Concession: Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact/however/though/even though /although.

If Conditional types:
Time: After/ before/when/until/ as soon as.
-First action: past perfect(had+pp), Second action: simple past
-It’s high time/it’s about time/it’s time +S+V (simple past)
Eg: it’s high time we fought corruption
-provided(that)/providing(that)/as long as/so long as+ V in present+V in
1/If “0”: If +simple.present ͢ s.present (facts:general/scientific truths) 100%
2/If “1”: If +simple.present ͢ future 50%
3/If “2”: if +simple.past ͢ conditional 1( would +stem) imagine : result possible to happen
4/If “3”: If +past perfect (had+pp) ͢ conditional 2(would have +pp) imagine : result
impossible to happen

future like in iF (type 1):Eg: provided that you revise, you will pass. Direct/reporting speech:
-Unless = if + “not” or – “not” after the future. Eg: 1/When the reporting verb is in the simple present or future: no changes
You won’t go on vacation unless you save some money. He says:”he is writing” he says that he is writing a letter.
If you don't save some money, you won’t go on vacation. 2/when the reporting verb is in the past: there are a lot of changes:
To express the Result: so..that/to such..that/of such..that He said:”he is writing a letter” he said that he was writing a letter.
So +adj+that Direct speech reported speech ( indirect speech )
Such+noun+that/such+(a-an)+adj+n+that/of such+n+that/to such+n+that s.present s.past
s.past past perfect
Modals+to express advice:
present perfect past perfect
Must =should =have to=ought to =had better(‘d better)+stem
past perfect past perfect
Mustn’t =shouldn’t =ought not to =had better not(‘d better not)+stem
future conditional
Wishes: present continuous past continuous
1/Present wish: simple past (to be “were” with I ) past continuous past perfect continuous
2/Past wish: past perfect ( had + pp) can could
3/Future wish: would (with other pronouns)+stem/Could(with I)+stem shall should
will would
Active /passive:
may might
Active: S+V+O
must had to
Passive: O+V (to be in the tense of the verb+pp)+by+S
Active passive
this that
Present am/ is/are +pp
these those
Past was/were+pp
here there
Future will be +pp
now then/at the moment
Modal verb modal+be +pp
last week the week before/the previous week
Present perfect have /has+been+pp
yesterday the day before/the previous day
Past perfect had+been+pp
tonight that night
Present continuous is/are +being +pp
tomorrow the day after/the next day
Past continuous was/were+being+pp
next week the week after/the next week
 Reported speech:Changes in statements: (The exceptions): 5/In words ending in:ee-ese-ette-ique-ain(verbs) /teen(in numbers)
a)Declaratives: we use that eg: He said:”he is writing a letter” . …… …………stress falls on the same syllable which contains them
He said that he was writing a letter. 6/In words ending in:ment-ing-ed-er-or-al, we drop these words then we
b)Interrogatives: apply one of the previous rules.
1_W-h questions: we use the wh word given eg: Comparatives of similarity and difference:
He asked him:”why is he late?” …… 1/Similarity:
. He asked him why he was late. Like the Earth, venus is a planet
2_Yes/no questions: we use if/whether eg: Similar to……………………
He asked him:”did he eat?” …… Equal to……………………………………..
. He asked him if he had eaten. The earth and venus are planets
c)Instructions: The earth and venus are alike planets
_The infinitive or order (to +stem) eg: He ordered him:”go out” …… Both The earth and venus are planets
. He ordered him to go out. 2/Difference:
_Not+ the infinitive (not to +stem) Unlike the earth, the moon is a satellite
Cause/effect: Different from the earth, the moon is a satellite
1/Cause/reason: Contrary to ………………………………………..
A/ because/as/for/since+ the cause clause (S+V+…..) The earth is a planet but the moon is a satellite
B/ Because of/due to/ owing to + the cause clause (noun phrase or (subjet+v in The earth is a planet By contrast, the moon is a satellite
the infinitive+ing) ……………………While,………………………………………
2/Result/effect/consequence/impact: ……………………Whereas,…………………………………
A/therefore/hence/so/as a result/ as a consequence/ thus / consequently / that’s ……………………However,……………………………….
why + the result clause (always in the middle) The final /S/:
B/ as a result of= as a consequence of + the cause clause (noun phrase)
Stress: /s/ /z/ /iz/
1/in two syllable nouns stress falls on the 2nd from the end p-t-k-th-f-cs-ph The rest of the s-z-ces-xes-sh-ch-g-
2/In two syllable verbs stress falls from the1st from the end alphabet letters dg
3/In words ending in:ic –ian- ation-ition-tion-ssion-sion, stress falls on the The final/ed/:
penultimate syllable(the second from the end)
-except for: Arabic –politic- arsenic-aeronautic-lunatic, they are stressed on /t/ /d/ /id/
their anti-penultimate syllable (the first) P-f-k-s-sh-ch-th-ss-ce The rest of the t-d
alphabet letters
4/In words ending in: gy-ty-phy-graphy-y, stress falls on the ante- Your teacher Miss: Layadi Meriem
penultimate syllable(the third from the end) I wish you all the best and to succeed in the BAC
exam
Love you all <3