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رﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ
www.mnaeini.ir
ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﺪى ﻧﺎﺋﯿﻨﻰ www.mnaeini.ir
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ
ﺟﺰوه ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دوره ﮐﻠﯽ و ﻣﺮور ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﺻﻠﯽ درس رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ آﻣﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
از آﻧﺠﺎﮐﻪ ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ از %80ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه در آزﻣﻮن اﯾﻦ درس ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد
ﻣﯽﺷﻮد:
در درس رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ زﯾﺮ ﮐﺎﻣﻼًﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ.
.1در ﺑﺤﺚ آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ %20از ﮐﻞ ﺳﻮاﻻت(
اﻟﻒ ـ در ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ
(Aﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ ﺳﺮي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺳﺮي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه )ﺳﺮي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ـ ﺳﯿﻨﻮﺳﯽ ـ ﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮﺳﯽ(
(Bﺳﺮي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪه در ﻓﺮم ﺗﻮان و ﯾﺎ ﺿﺮب ﺳﯿﻨﻮسﻫﺎ و ﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮسﻫﺎ
(Cﻣﺸﺘﻖﮔﯿﺮي و اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﮔﯿﺮي از ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ
(Dاﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻀﯿﻪ دﯾﺮﯾﮑﻠﻪ و ﺗﺴﺎوي ﭘﺎرﺳﻮال ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﯽ
ب ـ در اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ
(Aﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ
(Bﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت اﻧﺘﮕﺮاﻟﯽ
(Cاﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻀﯿﻪ دﯾﺮﯾﮑﻠﻪ و ﺗﺴﺎوي ﭘﺎرﺳﻮال ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺳﺮه
ج ـ در ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻼت ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ
(Aﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻼت ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ﺳﯿﻨﻮﺳﯽ ـ ﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮﺳﯽ ـ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ
(Bﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻮدن ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﺮوف
(Cﻗﻀﺎﯾﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ
) ) f ' ( t ) , tf ( t ) , eiat f ( t ) , f ( t - a ) , F ( F ( t
وﻗﺘﯽ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ ) f ( tﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ) F ( wﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﺳﺖ.
.2در ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
اﻟﻒ ـ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ رﯾﺸﻪﻫﺎي nام و ﻟﮕﺎرﯾﺘﻢ اﻋﺪاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ب ـ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﺷﮑﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ z - z1 ± z - z 2 = Rداده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ
q ج ـ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض ) w = f ( zﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ Re wو Im wو wﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ xو yﯾﺎ rو
.3در ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ %10از ﮐﻞ ﺳﻮاﻻت(
اﻟﻒ ـ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﺎي اول و دوم ﮐﻮﺷﯽ رﯾﻤﺎن
ب ـ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﮐﻮﺷﯽ رﯾﻤﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺰدوج ﻫﻤﺴﺎز
ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﺪى ﻧﺎﺋﯿﻨﻰ www.mnaeini.ir
.4در ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ %15از ﮐﻞ ﺳﻮاﻻت(
ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻌﺮوف
1 n 1 az + b
, z , az + b , sin z , cos z , z + , ez , ln z ,
z z cz + d
روي ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽﻫﺎ و ﯾﺎ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﺧﺎص و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آنﻫﺎ در ﺑﺤﺚ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎ
.5در ﺑﺤﺚ اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ %30از ﮐﻞ ﺳﻮاﻻت(
اﻟﻒ ـ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ روش ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ
ب -ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﺮاﯾﯽ ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎ روش رﯾﺸﻪ nام
ج ـ دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي اﻧﻮاع ﻧﻘﺎط ﺗﮑﯿﻦ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻮع آنﻫﺎ
د ـ ﺑﺴﻂﻫﺎي ﻣﮏﻟﻮران ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﺮوف و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺴﻂﻫﺎي ﻟﻮران
ﻫـ ـ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﮐﺴﺮي ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ در ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ
و -ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه در ﻧﻘﺎط ﺗﮑﯿﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ روشﻫﺎي
(Aاﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮران
(Bاﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه در ﻗﻄﺐﻫﺎ
ز ـ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎ روش ﻣﺎﻧﺪهﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ در ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎي
2p ¥ +¥
)P(x )P(x
ò 0
f ( sin q , cos q ) dq ,
ò ) -¥ Q ( x
dx ,
ò -¥ )Q(x
eiax dx
.6در ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﺟﺰﺋﯽ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ %25از ﮐﻞ ﺳﻮاﻻت(
اﻟﻒ ـ ﺑﺎزﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ در ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ در ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ب -ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺬف ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﺧﺘﯿﺎري و ﻣﻌﮑﻮس آن ﯾﻌﻨﯽ روش ﻻﮔﺮاﻧﮋ در ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ اول ﺷﺒﻪ ﺧﻄﯽ
ج ـ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ دوم ﺷﺒﻪ ﺧﻄﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ Dو ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮم اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد
aD + bD '+ c د ـ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ دو ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ
ﻫـ ـ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ و ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺮزي آن
و ـ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﻮاب ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎر
ز ـ رد ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﮐﺮدن ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ارﺿﺎء ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺮزي ـ ﺻﺪق ﮐﺮدن در ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ـ ﮐﺮاﻧﺪار ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﺟﻮاب
ح ـ اﯾﺪه ﮐﻠﯽ روش ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎ
ط ـ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺮزي در ﺟﻮابﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ )ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﺤﺚ ﺳﺮيﻫﺎ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮالﻫﺎي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ(
ي -ﺣﻞ داﻻﻣﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻣﻮج
ك -اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻻﭘﻼس و ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ در ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﺟﺰﺋﯽ
ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﺪى ﻧﺎﺋﯿﻨﻰ www.mnaeini.ir
ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۱
ﺳﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ
ﺍﮔﺮ ) f ( xﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ P = 2 Lﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ
ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ.
¥
å
a0 æ np np ö
= )f (x + ç a n cos x + b n sin ÷x
2 è L L ø
n =1
L
ò
1 np
:ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ = an f ( x ) cos x dx
L -L L
L
ò
1 np
:ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ = bn f ( x ) sin x dx
L -L L
L
ò
1
:ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ a0 = f ( x ) dx
L -L
a0
ﺭﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ) f ( xﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۱
2
a0 ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺩ
=
2 ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺩ
ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ xﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ xﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۲ﺍﮔﺮ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ yﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
L
ò
2 np
= bn = 0 , an f ( x ) cos x dx
L 0 L
ﺍﮔﺮ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
L
ò
2 np
= an = 0 , bn f ( x ) sin x dx
L 0 L
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۳ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ) ( a , bﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﺽ
ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ fﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ) ( a , bﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ P = b - aﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ.
b-a
= Lﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ
2
b
ò
1 np
= an f ( x ) cos x dx
L a L
b
ò
1 np
= bn f ( x ) sin x dx
L a L
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۲ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f ( x ) = x 2ﻭ 0 < x < 2 pﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ﺣﻞ:
ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ x 2ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ x 2ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ) (0, 2 pﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ
ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ P = 2 pﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ،ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻧﻪ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ b nﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﻢ .ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
2L = 2p ® L=p
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ
2p x2 sin nx
ò
1 2
bn = x sin n x dx +
p 0
1
2p 2x - cos nx
1 é x 2
2x 2 ù n
= ê- cos n x + sin n x + cos n x ú -
p êë n n 2
n 3
úû 0
1
2 - sin nx
1 é - 4p 2 2 2 ù 4p n2
= ê + - ú=-
p ëê n n 3 3
n úû n +
1
0 cos nx
n3
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۴ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻜﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
= ) ( )+ f(x
f x 0- +
0
)ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ( x 0
2
ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﺎﹰ ﺍﮔﺮ fﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ x 0ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
f x0( =) )ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ( x 0
ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺳﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩ.
