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LIHAM LIHAM  Naglalaman ng awtentikong lagda o
PANGKAIBIGAN PANGALAKAL pirma ng nag–aaplay
Binubuo ng 5 bahagi Binubuo ng 6 na
bahagi
Naglalayong Naglalayong mag– Memorandum o memo ay isang
mangumusta, aplay, magbili ng kasulatan na nagbibigay–kabatiran tungkol sa
makibalita, produkto, gagawing pagpupulong o paalala tungkol sa
makisimpatya at iba magpabatid ng iang mahalagang impormasyon, gawain,
pa reklamo at iba pa tungkulin o utos.
Nakalaan sa mga Nakalaan kaninuman
taong malalapit sa at sa sinuman na Karaniwang nahahati sa tatlong
buhay ng sumulat makatutulong sa mahahalagang bahagi ang memo na nag–iiba–
layunin ng pagsulat iba depende sa istilo o kalikasan nito.
Malaya o impormal Maanyo o pormal

• PRELIMINARI na naglalaman ng
ANIM NA BAHAGI mahahalagang detalye ng memorandum
A. Petsa • KATAWAN na naglalahad sa mas
Panahon kung kailan isinulat ang liham detalyado at malinaw na talakay tungkol
sa nilalaman ng memorandum
B. Patunguhan
 Naglalaman ng pangalan ng taong • LAGDA na nagpapakilala sa awtoridad
sinusulatan taglay ang buong detalye at kinatawan na naghanda at
 Posisyon o designasyon ng taong nagpadaloy ng memorandum
sinusulatan Katitikan ng pulong ang tawag sa
 Kampanya, ahensya at tanggapan na pagdodokumento o pagtatala ng
kinabibilangan mahahalagang impormasyon kaugnay ng
 Kumpletong lugar kung saan isinagawang pagpupulong. Ito ang nagsisilbing
matatagpuan ang nasabing ahensya rekord o tala ng mahahalagang bagay na
pinagtalakayan sa miting. Mas kilala ito sa
C. Bating Panimula tawag na minutes of the meeting sa Ingles.
Maging tiyak, ugaliin ang pagiging
magalang sa pagkilala sa taong sinusulatan MGA BAHAGI:
na susundan ng tutuldok (:)
1. HEADING
D. Katawan ng Liham 2. MGA KALAHOK
1. Pagbati
2. Layunin ng liham / Pagpapahayag ng 3. PAGBASA AT PAGTIBAY NG
interes NAKARAANG PULONG
3. Personal na datos 4. ACTION ITEMS O NAPAGKASUNDUAN
4. Taglay na kakayahan at kasanayan
kaugnay ng inaaplayan 5. IBA PANG ISYU
5. Mga numero na maaaring tawagan 6. PAGTATAPOS
6. Pasasalamat
7. LAGDA
E. Bating Pangwakas na inilalahad nang tiyak
at may paggalang kasunod ang kuwit (,)

