You
do this kind of examination through your HOST or higher order thinking
strategies of inferential, analytical, critical, creative, and appreciative
thinking to discover more understandable or meaningful things beyond such
object of your inquiry. Thinking in this manner makes you ask open-ended
questions to elicit views, opinions, and beliefs or other concepts in relation to
your research (Small in Baraceros, 2016).

What is Research?

Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking.

Starting from particular to more complex ideas, you execute varied thinking
acts that range from lower-order to higher-order thinking strategies reflected

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by these research activities: identifying the topic or problem, gathering data,
making theories, formulating hypothesis, analyzing data, and drawing
conclusions. Cognitively driven terms like empirical, logical, cyclical,
analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable are the right descriptive words
to characterize research. These powerful modifiers that your previous
research subject, Practical Research 1, explained to a certain extent are the
very same terms to characterize any quantitative research you intend to
carry out this time.

Best & Khan (1989) defined research as the systematic and objective
analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the
development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in
prediction and possibly ultimate control of events. For example, Moral’s
(2019) Theory on Creative Pedagogy in Research states that “Teachers’
attributes and their creative teaching practices lead to students’ positive
attitudes and research productivity.” Based on systematic review, the
construction of the generated theory underwent an intensive process of
carrying on a scientific method of analysis.

Methods of Research

To be a researcher is to be scientist, who must think logically or

systematically; that is, your research activities must follow a certain order,
like doing inductive thinking that makes you ponder on specific ideas first,
then move to more complex concepts like conclusions or generalizations. Or
do the opposite of inductive thinking which is deductive thinking that lets
you start from forming generalizations to examining details about the
subject matter. These are not only the approaches, though, that you can
adhere to in planning your research work. Depending on your topic and
purpose, you are free to choose from several approaches, methods, and
types of research you learned in your previous research subject, Practical
Research 1.

Inquiry vis-à-vis Research

Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge

or information about people, things, places, or events. You do this by
investigating or asking questions about something you are inquisitive about.
Research is analogous to inquiry, in that, both involve investigation of
something through questioning. However, the meaning of research is more
complicated than inquiry because it does not center mainly on raising
questions about the topic, but also on carrying out a particular order of
research stages. Each stage of research process is not an individual task
because the knowledge you obtain through each stage comes not only from
yourself but other people as well. Thus, similar to inquiry, research involves
cooperative learning.

Both inquiry and research encourage you to formulate questions to

direct you to the exact information you want to discover about the object of

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 your curiosity. Your questions operate like a scrutiny of a person’s attire to
find out what are hidden between or among the compartments or folded
parts of his/her clothes. Although the core word for both inquiry and
research are investigation or questioning, they are not the same in all
aspects. Research includes more complex acts of investigation than inquiry
because the former follows a scientific procedure of discovering truths or
meanings about things in this world (Mujis &Ransome in Baraceros, 2016).

Based on types of data needed, the kind of data you want to work on
reflects whether you wish to do a quantitative or a qualitative research in
general.

Qualitative research requires non-numerical data, which means that

the research uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the
inquiry, or investigation about people’s beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles
regarding the object of the study. These opinionated answers from people are
not measurable; so, verbal language is the right way to express your findings
in qualitative research.

Meanwhile, quantitative research involves measurement of data.

Thus, it presents research findings referring to the number or frequency of
something in numerical forms (i.e., using percentages, fractions, and
numbers).

What’s More
Enrichment Activity #1
Instructions: Explain your understanding of inquiry and research by answering
the following questions. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1.Compare and contrast Inquiry and Research.

2.Which is easier to carry out: Inquiry or Research? Give reasons for your
answer?
3.How can a researcher be a scientist?
4.What if you do things randomly in research, what will be the consequence?
5.Should you immediately concern yourself with data analysis prior to
research approach? Why? Why not?

Enrichment Activity #2
Instructions: Prove how inquisitive you are by raising investigative questions
about these topics:

1.COVID 19
2.Email vs. Postal Mail
3.Anti-Terrorism Law
4.Carcinogenic Foods
5.Era of Globalization

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 6.Social Networking
7.Social Amelioration Program (SAP)

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Use percentage grade (50% to 100%) to indicate the extent of your
learning about each of the following topics:

1.Differences and similarities between Inquiry and Research

2.Definition of research

3.Nature of Inquiry

4.Nature of research

5.Moral’s Theory

What I Can Do

Instructions: Examine the setup of your family, your school, or any organiza-
tion you are a member in. Which aspect of each group do you?
want to know more through inquiry or research? Present your answers to
this question in a tabular form. The first example is done for you. Write
your answer on a sheet of paper.