¥
= Iﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﺮﻱ å sinnn a
n =1
ﺣﻞ:
P = 2p ® L=p
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ:
bn = 0
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۳
p a p
2 ìï ü
ò ò ò
np
( 0 ) cos nx dx ïý
2
= an f ( x ) cos x dx = í 1 ´ cos n x dx + ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
p p pï a ïþ
0 î 0
2 1 a 2
= an ´ sin n x = sin n a
p n 0 np
p a p
ò ò ò
2 2 2 2a a0 a
a0 = = f ( x ) dx (1) dx + = ( 0 ) dx ® =
p 0 p 0 p a p 2 p
¥
a 2 sin na
= )f (x
p
+ å np
cos nx
n =1
x = 0ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( xﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻜﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥ ¥
a 2 sin na a 2 sin na pæ aö
= )f(0
p
+ å np
cos 0 ® =1 +
p p å n
® =I ÷ ç1-
2è p ø
n =1 n =1
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ 0 < x < 1 ، f ( x ) = x 3 - 3 x 2 + 4 x + 1ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ x = 0ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
ﺣﻞ :ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻜﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
= )ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ( x = 0
) ( ) + f ( 0+
f 0-
2
- -
ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ، ( 0 , 1ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ P = 1ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ 0ﺑﺎ 1 + 0ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ.
( ) + f ( 0+ ) = f (1 + 0- ) + f ( 0+ ) = (1 - 3 + 4 + 1) + 1 = 2
f 0-
2 2 2
cos 2x cos 3x
1 + cos x +ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪf ( x ) ، + + ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( xﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ 2pﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( 0, 2pﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
!2 !3
ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ:
ecos x sin [ cos x ] (۴ ecos x cos [sin x ] (۳ esin x cos [sin x ] (۲ esin x sin [ cos x ] (۱
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ z = eiqﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
(e z = e e = e
) cos q+ i sin q
) ) = ecos q ei sin q = ecos q ( cos ( sin q ) + i sin ( sin q
iq
ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ:
z 2 z3 e2iq e3iq
ez = 1 + z + + + = 1 + e iq + + +
!2! 3 !2 !3
æ cos 2q + i sin 2q ö æ cos 3q + i sin 3q ö
= 1 + ( cos q + i sin q ) + ç ÷+ç ÷ +
è !2 ø è !3 ø
ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
cos 2q cos 3q
1 + cos q + + ) + = ecos q cos ( sin q
!2 !3
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ۳ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ.
1 1
1 + 1 +ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ eﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ + + ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ :ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ، x = 0ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ
!2! 3
ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ۳ﺍﺳﺖ.
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۴ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۵ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ
)ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ( ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ cosﻭ sinﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ
ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ،ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ.
ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ:
ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ:
ì 1
} ) ï cos a cos b = 2 { cos ( a + b ) + cos ( a - b
ï
ï 1
} ) í sin a cos b = { sin ( a + b ) + sin ( a - b
ï 2
ï 1
} ) ï sin a sin b = 2 { cos ( a - b ) - cos ( a + b
î
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f ( x ) = ( sin x + cos 2x ) 2 ; P = 2 pﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.
ﺣﻞ :ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
1 - cos 2x 1 + cos 4x 1
= f ( x ) = sin 2 x + cos 2 2 x + 2 sin x cos 2x + } ) + 2 ´ { sin 3x + sin ( x - 2 x
2 2 2
1 1
f (x) =1- cos 2 x + cos 4 x + sin 3 x - sin x
2 2
ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ :ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
ì np
ïï a n cos L x a n cos n x
í ®
ï b sin n p x b n sin n x
ïî n L
ﭘﺲ:
a0 1 1
=1 ® a0 = 2 , a2 = - = , a4 , b1 = - 1 , b 3 = 3
2 2 2
= 0ﺑﻘﻴﻪ a nﻫﺎ b n ،ﻫﺎ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۶ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ) f ( xﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( 0 , hﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ۳ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ
ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ P = 2 L = hﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ.
ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - h , 0ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺯﻭﺝ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ
ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ P = 2 hﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ،ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﺎﹰ:
h
ò
2 np
= an f ( x ) cos x dx , bn = 0
h 0 h
ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ،ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - h , 0ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻓﺮﺩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺮﺩ
ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ P = 2 hﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ،ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﺎﹰ:
h
ò
2 np
= bn f ( x ) sin x dx , an = 0
h 0 h
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۵
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ 0 < x < p؛ f ( x ) = 1ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ.
