AME 3122 - Hydraulic System

MODULE 11 -
Advanced Aircraft Systems & Components II
11.11 Hydraulic Systems
Issue No.: 01 Date: 31September 2022

October 2021 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
Revision No.: 00 Status: Draft
MODULE 6 – Aircraft Material and Hardware
MODULE 11 – Advanced Aircraft Systems and Components II
6.1 Aircraft Materials - Ferrous Metals
11.11. Hydraulic Systems
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Principle, Mechanical Advantage, Basic Hydraulic System

System Layout, Reservoir, Filters, Pumps, Valves
Flow control, Pressure control
 Actuators, Linear, Rotary
Emergency hydraulic power
Power transfer unit
 Hydraulic fuse, Seals
 Hydraulic fluid
Original Author: JTS Slide No. 2

December 2021 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
OBJECTIVES AND EXAMINATION LEVELS
Objective Description level CAR/Part 66Reference

A. Systems 3 11.8a
8 Fire Protection
B. Portable 1 11.8b
9 Flight Controls 3 11.9
10 Fuel Systems 3 11.10
11 Hydraulic System 3 11.11
12 Ice and Rain Protection 3 11.12

LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Describe the components and lay-out of an aircraft hydraulic system.

COURSE STRUCTURE

COURSE STRUCTURE

COURSE STRUCTURE

COURSE STRUCTURE

COURSE STRUCTURE

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Advanced Aircraft Systems
Aircraft Materials - Ferrousand Components II
Metals
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
 Many systems on Modern Aircraft are operated by Hydraulics.
 Systems can include Flying Controls, Landing Gear, Airbrakes and Brakes.
 Hydraulic Power is very efficient, light weight and needs the minimum of
Maintenance.
 Hydraulic operation relies on the principle of Pascals Law.
• Pressure in a fluid transmitted equally in all directions

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
• Fluid means both liquid and gases
• Hydraulic Fluid means liquids
• Liquid are considered incompressible
• Liquid can not store pressure, but may be subjected to pressure.
• Hydraulic Pump has the capacity to produce pressure up to 6000 psi but
aircraft hydraulic system operates typically in the region of 3000 psi

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PRESSURE
• Pressure is force divided by area

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HYDRAULIC PRESS
 If two pistons have equal area and

weight, then to maintain balance , the
force applied on one piston must be equal
to the force applied to the other piston

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HYDRAULIC PRESS
 If one piston had half the area of the

other, balance could only be maintained
if the force applied to the small piston
was half of the applied to the second
 Small input force can be multiplied to

produce greater output force by simply
transmitting the pressure created by the
input force onto a larger area.

Revision No.: 00 9/26/2022 Status: Draft
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HYDRAULIC PRESS
Force Output
Mechanical Advantage (MA) =
Force Input
 Additional force is applied and small piston travels 16 cm
 Distance travelled by bigger piston ?
 Velocity Ratio (VR) =Distance travelled by the input cylinder

/distance travelled by the output cylinder
 Mechanical efficiency= MA/VR

Small input force and larger output force simply by increasing the area
of piston

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HYDRAULIC PRESS
• Amplification of Forces using

Hydraulics
 Calculate the force on the

bigger piston ???

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HYDRAULIC PRESS
• Adjustment of Pressure using

the Hydraulics
 Calculate F ???
 P in the bigger cylinder ???

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
Boeing 737 NG

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

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COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
Reservoir
• Unpressurized
• Pressurized – bleed air to maintain pressure head
Pump
• Fixed volume – continuously work
• Variable volume – work only when required
Selector Valve
• Blocked neutral – block the flow in normal position
• Open neutral – open in normal position

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COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
High Pressure Relief Valve (HPRV) - works to relive the pressure if it gets
higher than normal operating pressure or selector valve is closed.
Automatic Cutoff Valve (ACOV) – works to cutoff the excessive pressure when
actuator is not being used
Accumulator – Works as a stand-by pump, maintains pressure and helps to

avoid lagging

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FIXED VOLUME SYSTEM (CLOSED)

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FIXED VOLUME SYSTEM (OPEN)

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MAIN HYDRAULIC POWER SYSTEM.
 Most multi-engine aircraft

have two or more main hydraulic
Systems
 Each system may have two

hydraulic pumps, driven by
separate power source
 Typical Operating pressure is

about 3000 psi
 High pressure provides significant

weight saving (smaller diameter
pipes, jacks and less quantity of
hydraulic oil )