Example:

Inquiry question: Who broke your pot?

Research question: Why are some graduating senior high school
students not willing to wear togas.

Social Institutions Inquiry Research

Family
School
Organization

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 Additional Activity
Speculation
Instructions: Recall the hottest issue in town. Prove how inquisitive you are by
raising top-level probing questions about it.

Example: Police authorities investigating a criminal case / suspected law

violator. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Lesson Characteristics, Strengths

2 and Weaknesses of
Quantitative Research

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Familiarize themselves with vocabulary terms to clarify things

about quantitative research.
2. Find out the characteristics of research and the researcher;
3. Define quantitative research accurately;
4. Follow the steps in using quantitative research; and
5. Uncover the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research.

. What’s In
Vocabulary Improvement
Instructions: To acquire substantial knowledge on some topics in this lesson,
activate your schemata about the underlined word in each
sentence. Get clues from its use in the sentence.

1. Demonstrate through a hand gesture the magnitude of the screen that

you think is enough to block the window.
Meaning:
_____________________________________________________________________

2. In looks, Malaysians are analogous to Filipinos, but in language, they

are not.
Meaning:
_____________________________________________________________________

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 3. Please use precise words to explain your point for the listeners’ quick
understanding of your ideas.
Meaning:
_____________________________________________________________________

4. The plastic bag becomes inflated with much air blown into it; deflated,
with air released from such container.

Meaning:

_____________________________________________________________________

5. A person experiences moral instability if he does not pattern his life

after Jesus Christ, the way, the truth, and the life.

Meaning:

_____________________________________________________________________

What’s New
Image Intensifier

Instructions: Choose one from among the situations which for you is easy to
justify. Why?

Set A - Ninety percent (90%) of the examinees passed the college

entrance exams.
Twenty pages of the book contain grammatically incorrect
sentences.

Set B - A big number of examinees passed the college entrance

exams.
Several pages of the book contain grammatically incorrect
sentences.

What do you think? Does your choice between Set A and B align itself
to the content of the following selection or run counter to the text? Read the
text to find out the truth.

What Is It

Characteristics of Research

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 According to Calmorin & Calmorin (2007), there are seven
characteristics of research. These are (1) empirical, (2) logical, (3)
cyclical, (4) analytical, (5) critical, (6) methodical, and (7) replicability.

1.Empirical. Research is based on direct experience

observation by the researcher. The collection of data relies on
practical experience without considering scientific
knowledge or theory.
2.Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and
principles. Scientific study is done in an orderly manner so
that the investigator has confidence on the results.
3.Cyclical. Research is cyclical process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
4.Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental,
and case study.
5.Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A
higher level of confidence must be established.
6.Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical
without bias using systematic method and procedures.
7.Replicability. The research design and procedures are
replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at
valid conclusive results. Similarities and differences of
replicated research can be compared.

Qualities of a Good Researcher

There are 10 qualities of a good researcher. These qualities
are (1) research- oriented, (2) efficient, (3) scientific, (4) effective, (5)
active, (6) resourceful, (7) creative, (8) honest, (9) economical, and
(10) religious. The 10 qualities of a good researcher have the
acronym RESEARCHER. A researcher who possesses these
qualities are the kind of investigator the government needs because
he can respond to the socioeconomic development problems of the
country and can compete globally.

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 Characteristics of the Researcher
There are five characteristics of a researcher. These are (1)
intellectual curiosity, (2) prudence, (3) healthy criticism, (4) intellectual
honesty, and (5) intellectual creativity.
1.Intellectual curiosity. A researcher undertakes deep thinking
and inquiry of the things, problems, and situations around him.
2.Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his research
study at the right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently,
and economically.
3.Healthy criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results.
4.Intellectual honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest to
collect or gather data or facts to arrive at honest
results.
5.Intellectual creativity. A productive and resourceful investigator
always creates new research.