¥
( - 1)n
=I )å ( 2n - 1
n =1
ﺣﻞ :ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ۸ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ) .ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( 0 , pﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ 1ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - p , 0
ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ - 1ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(
p p æ ö
-2 p -2 ç
ò ò
2 2
bn = = 1 ´ sin nx dx = sin nx cos n x = ç cos ÷÷np - 1
p 0 p 0 np 0 np ç ÷
)è ( -1
n
ø
ì0 ; nﺯﻭﺝ
ïï
=í 4
ï ; nﻓﺮﺩ
ïî n p
ﭘﺲ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ:
¥
( 2n - 1) p
= )f (x å 4
( 2n - 1 ) p
n =1
sin
p
x
bn
)- ( - 1
n
¥ ¥
( - 1)n
p
2
æ pö
= ÷ : f çﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ = xﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ
è 2ø å
n =1
4 1
)p ( 2n - 1
) sin ( 2 n - 1
p
2
® å
n =1
2n - 1
=-
p
4
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۷ﺍﮔﺮ ) f ( xﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - L , Lﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
¥
å
a0 æ np np ö
= )f (x + ç a n cos x + b n sin ÷x *
2 è L L ø
n =1
ﺍﻟﻒ( ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ) f ( - L ) = f ( Lﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻳﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ * ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ) f ¢ ( xﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - L , Lﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ
ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ:
¥
= ) f ¢( x
å
n =1
np æ
L è
ç - a n sin
np
L
x + b n cos
np ö
÷x
L ø
ﺏ( ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻳﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ * ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ) ( - L , Lﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
ò å
a0 L æ np np ö
= f ( x ) dx x+ ç a n sin x - b n cos x÷+k
2 np è L L ø
n =1
ò
a0
ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - L , Lﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ: f ( x ) dx ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ x ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ
2
ò
a0
ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - L , Lﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ kﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ f ( x ) dx - x (۱ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ،ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ
2
ò
a0
ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - L , Lﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. f ( x ) dx - x ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
2
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۶ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ
ò f ( x ) dx (۲ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ xﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - L , Lﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ،ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ
ò
a0
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ. f ( x ) dx - x ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ kﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ
2
p 4 æ cos x cos 3 x cos 5 x ö
= ) f ( xﺍﺳﺖ. - ç + + ÷ + ... f ( x ) = xﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ; -p<x<p ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
2 pè 1 2
3 2
5 2
ø
¥
( - 1)n
= I؟ å
n=0 ( 2n + 1 )3
ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
ﺣﻞ :ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ:
¥
cos ( 2 n + 1 ) x
å
ì- x ; - p < x < 0 p 4
x =í = -
îx ; 0< x < p 2 p
n=0 ( 2n + 1 ) 2
ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ:
ì x2
ï- ; -p<x<0 ¥
sin ( 2 n + 1 ) x
ï
í 2
ï x
2 p
= x-
2
4
p å
n=0 ( 2n + 1 )3
+k
ïî 2 ; 0<x<p
p
= xﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻜﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺩﺭ x = 0ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ k = 0 :ﻭ ﺩﺭ
2
( - 1)
n
2
æ pö p
÷ ç ¥ ) sin ( 2 n + 1 æ p2 p2 ö p
p2 p2 4
è 2ø
2
=
pæ pö 4
ç ÷-
2è 2ø p å
n=0 ( 2 n +1 ) 3
2
®
8
=
4
- I
p
® I=ç
ç 4
è
- ÷
8 ÷ø 4
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﭘﺎرﺳﻮال درﺳﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ دارﯾﻢ:
¥
a 02
(å
L
ò )
1
f 2
= ( x ) dx + a 2n + b 2n
L -L 2
n =1
¥
p2 ( - 1)n
=x2
3
+4 å
n =1
n 2
f ( x ) = x 2ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ cos nx ; -p<x<p ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
¥
= I؟
n =1
å n1 4
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
ﺣﻞ :ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
2
æ 2p 2 ö
¥ çç ÷÷ ¥ ææ 2 ö
L a 02 p
) ç ç 4( - 1
n ö
ò ò
3
(å ) ) ( å
1 1 2 ÷ 2
f 2
= ( x ) dx + a 2n + b 2n ® x 2
dx = è ø + çç
÷ ÷ )+(0
L -L 2 p -p 2 çè n2 ÷ ÷
n =1 n =1 è ø ø
¥ 2n
2 x 5 p 2p 4 ) 16 ( - 1 2p 4 2p 4 1 æ 2p4 2p4 ö p4
®
p 5 0
=
9
+ å
n =1
n4
®
5
-
9
= 16 I ® =I ç
16 çè 5
- =÷
9 ÷ø 90
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۷
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ f ( x ) = x , - L < x < Lﻭ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
2L
¥
( -1)n +1 nπ
= )f (x
π å n
sin
L
x
n =1
¥
1
ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ å n2
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ
n =1
2 2 3
2π π π π
(4 (3 (2 (1
3 6 20 2
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ:
x2 2L
¥
( -1)n +1 -L nπ 2L2
¥
( -1)n nπ
2
=
π å n
×
nπ
cos
L
= x+k
π2
å n 2
cos
L
x+k
n =1 n =1
x2
ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( -L , Lﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ: ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ kﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
2
L
1 æ x3 ö
L
ò
1 1 x2 L2
=k × = dx ç ÷ =
2 L -L 2 4L çè 3 ÷ø -L 6
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
4L2 ( -1)n nπ L2
2
= x
π2
å n2
cos
L
x+
3
n =1
ﺩﺭ x = Lﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻜﻠﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ:
¥
4L2 ( -1)n L2
= L2
π2
å n2
cos nπ +
3
n =1
ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ cos nπ = ( -1) nﻟﺬﺍ ( -1)n cos nπ = 1ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
¥ ¥
4L2 1 L2 1 π2 æ 2 L2 ö π2
= L2
π2
å n2
+
3
® å n2
= ×ç L -
4L2 çè
=÷
3 ÷ø 6
n =1 n =1
ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ :ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ:
2
L
a 02 ¥ L ¥ æ 2L ( -1)n +1 ö
ò (å ) ò
1 1
L -L
2
= f ( x ) dx
2
+ a n2 + b n2 ®
L -L
2
= x dx å ç
ç π n
÷
÷
n =1 n =1 è ø
L ¥ ¥ ¥
1 x3 4L 2 2L 2 4L 2 1 1 π2
.
L 3 -L
= å π2n 2
®
3
=
π2
å n2
® å n2
=
6
n =1 n =1 n =1
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۸ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ
ﺍﮔﺮ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ .ﻭﻟﻲ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ) f ( xﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( - ¥ , + ¥ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ
+¥
ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ fﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ
ò -¥
f ( x ) dx ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ
ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.
= )f (x
ò ( A ( w) cos wx + B ( w) sin w x ) dw
+¥
ò
1
= )A(w f ( x ) cos w x dx
p -¥
+¥
ò
1
= ) B( w f ( x ) sin wx dx
p -¥
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۱
ﺍﮔﺮ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
ò
2
B ( w) = 0 , = )A ( w f ( x ) cos w x dx
p 0
ﺍﮔﺮ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
ò
2
A ( w) = 0 , = )B ( w f ( x ) sin wx dx
p 0
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۲ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻜﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
= ) ( )+ f(x
f x 0- +
0
)ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ( x 0
2
ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺳﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۳
ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥ ¥
ò ò ( A 2 ( w) + B2 ( w) ) dw
1
= f 2 ( x ) dx
p -¥ 0
ì0 x<0
f ( x ) = ïíﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. - 4x
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ïî e x>0
ﺣﻞ :
+¥ +¥
ò ò
1 1 1 1 s
= )A(w
p
= f ( x ) cos w x dx
p
= e - 4 x cos w x dx
p
{ } ) L ( cos w x =
s = 4 p s + w2 s = 4
2
-¥ 0
1 4
=
p 16 + w 2
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۹
+¥ ¥
ò ò
1 1 1 1 w
= ) B( w
p
= f ( x ) sin w x dx
p
= e - 4 x sin w x dx
p
{ L ( sin w x ) } s = 4 = p 2 2 s = 4
-¥ 0 s +w
1 w
=
p 16 + w 2
¥
ò
2 sin w ì1 ; x <1
= ) f ( xﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ cos w x dw f ( x ) = íﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
0 pw î0 ; x >1
¥ 2 ¥
ò ò
æ sin x ö sin x 6
=. J ç ÷ dx = Iﻭ dx ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻱ
0 è x ø 0 x
ﺣﻞ :ﺩﺭ x = 0ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻜﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥ ¥
ò ò
2 sin w sin w p
= )f(0 ® cos w 0 dw = dw *
0 pw 1 0 w 2
1
dw = 6 x 5 dx ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ w = x 6ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
w=0 ® x=0 , w=¥ ® x=¥
ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ * ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
¥ ¥
ò ò
sin x 6 p sin x 6 p
= 6 x 5 dx =® I = dx
0 x6 2 0 x 12
ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥ ¥
ò ò ( A 2 ( w) + B2 ( w) ) dw
1
= f 2 ( x ) dx ®
p -¥ 0
¥ ¥ 2 ¥ 2
ò ò ò
1 2 æ 2sin w ö 2 4 æ sin w ö
= (1) dx ç ÷ dw ® = ç ÷ dw ®
p -¥ 0 è pw ø p 0 p2 è w ø
¥ 2 ¥ 2
ò ò
æ sin w ö p æ sin x ö p
ç = ÷ dw ® =J ç = ÷ dx
0 è w ø 2 0 è x ø 2
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻟﻲ:
ì 2 ;0 < x < 1 ¥
ò
ï
í 3 ;1 < x < 2 = P ( w ) cos w x dw
ï 0 ;x > 2 0
î
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) P ( wﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ﺣﻞ :ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ) ( 0, + ¥ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻳﻚ
ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ cos w xﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ xﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ
ﻓﺮﻡ ﺯﻭﺝ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ،ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ:
¥ ìï 1 2 üï
ò ò ò
2 2
= ) P( w ) = A( w = f ( x ) cos w x dx í 2 cos w x dx + 3 cos w x dx ý
p p
0 îï 0 1 þï
2 ìï 2 1 3 2 üï 2 ì 2 3 ü
= í sin w x + sin w x ý = í sin w + ( sin 2 w - sin w ) ý
p îï w 0 w 1 ïþ p î w w þ
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۱۰ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
¥
)dP ( w
ò
¥
ﭼﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ = ) . x f ( xﺣﺎﺻﻞ q ( w) sin w x dw f (x) = òﻭ P ( w) cos w x dw ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ
dw 0 0
) q ( wﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟
¥
ò
2
= )P ( w f ( x ) cos wx dx ﺣﻞ :ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ) f ( xﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
p 0
¥
ò
2
= )q ( w x f ( x ) sin w x dx ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ) x f ( xﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
p 0
ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥ ¥
)dP ( w
ò ò
2 ¶ 2
dw
=
p ¶w
( f ( x ) cos w x ) dx = p )f ( x ) ( - x sin w x ) dx = - q ( w
0 0
ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ
+¥
ò
2
= ) Fc ( f ( x ) ) = Fc ( wﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ f ( x ) cos wx dx
p 0
+¥
= ) ( Fc ( w ) ) = f ( x ò
-1 2
Fﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ Fc ( w ) cos w x dw
p 0
+¥
ò
2
= ) Fs ( f ( x ) ) = Fs ( wﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ f ( x ) sin wx dx
p 0
+¥
ò
2
= ) F - 1 ( Fs ( w ) ) = f ( xﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ Fs ( w ) sin wx dw
p 0
+¥
= ) F ( f ( x ) ) = F ( wﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ
ò -¥
f (x) e -iwx
dx
+¥
ò
1
= ) F - 1 ( F ( w ) ) = f ( xﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ F ( w ) e i w x dw
2p -¥
ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ )ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺳﺮﻩ( :
¥
= ) ) : L ( f ( xﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ
ò 0
) e - s x f ( x ) dx = F ( s
ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻬﻢ:
)f (x a eax sin a x cos a x xn
a 1 a s !n
)F( s
s s-a s2 + a2 s2 + a2 sn +1
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۱۱
ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ
)L ( a f ( x ) + b g ( x ) ) = a F( s ) + b G ( s
+¥
ò
d æ 1 ö
L( x f ( x ) ) = - ) F( s , = ÷ ) Lç f ( x F ( s ) ds
ds è x ø s
ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ
(۱ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
{ n
}
} ) F f ( ) ( x ) = ( i w ) F{ f ( x
n
ﺍﮔﺮ ) F { f ( x ) } = F ( wﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ:
(۲ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ
ìï x üï
ò
1
Fí = f ( t ) dt ý ) F( w ﺍﮔﺮ ) F { f ( x ) } = F ( wﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ F ( 0 ) = 0ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ:
ïî -¥ ïþ i w
(۳ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ
) F( F( x ) ) = 2 p f ( - w ﺍﮔﺮ ) F { f ( x ) } = F ( wﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ:
(۴ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ
ﺍﮔﺮ ) F { f ( x ) } = F ( wﻭ aﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ:
)F ( f ( x - a ) ) = e-iaw F ( w
(۵ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ
( )
) F e ia x f ( x ) = F( w - a ﺍﮔﺮ ) F ( f ( x ) ) = F ( wﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ:
(۶ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ
dn
(
F xn f (x) = in ) dw n
) F( w ﺍﮔﺮ ) F ( f ( x ) ) = F ( wﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ:
(۷ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻫﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻲ )ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻟﻮﺷﻦ( ﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ
ﺍﮔﺮ ) F ( f ( x ) ) = F ( wﻭ ) F ( g ( x ) ) = G ( wﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ:
+¥
(f = )* g )(x
ò -¥
f ( t ) g ( x - t ) dt
1
) F( f * g ) = F( w ) G ( w , = ) ) F( f ( x ) g ( x )) ( F ( w ) * G ( w
2p
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ۱۲
( ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ۸
1 æwö
F( f ( a x ) ) = Fç ÷ : ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ، ﺑﺎﺷﺪF ( f ( x ) ) = F ( w ) ﺍﮔﺮ
a èa ø
:ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻬﻢ
ì -a x
;x > 0
* f ( x ) = ïí e
1
® F( w ) =
ïî 0 ;x < 0 a + iw
2a
* f ( x ) = e -a x
® F( w ) =
2
a + w2
ì1 ; x <a 2sin aw
* f ( x ) = ïí ® F( w ) =
ïî 0 ; x >a w
1 p -a w
* f (x) = 2 2
® F( w ) = e
a +x a
x - i pw -a w
* f (x) = ® F( w ) = e
a 2
+x 2 a w
sin ax ïì p ; w <a
* f (x) = ® F( w ) = í
x ïî 0 ; w >a
:ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
1
۱) f ( x ) = 2
x + 2x + 2
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
- i w( - 1 ) - w
F( w ) = Fç ÷ ® F( w ) = e Fç ÷ = e iw p e
ç ( x + 1)2 + 1 ÷ ç x2 +1 ÷
è ø è ø
۲) f ( x ) = e
-a x
s in b x
(
F e
-a x
)= a 2
2a
+ w2
, sin b x =
e i b x - e -i b x
2i
:ﻟﺬﺍ
F( w ) = F e ( -a x
) æ 1 -a
sin b x = F ç
è 2i
e
x
e ibx -
1 -a
2i
e
x ö
e -i b x ÷
ø
1 æç 2a 2a ö
F( w ) = - ÷
2i ç a 2 + ( w - b ) 2 a +(w+ b)
2 2 ÷
è ø
۳) f ( x )
2
= e -a x
F (f ¢ ( x ) ) = F ( - 2 a x f ( x ))
2
f ¢( x ) = - 2 a x e -a x ® f ¢( x ) = - 2 a x f ( x ) ® ®
w2
-
i w F ( w ) = - 2 a i F¢ ( w ) ® F( w ) = c e 4a
