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ﺒﻴ ﺖ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟ
ﻛﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ
ﻗ ﺴﻢ ﻫﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ
ﺑﻮاﺳﻄ ﺔ:ُﻋﺪ ت
أ
ﺒﺔ
اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻠﻴﺎء اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻗ
ﺜﺎﻧ ﻲ 2021/2022
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳ ﻲ اﻟ
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ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮة 1
ﺣﺮاﺣﺸ ﺔ 2
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ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣ ﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ؟
ﺜﻞ:
ﺑ ﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺤﺎذاة اﻷﻓﻘﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﻴ ﺔ ﻣ
• ﻫﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺴﻮﺣﺎ ت ﻣﻄﻠﻮ
-ﻟﻴﻔﻴ ﺲ ،
ﺒﺚ ،
-ﻗﻨﻮا ت اﻟ
ﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻴﺮﻓﺰ؟
ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻧ ﺴ
ﺑﻴ ﺐ
ﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟ ﺴﺮﻳﻌ ﺔ واﻟ ﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳ ﺔ وﺧﻄﻮط اﻷﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ أﻧﻮاع ﻃﺮق اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ،ﻣ
ﺘﻮﻳﺎ ت اﻷﻓﻘﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳ ﺔ.
ﺑﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎ ت ﻓ ﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺘﺼﻠ ﺔ
ﻣ
ﺘﻀﺎرﻳ ﺲ ،
ﺒﻴﻌ ﺔ اﻟ
ﺘﺎﻟﻴ ﺔo :ﻃ
ﺒﺎ ب اﻟ
ﺗﺠﺎه ﻟﻸﺳ
ﺘﺪرﻳﺠ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻻ
ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟ ﺴﻠ ﺲ أو اﻟ
ﺗﻢﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎ ت ﻟﻠ
ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴ ﺔ ،أو
oاﻟ ﺴﻤﺎ ت اﻟ
ﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻜ ﺴﺮ
ﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣ ﺴ
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎ ت
ﺑoﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳ ﺔ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟ ﺴﺮﻳﻌ ﺔ ،ﻳﻮﺻﻰ
ﺘﺠﻨ ﺐ اﻟﺤﻮاد ث.
ﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟ
ﺑ ﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة ﻋﲆ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻣ ﺴ
ﺗﺎ
ر
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ﺑﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎ تﺘﺼﻠ ﺔ
ﺘﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻤ
ﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦﺳﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤ ﺴ •ﻳ
ﺗﺠﺎه واﻻﻧﺤﺪار.
ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺎذاة واﻻ
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ﺘﻘﻴﻢ
ﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﺎس اﻟﻤ ﺴ
ﺑﻂ ا
ﺘﻮﻳﺎ ت اﻷﻓﻘﻴ ﺔ ﻟﺮ
ﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎ ت اﻷﻓﻘﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴ
ﺗﺴ
أﻗ ﺴﺎم.
ﺘﻴﺎر
ﺋﻴ ﺴ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻷﻓﻘ ﻲ ﻫﻮ اﺧ
ﺒﺎر اﻟﺮ
ﺘ•اﻻﻋ
ﻃﻮل ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ أو درﺟ ﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء.
ﺘﻴﺎر ﻋﲆ:
ﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺧ
•ﻳﻌ
•
-ﺳﺮﻋ ﺔﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻳﻊ ،
•
ﺑﺄﺿﻮاء اﻟﺮأس أو اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﻖ ،-ﻣ ﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺮؤﻳ ﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة
•
ﺑﻪ ،وﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤ ﺴﻤﻮح
-اﻻر
• ﺘﻜﺎك.
-ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﺣ
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ﺑ ﺴﻴﻄ ﺔ
• ﻫﻨﺎك ﺧﻤ ﺴ ﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎ ت اﻷﻓﻘﻴ ﺔ1. :
2.ﻣﺮﻛ ﺐ
3.اﻟﻌﻜ ﺲ
4.ﻋﻮدة ﻣﻜ ﺴﻮرة
5.دواﻣ ﺔ
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ﺑ ﺴﻴﻂ:1.ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ
ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻴﻦ وﻳﺤﺪد ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة ﺣﺪة أوﺗ ﺴﻄﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أ(.ﺑﻂ
ﻗﻮس داﺋﺮيﻳﺮ
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3.ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻜ ﺴ ﻲ:
ﺗﺠﺎه
ﺘﻘﻮﺳﺎن ﻓ ﻲ اﻻ
ﺒﻌﺾ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎﻳ
ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟ
ﺑﺒﻄﻴﻦ
ﺗﺑ ﺴﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻜ ﺴ ﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻦ
ﻳ
ﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻗﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن )اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ج(.
