ADANA ALPARSLAN TÜ RKEŞ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING FACULTY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MM 401 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 4

PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

210108069
AYŞENUR ÇETİN

EXPERIMENT DATE
10.12.2021

GROUP NAME: C

INSTRUCTOR AND ASSISTANT

“Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdurrahim DAL & Res. Asst. Hüseyin Emre ÖZGÜR”
CONTENTS:
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….……..1
NOMENCLATURE………………………………………………………………2
OBJECTIVE………………………………………………………………….……..3
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….……………..4
THEORY…………………………………………………………………….………5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………..7
CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………...7
QUESTIONS……………………………………………………………………….8
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….11

ABSTRACT:
 Pneumatic control systems operate on a supply of compressed air,
which must be made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit
the capacity of the system. The operational reliability and service life of a
pneumatic system depend to a large extent on the preparation of the
compressed air. Impurities in the compressed air such as scale, rust and
dust as well as the liquid constituents in the air which deposit as
condensate can cause a great deal of damage in pneumatic systems. These
contaminants accelerate wear on sliding surfaces and sealing elements,
adversely affecting the functioning and service life of pneumatic
components. As a result of switching the compressors on and off, pressure
fluctuations occur which have an unfavorable effect on the functioning of
the system. In order to eliminate these effects, compressed air preparation
should be given utmost importance.
NOMENCLATURE:
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this laboratory experiment is to understand basic
concepts of pneumatic system and to explore the function of pneumatic
instruments such as; valves, air tank, double acting cylinder, flow control,
actuators, etc.

PNEUMATICS EQUIPMENTS
INTRODUCTION:
Pneumatic systems form the most primitive and distinct class of
mechanical control engineering. They are classified under the term 'Fluid
Power Control', which describesany process or device that converts,
transmits, distributes or controls power through theuse of pressurized gas
or liquid. In a pneumatic system the working fluid is a gas (mostly air)
which is compressed above atmospheric pressure to impart pressure
energy to the molecules. This stored pressure potential is converted to a
suitable mechanical work in an appropriate controlled sequence using
control valves and actuators.

Pneumatic actuators, usually cylinders, are widely used in factory

floor automation. Lately, robotics as well is starting to use pneumatics as a
main motion power source. One of the major attractions about pneumatics
is the low weight and the inherent compliant behavior of its actuators.
Compliance is due to the compressibility of air and, as such, can be
influenced by controlling the operating pressure. This is an important
feature whenever there is an interaction between man and machine or
when delicate operations have to be carried out (e.g. handling of fragile
objects. Several types of pneumatic actuators e.g. cylinders, bellows,
pneumatic engines and even pneumatic stepper motors are commonly used
to date.
THEORY:

What about in a pneumatic machine? How do the same principles

work? An air compressor reduces the volume of gas within a machine.
Reducing the volume increases the air pressure because all the air
molecules are compacted.

You use valves with ports to open airflow; this will spur the molecules
to move towards an actuator, which in turn generates a force to power the
machine. The pressure changes based on how many valves are open, but
maintains a healthy equilibrium.

Compressed air needs to be processed before it can be used. While we

only need the force itself, air can become contaminated with dust particles,
water vapor or other risk elements. These can cause friction within the
pneumatic parts.

Definition

Electro-pneumatic term is defined from words of electro, which mean

electrical and pneumatic, which mean air pressure. The electro-pneumatic
system is an integration of electrical and mechanical components with
compressed air source.

Components

Electro-pneumatic controllers have a pneumatic power section. In an

electro-pneumatic control, the signal control section is made up of electrical
components, for example, the proximity switches, and the relays. The
directional control valve behaves as an intermediary between the electrical
signal control section and the pneumatic power section in the controller.
Switch

There are three (3) types of electrical switches used in the design of
electro-pneumatic circuit.

They are:

i) Normally-opened (NO) contact switch.

ii) Normally-closed (NC) contact switch.
iii) Changeover contact switch.

Relay

Relay is an electrical device that contains a coil and one or more contact
switches.

Solenoid Valve

Solenoid valve is an electro-mechanical device that built-in with a coil

(solenoid) and a pneumatic/hydraulic directional control valve (DCV).

Proximity Sensor

Proximity sensors are commonly used to monitor a process condition

in a machine. For instance, sensor is used to ensure the raw part was placed
on a fixture, height of raw material within control, etc. There are three types
of proximity sensors:

1. Inductive sensor – able to detect metal, especially mild steel.

2. Capacitive sensor – able to detect most parts except low-density

product.

3. Optical sensor – able to detect bright surface reflectively except

black/rough surface.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
A single acting cylinder has only one entrance port that allows
compressed air to flow through. Thus, thrust produce only in one direction.
The rod of the cylinder do not extend when we on the system. The button
on the directional valve is pressed and the rod cylinder extend. The
pressurized fluid inside the cylinder will exert force and make the rod
extend. The rod cylinder returns to original position when the button is
released. This is because the compressed air is released inside the rod and
spring force exerts on rod will make it to retract to initial position. The
motion of the rod cylinder shows that it convert fluid energy into linear
mechanical motion.