p
: ﻟﺬﺍ، c = ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ
a
w2
-
(
F e -a x
2
)= p
a
e
4a
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۱۳ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
. ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪf ( x ) = x e- x ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
: ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺣﻞ
¥
ò
2 2
Fc ( w) =
p
x e- x cos w x dx =
p
{L ( x cos wx )} s = 1
0
L { cos w x } =
s
® L { x cos w x } = -
d æ
ç 2
s ö
÷=-
(
1 s 2 + w 2 - 2s 2)=
s 2 - w2
ç s + w2 ÷
( ) ( )
2 2 ds 2 2
s +w è ø s 2 + w2 s 2 + w2
: ﻟﺬﺍ
ì ü
2 ï s 2 - w2 ï 2 1 - w2
Fc ( w) = í =
2ý
p ï 2
( ) p
( 1 + w2 )
2
s + w2 ï
î þ s =1
e- x
ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪf ( x ) = ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
x
+¥ +¥
e- x
ò ò
2 2 2 ì æ sin wx ö ü
Fs ( f ( x ) ) = Fs ( w ) = p
f ( x ) sin wx dx =
p x
sin wx dx = íL ç ÷ý
p î è x øþ s = 1
0 0
+¥
ò
w ì sin wx ü w s ¥ ¥ s p s
L { sin wx } = ® í ý= ds = Arc tan = Arc tan - Arc tan = - Arc tan
s 2 + w2 î x þ s s 2 + w2 w s w w 2 w
: ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ
2 æp sö 2 æp 1ö 2
Fs ( w ) = ç - Arc tan ÷ s = 1 = ç - Arc tan ÷ = Arc tan w
p è2 wø p è2 wø p
ìï x ; x <1
.ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ f (x) = í ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
ïî 0 ; ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺟﺎﻫﺎ
: ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺣﻞ
+¥ 1 1
F ( w) =
ò -¥
f ( x ) e - i w x dx =
ò -1
x e - i w x dx =
ò -1
x ( cos w x - i sin w x ) dx
1 1 1 1
ò ò ò
é x 1 ù
= x cos w x dx - i x sin w x dx = 0 - 2i x sin w x dx = - 2i ê - cos w x + sin w x ú
-1 -1 0 ë w w 2
û0
é 1 1 ù
= - 2i ê - cos w + sin w ú
ë w w 2
û
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۱۴ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ
x sin w x
+
1
1 - cos w x
w
-
1
0 - sin w x
w2
; ì1 x <1
y¢¢ + y = ïíﺭﺍ ) Y ( wﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩﺍﻳﻢ Y ( w) .ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ. ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
; ïî 0 x >1
ﺣﻞ :ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ .ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ) f ( xﺑﻨﺎﻣﻴﻢ،ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
+¥ 1 1 1
= )F ( w
ò -¥
= f ( x ) e - i w x dx
ò -1
= e - i w x dx
ò -1
( cos w x - i sin w x ) dx = 2
ò 0
cos w x dx
1
2 2sin w
= sin w x =
w 0 w
)( ( ) ( x ) ) = ( i w
F y
n n
)) F ( y ( x ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ
ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
) ) F ( y¢¢ ) + F ( y ) = F ( f ( x
2sin w 2sin w
= ) ( i w )2 Y ( w ) + Y ( w ® = )Y ( w
w (
w 1 - w2 )
ì0 ;x < 0
f ( x ) = ïíﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ. -4x
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ïî e sin 2 x ; x > 0
ﺣﻞ :
+¥ ¥ +¥
ò ò ò ( e
- 4 + i w) x
= )F ( w = f ( x ) e- i w x dx = e- 4 x sin 2 x e- i w x dx × sin 2 x dx
-¥ 0 0
2 2
} ) = { L ( sin 2 x = =
2
s = 4 + iw s +4 s = 4 + iw ( 4 + i w )2 + 4
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۱۵
ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ﻣﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
-1 = i ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ
z = x + iy ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺩﻛﺎﺭﺗﻲ:
: Re z = xﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ z
: Im z = yﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ z
= : zﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ z x2 + y2
: z = x - i yﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ z
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺶ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.
2 2
) z z = ( x + i y ) ( x - i y ) = x 2 - (i y = x 2 - i 2 y2 = x 2 + y2 = z
ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ :ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ :
ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ) ( x , yﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺩﻛﺎﺭﺗﻲ z = x + i y º
ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ
A : OAﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ
A : rﻃﻮﻝ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ
: qﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ Aﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ xﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ.
ì x = r cos q ì r = x 2 + y2
ï ï
í , í æyö
ï y = r sin q ÷ ï q = Arc tan ç
î î èxø
: qﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ:
z = r ei q , ei q = cos q + i sin q
æ yö
= : rﻣﺪﻭﻝ z x 2 + y2 , ÷ : q = Arc tan çﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥ z
èxø
ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ:
) z = r e- i q = r ( cos q - i sin q
) (
n
;)(n Î N z n = r ei q ) = r n ei n q = r n ( cos n q + i sin n q
i q1 iq2
z1 z 2
=
r1 e r2 e
=
r1 r 2
e
(
i q1 + q 2 - q 3 )=
z3 iq3 r3
r3 e
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۱۶ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﮔﺮ z 1 , z 2ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ z 1 - z 2ﻣﺒﻴﻦ
ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ z = x + i yﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ Rﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
R * z - z 1 = Rﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ z 1ﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ
* z - z1 + z - z 2 = R
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ z 1 - z 2 < Rﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ z 1 , z 2ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ z 1 - z 2 = Rﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺧﻂ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ z 1 , z 2ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ z 1 - z 2 > Rﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ) .ﺗﻬﻲ(
* z - z1 - z - z 2 = R
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ z 1 - z 2 > Rﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ z 1 , z 2ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ z 1 - z 2 = Rﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﻢﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ z 1 , z 2ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ z 2ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ z 1 - z 2 < Rﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ) .ﺗﻬﻲ(
z1 , z 2 * z - z 1 = z - z 2ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻣﻨﺼﻒ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ
ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ( R ¹ 1) . * z - z1 = R z - z 2
ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ nﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻟﮕﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﭙﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ kﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ e i q = e i ( q + 2 k p ) ،ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ z = r e i qﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ:
ﺍﻟﻒ(
1 1 1 1 æ q + 2k p ö
( ) = {re }
iç ÷
iq n i ( q + 2 k p) n
;)(n Î N n n
z = z = re = n
r e è n ø
ì q + 2 kp q + 2 kp ü
= n r í cos + i sin ý
î n n þ
ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ nﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ) kﻣﺜﻼﹰ n ،( k = 0 , 1 , ... , n - 1ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ
ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ، kﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ.
n
ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻳﻚ nﺿﻠﻌﻲ r ﭘﺲ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ nﺭﻳﺸﻪ nﺍﹸﻡ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ
ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ.