F. Lagda
LIFE OF ST. LORENZO RUIZ
Around 1600, Lorenzo Ruiz was born in
Binondo, Manila, to a Chinese father and a Filipino
mother, both Catholic. He learned the Chinese language
from his father, while his mother taught him Tagalog.
Young Lorenzo became a member of the Dominican
Confraternity of the Most Holy Rosary.
He afterwards wed a woman by the name of Rosario.
The pleased couple had three kids, two sons and one
daughter as youngsters.
Saint Lorenzo Ruiz is the first Filipino venerated
in the Roman Catholic Church. Of Chinese-Filipino
parentage, he became the country’s protomartyr after his
execution by the Tokugawa Shogunate during its
persecution of Japanese Christians in the 17th century.
At a young age, Lorenzo served as an altar boy
at the Binondo Church. He studied under the Dominican
friars. After a few years, Ruiz earned the title of
calligrapher because of his skillful penmanship.
However, while working as a clerk for the Binondo
Church, Ruiz was falsely accused of killing a Spaniard.
Thereby, he sought asylum on board a ship with the help
of three Dominican priests.
Lorenzo and some of his friends left for Okinawa
on June 10, 1636, with the aid of the Dominican fathers.
Upon arrival in Japan, the missionaries were arrested
and thrown into prison. After two years, they were
transferred to Nagasaki to face trial by torture. Ruiz and
his companions faced different types of torture. On
September 27, 1637, he and his companions were taken
to the Nishizaka Hill, where they were tortured, and hung
upside down.
Ruiz refused to renounce Christianity and died
from blood loss and suffocation. His body was cremated,
with the ashes thrown into the sea. The cause of
beatification of St. Lorenzo Ruiz was written by a
respected historian, Fr. Fidel Villarroel, O.P. Ruiz was
beatified during Pope John Paul II’s papal visit to the
Philippines.
St. Lorenzo Ruiz was canonized by the same
pope in the Vatican on October 18, 1987, making him
the first Filipino saint. His canonization was based on a
miracle that took place in 1983, when Cecilia Alegria
Policarpio, a two-year old girl suffering from in-born brain
atrophy was cured after her family and supporters
prayed to Ruiz for his intercession. In Chicago, St.
Lorenzo Ruiz is enshrined at Old St. Mary’s Church.
ST. PEDRO CALUNGSOD
Historical research identifies Ginatilan in Cebu,
Hinunangan and Hinudayan in Southern Leyte, and the
Molo district of Iloilo City, as possible places of origin.
Regardless of his precise birthplace, all four locations
were within the territory of the Diocese of Cebu at the
time of Calungsod’s martyrdom.
In 1668, Calungsod, then around age 14, was
amongst the exemplary young catechists chosen to
accompany Spanish Jesuit missionaries to the Islas de
Los Ladrones (“Isles of Thieves”), which have since
been renamed the Marianas Islands the year before to
honor both the Virgin Mary and the mission’s
benefactress, Maria Ana of Austria, Queen Regent of
Spain.
Calungsod accompanied the priest Diego San
Vitores to Guam to catechize the native Chamorros.
Shortly after their arrival, a Chinese man named Choco,
a criminal from Manila who was exiled in Guam, began
spreading rumors that the baptismal water used by
missionaries was poisonous. As some sickly Chamorro
infants who were baptized died, many believed the story
and held the missionaries responsible.
Calungsod and San Vitores went to the village of
Tumon, Guam on April 2, 1672. They offered the village
ruler, Chief Matapang, an invitation to join the Christian
faith. However, influenced by Choco, Chief Matapang
refused the invitation and was determined to kill the
missionaries. Matapang searched for an accomplice and
found another villager, a pagan named Hirao, who
eventually acceded when Matapang branded him a
coward.
While Matapang was away from his house,
Calungsod and San Vitores baptized his baby girls, with
the consent of his wife, a Christian. This made Matapang
even more furious and led to the violent killing of
Calungsod and San Vitores. Matapang and Hirao
undressed the bodies of Calungsod and San Vitores,
tied large stones to their feet, and brought to Tumon
Bay, dumping the bodies in the water.
In 1980, Archbishop Ricardo Cardinal Vidal of
Cebu asked permission from the Vatican to initiate the
beatification and canonization cause of Pedro
Calungsod. In March 1997, the Sacred Congregation for
the Causes of Saints approved the beatification process.
Pope John Paul II approved in January 2000 the decree
concerning the martyrdom of Calungsod, setting his
beatification for March 5, 2000 at Saint Peter’s Square in
Rome. On December 19, 2011, the Holy See officially
approved the miracle qualifying Calungsod for sainthood
by the Roman Catholic Church.
Pope Benedict canonized Pedro Calungsod
October 21, 2012 on World Mission Sunday, 340 years
after his death. Filipino Cardinal Ricardo Jamin Vidal
concelebrated at the canonization Mass.
ST. TERESA OF AVILA
Teresa of Avila is one of the most influential