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MAIN HYDRAULIC POWER SYSTEM.(PRESSURE MODULE)
On Pressure module , following are fitted:

• 02 LP warning switch
• 02 NRV or Check valve
• 02 Filters
• 01 Pressure Transmitter
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MAIN HYDRAULIC POWER SYSTEM
 Pumps (either 115 V AC motor or

Engines)
 Yellow line = Feeder line

 Red line = Pressure line
 Green line =Return line
 Output of the pump is passed to

the related Pressure filter in
Pressure module
 The output of each pump is

constantly monitored by LP
warning switch in the pressure
module

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 If pump output pressure falls

below the specified value –
typically around 1500 psi, Low
Pressure warning on the flight
deck control panel will illuminate
 NRV or Check Valve : If pump

fails it prevents the back flow of
hydraulic fluid to pump and
reservoir
 Pressure Transmitter: at
downstream of two check valve,
to monitor the system pressure
and signals to Hyd Pr Indicator
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 High Pr relief valve: down stream

of pressure module
 Preset at 3500 Psi
 If pump is developing more

pressure ,this valve protects the
system against over Pressurisation
 There is a hysteresis or overlap

provision in the relief valve to
prevent it chattering. It closes at
3200 Psi

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GROUND POWER CONNECTION
 From the Hydraulic rig to

aircraft system
 Ground Hydraulic Rig will have

its own pressure relief,
however aircraft high pressure
relief valve will prevent any
overpressure in the system
 Pressure sensed by the aircraft

transmitter

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RETURN MODULE
 Hyd oil returning from the aircraft sub

systems and from the Pr relief valve is
passed back thru a check valve and
then thru a filter in the return module
 Pressure Differential switch is installed
on Return filter. If filter is blocked,
spring loaded button on the filter
casing will pop out

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PUMP CASE FLUID
 Separate return line from each

hydraulic pump.
 As each pump always maintains a
circulation of fluid in their casing to
provide lubrication and pump cooling
 After cooling the Pump thru the case
drain filter, check valve and heat
exchanger hyd oil enters in return
module.

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PUMP CASE FLUID
 The temperature of the case drain

fluid would be typically 40 °C to 45 ° C
at the entry HE
 Temp is the indication of the Pump

health
 Temperature sensor in the case drain

line for PUMP OVERHEAT warning in
the cockpit

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HEAT EXCHANGER
 Located at the lowest point in the

inboard wing main fuel tank
 36 feet of coiled Aluminium alloy

tubing.
 Transfer the heat to fuel
 So, there is a requirement to have

minimum fuel in the inbd wing tank
when Hyd Pumps are running

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PUMP ISOLATION VALVE
 Located in between the reservoir and

the Engine Driven Pump
 This Valve is operated in conjunction

with the Engine Fire Handle
 When fire handle is pulled Hyd Oil

supply to the affected side engine
pump is shut off

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HYDRAULIC POWER PACK
 Light aircraft may have Hydraulic

Power Pack
 A power Pack is a self contained unit
that incorporates most of the
components of the power system
 Pump output is pressurised by the gas
 Pump running is controlled by the

switch acting collar

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HYDRAULIC FLUID: DESIRABLE PROPERTIES ARE
 Be fire Resistant and provide good lubrication quality

 Have a flash point over 100 ° C
 Have broad operating temperature range (-70 °C to +80 °C)
 Have a low evaporation rate
 Have a high Viscosity Index (RoC with temp)
 Have low viscosity (to avoid frictional forces in pipes and components)
 Have sufficient viscosity to prevent leakage across the seals and connections
 Be incompressible at all system operating pressure
 Not foam or form sludge deposits
 Be non corrosive and chemically stable at all operating temparature
 Be safe to handle
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HYDRAULIC FLUID
 Vegetable Based Fluid

Not Fire resistant
To be used only , on systems equipped with natural rubber seals
Not used on modern aircraft
 Mineral Based Fluid (Petroleum based)
Only to be used with synthetic rubber seals and hoses
Not fire resistant and affected by high temperature
Not commonly used on the modern aircraft

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HYDRAULIC FLUID
 Synthetic Based Fluid