ﺑﺎﻟ ﺴﻼﻣ ﺔ ،ﻳﺠ ﺐﺗﺠﻨ ﺐ اﺳﺘﻌﻠﻖ
ﺒﺎ بﺗ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛ ﺲ.ﻷﺳ
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ﺒ ﻲ:
5.ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻟﻮﻟ
ﺑ ﺴﻴﻄ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻣﺮﻛ ﺐ.ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎ تﺑ ﺴﻴﻂ أوﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻈﻞ إﱃ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ
-اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﻮﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻻﻧ
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ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
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ﺗﺮ(:
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻘﻮس واﻟﻮ
ﺘﻴﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ ودرﺟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )
ﺑﺄي ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
ﺘﻌ•ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟ
ﺘﻜﺎك
ﺑﻪ +ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤ ﺴﻤﻮح
ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ +اﻻر
ﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﲆ أﺳﺎس:ﺳﺮﻋ ﺔ اﻟ
ﺘﻢ اﺧ
ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ،ﻳ
-ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳ ﺔ اﻟ
11
ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
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ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
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ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
ﺘ ًﺮا
ﺑﻘﻮس ﻃﻮﻟﻪ 30ﻣﺑﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ُﻌ ﺮﱠ ف Da
ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﺰاوﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎ ﺗ
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ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
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ﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ ودرﺟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻜ ﺴﻴﺎ ً ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓ ﻲﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻘﻮس ،
-ﻻﻳ
ﺜﺮ ﺣﺪة" وﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ أﻗﺼﺮ.
ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زاد ت درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ "أﻛ
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ﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ.
)1. (PIﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟ
ﺘﻢ
ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎنﻳﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺎ اﻟﻈﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﻔ ﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﻨﺎح ،وﻓ ﻲ
ﺘ ﻲﻳ
ﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻫ ﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟ
ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟ
ﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﲆ أﻧﻬﺎ )Vﻗﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺮأس(.
ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟ
ﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌ ﺔ.
)2. (Iزاوﻳ ﺔ ﻣ
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ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎ.
ً ﺳﺎ أو
ﯩﻬﺎ ﻗﻮ ً
ﺘ ﻲﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺤﻨ
• 4. (R) RADIUS.ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟ
ﻛﻤﺎ:
ﺑﺪاﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ( ،
)- BC
أو
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ﻛﻤﺎ:
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ﺗﺮ
ﺒﻴﻮ
• 8. (T) TANGENT DISTANCE.ﻣ ﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻈﻞ ﻫ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻈﻞ ﻣﻦ PIإﱃ اﻟﻜﻤ
اﻟﺸﺨﺼ ﻲ أو PT.
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ﺗﺮ
ﺒﻴﻮ
ﺘﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻤ
ﺗﺮ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴ
• 9. (LC) LONG CHORD.اﻟﻮ
اﻟﺸﺨﺼ ﻲ إﱃ PT
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ﺘﺼﻒ ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ أ ً
ﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟ ﻲ( • ﻫ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻣﻦ PIإﱃ ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ ﻣﻨ )10. (Eاﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴ ﺔ )و
ﺗﺮ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ.
ﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻮ
ﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ إﱃ ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ ﻣﻨ
ﺗﻴ ﺐ اﻷوﺳﻂ • .ﻫ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨ
ﺘﺮ)11. (Mاﻟ
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ﺑ ﺴﻴﻂﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ
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ﺑ ﺴﻴﻂﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ
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ﺑ ﺴﻴﻂﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ
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ﺑ ﺴﻴﻂﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ
ﺛﻴﺎ ت )م(
ﺘﺼﻒ اﻻﺣﺪا
)(5ﻣﻨ
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ﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ )اﻟ ﺴﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ(
اﻟ
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ﺘﻢ
ﺒ ﺔ ،ﻳ
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎ ت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺘﻢﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻈﻼل
ﺑﻌﺪ أنﻳ
ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄ ﺔ "ﻣﺤﻄ ﺔ" أو "ﺳﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ" •ﺒﺎﻋﺪ اﻷﻓﻘ ﻲ
ﺘُﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ اﻟ
ﻳ
ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎ ت.ﺗﺮ وﻣﺤﻄﺎ ت اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ
ﺒﻴﻮ
ﺣ ﺴﺎ ب ﻣﺤﻄﺎ ت )أوﺳﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ( أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤ
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(ﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ )اﻟ ﺴﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ
اﻟ
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