ﺏ(
( )
( ln z = ln r e i q = ln r e (
) i q + 2 kp
)
) = ln r + i ( q + 2 kp ; k = 0, ±1, ±2,...
ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ، kﻳﻚ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﻱ ﻟﮕﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﭙﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ
ﺑﻴﺸﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ln rﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ 2 p , 2 p , ...ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۱۷
z-i
ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. =2 ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ
z +1
ﺣﻞ :
2
)x + i ( y - 1 )x 2 + ( y - 1
z = x + iy ® =2 ® =2 ®
( x + 1) + i y ( x + 1)2 + y2
(
x 2 + y2 - 2 y + 1 = 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1 + y2 ) ® 3 x 2 + 3 y2 + 8 x + 2 y + 3 = 0 )ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ(
2 2
8 2 æ 4ö 16 æ 1ö 1
® x 2 + y2 + x + y +1= 0 ® çx + ÷ - + çy + ÷ - + 1 = 0 ®
3 3 è 3ø 9 è 3ø 9
2 2
æ 4ö æ 1ö 8
= ÷ çx + ÷ + çy +
è 3ø è 3ø 9
2
æ ö
ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ÷ æç - , - öﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ
8 8 4 1
p ççﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ÷÷ .ﭘﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺁﻥ
è 9 ø 9 è 3 3ø
æ 1 ö
Im çﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ÷ ³ 0
è z + 2i ø
1 1 x - ( y + 2) i )x - i ( y + 2
z = x + iy ® = ´ = ﺣﻞ :
z + 2i x + ( y + 2 ) i x - ( y + 2 ) i x 2 + ( y + 2 )2
æ 1 ö x æ 1 ö )- ( y + 2
Re ç ÷= 2 , Im ç ÷= 2 ﻟﺬﺍ :
è z + 2i )ø x + ( y + 2
2
è z + 2i )ø x + ( y + 2
2
ﭘﺲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ:
)- ( y + 2
³0 ® - ( y + 2) ³ 0 ® y+2£0 ® y£-2
2
)x2 + ( y + 2
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏﻫﺎﻱ A = ( 1 + i ) 8iﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ.
ì æ p öü æ p ö
ln A = 8i ln ( 1 + i ) = 8i í ln 2 + i ç + 2 k p ÷ ý = 8i ln ÷ 2 - 8ç + 2 k p ﺣﻞ :
î è 4 øþ è 4 ø
) 4i ln 2 - ( 2 p + 16 k p ) - 2p ( 1 + 8k
A=e = e 4i ln 2 e
) - 2 p( 1 + 8k
A=e } ) { cos ( 4 ln 2 ) + i sin ( 4 ln 2 , k = 0 , ± 1 , ± 2 , ...
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۱۸ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺣﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ) f ( z ) = u ( x , y ) + i v ( x , yﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0 = x 0 + i y 0ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) u ( x , yﻭ
) v ( x , yﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) ( x 0 , y 0ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ uﻭ vﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ
( x 0 , y 0ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. )
ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ:
ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ
ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻥ ،ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻳﻜﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﻱ ﻻﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ
ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ،ﺩﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ،ﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ.
æ x2 y2 ö
f ( z ) = x y + i ççﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺣﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z = 0ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ 2 2
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ÷
÷
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
è x +y ø
lim = ) u( x , y lim xy = 0 ﺣﻞ :
)(x , y)®(0,0 )(x , y)®(0,0
x2 y2 0
lim = ) v(x , y lim = ) ﻣﺒﻬﻢ(
)(x , y)®(0,0 (x , y)®(0,0) x2 + y2 0
r 2 cos 2 q r 2 sin 2 q
lim = ) v(x , y lim = lim = r 2 cos 2 q sin 2 q = 0ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ ´ )ﺻﻔﺮ ﺣﺪﻱ(
)(x , y)®(0,0 r ® 0 , "q 2 r ® 0 , "q
r
ﭘﺲ lim f ( z ) = 0 + i ( 0 ) = 0ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
z®0
xy
) f ( zﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ z = 0ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ 2 2
+ ie x + y ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
x +y
ﺣﻞ :
xy 0 r cos q r sin q
lim = ) u( x , y lim = ® lim = lim cos q sin q
)(x , y)®(0,0 (x , y) ®(0, 0) x2 + y2 0 r ®0 r2 r ®0
"q "q
ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ qﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻳﻜﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﭘﺲ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ) lim f ( zﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.
z®0
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ:
) f ( z + Dz ) - f ( z
f ¢ ( z ) = lim
Dz ® 0 Dz
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) z 0ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ( ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ:
) (
f (z) - f z0 (
f z 0 + Dz - f z 0) ) (
f ¢ ( z ) = lim
z ® z0 z - z0
, ) (
f ¢ z 0 = lim
Dz ® 0 Dz
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۱۹
ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ـ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ
ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ :
ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ) f ( z ) = u ( x , y ) + i v ( x , yﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0 = x 0 + i y 0ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
æ ¶u ¶v ö
) (
f¢ z0 = ç
¶ x
+i
¶
÷
x ø x
è ( 0 , y0 )
ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﻨﺪ ،ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) ( x 0 , y 0ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
ì ¶u ¶v
ï ¶x = ¶y
ï
CR . eq: í
ï ¶u = - ¶v
ïî ¶ y ¶x
z0 ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ
ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ f ¢ ( z 0 ) ،ﺭﺍ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ.
ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ:
ìux = vy
ïíﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ( x 0 , y 0ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ) ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ) ، f ( z ) = u ( x , y ) + i v ( x , yﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ
ïî u y = - v x
ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ u , v , u x , u y , v x , v yﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) ( x 0 , y 0ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
f ¢ ( z 0 ) = ( u x + i v xﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ(. )( x ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ
0 , y0 )
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺷﺮﻁ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ،ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ f ( z ) = 3 z + 2 Im zﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ z = x + i yﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ :
ì u = 3x + 2 y
f ( z ) = 3( x - i y) + 2 y ® f ( z ) = 3 x + 2 y - 3i y ® í
î v = - 3y
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ:
ì ¶u ¶v
ï ¶x = ¶y ® 3=-3 )ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ( :
ï
í
ï ¶u = - ¶v
ïî ¶ y ¶x
ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ CRﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
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۲۰ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
( ( )
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ f ( z ) = x 2 - y 2 + i x 2 + y 2ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ) f ¢ ( 1 + iﻭ ) f ¢ ( 1 - iﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ )
ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ìï u = x 2 - y 2
í ﺣﻞ :
2 2
ïî v = x + y
ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ـ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻃﻠﺒﺪ:
ì ¶u ¶v
ï ¶x = ¶ y ® 2x = 2y ® x=y
ï
í
ï ¶u = - ¶v ® -2y = -2x ® x=y
ïî ¶ y ¶x
ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ـ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ x = yﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ) f ¢ (1 - iﻗﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) . ( y = - 1 , x = 1ﻭﻟﻲ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ) f ¢ ( 1 + iﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ v y , v x , u y , u x , v , uﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ x = yﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ.