Phosphate ester based fluids are the most common group of synthetic
fluids used in Modern and larger aircraft hydraulic systems
Good Fire resistant qualities
Stable over wide operating range
Commonly used trade names are : Skydrol and Chevron
Always, AMM is to be followed for the Fluid specifications recommendations

and never mix the two different grade/brand of hydraulic fluid

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HYDRAULIC FLUID
 Effect of Overheating on Hydraulic Fluid
• It is prone to becoming acidic and this will present a corrosion risk to

pipes and components
• Overheating may also result in oxidation and the formation of sludge

deposits
 Safety
• Phosphate ester fluids are toxic
• Can cause severe irritation to the skin and eyes

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HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR
• Normally there are three hydraulic

reservoirs in a typical twin engine aircraft.
Two main system and one standby system
reservoir
 A reserve of fluid to compensate for
external leaks in the system
 Air space to allow thermal expansion
 Space for the return fluid
 A pressurised airspace for pressure head
to pump inlet
 An emergency reserve of fluid for use in
emergency systems

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HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR
 Reservoirs of all modern transport aircraft are normally pressurised with air
• For Foam suppression
• For Positive feed at around 45 Psi to prevent cavitation
Capacity 3.5 to 4 Galons of fluid
 Suction stack Pipe : Pump inlet, Stack pipe ensure availability of Hyd Oil in
reservoir for emergency use in the event of oil leak
 Drain Line : To make the tank empty
 Diffuser Connection: Separates air and prevent fluid mixing with air
 Fluid content Transmitter , Low level switch and Mechanical content
Gauge: For flight deck indication, low level warning and visual indication
on tank itself for the maintenance personnel
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HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR
 Hand Pump and Pressure Filling Connection: For filling of the reservoir from
the rig or container
• Reservoir Pressurisation (To produce around 45 psi Pressure
head at the pump inlet)
 Aircraft LP air is filtered and regulated to pressurise the Hyd Reservoir
 Air Pressurisation is fully automatic and has no flight deck control
 Pressurisation Manifold: Air pressure Regulator, Pressure relief valve, drain
valve , manual depressurization valve
 Air pressure regulator also acts as vacuum relief valve by drawing air thru
vent line
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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
Generally, there are three hydraulic systems in a twin engine aircraft. For, four
engine aircraft there may be 4 systems.
 System A
 System B
 Standby system

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
In case of failure, important systems are working and are connected with other
systems.

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

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ACCUMULATORS
 A liquid can not store pressure

 An accumulator is used to store pressure in
the form of compressed gases
• Purpose of Accumulator:
 Storing and maintain system pressure
 To backup peak demands on pumps
 To provide initial impetus to actuators when
they are selected
 Provide an emergency reserve of fluid
under pressure for vital sub systems

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HYDRAULIC POWER (ATA 29)

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ACCUMULATORS
 Consists of a closed cylinder containing a free floating piston and diaphragm

 Charged with dry nitrogen typically around 1000 Psi
 Gas pressure is sufficient to provide sufficient fluid under pressure to operate a
sub system once only
 Emergency brake system accumulator is charged to provide sufficient fluid
under pressure to carry out a multiple numbers of brake applications
 Gas pressure is indicated on Pressure gauge and a charging valve is also fitted on
the accumulator to charge the accumulator. Charging valve incorporates NRV
 It is similar to tyre charging valve

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PRESSURE GENERATION(MECHANICAL PUMP)
• Receive power from engine thru gearbox , electrical motor or from

air driven turbine, types of pumps are as follows:
 Fixed volume output type Pump
 Variable volume output type Pump
• Fixed volume output type Pump
 Self idling and also referred to as constant volume or fixed volume pump
 Delivers constant volume of hyd oil for a given speed of rotation regardless
of the demand placed on the hydraulic system
 When no demand; need to divert the fluid to return line
 Requirement of Automatic Cut Off Valve (ACOV) and Accumulator

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• Fixed volume output type Pump

o Radial piston Pump
o Axial Piston Pump
o Spur Gear Pump
o Gerotor Pump
o Vane Pump
o Hand Pump
(10) Types of Hydraulic Pumps - YouTube

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 Radial piston Pump

 It is found mostly on older aircrafts.
 The cylinders are arranged radially around an
eccentric shaft.
 As the crankshaft rotates, each piston is
moved into and out of its cylinder.
 As each cylinder moves inwards, it exposes
and inlet port and fluid is drawn into the
cylinder from an inlet duct.
 The output volume rate is directly related to
the speed of the pump rotation.

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 Axial Piston Pump

 The pump rotor block rotates with the drive shaft.
 The angle formed between the rotor block and the drive shaft
axis causes each piston to move in and move out of its related
cylinder once per revolution of the drive shaft.
 The valve block remains stationary
And it incorporates circumferential ducts.
 Fluid is drawn in and out of each cylinder.
 The output is directly related with the
Speed of the pump rotation.