people in Christian history by any measure. She was one
of the greatest masters of Christian prayer, a mystic, a
religious reformer, the founder of seventeen convents,
the author of four works, and the foundress of seventeen
convents.
 Teresa was born in the fortress city of Avila in
1515. Her father, a wealthy merchant, had married into
the aristocracy. Teresa's grandfather was a converso,
one of the many Spanish Jews who converted to
Christianity under threat of exile.
Teresa's mother died when she was fourteen,
and her father arranged for her education in a local
convent. By the time she was twenty she had decided to
become a nun, a vocation motivated, she later
recognized, much more by the fear of purgatory than by
the love of God. Her father opposed this plan, but
Teresa, with characteristic willfulness, disobeyed his
wishes and an off to the Carmelite convent in Avila.
Within a year she had become so ill that her father came
to take her home. Her condition deteriorated to the point
that she fell into a coma and was thought to be dead. For
three years she was virtually paralyzed from the waist
down. Eventually she was well enough to return to her
monastery, but her spiritual life had grown tepid and
superficial.
At the age of thirty-nine, however, Teresa had
an experience of conversion. She decided to establish a
new reformed Carmelite house, returning to the spirit of
the original primitive rule of Carmel After strenuous
lobbying she finally won permission to undertake this
initiative. Her new convent was founded in Avila in 1562.
Her new community was known as the
Discalced (shoeless) Carmelites. In fact, the nuns wore
hemp sandals, but their name referred to the strict
poverty that was a feature of Teresa's reform. Her nuns
were to seek no endowments but to live entirely by alms
and their own labor.
From Avila Teresa went on to establish sixteen
other convents in Spain. In the meantime, she had to
endure opposition from within her Carmelite family,
suspicion from members of the hierarchy, and eventually
formal investigation by the dreaded Spanish Inquisition.
*John of the Cross, with whom she helped to inspire a
male branch of the Discalced Carmelites, had a direct
taste of these dan when he was for a time imprisoned in
the dungeon of the "Calced" Carmelite monastery in
Toledo.
Teresa blithely surmounted all obstacles in her
path. When asked how she intended to found a
monastery with only a handful of ducats in her purse,
she answered, "Teresa and this money are indeed
nothing: but God, Teresa and these ducats suffice." The
Inquisition was not her only concern. She also endured
sickness, hunger, and poverty along the way. One time
her cart overturned, throwing her into a muddy river.
Teresa died in 1582. She was canonized forty
years later. In 1970 s was the first woman to be named a
Doctor of the Church.
HOLY ROSARY
The Rosary is a Scripture-based prayer. It begins with
the Apostles' Creed, which summarizes the great
mysteries of the Catholic faith. The Lord’s Prayer which
introduces each mystery, is from the Gospels. The first
part of the Hail Mary is the angel's words announcing
Christ's birth and Elizabeth's greeting to Mary. St. Pius V
officially added the second part of the Hail Mary. The
Mysteries of the Rosary center on the events of Christ's
life. There are four sets of Mysteries: Joyful, Sorrowful,
Glorious and––added by Saint John Paul II in 2002––the
Luminous.
1. Make the Sign of the Cross.
2. Holding the Crucifix, say the Apostles' Creed.
3. On the first bead, say an Our Father.
4. Say one Hail Mary on each of the next three beads.
5. Say the Glory Be
6. For each of the five decades, announce the Mystery
then say the Our Father.
7. While fingering each of the ten beads of the decade,
next say ten Hail Mary’s while meditating on the
Mystery. Then say a Glory Be.
8. After saying the five decades, say the Hail, Holy
Queen, followed by this dialogue and prayer:
V. Pray for us, O holy Mother of God.
R. That we may be made worthy of the promises of
Christ.
JOYFUL MYSTERIES (Monday & Saturday)
 The Annunciation of Archangel Gabriel to the
Blessed Virgin
 The Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
 The Birth of Jesus at Bethlehem (Nativity)
 The Presentation of Jesus in the Temple
 The Finding of the Child Jesus in the Temple
SORROWFUL MYSTERIES (Tuesday & Friday)
 The Agony of Jesus in the Garden of
Gethsemane
 The Scourging at the Pillar
 The Crowning with Thorns
 The Carrying of the Cross
 The Crucifixion and Death of Jesus in Mt.
Calvary
GLORIOUS MYTERIES (Wednesday & Sunday)
 The Resurrection of Jesus
 The Ascension of Jesus
 The Descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles
 The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into
Heaven
 The Coronation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
LUMINOUS MYSTERIES (Thursday)
 The Baptism of Christ in the Jordan
 The Wedding Feast at Cana
 Jesus’ Proclamation of the Coming of the
Kingdom of God
 The Transfiguration
 The Institution of the Holy Eucharist