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ x = yﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ )ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ـ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ( f ¢ ( 1 + i ) ،ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻖ
ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
æ ¶u ¶v ö
f ¢( 1 + i ) = ç +i ÷ } ) = { 2x + i( 2x = 2 + 2i
è ¶x ¶x )ø(1,1 )(1,1
ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
(۱ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ،ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ fﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ z 0ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﻲ z 0ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ) .ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ(
(۲ﺍﮔﺮ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺧﺎﺹ ،ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ) .ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ
ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ(
(۳ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ e zﻭ cos zﻭ sin zﻭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ zﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲﺍﻧﺪ.
1
ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﻭ ) ) f ( g ( zﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ±
´ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ) g ( z (۴ﺍﮔﺮ ) g ( zﻭ ) f ( zﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ،
)f (z
ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ f ( z ) = 0ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
(۵ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ Re zﻭ Im zﻭ zﻭ zﻫﻴﭻﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
(۶ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
(۷ﺍﮔﺮ ) f ( z ) = u ( x , y ) + i v ( x , yﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ zﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ u + i vﻫﻤﻪ xﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ zﻭ
ﻫﻤﻪ yﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
(۸ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ) h ( x , yﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ،ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ:
¶2h ¶2h
Ñ2 h = 0 ﻳﺎ + =0
¶x2 ¶y2
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۲۱
u (۹ﺍﮔﺮ f ( z ) = u + i vﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ uﻭ vﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﹰ vﺭﺍ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯ uﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ
v ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ v ،ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ f ( z ) = u + i vﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﺎﹰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ
ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ u y = - v xﻭ u x = v yﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ u ( x , y ) = x 3 + a x 2 y + b x y 2ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻭﻻﹰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎﻱ b , aﺭﺍ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ uﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﻚ
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ f ( z ) = u + i vﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ zﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ﺣﻞ :
ﺍﻭﻻﹰ :ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ uﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﻃﻠﺒﺪ:
¶2u ¶2u ì 6 + 2b = 0 ® b = - 3
+ ® = ( 6x + 2a y ) + 2b x = 0 ( 6 + 2 b) x + 2 a y = 0 ® í
¶x2 ¶y2 î 2a = 0 ® a = 0
ﭘﺲ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
u = x 3 - 3x y 2
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ:
ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ f ( z ) = u + i vﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﺎﻳﺪ vﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯ uﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻃﻠﺒﺪ :
ì¶ u ¶ v ¶v 2
ï¶ x = ¶ y ® ¶ y = 3x - 3 y
2
® ) v = 3x 2 y - y 3 + A( x
ï
í
® ) ï- ¶ u = ¶ v ® ¶ v = - ( - 6 x y 6 x y + A¢ ( x ) = 6 x y
îï ¶ y ¶ x ¶x
® A¢ ( x ) = 0 ® A( x ) = k
ﭘﺲ:
v ( x , y) = 3 x 2 y - y 3 + k
ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
(
f ( z ) = u + i v = x 3 - 3x y 2 ) ) + i( 3x 2 y - y 3 + k
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ) f ( zﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ zﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻼﺕ x ® zﻭ y ® 0ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
f ( z ) = z 3 + i k = z3 + c
ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ :ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ـ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ : ( v
= ) f ¢( z
¶u
¶x
+i
¶v
¶x
= ) ® f ¢( z
¶u
¶x
æ ¶u ö
+ iç -
è ¶ y
(2
÷ = 3x - 3y
ø
2
)
) + i( 6x y
ﭼﻮﻥ ) f ( zﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ ) f ¢ ( zﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻼﺕ x ® zﻭ y ® 0ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
f ( z ) = 3z 2
ò
® f (z) = z3 + c
¾¾¾
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۲۲ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( z ) = u ( x , y ) + i v ( xﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻛﻠﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ zﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ
ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ؟
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ـ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﻃﻠﺒﺪ:
ì ¶u ¶v
ï ¶x = ¶y )(I
ï
í
ï ¶u = - ¶v ) ( II
ïî ¶ y ¶x
¶v
ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ) ( Iﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ: =0 ﭼﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﺽ vﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ xﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻟﺬﺍ
¶y
¶u
=0 ® ) u = u( y
¶x
ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ) ( IIﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ:
) u ¢ ( y ) = - v¢ ( x ® ﺛﺎﺑﺖ u ¢ ( y ) = - v¢ ( x ) = k
ﻟﺬﺍ v¢ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ xﻭ u ¢ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ yﺍﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
u¢ ( y ) = k ® u ( y ) = k y + c1
v¢ ( x ) = - k ® v( x ) = - k x + c 2
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ:
( ( ) )
f ( z ) = u + i v = k y + c1 + i - k x + c 2 = -i k ( x + i y ) + c1 + i c 2 ( ) ® f ( z ) = -i k z + c
: k , c 1 , c 2ﺛﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ.
: cﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ
¶2u
؟ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ) u ( x , yﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
¶z ¶ z
ì z+z
ìz = x + iy ïï x = 2
ï
í ® í
ï z = x - iy ïy = z - z
î ïî 2i
ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¶ ¶ ¶x ¶ ¶ ¶y 1 ¶ 1 ¶ 1æ ¶ ö
= × + × = + × = ç -i ÷
¶ z ¶ x ¶ z ¶ y ¶ z 2 ¶ x ¶ y 2i 2 è ¶ x ¶y ø
¶ ¶ ¶x ¶ ¶y ¶ 1 ¶ ¶ æ 1 ö 1æ ¶ ö
= × + × = × + ç- ÷= ç +i ÷
¶ z ¶ x ¶ z ¶ y ¶ z ¶ x 2 ¶ y è 2i ø 2 è ¶ x ¶y ø
ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¶2 ¶ ¶ æ ¶ ö 1æ ¶ ¶ ö 1æ ¶ ö 1 æ ¶2 ¶2 ö
= ×ç ÷ = ç - i ÷ × ç + i ÷ = ç + ÷
¶z ¶z ¶z è ¶z ø 2 è ¶x ¶y ø 2 è ¶x ¶ y ø 4 çè ¶ x 2 ¶ y 2 ÷
ø
¶2u 1 æ¶2u ¶2uö
= ç + ÷=0 ﭘﺲ:
¶ z ¶ z 4 çè ¶ x 2 ¶ y 2 ÷ø
ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ uﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۲۳
ﺩﻭ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ
ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻴﻤﻢ:
ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ fﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ) f ( zﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻴﻤﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ
) f ( zﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻴﻤﻢ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ fﺩﺭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ،ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ
) f ( zﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺭﺥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ.
2
s zﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ z £ 1ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ. +i
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ
2
f ( z ) = ezﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻴﻤﻢ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ +i
ﺣﻞ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ z = 1ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ .ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ:
(= e
x +iy ) + i )x 2 - y 2 + i( 2xy +1
2 2
+i
f ( z ) = ez =e ®
(e
2
-y 2
)i 2xy +1 2
-y 2
f ( z ) = ex = ex
ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ y = 0ﻭ x = ±1ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ،ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ . e
ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﻮﻭﻳﻞ:
ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ) f ( zﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ )ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ .................... f
(۱ﺧﻄﻲ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ.