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 Spur Gear Pump

 It is used to boost the pressure in the system.
 Very HP output Hydraulic pumps normally use
spur gear pump to boost the inlet pressure.
 The pump provides non pulsating flow of 800
psi to the main pump.
 The spur gear pump consists of a driven gear
and intermeshing idling gear.
 The pump casing has a machined groove to
provide an escape path for the fluid trapped
inside.

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 Gerotor Pump
 This pump has two intermeshing lobbed
wheels each having a different axis.
 The inner ‘driver’ has six lobbed shaped
teeth, the outer ‘idler’ wheel has seven
teeth.
 As the driver wheel rotates, it draws fluid
into large.
 As the wheel rotates, these spaces become
small and fluid is forced out.

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 Vane Pump
 It is fixed volume pump.
 It is used in subsidiary role rather than main system pressure.
 The pump is equipped with eccentric rotor shaft into which
spring-loaded sliding vanes are fitted.
 As the pump rotates, the fluid is drawn into large open spaces
formed between the vanes.
 As the pump rotates, these space gradually
Reduce in volume.

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 Hand Pump
 A hand pump is usually provided for operating an
emergency service or for ground replenishment services.
 It has fixed volume output that is related to the stroke.

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PRESSURE GENERATION(MECHANICAL PUMP):
 Hand Pump
 When the piston is moved backwards, the
transfer valve is closed and fluid is drawn in, at
the front of the cylinder.
 At the same time, the fluid flows towards the
outlet pipe and passes through the check valve.
 When the piston moves forward, the transfer
valve opens and the fluid is drawn front the
front of the cylinder to the rear of the cylinder.

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• Variable volume output type Pump

 It is a constant Pressure pump and has a multi piston construction
 Commonly used in the main hydraulic power
system
 Angle of Yoke assembly or swash plate
automatically varied by a control piston to
increase or decrease the stroke of piston in
response to system demand
(10) Variable Plunger Pump How To

Work#Hydraulic System – YouTube

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PULSATING FLOW
 Multi piston type pumps produce pulsating output flow

 Produce pressure fluctuations or ripple
 Frequency of these pulsation depends on pump speed
 “Ripple Damper” damp out the pulsation , accumulator also does the same
• EDP and Quill Drive
 EDP is normally coupled to an engine gearbox through a ‘Quill Shaft”
 QD has waisted section
that is designed to shear
 It prevents further damage
In case pump is seized

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PUMP OPERATION

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AC ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEN PUMP (ACMP)
 3 Phase 115 V AC power

 Pump and motor assembly attached to aircraft structure thru anti vibration
mountings
 Normally two parallel wired overheat
switches located in the pump casing
 One switch will close if the pump case
drain fluid overheats while other will close
If internal pump/motor temperature
exceeds a given temperature. Amber OVHT
will illuminate on flight deck
 To absorb pump noise pressure outlet is
fitted with “Acoustic Filter”

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AIR DRIVEN PUMP (ADP)
 Usually located within unpressurised fairing on the fuselage skin and take
air from the aircraft low pressure pneumatic system
 Thru regulator(PRSOV) , large mass

of air at around 13 psi
 Constant speed , variable volume

type of pump

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RAM AIR TURBINE
 A RAT is used to provide emergency hydraulic power to the selected vital systems.
 The system will be automatically deployed if there is failure in pumps.
 The RAT cannot be retracted back in flight.
 The RAT is stowed in a compartment in the underside of the fuselage or in one of
the wing to body fairings.
 In some aircrafts, RAT may be deployed to drive a AC generator in the event of a
complete AC electrical power failure.
Speed Governor: Controls the rotational speed of the RAT by adjusting the pitch (Angle
of attack). Fine pitch –increases speed.
Lock Cable
Actuator

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POWER TRANSFER UNIT (PTU)
 PTU is a component that is used

to drive a hydraulic pump in one
hydraulic system by using the fluid
pressure and flow existing in another
system
 Pump becoming a motor or motor becoming a pump
 Hyd motor is simply a hyd pump
 It can be converted into a motor by reversing the flow of fluid thru it
 PTU may be used to provide an emergency backup to a hydraulic system

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0o4u0l8BqM

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POWER TRANSFER UNIT (PTU)