DRUG EDUCATION
 Smoking tobacco is the single most preventable
cause of death
 One or two alcoholic drinks may induce
talkativeness and drowsiness in one individual
 Not everyone who goes through drug rehab
needs to detox at a hospital or inpatient rehab
center
 The feeling of alienation from a larger social
body may result in more unfavorable attitudes
about alcohol and drugs.
 Pessimistic individuals can maintain abstinence
from alcohol/drugs, but they have difficulty
trusting others.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DRUG ADDICTION
1. Risk Taking Behavior – labeled as edge
walkers
2. Pessimism – looking at negative side of
situation
3. Poor future Orientation – individuals who see
their future as unfavorable or having a short-
range view
4. Conditioning and Substance Abuse – has
memorable feeling attached to the first use
5. Socio-cultural Factors – alienation a larger
social body
CAFFEINE ADDICTION
• Also known as the world’s most widely
consumed psychoactive drug that temporarily
warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness
• It is a stimulant, and it is a highly addictive
substance when overly used
ALCOHOL from
Acts as a depressant on the central nervous
systm. Ite enters the brain easily and is uniformly
found in all body fluids.
Drug categories
 depressants — slow down the function of the
central nervous system
 hallucinogens — affect your senses and
change the way you see, hear, taste, smell or
feel things
 stimulants — speed up the function of the
central nervous system
Common Types of Drugs
1. MDMA (ecstasy) – stands for
methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Moly. The desired
effects include altered sensations and increased energy,
empathy, and pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects
begin after 30–45 minutes and last 3–6 hours.
2. Shabu – it enters the brain more rapidly producing a
rush of euphoria when injected or smoked, brings also to
go on compulsive abuse of drugs
3. Heroin– it was originally manufactured as remedy for
morphine addiction. Medically it is used in several
countries to relieve pain or in opioid replacement
therapy.
4. Barbiturates– a sedative-hypnotic class of drugs and
are widely prescribed to decrease central nervous
system activity
5. Amphetamines – a central nervous system
stimulants. Recently prescribed by the physicians for
conditions such as obesity, depression, and narcolepsy.
6. Cocaine – also known as coke, is a strong stimulant
mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly
snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and injected into
a vein.
7. LSD – Lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as acid,
is a hallucinogenic drug. Effects typically include altered
thoughts, feelings, and awareness of one's
surroundings.
8. Marijuana– Also known as cannabis, is the most used
illicit drug in the world. It alters the mood and affects
nearly every organ in the body.
9. Inhalants– are volatile substances that produce
chemical vapors that can be inhaled to induce a
psychoactive, or mind-altering, effect.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
It is the policy of the State to safeguard the
integrity of its territory and the well-being of its citizenry
particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of
dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well-being
Unlawful Acts and Penalties
The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a
ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law.