Quantitative research, according to Aliaga and Anderson (2000), is

“explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using
mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).” This type of
research utilizes numbers and statistical analysis. It is ideal in studying
phenomenon which must contend with the problems of measurement.

In scientific usage, a phenomenon is any event that is observable,

however common it might be, even if it requires the use of instrumentation
to observe, record, or compile data concerning it. In natural science, it can
be questions like, “why is the sky blue?” or in social sciences it can be,
“what is the effect of television viewing to the academic performance of a
child?” (Chico & Matira, 2016).

Standards of Quantitative Research

Here are some standards or criteria in quantitative research (Mujis & Sharp
in Baraceros, 2016).
Standards Quantitative Research

Mental survey of reality Exists in the physical world

Cause-effect relationships Revealed by automatic

descriptions of
circumstances or conditions
Researcher’s involvement with the Objective; least involvement by
object or subject of the study the researcher

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 Expression of data, data analysis, Numerals, statistics
and findings
Research plan Plans all research aspects
before collecting data
Behavior toward research Control or manipulation of
aspects/conditions research conditions by the
researcher
Obtaining knowledge Scientific method

Purpose Evaluates objectives and

examines cause-effect
relationships
Data-analysis technique Mathematically based methods

Style of expression Impersonal, scientific. Or

systematic
Sampling technique Random sampling as the
most preferred

Steps in Doing Quantitative Research

The way to undertake research is very simple. There are only three
steps that you will follow. These are (Chico & Matira, 2016):

1) Observing and explaining occurrences. This is where you will apply the
four “W”; Who, What, Where, and Why. The answer for these “W s” can
be presented in the form of a question. It can also be expressed as a
hypothesis.

2) The collection of information in quantitative research is what makes it

different from qualitative research. Quantitative research is focused

specifically on numerical information.

3) Using mathematics to analyze the data collected. This is done with

statistics.

List of the Advantages of Quantitative Research

1.The quantitative approach allows you to reach a higher sample
size.
2.You can collect information quickly when using quantitative
research.
3.Quantitative research uses randomized samples.
4.Results duplication is possible when using quantitative
research.
5.Quantitative research can focus on facts or a series of
information.
6.The research performed with the quantitative approach is
anonymous.

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 7.Quantitative research doesn’t require direct observation to be
useful.

List of the Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

1. This method doesn’t consider the meaning behind social
phenomena.
2. Every answer provided in this research method must stand on
its own.
3.Quantitative research sometimes creates unnatural
environments.
4. Some efforts at randomization will not create usable
information.
5. There is no access to specific feedback.
6.Quantitative research studies can be very expensive.
7. Answer validity always creates a cloud of doubt on the final
results.
8.Individual characteristics don’t always apply to the general
population.

What’s More

Enrichment Activity #1
Instructions: Answer the following questions based on your knowledge
gained from the discussion. Write it on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Define quantitative research.

2. Explain at least two (2) characteristics of a good researcher.
3. Explain at least (2) advantages and disadvantages of
quantitative research.

Enrichment Activity #2
Instructions: Analyze the following research titles. State your reason
why you will use or will not use quantitative types of
research.

Research Title Reason

Cultural Diversity, Attitudes, and
Values of Radio Soap Opera
Listeners
A Narrative-Developmental
Approach to Early Emotions
A Sketchbook of Memories
Design and Analysis of the
Student Strengths Index (SSI) for

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 Non-traditional Graduate Student
The Effectiveness of Integrative
Approach in Social Studies
through Contextualization

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Write a short essay about things you learned the most and the
least through the topics dealt with in this lesson. Give your
essay an interesting title. Do it on separate sheet of paper.

What I Can Do

Instructions: Examine the setup of your family, your school, or any

organization you are a member in. Which aspect of each group
do you want to know more through inquiry or research?
Present your answers to this question in a tabular form.