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EMERGENCY POWER GENERATIONS

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EMERGENCY POWER GENERATIONS

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STANDBY AC MOTOR DRIVEN PUMPS (ACMP).
 Normally a part of standby hydraulic system
 Pump is selected “ON” by crew when required
 It may also be programmed to automatically start when systems are

selected by the crew (Alternate flap or S/by rudder system)
 When a main system relies on an EDP there is often an ACMP installed in

the system
 This 115 V AC pump takes power from the opposite engine

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PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
Protect the system from Over Pressurization
It does not control the normal operating

pressure
There are several types:

• Thermal pressure relief valve: it is
operated by pressure not temperature.
• Full flow pressure relief valve: located
downstream of the pump and be used to
bypass the full hydraulic flow.
• High-pressure relief valve: The valve is
used to protect the system.

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AUTOMATIC CUT OFF VALVE
 When blocked neutral selectors are

closed, there is a need to provide an
idling circuit for a fixed delivery
pump.
 “Cut out”: Pump out put is by passed
directly back to return line
 “Cut in”: By passed is shut and full
pump delivery is passed to main
system
 ACOV regulates the pump supply to
the system as per requirement

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM CYCLING TIME:
 The time from reaching full system pressure, when ACOV opens to cut the
pump out of the system, to the point where the ACOV closes again to cut the
pump back into the system is called the Cycling Time

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PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES
• Pressure Reducing Valves

 A pressure reducing valve is
used for the subsystems.
 The valve acts as a pressure
relief valve but to the
subsystems.
Pressure Maintaining Valve
De-Booster: A brake de-booster is
often used in an aircraft wheel
braking system to reduce the
brake system pressure.

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• Flow control Valves: Modulator

 This control the fluid flow rather then the pressure.
 It is used in wheel brake anti-skid system.
 It permits a large volume of the flow for the braking application
and then a restricted flow for the anti-skid operation once the
brakes have been applied.

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• Shuttle Valve
 A shuttle valve is a type of valve which allows fluid to flow through it from one
of two sources
 In normal operation, the pressure and flow are supplied from the normal
system.
 If the normal system pressure fails, the emergency system is activated, the
pressure differential forces the shuttle valves across to admit the emergency
fluid.

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• Hydraulic Fuse
 Installed in pressure line to seal it off instantly in the event that the line is
severed or develops a massive leak
 To prevent a complete loss of system fluid because of damage of pipe and

plumbing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHsmnAH8ElY

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• Check Valve & Restrictor Valve.
 Check Valve : Preventing backflow
 Restrictor Valve: Restricted backflow
 Used to restrict the flow in return line

during extension of landing gears ,
otherwise it would create too rapid a
movement because of gravity

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Flow Control Valve

• A flow control valve is designed to maintain a constant flow
to the subsystem.
• It may be attached to the upstream of the motor to enable
to work at constant speed.

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Sequence Valves
• The flow control valve where the flow to two actuators may
be controlled by one valve.
• They are installed to ensure that the actuators in a subsystem
operate in the correct order.
• This would be essentials
in the case where the landing
doors would have to be
opened first before the gear
was allowed to extend.

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SELECTOR VALVES
• A selector valve is used to route system fluid to one side of an

actuator whilst providing a return route to for fluid that is
displaced from the other side.
• Few common types are:
1. Four-way rotary selector valve with blocked neutral
2. Four-way rotary selector valve with open neutral
3. Four-way slide selector valve with blocked neutral
4. Electro-Hydraulic selector valve

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SELECTOR VALVES
Rotary Selector Valves with Blocked Neutral

• The pressure and return lines are connected on the alternate
sides of the actuator.
• If the valve is returned to the neutral position, fluid will be
trapped on both side of the actuator and it will be hydraulically
locked.

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SELECTOR VALVES
Rotary Selector Valves with Open Neutral

• The valve still connects the pressure and return lines to
alternate sides of the actuator.
• When the actuator valve is returned to the neutral position,
the actuator is hydraulically closed.
• The neutral position will
create an idling circuit.

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SELECTOR VALVES
Rotary Selector Valves with Open Neutral

• The input selection is linear
• When the actuator valve is returned to the neutral position,
the actuator is hydraulically closed.

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SELECTOR VALVES
• This system eliminate the use of complex mechanical systems.

• The systems are designed to accept simple electrically
signaled control inputs that produce full travel actuator
movements.

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PRESSURE FILTER
• They are classified by the size of particles they capture.

• The unit used in relation to particle size in relation to particle
size in aircraft systems
is the micron.