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
An agency responsible for the
efficient law enforcement of all provisions on any
dangerous drugs and/or precursors and essential
chemicals.
 SELF-AWARENESS
Self-awareness- a journey towards self-
discovery
Self-assessment- It is the ability to know our
inner resources, abilities, and limits and to be
aware of our strengths and weaknesses
Self-confidence- This is the belief in your own
self, your capability to accomplish the task
Internal self-awareness- is how clearly you see
your values, passions, and aspirations, and how
well those standards fit with your environment
and your reactions
External self-awareness- is the ability to clearly
see how other people view you
The Public Self – part of ourselves that we are
happy to share with others and discuss openly
The private Self – There are often parts of
ourselves that too private to share with others.
We hide these away and refuse to discuss them
with other people or even expose them in any
way.
The blind self – we often assume the public and
private selves are all that we are. However, the
views the others have of us may be different
from those we have ourselves
The uncovered self – is one in which neither
we nor other people see.
VALUES DEVELOPMENT
Filipino Values- standards or principles set forth
by the Filipino society as basis for what is right
or wrong
Values- are considered by the society as
desirable and important and have attained the
status as moral impetus behind every action of
each member geared towards the desired end or
goal.
TYPES OF VALUE ORIENTATION
The economic man is primarily oriented toward
what is useful.
The theoretical man is primarily interested in
the discovery of truth, in the systematic ordering
of his knowledge.
The Political man is oriented toward power, not
necessarily in politics but in whatever area he
works.
The aesthetic man finds his main interest in the
artistic aspects of life although he need not be a
creative artist.
The social man is primarily oriented toward the
well-being of the people.
TYPES OF VALUES
1. Universal Values –unanimous agreement as to
the importance of them. These would include
sanctity of human life
2. Instrumental Values – these are values that
can be used to get something else.
3. Intrinsic Values – something has intrinsic worth
simply because of what it is and not necessarily
what it will lead to or because of its acceptance.
4. Prerequisite Values – these are values that are
necessary before you can get to some bigger
goal
5. Paramount Values – it is the value which is all
other things
6. Operative Values –the ways that we make
judgments on how to live the rest of our lives
7. Personal values- are generally described as
rather stable broad life goals that are important
to people in their lives and guide their
perception, judgments, and behavior
8. Cultural Values – it is dependent on the social
norms, religious beliefs, and other environmental
situations of people.
THE MANY FACES OF THE FILIPINO
 Our Family Orientation
 Our Faith in God and our Religiosity
THE STRENGTHS OF FILIPINO CHARACTER
Pakikipagkapwa –tao
Family Orientation
Joy and Humor
Flexibility, Adaptability, Creativity
Hard Work and Industry
Faith and Religiosity
Ability to Survive
WEAKNESS OF FILIPINO CHARACTER
Extreme Personalism
Extreme Family Centeredness
Lack of Discipline
Passivity and Lack of initiative
Colonial Mentally
Kanya-kanya Syndrome
Lack of Self- Analysis and Self-Reflection
Filipino Indolence
Mañana Habit
The Fiesta Syndrome
Hospitality