Social Institutions Inquiry Research

Family

School

Organization

Additional Activity

Instructions: Formulate a quantitative research question about the

following topics:

a. Gender (male and female)

b. Learning Styles (visual, audio, kinesthetic, etc.)
c. Communication media (TV, newspaper, cellphones, email,
Facebook)
d. Public order and safety (labor strikes, drug addiction, crime,
robbery, etc.)
e. Home quarantine (Enhanced Community Quarantine,
f. Modified Enhanced Community Quarantine, General
Community Quarantine)

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Lesson 3 Experimental Research

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1.Increase your vocabulary by giving the meanings,

characteristics, and examples of terms used to explain
some concepts about experimental research.
2.Obtain a thorough understanding of experimental research.
3.Justify the link between scientific thinking and
experimental thinking; and

What’s In

Instructions: Using your experience or background knowledge about

the given words that were used in the reading selection
for this lesson, know the meaning of such words
situated in the middle of the Frayer Model Map. Explain
your understanding of the word by writing some details
about it in each quadrant of the map. Be guided also by
the clues in the sentences below each graph. The first
one serves as an example.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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 What’s New
Image Intensifier

Instructions: Name some famous and great inventions you have

known since birth. What makes you say they are great?
How do you think did the inventors come to discover the
value or greatness of their creations?

Could the following selection give you the answer to your questions
about the inventors? Read the text to discover answers to your
questions.

What Is It
Definition of Experimental Research Design

Experimental design is a quantitative research that treats or deals

with the object or subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and
determines the extent of the effects or influence of the treatment of the
object/subject, then discovers the causes of such effects. The term
“experiment” requires manipulation of variables to observe effects or results
(Baraceros 2016; Vizcarra 2003).

This design describes what will be. It means that a researcher has to
determine the effects of variables being manipulated together with the main
objectives of the study. The main objectives of the study are the dependent
variables or the output of the study. The factors that influence dependent
variables are the independent variables.

In conducting an experimental research, first, give a pre-test to

examine the initial condition of both groups in relation to the variable,
condition or factor; second, apply to the control group a new condition; and
third, give the latter group a post- test to determine the effects or influence
or condition applied on them.

The validity and reliability of the output are dependent on the types of
experimental design used by the researcher. There are two types of
experimental designs: the Weak Experimental comprising:1) one-shot case
study, 2) one-group pretest and post-test, and 3) static group pre-test-post-
test design. True Experimental designs are more complex and rigid because

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they attempt to include or treat other factors that might influence dependent
variables. It uses random selection in determining who among the
participants should compose the experimental group or the control group
The commonly used designs are classified into1) randomized post-test only,
2) randomized pre-test post-test control group, and 3) randomized Solomon
four-group.

Quasi-Experimental Designs include: 1) Time-series experimental

design,) matching- only design, and 3) counter balanced design. No
randomization is done among the designs; instead, the employment of
several techniques is the bases for controlling possible treats. These designs
adopt a comparative technique in choosing the subjects.

In which field of knowledge does true experimental research usually

take place? People in hard sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy,
and the like) love to do this kind of research; those in soft sciences
(Psychology, Sociology, Humanities, Literature, and other subjects falling
under Social Sciences) usually do quasi-experimental research.

What’s More
Enrichment Activity #1
Instructions: Explain your understanding about the text by answering the
following questions on the given lines.
1.Compare and contrast the basic types of experimental research.
2.What is the primary factor in determining whether a research is true
experimental or quasi experimental.
3.What are the implications of declaring what is true by means of a
quasi- experimental research?
4.Which is better between the two types of experimental research?
Justify your choice.
5.Do you know somebody who has already done an experimental
research? Describe this person including how he/she carried out
his/her research work.

Enrichment Activity #2
Instructions: Using the Venn diagram, present the major and minor
classifications of experimental research. Write your answer on
a sheet of paper.

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 What I Have Learned

Instructions: Make a written outline of all the ideas you have discovered from
the reading selection of this lesson. Rank them in order on the
lines provided. See to it that the topics you have learned the
most are in the higher rank, and those you have learned the
least, are in the lower rank.

3rd Rank ___________________________________________________________

2nd Rank __________________________________________________________
1st Rank __________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Instructions: Show trough a PowerPoint presentation a flow chart showing

the sequential occurrence of the research stages in each type
of quasi- experimental research. For those without computer,
use a separate sheet of bond paper.

Additional Activity

Instructions: Present graphically the major and minor classifications of

experimental research on a sheet of paper.

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Lesson 4 Non-Experimental
Research

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to:

1. Increase their vocabulary in English;

2. Familiarize with the nature of non-experimental research.
3. Trace the development of survey research; and
4. Present a good plan of survey research.

