Communication

- Transmission of ideas,information and emotions between two people

with the use of verbal and non verbal actions.

The word Communication derived from latin word communis that means
common.

Communication is a process that occurs between the speaker and the

receiver

Verbal communication
- Refers to our use of words such as written and spoken.

Non-verbal communication
- Refers to a communication that occurs through means other than words like
body language, gestures and silence.

Function of communication

Control
- Being able to use language, gestures, and emotions to manage individual or
group.

Social interaction
- To be able to communicate with multiple individuals to express themselves or
to complete tasks.

Motivation
- To persuade another person to change his/ her opinion, behaviour, or attitude
about a certain thing.

Emotional expression
- This include emotions like joy, anger, sadness, disgust, fear and many more.
It also include facial expression to convey oneself feelings.

Information Dissemination
- Information are distributed into small group or public.

Process of communication
Stage 1: Sending the message

Speaker/ sender
 - Source of the message that is encoded unto symbols that are verbal and non
verbal

Message
- Any information or anything that the speaker wants to communicate using a
medium

Medium/channel
- A system or channel through which a speaker or writer addresses their
audience(ex. phone)

Stage 2: Receiving the message

Listener
- Gets the message trough desire channel and decodes the message

Feedback
- Receiver’s response

Context
- Thought of as the environment or human ecosystem, in which communication
takes place.

Noise(distraction)
- Anything that impedes with the message

Kind of interference

Psychological barrier
- Is person's state of mind that can limit their ability to make the right
decisions(ex. distrust).

Physical barrier
- Materialise from natural environment or be a product of human
communication(ex. noise).

Linguistic and cultural barrier

- Linguistic barrier is difficulties experienced by people with different mother
tongue or language while cultural includes values and beliefs(ex. Nationality
and religion)

Mechanical barrier
 - Caused by machinery or instruments used to convey the message(ex.
Transmission interruption)

Models of communication

Linear model
- One way communication focusing on transmission

Shannon weaver model

- Consider the mother of all communication models
- Starts from source; passing through channel which may interrupt by noise to
receiver. The process stops when the message arrived from destination.

Schramm model
- Wilbur Schramm(1954) visualised the process of communication as an
exchange of thoughts and ideas.
- Feedback was added to the shannon weaver model

Transactional model
- Mainly focus on sharing information and reactions(feedback).

Type of Speech Styles

Frozen style
- Also known as fixed speech. It is most the most formal communicative style
that is often used in respectful situation or formal ceremony

Formal style
- It uses formal words and expressions

Consultative style
- This speech style uses listener participation and feedback

Casual or informal style

- This style used in conversations between friends and insiders who have
something to share and have shared background information

Intimate style
- This style is used in conversations between people who are very close and
know each other quite well because having a maximum of shared background
information
Verbal Communication

- Refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message

Non Verbal Communication

- Refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent

meanings.

Intercultural Communication

- Refers to the communication between people from two different cultures.

Ex. An American and African share their views

- According Milton Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity,

sometimes called the “Bennett Scale,” describes the standard ways in which
people experience, interpret, and interact across cultural differences.

DMIS (Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity) Stages

Stage 1: Denial
- This stage is often created based on the belief that a person's culture is the
only real culture. People in this stage often fail to see cultural differences and
tend to isolate themselves from other groups. Often times, people that are in
the stage of denial are not interested in cultural differences and could care
less about people other then the ones that are in their direct culture.

Stage 2: Defense
- During this stage, learners often feel as though their own culture is the only
good culture. This stage often consists of negative stereotyping and us to
them thinking. A person is in defense may feel threatened by other cultures
and their differences. People tend to be very critical of other cultures and have
a narrow focus on what appropriate behaviors and cultures are correct.

Stage 3: Minimization
- During this stage, the learner begins to find commonalities between
themselves and people of other cultures. Superficial cultures are mostly
judged during this phase of the model.

Stage 4: Acceptance
 - During this stage, learners are able to recognize and appreciate cultural
difference through both behaviors and values. This stage promotes the belief
that one's own culture is just one of the many cultures that exists in the world.

Stage 5: Adaptation
- Learners begin to be more competent in how to communicate with people of
other cultures. Learners are able in incorporate the world view of others into
their own world view.

Stage 6: Integration
- Rarely do learners achieve this level of cultural sensitivity. During integration
the learner is able to have other cultural experience move in and out of their
own worldview. People in this view often maintain a marginal self-identity and
view themselves as "in-process".