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
According to the United Nations, economic globalization
refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a
result of the growing scale of cross- border trade of commodities and
services, flow of international capital, and wide and rapid spread of
technologies.
Most of the definitions of globalization centers on its
economic dimensions. Economic globalization is driven by the growing
scale of cross- border trade of commodities and services. Critical to
economic globalization is global economic integration.
There are different types of economies associated with
economic globalization – protectionism and trade liberalization.
Protectionism means a policy of systematic government intervention in
foreign trade with the objective of encouraging domestic production.
World War II heavily influenced the shifting of the dominant
economic policy from protectionism to trade liberalization or free
trade. Free trade agreements and technological advances in
transportation and communication mean goods and services move
around the world more easily than ever.
GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
Either composed of individuals or groups of individuals
disadvantaged by the effects of the globalization of the world economy
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
The IMF is an international organization of 183 member
countries to promote international monetary cooperation and exchange
stability; to foster economic growth and high employment, and to
provide short- term financial assistance to countries to help ease
balance of payments adjustments.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (IFIS)
The generic name given to all financial institutions operating
on an international level. These organizations give loans to
governments for large-scale projects, restructuring and balance of
payments on condition that they make specific changes that IFIs
believe will boost economic growth.
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS / GLOBAL CORPORATION
Enterprise that engages in activities which add value
manufacturing, extraction, services, marketing, in more than one
country.
GLOBAL ECONOMY
Denotes that the economies of various countries are more
interconnected from extraction, production, distribution, consumption,
to disposal of goods and services.
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
It is a process of combining or increasing the
interconnectivity of national economies to the regional or global
economies.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
It was first coined during the World Commission on
Environment and Development. It was borne out of the recognition that
the economic and social needs should be balanced with the capacity of
the environment to provide.
Wold Bank (1992) wrote, “ Sustainable development means
considering the costs and benefits of developmental and
environmental policies.
IUCN, WWF, ENEP (1987) “ Sustainable development is
about the conservation of ecological processes, the
safeguarding of generic diversity, and the balanced
utilization of species and ecosystems”.
Edward Barbier said, “ Sustainable economic development
is about improving the poor people’s standard of living, in
terms of enhanced food source, increased real income,
education, health services, water supply, and sanitation.
Economic development in the Industrial Revolution period,
made possible the cycle of efficiency. Efficiency means
finding the quickest possible way of producing large amounts
of particular product. This cycle harms the planet in a
number of ways, like earth atmosphere is damage,
destruction of coral reef and marine diversity, pollution,
climate change
Harvey (2005) noted that neoliberals and environmentalists
debate the impact of free trade on the environment.
Environmentalists argue that environmental issues should be
given priority over the economic issues (Antonio, 2007).
United Nations (2013) maintains that social and
environmental goals must be strongly promoted and that the
well-beings of poorest is prioritized.
In 2000, the global leaders from the UN member states
reached a consensus and adopted the Millennium
development Goals (MDGs) to pursue poverty reduction and
human development. It is composed of eight goals that are
targeted to be achieved by the year 2015. The MDGs are:
1. to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. to achieve universal primary education
3. to promote gender equality and empower women
4. to reduce child mortality
5. to improve matrnal health
6. to combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. to ensure environmental sustainability
8. to develop a global partnership for development
THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM (2010)
Addressed the issue through the New Vision for Agriculture (NVA) in
2009 wherein public-private partnerships were established. The
Forum’s initiative was launched to establish cooperation and
encourage exchange of knowledge among farmers, government, civil
society, and the private sector in both regional and national levels.
CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
POVERTY- a state or condition in which a person or community lacks
the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living.
ECONOMIC INEQUALITY- difference found in various measures of
economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a
population, or among countries.
 Wealth – is the abundance of resources in a specific
country.
Wealth inequality (wealth gap) – speaks about the
distribution of assets.