What’s In

Instructions: Give the meaning of the underlined word in each

sentence. Be guided by the context clues. Use the
underlined words in a meaningful sentence. Write
your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. How could light be diffused all over the place, if it was

placed between two posts?
2. Give me a concrete evidence of its veracity to make me say
yes to your offer right away.
3. A greedy man ends to manipulate things for his own benefit.
4. Being a versatile actor, he can give an excellent
portrayal of various character roles.

5. Try to understand the poem in conjunction with the picture

near its title.

What’s New

Instructions: Accomplish the following KWL Chart to form mental

pictures about the reading material titled, non-Experi-
mental Research that you are about to read a few
minutes from now. Write your answer on a sheet
of paper.

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 What I learned
What I already know What I want to know(Do this after reading the
text)

What Is It
WHAT IS NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH?

Non-experimental research is a research that lacks the manipu-

manipulation of an independent variable. Rather than manipulating
an independent variable, researchers conducting non-experimental
research simply measure variables as they naturally occur (in the
lab or real world).

Most researchers in psychology consider the distinction between

experimental and non-experimental research to be an extremely
important one. This is because although experimental research can
provide strong evidence that changes in an independent variable
cause differences in a dependent variable, non-experimental research
generally cannot. As we will see, however, this inability to make
causal conclusions does not mean that non-experimental research is
less important than experimental research.

What is Descriptive Research?

Descriptive research is a type of research that describes a

population, situation, or phenomenon that is being studied. It focuses
on answering the how, what, when, and where questions in a research
problem, rather than the why.

What Are the Types of Descriptive Research?

Descriptive research is classified into different types according

to the kind of approach that is used in conducting descriptive
research. The different types of descriptive research are highlighted
below:

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 Descriptive-survey research uses surveys to gather data about
varying subjects. This data aims to know the extent to which different
conditions can be obtained among these subjects.

For example, a researcher wants to determine the qualifications of

employed professionals in Maryland. He uses a survey as his
research instrument, and each item on the survey related to
qualifications is subjected to a Yes/No answer.

Descriptive-normative survey is an extension of the descriptive-

survey, with the addition being the normative element. In the
descriptive-normative survey, the results of the study should be
compared with the norm.

For example, an organization that wishes to test the skills of its

employees by a team may have them take a skills test. The skills
tests are the evaluation tool in this case, and the result of this test
is compared with the norm of each role.

Descriptive status is a quantitative description technique that

seeks to answer questions about real-life situations.

For example: a researcher researching on the income of the

employees in a company and the relationship with their
performance.

Descriptive-analysis method of research describes a subject by

further analyzing it, which in this case involves dividing it into 2
parts.

For example, the HR personnel of a company that wishes to

analyze the job role of each employee of the company may divide the
employees into the people that work at the Headquarters in the US
and those that work from Oslo, Norway office. A questionnaire is
devised to analyze the job role of employees with similar salaries and
work in similar positions.

Descriptive classification. This method is employed in biological

sciences for the classification of plants and animals.

For example, a researcher who wishes to classify the sea animals

into different species will collect samples from various search stations,
and then classify them accordingly.

Descriptive comparative. The researcher considers 2 variables

which are not manipulated and establish a formal procedure to
conclude that one is better than the other.

For example, an examination body wants to determine the better

method of conducting tests between paper-based and computer-based
tests.

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WHEN TO USE NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH?

There are many times in which non-experimental research is

preferred, including when:

1. The research question or hypothesis relates to a single variable

rather than a statistical relationship between two variables
(Example: How accurate are people’s first impressions?).

2. The research question pertains to a non-causal statistical

relationship between variables (Example: Is there a correlation
between verbal intelligence and mathematical intelligence?).

3. The research question is about a causal relationship, but the

independent variable cannot be manipulated, or participants
cannot be randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions
for practical or ethical reasons (Example: does damage to a
person’s hippocampus impair the formation of long-term memory
traces?).

4. The research question is broad and exploratory, or is about what it

is like to have a particular experience (Example: what is it like to be
a working mother diagnosed with depression?).

TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Non-experimental research falls into three broad categories:

cross-sectional research, correlational research, and observational
research.

