POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS-I

(ENEL3108)
CHAPTER-5: PER UNIT SYSTEM
Dr Parmal Singh Solanki
Chapter-4: Per Unit System

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Acknowledgements
• Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat, TMH
Publication, 2003
• Power System Analysis by J.J Granger and WD
Stevenson, McGraw Hill, 1994
• Power System Analysis & Design, by Duncan,
Mulukutla and Thomas, Cengage Learning 2008
IMPORTANT NOTE
These power point slides are not the substitute of text
book. Please read the books to understand the topics in
depth.
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 Outlines
• Introduction
• Per-Unit (pu) System & change of base
• Steps to apply PU system
• Advantage
• Tutorials

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 Introduction
Definition: The per-unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of actual
value in any unit to the base or reference value in the same unit. Any quantity
is converted into per unit quantity by dividing the numeral value by the chosen
base value of the same dimension. The per-unit value is dimensionless.
Significance: PU system simplified the PS network as show below. The per-
unit values for various components lie within a narrow range regardless of the
equipment rating For example, voltages have the same range in per-unit in all
parts of the system from EHV system to distribution and utilization

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Per-Unit System

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Summery Per-Unit System

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Steps to Apply PU System

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Advantages of PU System

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Advantage of PU System
• The pu system give us a clear idea of a relative
magnitude of various quantities such as voltage,
current, power and impedance.
• The pu impedance of equipment of the same
general type based on their own ratings fall in
narrow range regardless of the rating of the
equipment. Whereas their impedance in ohms
vary greatly with the rating.
• The per unit value of impedance, voltage and
current of a transformer are same regardless of
whether they are refereed to primary or the
secondary side.

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 Problem-1
The system shown in Figure-1 is initially on no load with generators
operating at their rated voltage with their emfs in phase. The rating of
the generators and the transformers and their respective % reactances
are marked on the diagram. All resistances are neglected. The line
impedance is j160 Ω. A three-phase balanced fault occurs at the
receiving end of the transmission line. Determine:
(a) pu reactances of PS components
(b) Develop the pu reactance diagram of power system network.
 Problem-1 Cont.….

Let MVA base is 100

Figure-1: Single line diagram of Problem-1

Solution of Problem-1
Solution-1 Cont.…
Solution-1 Cont.….
Example 3.7

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Solution of Example 3.7

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Solution of Example 3.7

2
22 100
𝑥 = 0.18 × ×
22 90

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Solution of Example 3.7

𝑘𝑉𝑏 2
𝑍𝑏 =
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑍𝑝𝑢 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

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Solution of Example 3.7

𝑽𝟐𝑳 𝑽𝑳 𝑽𝑳
𝒁= =
𝑺 𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝑳

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Solution of Example 3.7

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 Problem-1
Problem 3.11(pp. 137): A three-phase, Y-connected, 75-MVA, 27-kV synchronous
generator has a synchronous reactance of 9Ω per phase. Using rated MVA and voltage
as base values, determine the per unit reactance. Then refer this per unit value to a 100-
MVA, 30-kV base.
Solution

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 Problem-2
Problem 3.12(pp 137): A 40-MVA, 20-kV/400-kV, single-phase
transformer has the following series impedances:
Z1 = 0.9 + j1.8 Ω and Z2 = 128 + j288 Ω
Using the transformer rating as base, determine the per unit
impedance of the transformer from the ohmic value referred to the
low-voltage side. Compute the per unit impedance using the ohmic
value referred to the high-voltage side.
𝑽𝟏 𝟐
Solution Hint: Impedance of transformer ref to primary side 𝑖𝑠 𝒁𝒆𝒒−𝟏 = 𝒁𝟏 + × 𝒁𝟐
𝑽𝟐

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Problem-2 Cont.…

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 Problem-3
Problem 3.13(pp 137) : Draw an impedance diagram for the electric
power system shown in Figure 3.32 showing all impedances in per unit
on a 100-MVA base. Choose 20 kV as the voltage base for generator. The
three-phase power and line-line ratings are given below.
G1 : 90 MVA 20 kV X = 9%
T1 : 80 MVA 20/200 kV X = 16%
T2 : 80 MVA 200/20 kV X = 20%
G2 : 90 MVA 18 kV X = 9%
Line: 200 kV X = 120
Load: 200 kV S = 48 MW +j64 Mvar

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Solution-Problem3

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Solution-Problem3 Cont.…

𝑽𝑳 𝑽𝑳 𝑽𝑳
⇛𝒁= =
𝑺 𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝑳

??

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 Home Work: Problem-4
Problem 3.15(pp 138). The three-phase power and line-line ratings of the electric
power system shown in Figure 3.34 are given below.

G1 : 60 MVA 20 kV X = 9%
T1 : 50 MVA 20/200 kV X = 10%
T2 : 50 MVA 200/20 kV X = 10%
M : 43.2 MVA 18 kV X = 8%
Line: 200 kV Z = 120 + j200
(a) Draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances in per unit on a
100-MVA base. Choose 20 kV as the voltage base for generator.
(b) The motor is drawing 45 MVA, 0.80 power factor lagging at a line-
to-line terminal voltage of 18 kV. Determine the terminal voltage and the
internal emf of the generatorUTAS,
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per unit and in kV.
Solution-Problem-4

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Solution-Problem-4 Cont..

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Solution-Problem-4 Cont..

Vg = Vm + I×(R+jXT1+jXTL+jXT2)

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 Thank You

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