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PRESSURE FILTER
• The filters are used as being ‘micronic filters’.

• The usuall size 5 microns.
• The filters are usually located in:
1. Pressure line
2. Return line
3. Case filter
• They use non-bypass, disposable paper cartridges.
• Case filters have size 10-25 microns.
• The filters are not installed on suction line due to the problem
of cavitation.

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ACTUATORS
• Usually three types:

1. Single action
2. Double acting – unbalanced
3. Double acting - balanced
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClO
XkkVDIiY

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SEALS
• Seals are used to prevent the leakage.

• Many types are available.
• O-rings are the most used one, they have advantages and
disadvantages like
extrusion, not pinched,
Gap.
• Seal filaments are used.

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SEAL FITMENT

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RIGID PIPES INSTALLATION
 The distribution is provided

by rigid or flexible pipes.
 The pipes are made of steel,
which has high strength.
 The high strength allows to
reduce thickness of the pipe.

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Metals
IDENTIFICATION OF LINES

MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals
FLEXIBLE HOSE ASSEMBLIES
 Hydraulic system pressure

lines are normally made of
steel or high pressure hose
 Hydraulic system return line

are normally made of low
pressure or medium pressure
hoses
 Low Pr: Upto 250 Psi

 Medium Pr: Upto 1500 Psi
 High Pr : Upto 4000 Psi
MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals
 Length of flexible hoses is

measured in between the extreme
ends of the connector nipple
 If angled connector is fitted the

measurement is taken from the
centre of the bore at the end of
the nipple in the angled connector

MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals
LAYLINE SHOULD BE STRAIGHT

MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals
 Should never be fitted tautly
 When fluid pressure in the hose

increases it will expand slightly
 The minimum amount of slack

required is 3 % of the hose
length

MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM LAYOUT
 Aileron, Spoiler, Elevator, Rudder

are supplied by all the three systems
 Flap/Slat, landing gear, and nose wheel
steering are supplied by the port system
and can be powered by the star bd
system thru PTU
 Braking System: Star bd as well as Port
 02 ACMPs in the S/by system that are
manually controlled from the flight deck
 A RAT in the s/by system will
automatically deploy in the event of
total loss of hydraulic power in all the
system
MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals

MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals
INDICATION AND WARNING
 Pump Pressure
 System pressure
 Pump fluid temp
 Reservoir fluid contents
 Warning: Red
 Caution: Amber
 Advisory: Green

MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals

MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals

MODULE 11 – 6.1
Metals


AME 3122 - Hydraulic System

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MODULE 11 -

Advanced Aircraft Systems & Components II

11.11 Hydraulic Systems

Issue No.: 01 Date: 31September 2022

Principle, Mechanical Advantage, Basic Hydraulic System

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 2

OBJECTIVES AND EXAMINATION LEVELS

Objective Description level CAR/Part 66Reference

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 3

Describe the components and lay-out of an aircraft hydraulic system.

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 4

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 5

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 6

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 7

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 8

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 9

 Many systems on Modern Aircraft are operated by Hydraulics.

 Hydraulic operation relies on the principle of Pascals Law.

• Pressure in a fluid transmitted equally in all directions

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 10

• Fluid means both liquid and gases

• Hydraulic Fluid means liquids

• Liquid are considered incompressible

• Liquid can not store pressure, but may be subjected to pressure.

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 11

• Pressure is force divided by area

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 12

 If two pistons have equal area and

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 13

 If one piston had half the area of the

 Small input force can be multiplied to

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 14

 Additional force is applied and small piston travels 16 cm

 Distance travelled by bigger piston ?

 Velocity Ratio (VR) =Distance travelled by the input cylinder

 Mechanical efficiency= MA/VR

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 15

• Amplification of Forces using

 Calculate the force on the

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 16

• Adjustment of Pressure using

 P in the bigger cylinder ???

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 17

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 18

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 19

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 20

COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 21

COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Accumulator – Works as a stand-by pump, maintains pressure and helps to

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 22

FIXED VOLUME SYSTEM (CLOSED)

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 23

FIXED VOLUME SYSTEM (OPEN)

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 24

MAIN HYDRAULIC POWER SYSTEM.

 Most multi-engine aircraft

 Each system may have two

 Typical Operating pressure is

 High pressure provides significant

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 25

Original Author: JTS Slide No. 26

MAIN HYDRAULIC POWER SYSTEM.(PRESSURE MODULE)