First, cross-sectional research involves comparing two or more

pre-existing groups of people. What makes this approach non-
experimental is that there is no manipulation of an independent
variable and no random assignment of participants to groups. Cross-
sectional designs are commonly used by developmental psychologists
who study aging and by researchers interested in sex differences.

Second, Correlational research is considered non-experimental

because it focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables
but does not include the manipulation of an independent variable.
More specifically, the researcher measures two continuous variables
with little or no attempt to control extraneous variables and then
assesses the relationship between them.

Third, Observational research is non-experimental because it

focuses on making observations of behavior in a natural or laboratory
setting without manipulating anything.

23
 What’s More

Enrichment Activity #1

Instructions: For each of the following studies, decide which type of research
design it is and explain why. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. A researcher conducts detailed interviews with unmarried

teenage fathers to learn about how they feel and what they think
about their role as fathers and summarizes their feelings in a
written narrative.
2. A researcher measures the impulsivity of a large sample of drivers
and looks at the statistical relationship between this variable and
the number of traffic tickets the drivers have received.
3. A researcher randomly assigns patients with low back pain either
to a treatment involving hypnosis or to a treatment involving
exercise. She then measures their level of low back pain after 3
months.
4. A college instructor gives weekly quizzes to students in one
section of his course but no weekly quizzes to students in another
section to see whether this influences their test performance.

Enrichment Activity #2

Sample Survey
Instructions: Put an X over the number that best corresponds to
your answer based on the degrees of your agreement. Write
your answer on a sheet of paper.

Strongly Moderately Neither Moderately Strongly

Sample Question Agree nor
Agree Agree Disagree Disagree
Disagree
I like I like to read
newspapers like Sun
5 4 3 2 1
Star or Freeman.
I spent 2 hours every
day reading books. 5 4 3 2 1

I love I love to visit

libraries. 5 4 3 2 1

My favorite place in
school is the library. 5 4 3 2 1

I have a collection of
books at home. 5 4 3 2 1

24
 What I Have Learned

Instructions: Based on the extent of your understanding of non-

experimental research, rank the following from 1 to10, with 1 being
the most learned and 10, not learned well. Write your answer on a
sheet of paper.

Meaning of non-experimental research

_____Relation between non-experimental research and quasi
experimental
Meaning of quasi-experimental research
Ethics in social research
Pluses and minuses of survey research
Survey research design
Purposes of survey research
Characteristics of non-experimental research
Data-gathering techniques of a sociology researcher
Nature of survey research

What I can Do

Instructions: Prepare a short survey form that you will send via email or
messenger to the households/ senior high school students. It can be a
topic about home quarantine or blended learning. Write your
introductory letter instruction in answering the survey on a separate
sheet of paper and then questions that you would like to ask about the
respondents. Limit your questions to only five items.

Template for Transmittal Letter

Inside Address:

Greetings/Salutation:

B Body:

Complimentary Close:

Si Signature:

25
 Sample Survey Form
Name (Optional):

M Neither St
M
Sample Strongly Moderatel Agree Strongly
Moderately
Question Agree y nor D
Disagree Disagree Disagree
Agree

5 4 3 2 1
1
5 4 3 2
1
5 4 3 2
1
5 4 3 2
1
5 4 3 2

Assessment

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your final
answer on a separate sheet of paper

1. Which of the concept does not belong to the group as a characteristic of

research?
A. critical B. logical C. theoretical D. replicability

2. What type of research that describes events, persons, and so on without

the use of numerical data?
A. quantitative research C. qualitative research
B. theoretical research D. hypothetical research

3. What is the type of analysis on the construction of the generated theory

and underwent an intensive process of carrying on a scientific method?
A. breakdown review C. systematic review
B. marathon review D. extensive review

4. What does it involves if the researcher’s attitudes, traits, and beliefs

affect the production of research?
A. process B. plan C. goal D. result

5. Which characteristic of research that starts with a problem and ends

with a problem?
A. logical B. analytical C. methodical D. cyclical

6. Research should follow an orderly and sequential procedure.

What is meant by this characteristic?
A. research should be empirical C. research should be analytical
B. research should be systematic D. research should be objective

26
7. What makes a quantitative research different from a qualitative one?
A. It uses statistics in the treatment of data
B. it establishes facts and make predictions
C. it uses deductive method analysis
D. it is sometimes personally engaged

