Voltage Drop Calculation

for
Overhead Line
BY

Mr.Nakarin Lamsan
Power System Standard Division
POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 1
 Voltage Drop
Short Length (Less than 80 km)
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑙 + 𝐼𝑍

𝐼𝑍 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑙
𝐼 𝐿
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑙 𝑜
𝑎
𝑑
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑙

- Difference voltage between Source voltage and Load voltage

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 2
 Phasor diagram
Load Power Factor = 1
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿

∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑙
𝐼 𝐿
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑙 𝑜
𝑎
𝑑

𝑉𝑆
∆𝑉 𝐼𝑋𝐿

𝐼 𝑉𝑙 𝐼𝑅
POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 3
 Phasor diagram
Load Power Factor = 0.7 Lagging
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿

∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑙
𝐼 𝐿
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑙 𝑜
𝑎
𝑑
𝑉𝑆
∆𝑉
𝑉𝑙 𝐼𝑋𝐿
𝐼𝑅
𝐼

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 4

 Voltage Drop
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑙

∆𝑉 = 𝐼∠ 𝜃 × 𝑍
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝐹𝑜𝑟 1 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∶

∆𝑉 = 2𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝐿

𝐼 𝐿
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑙 𝑜
𝑎 = 2𝐼 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑋𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐿
𝑑

𝐹𝑜𝑟 3 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ∶

∆𝑉 = 3𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝐿

= 3𝐼 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑋𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐿

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 5

 Voltage Criteria
Voltage swing not more than ±5% of Normal Voltage
and emergency not more than ±10% of Normal Voltage

Voltage Normal Case Emergency Case

System Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 6

 Example
In the picture show Line Type 1 of
22 kV distribution line 1 circuit. Cable is
aerial cable cross sectional area 185 mm²
Normal load is 8 MVA and Power factor
0.85, Determine the maximum length of
aerial cable and How many MVA of the
system when emergency? (Assume
emergency not effect to power factor)
POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 7
 Example
∆𝑉 = 3𝐼 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑋𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐿

In criteria Voltage Drop not over than 5%

∆𝑉 = 5% × 22 kV

= 1.1 kV

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 8

 Example
∆𝑉 = 3𝐼 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑋𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐿

For 3 Phases System 𝑆 = 3𝑉𝐼 so Power Factor = 0.85 ∶

𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0.85
𝐼 =
3𝑉

8×106
𝐼 = 𝜃 = 31.79 °
3×22×103

= 210 A
POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 9
 Example
Impedance of the cable show in the table
(PEA Standard No. SB2-015/41005, Assembly No. 9207)

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 10

 Example
∆𝑉 = 3𝐼 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑋𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐿

1.1 × 103 = 3 × 210[ 0.214410𝑐𝑜𝑠31.79° + 0.224020𝑠𝑖𝑛31.79° +

𝑗 0.224020𝑐𝑜𝑠31.79° − 0.214410𝑠𝑖𝑛31.79° ] × 𝐿

𝐿 = 9.753 km

The maximum length of aerial cable is 9.753 km

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 11

 Example
∆𝑉 = 3𝐼 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑋𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐿

In criteria Voltage Drop not over than 10% when emergency

∆𝑉 = 10% × 22 kV

= 2.2 kV

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 12

 References
- J.Grainger, D.Stevenson “Power System Analysis”,
McGRAW-HAILL
- Prasit Phitthayaphat “Voltage Drop”
- PEA Power System Planning Criteria, PSPC 2010
- PEA Standard No. SB2-015/41005, Assembly No. 9207

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 13

POWER SYSTEM STANDARD DIVISION 14