In double acting cylinder, a propelling force and a retracting force is

produce by the air pressure applied alternately to the surface of the piston.

CONCLUSIONS:

As for conclusion, we can set up and operate pneumatic and electro

pneumatic system using the equipment provided. The operation of the
pneumatic circuit and electro pneumatic circuit can be explained briefly
from the aspect of theory and logically. The identification of the pneumatic
II system components also can be done. For recommendation, the
replacement of the components and equipment that are not really accurate
in giving output should be necessary. The objective is achieved.
QUESTIONS:

1) What is pneumatic system?

A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to do work.

They capture air, transport it around a circuit, and accomplish designated
tasks with the generated energy. These are present in both manual and
automated machines, and within the construction or mining industry. In
short, pneumatic machines have a vast amount of applications.

You can find pneumatic systems both in industrial systems and in

everyday objects. Dental drills use pneumatic forces during checkups and
cleanings, while pipe organs and player pianos use the compressed air to
produce remarkable music. Thanks to technological updates, you can also
use pneumatics in robotics, which may do wonders for automation and the
system.

2) What are the advantages and disadvantages?

Advantages:

• Infinite availability of the source

Air is the most important thing in the pneumatic system, and as we all
know, air is available in the world around us in unlimited quantities at all
times and places.

• Easy channeled

Air is a substance that is easily passed or move from one place to another
through a small pipe, the long and winding.

• Temperature is flexible
Air can be used flexibly at various temperatures are required, through
equipment designed for specific circumstances, even in quite extreme
conditions, the air was still able to work.

• Safe

The air can be loaded more safely than it is not flammable and does not
short circuit occurs (konsleting) or explode, so protection against both of
these things pretty easily, unlike the electrical system that could lead to
fires konsleting.

• Clean

The air around us are tend to clean without chemicals that are harmful, and
also, it can be minimized or cleaned with some processes, so it is safe to use
pneumatic systems to the pharmaceutical industry, food and beverages and
textiles.

• The transfer of power and the speed is very easy to set up

Air could move at speeds that can be adjusted from low to high or vice
versa. When using a pneumatic cylinder actuator, the piston speed can
reach 3 m / s. For pneumatic motors can spins at 30,000 rpm, while the
turbine engine systems can reach 450,000 rpm.

• Can be stored

The air can be stored through the seat tube fed excess air pressure.
Moreover, it can be installed so that the pressure boundary or the safety of
the system to be safe.

Disadvantages:

• Requires installation of air-producing equipment.

Compressed air should be well prepared to meet the requirements. Meet
certain criteria, such as dry, clean, and contain the necessary lubricant for
pneumatic equipment. Therefore require installation of pneumatic systems
are relatively expensive equipment, such as compressors, air filter, lube
tube, dryer, regulators, etc.

• Easy to leak

One of the properties of pressurized air is like to always occupy the empty
space and the air pressure is maintained in hard work. Therefore we need a
seal so that air does not leak. Seal leakage can cause energy loss. Pneumatic
equipment should be equipped with airtight equipment that compressed air
leaks in the system can be minimized.

• Potential noise

Pneumatic using open system, meaning that the air that has been used will
be thrown out of the system, the air comes out pretty loud and noisy so will
cause noise, especially on the exhaust tract. The fix is to put a silencer on
each dump line.

• Easy condenses

Pressurized air is easily condensed, so before entering the system must be

processed first in order to meet certain requirements, such as dry, have
enough pressure, and contains a small amount of lubricant to reduce
friction in the valves and actuators.

3) How do you use a pneumatic system?

Pneumatics is a simple and reliable way to make things move, just by

using clean, dry air. Pneumatic systems use this compressed air to create
mechanical motion and power applications to ‘do work’ in factory
automation systems. Pneumatics are seen in a range of other applications
too, from fairground rides and trucks, medical applications and food
preparation through to air tools and blow moulding.

Pneumatics makes use of an air compressor to reduce the volume of

the air in order to increase its pressure. This then moves through a filter
into pneumatic tubing, where it’s controlled by valves before reaching an
actuator which does the work at the end of the process. That could be a
cylinder, or a device that performs a function, for example, lifting, moving
or gripping.

REFERENCES:

1) https://www.smcpneumatics.com/What-is-A-Pneumatic-System-
and-How-Does-it-Work_b_42.html
2) https://www.norgren.com/uk/en/expertise/industrial-
automation/what-is-pneumatics
3) https://pdfcoffee.com/mecha-lab-report-pneumatics-results-and-
discussion-pdf-free.html
4) https://www.slideshare.net/UKhOiMeiAisyahfitrah/lab-pneumatic-
15735725
5) ME401 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 EXPERIMENT 5
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS DF