8. Which of the following statement does not show as an advantage in

quantitative research?
A. It does not consider the meaning behind social phenomena
B. Quantitative research uses randomized samples
C. Results duplication is possible when using quantitative research
D. You can collect information quickly

9. Which of the following manner shows correct findings in quantitative

research?
A. Majority preferred to study with online learning during the
pandemic
B. perhaps, 60% consider module unnecessary in their studies
C. Out of 100 senior high school students, 85 find modules beneficial
to their studies
D. Students find modules indispensable or necessary

10. In which field of knowledge does a true experimental research usually

takes place?
A. hard sciences C. purposive sciences
B. literal sciences D. purposive sciences

11. Which is an example of quasi-experimental design?

A. correlational C. randomized pre-test and post-test
B. matching only D. One group pre-test and post-test

12. What are the two general types of experimental designs?

A. hard and soft experimental designs
B. weak and true experimental designs
C. hard and weak experimental designs
D. specific and general experimental designs

13. What is the type of research when a researcher wishes to classify the
sea animals into different species and collect samples from various search
stations?
A. descriptive classification C. descriptive normative
B. descriptive comparative D. descriptive qualitative

14. The researcher wishes to determine the magnitude of association

between Social Studies and English grades of his students. What is the best
research design to be used?
A. correlational B. historical C. experimental D.quasi-experimental

15. In a quasi- experimental design, how are participants assigned to

groups?
A. An allied chooses which group the participants will belong to
B. Participants are randomly assigned
C. Participants are not randomly assigned
D. Participants decide which experimental group to take part in

27
Answer Keys

Module 1: Lesson 1

Module 1: Lesson 2

28
Module 1: Lesson 3

Module 1: Lesson 4

29
 References

Books

Aquino, G.V. (1992). Fundamentals of Research. Mandaluyong City:

National Book Store.

Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2 (First Edition). Quezon

City: Rex Bookstore.

Calmorin, L.P. &Calmorin, M.A. (2007). Research Methods

and Thesis Writing(Second Edition). Manila: Rex Book
Store, Inc.

Chico, A.M. &Matira, M.D. (2016). Practical Research for the 21st
Century Learners (Quantitative Research), Sampaloc, Manila: St.
Augustine
Publications, Inc.

Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior
High School 2. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational Research.

Quezon City: Great Books Trading

Moral, R.V. (2019). Moral’s Theory on Creative Pedagogy in Research. PhD

diss., CNU Cebu City. Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational
Research. Quezon City: Great Books Trading.

Internet Sources

https://greengarageblog.org/15-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-quantitative- research

https://csus.libguides.com/res-meth/quant-

res

https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/05/06/offi

cial-statement-2/

https://opentext.wsu.edu/carriecuttler/chapter/overview-of-
non-experimental- research/

https://www.formpl.us/blog/descriptive-research

30
 https://greengarageblog.org/15-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-quantitative- research

https://csus.libguides.com/res-meth/quant-res

https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/05/06/official-statement-2/

References

Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2 (First Edition). Quezon City: Rex
Bookstore.

Calmorin, L.P. & Calmorin, M.A. (2007). Research Methods and Thesis Writing
(Second Edition. Manila: Rex Book Store.

Chico, A.M. & Matira, M.D. (2016). Practical Research for the 21st Century Learners
(Quantitative Research). Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc.

Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2.
Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Moral, R.V. (2012). Cultural Diversity, Attitudes, and Values of Radio Soap Opera
Listeners. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Cebu Normal University.

Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational Research. Quezon City: Great

Books Trading.

https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+quantitative+research+designs&rlz=1
C1CHBF_enPH913PH914&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8mY66ob
ntAhVRyYsBHYWZA-
sQ_AUoAXoECBIQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=ZKvkKIBvkIqRZM

Note: Pls. check on this website with the sample below and insert with the
references aboved in alphabetical order.Use tinyurl and pls. refer to the
guide.

Khan Academy (n.d).Interpreting slope and y-intercept for linear models, Retrieved
September 4,2020, from https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics/
bivariate-data-ap/least-squares-regression/e/interpreting-slope-and-y-
intercept-of-lines-of-best-fit

31