Income – is the new earnings that are constantly being
added to the pile of a country's wealth.
Income inequality – speaks that new earnings are being
distributed; it values the flows of goods and services, not
stocks of assets.
Gross Domestic Product is a monetary measure of the
market value of all the final goods and services produced in
a period.
FOOD SECURITY- Global food security means delivering sufficient
food to the entire world population. A priority of all countries, whether
developed or less developed
Challenges (The destruction of nature of habitats, particularly through
deforestation)
ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION
Desertification- decline in the availability of fresh water because of
degradation of the soil
 Pollution through toxic chemicals has a long-term impact on
the environment.
 Use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has led to
significant industrial pollution.
 Gases that trap sunlight and heat in the earth’s atmosphere,
contribute greatly to global warming.
THEORIES OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION
It refers to this unequal distribution among nations. There are
two dimensions to this stratification: gaps between nations and gaps
within nations. When it comes to global inequality, both economic
inequality and social inequality may concentrate the burden of poverty
among certain segments of the earth’s population (Myrdal 1970).
MODERNIZATION THEORY
This theory frames global stratification as a function of
technological and cultural differences between nation.
The first event is known as the Columbian Exchange. This
refers to the spread of goods, technology, education, and diseases
between the Americas and Europe after Christopher Columbu’s so
called “discovery of Americas”. This exchange worked out well for the
European countries.
The second historical event is the Industrial Revolution in
the 18th and 19th centuries. This is when new technologies, like steam
power and mechanization, allowed countries to replaced human labor
with machines and increase productivity. The Industrial Revolution at
first, only benefited the wealthy in Western countries. Industrial
technology was very productive that it gradually began to improve
standard of living for everyone.
WALT ROSTOW’S FOUR STAGES OF MODERNIZATION
TRADITIONAL STAGE
• This refers to societies that are structured around
small, local communities with production typically
being done in family settings. Because this
societies have limited resources and technology,
most of their time is spent on laboring to produce
food, which creates a strict social hierarchy.
TAKE-OFF STAGE
• People begin to use their individual talents to
produce things beyond the necessities. This
innovation creates new markets for trade. In turn,
greater individualism takes hold and social status
is more closely linked with material wealth.
DRIVE TO TECHNOLOGICAL MATURITY
• Technological growth of the earlier periods begins to bear
fruit in the form of population growth, reduction in absolute
poverty levels, and more diverse job opportunities. Nations in
this phase typically begin to push for social change along
with economic change like implementing basic schooling for
everyone and developing more democratic political systems.
HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION
• It is when your country is big enough that production
becomes more about wants than needs. Many of these
countries put social support systems in place to ensure that
all their citizens have access to necessities.
Critics of modernization theory argues that:
• it is just a new name for the idea that capitalism is the only
way for a country to develop.
• even as technology has improved throughout the world, a lot
of countries have been left behind.
• modernization theory sweeps a lot of historical factors under
the rug when it explains European and North American
progress.
• Rostow’s makers are inherently Eurocentric, putting
emphasis to economic progress, even though that is not
necessarily the only standard to aspire by every nation.
• They also see it as blaming the victim. In this view the theory
essentially blames poor countries for not being willing to
accept change, putting fault on their cultural values and
traditions rather that acknowledging that outside forces might
be holding back those countries.
DEPENDENCY THEORY and the LATIN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
• Starting in the 1500s European explorers spread throughout
claiming lands for Europe. At one point the British Empire
covered about one – fourth of the world. With colonialism
came the exploitation of both natural and human resources.
• The transatlantic slave trade followed a triangular route
between Africa, the American and Caribbean Colonies, and
Europe.
• Was initially developed by Hans Singer and Raul Prebisch in
the 1950s and has been improved since then.
Two main sub-theories:
• North American Neo-Marxist Approach, and;
• Latin American Structuralist Approach (Sanchez 2014)
Andre Gunder Frank (1969)
• Espoused the North American Neo – Marxist Approach. He
contended the idea that less developed countries would
develop by following the path taken by developed countries.
Structuralist Approach
• Was developed mainly by Latin American Scientists. PALMA
(1978) noted that chief among the arguments accounting for
Latin American underdevelopment was “excessive” reliance
on exports of primary commodities, which were the object of
 fluctuating prices in the short term and downward trend in • Formal and informal language serve different
the relative value in the long haul. purposes.

• The tone, the choice of words and the way the words
Dependencia y Desarrollo are put together vary between the two styles.

• The authors describe it thus:
We conceive the relationship between external and internal
factors as forming a complex whole whose structural links are not
based on mere external forms of exploitation and coercion, but are
rooted in coincidences of interests between local dominant classes and
international ones. (Cardoso and Faletto 1979)
• Formal Language does not use colloquialisms,
contractions, or first-person pronouns such as “I” or
“We.”
• Informal language is more casual and spontaneous
Other differences between formal and informal registers:
word choice and grammar

REGISTERS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE

Register- the level of formality in language that is identified by

the context in which it is spoken or written

• There are formal and informal registers in spoken and Formal Informal
written language.

• There are five language registers and styles:

The balloon was inflated for The balloon was blown up for
the experiment the experiment.
Types of Explanation Examples
Register
The patient recovered or The patient got over the illness.
Frozen or Static This rarely or never The Lord’s Prayer recuperated from his illness.
changes. It is “frozen” in time
and context.

Formal This is used in formal Pronouncements The results of the study The results of the study were
settings and is one-way in made by judges were confusing. mixed up.
nature. It is usually
impersonal.

Conservative This is a standard form of Communication

communication. Users
engage in a mutually
accepted structure of
communications. It is formal
and societal expectations
accompany the users of this
speech. It is a professional
discourse.
Differences between formal and informal speech
between a superior
and a subordinate, regarding phrasal verbs
doctor and patient,
lawyer and client,
lawyer and judge,
teacher, and student
Role of Language Use

Casual This is informal language Chats and emails, and

used by peers and friends.
Slang, vulgarities, and
colloquialisms are normal.
This is “group” language.
Intimate This is a private
communication. It is
reserved for close family
members or people with
intimate relationships.
Communication and language however are not the same
blogs, and letters to concept. Communication is a man’s companion tool for
friends and family establishing and maintaining relationships. Language, on the
members other hand, is the means used for communication. For
instance, sign languages use space to compare concepts and
to show spatial relationships. On the other hand, the English
language communicates spatial relationships by using words
Non- public such as prepositions “on, under, between, besides, and over.”
communication
For this reason, we must understand these differences in
between husband and
wife, boyfriend and order to make sense of them on a consistent basis.
girlfriend, siblings,
parents and children Syntax

- refers to rules that govern how we organize words into

Formal sentences.

• Formal registers can include everything from an
academic essay to senate speeches, to wedding
vows.
• The academic essay is formal because it includes
published speech, complex sentences, and precise
vocabulary.
• Senate speeches use formal registers because of
word choice and grammar.
• A language function explains why we say something.
For example, if we are teaching a class, we will have
to give instructions. “Giving instructions” is a form of
language function. Language functions then require
certain grammar. To use our example, giving
instructions requires the use of imperative.
• There is a plethora of language functions including
guessing, expressing wishes, persuading and so on.
 • Eye Contact

- engage the audience

- look at one’s forehead

PREPARING MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION • Speaking Style
Important Points to Consider in Preparing Multimedia - one’s personal style through constant practice
Presentations
• Hand Gestures
A. Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations
- more purposeful in choosing hand gestures
1. Multimedia Presentations are visually oriented (displayed on a
monitor or projected onto a screen) - smooth/ natural, rather than robotic/ artificial
2. They allow users to use different modalities such as: - match appropriate hand gestures
o text • Recording the Speech for Feedback
o graphics
o photographs - to have a self-assessment of the performance
o audio
o animation - favorite expressions (“umms” & “uhhhs”)
o video
• Peer Evaluation
Steps in Making Effective Multimedia - to provide feedback on effectivity of one’s speech
1. Know the purpose of the presentation. - observations (posture, facial expressions)
2. Know the audience. • Appearance
3. Gather information. - credible and worthy of respect
4. Use a variety of resources such as: textbooks, internet, and - the way one’s dresses should match the kind of audience
digital resources
• Clothing
5. Do not forget to cite sources.
- formal
6. Organize the information
male: suit and tie, long-sleeve shirts, slacks, leather
7. Check technical issues shoes, barong, and slacks
8. Be creative, but do not overdo it. female: pantsuit or formal coat and skirt
BLOGGING - informal: polo shirt and pants
A shortened form of weblog dress or blouse and skirt
- personal journal websites on which a user can type an entry and add • Good Grooming
images, videos, and links to other websites. Usually, readers of a blog
can post and comments. - one’s hair and nails (neatness)
• Starting a blog is easy. Thousands of new blogs are - know the cultural expectations of the audience and the
started every day. Anyone can start a blog in 5 minutes, but venue
very few people will create blogs that matter
• Visual Aids
THE TOOLS NEEDED IN CRITICAL / CREATIVE REPORTS
- de rigueur
Best Practices of Public Speaking
- PowerPoint presentations, video/audio clips, info graphics
Introduction of the Speech
• PowerPoint Presentations
- must captivate the heart and mind of the listeners starting
from the first few words of the speaker; introduction must trigger the • Handouts
senses of the audience
- avoid scrambling in taking notes during presentation
- goosebumps
• Feedback
-rage/ joy
- questions
• Performance
- more responsive and sympathetic
- must have the feel of authenticity and earnestness
• Conclusion
- sense of humor
Public Speaking is a dynamic performance.
• Plan the Speech
- disseminate information
- be expressive and articulate
MODES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
- choose words carefully
1. Reading from a Manuscript
2. Memorized

3. Extemporaneous

4. Impromptu