(۲ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ.
(۳ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ.
(۴ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺣﻞ :ﭼﻮﻥ fﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ
1
f (z) > 1 ® f (z) ¹ 0 , <1
)f (z
1
ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﻮﻭﻳﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻊ ) f ( zﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬﺍ
)f (z
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۲۴ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ) w = f ( zﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ zﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ
wﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﻧﮕﺎﺭﺩ.
Pﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻞ:
(۱ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ) w = f ( zﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺃﺱ z 0ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ zﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ
ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ wﻫﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ) f ¢ ( z 0ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ) w = f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
(۲ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺷﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ) w = f ( zﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ f ( a ) = aﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
(۳ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
(۴ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﺻﻞ )ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺮﺯ( ﺗﺤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ،ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﻣﺮﺯ ،ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ(.
ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﺻﻞ )ﺣﻔﻆ ﺟﻬﺖ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺍﺯ Aﺑﻪ Bﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ Dﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭙﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ A¢ﺑﻪ
) B¢ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ Aﻭ ( Bﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ) D¢ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ( Dﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭙﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ) .ﺩﺭ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ(
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۲۵
ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ
1
=w (۱ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ
z
1
-ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ z = 0ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ
z2
1
= wﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ 0ﻭ ¥ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ¥ﻭ 0ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
z
ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۱
iq ij
، z = r eﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: w = reﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ
ì 1
1 ij 1 1 -iq = ïr
=w ® re = = e ® í r
z r e iq r ïj = - q
î
1
= wﺩﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ: ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
z
ـ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.
ـ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۲
ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ w = u + i vﻭ z = x + i yﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
ì u
ïx = 2
1 1 1 1 u - iv u - iv ï u + v2
=w =® z = ® x + iy = ® x + iy = ® í
z w u + iv u + iv u - iv u2 + v2 = ïy -v
ï u + v2
2
î
( )
ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ A x 2 + y 2 + B x + C y + D = 0ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ zﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ
( )
ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ D u 2 + v 2 + B u - C v + A = 0ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ wﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ Im ( z ) £ 1ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ zﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻧﻲ ÷ æç w = öﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ wﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؟
1
è zø
i 1 1 1 i 1 1 1
w+ ³ (۴ w+ ³ (۳ w- ³ (۲ w- ³ (۱
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
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۲۶ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺣﻞ :
1 1 1 u - iv u - iv
=w =® z =® z =® z
z w u + iv u - iv u 2 + v2
ﭘﺲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ Im ( z ) £ 1ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ:
2
-v æ 1ö 1
£ 1 ® u 2 + v2 ³ -V ® u 2 + ç v + ÷ ³
2 2 è 2ø 4
u +v
-1
ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ÷ æç 0, öﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ
1
ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ:
2 è 2 ø
i 1
w+ ³
2 2
1
= wﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
z
ﺣﻞ :
1
( ) ( ) + Bu - Cv + A = 0
=w
A x2 + y2 + Bx + Cy + D = 0 z® D u 2 + v 2
¾¾¾¾
ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
2 2
æ 1ö æ1ö
: x 2 + ç y -ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ÷ ÷ =ç ® x2 + y2 - y = 0
è 2ø è 2ø
1
= wﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ: ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
z
(
0 u2 + v2 ) + 0u - ( - 1 )v + 1 = 0 ® v = -1
1
: x 2 + ( y - 1 ) 2 = ( 1 ) 2 ® x 2 + y 2 - 2 y = 0ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ® 2v + 1 =0 ® v=-
2
3
ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ )ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ،( z = iﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ:
2
1 2
=w =- i
3 3
- i
2
-1
-1£ v £ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ. ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ
2
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۲۷
1
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺧﻄﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻳﻢ .ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ = wﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ؟
z
) ( Bx + Cy + D = 0 D¹0 ﺣﻞ :ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ x yﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ A = 0ﻭ
(D (u 2
)
+ v 2 + Bu - Cv = 0 ﭘﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ u vﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ )
1
= wﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
z
ﺣﻞ :
(۲ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺧﻄﻲ a , b ) w = a z + bﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﻭ ( a ¹ 0
ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ aﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ:
ـ ﻓﺎﺻﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ a ،ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ )ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ aﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ(.
ـ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ Arg aﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ )ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ Arg aﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ(.
ـ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ Re bﻭ Im bﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ )ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ bﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ(.
ì 0 £ Re { z } £ 1 ü
| D = í zﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = ( - 1 + i ) z + 1 + iﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ. ý ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ
î 0 £ Im z £ 1 þ
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ a = - 1 + iﻭ b = 1 + iﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ:
ì a = 2
ï
a = -1+ i ® í 3p
= ï arg a
î 4
= a 2
¾¾¾¾¾
®
3p
= arg a b =1 + i
4
¾¾¾¾¾
® ¾¾¾¾ ®
اﻧﺘﻘﺎل
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۲۸ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
- 4i
= wﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
z
1
=w , - 4i z ﺣﻞ w :ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ:
z
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ zﺩﺭ - 4i zﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ÷ æç öﺭﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ،ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﻴﻢ .ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ
1
è zø
ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
(۳ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ n ) w = z nﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻳﻚ(
ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ n z n - 1ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ z = 0ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ
ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۱ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ w = r e i jﻭ z = r e i qﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ:
ïì r = r n
( )
n
w = zn ® re ij = r e iq = r n einq ® í
ïî j = n q
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = z nﺩﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ:
ـ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ nﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ.
ـ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ nﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۲ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = z nﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺟﻬﺖ ،ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﺵ nﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۲۹
p pü
| D = ìí zﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ } D¢ = { w | Re w ³ 1 , Im w £ - 2ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ £ arg z £ ý ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
î 3 2þ
ﺣﻞ :ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ:
p p
ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ z3ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ : ﺑﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﺯ
2 6
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
) (
w = ( i z + 1 - 2i ) o z 3 = i z 3 + 1 - 2i
1
= wﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
( 2i z - 2 ) 2
1
( 2i z - 2 ) , z 2 ,ﻳﺎﻓﺖ .ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺣﻞ w :ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ
z
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۳۰ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺧﻂ x = 2ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = i z 2ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ u vﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؟
ﺣﻞ :
) w = i z 2 = i( x + i y
2
( )
= i x 2 - y 2 + 2i x y = - 2 x y + i x 2 - y 2 ( )
ì ì u 2
ï u = -2x y x=2ï u = -4y ® y = - æ -u ö
í 2 2
¾¾¾® í 4 ® v=4-ç ÷
ïv = x - y ïv = 4 - y2 è 4 ø
î î
= n ) wﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻳﻚ( n
z (۴ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺭﻳﺸﺔ nﺍﻡ
ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ z = r e i q ; - p < q £ pﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
æ q + 2k p q + 2k p ö
n
= z n
r ç cos + i sin ÷ ; ( ) k = 0 , 1 , ... , n - 1
è n n ø
n
= wﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻚ z ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ nﺍﻡ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ n ،ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ .ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ
ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ( ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻳﻚ kﺧﺎﺹ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ k = 0ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
1
ì
1 q ïr = r n
n i ï
=w n
z ® = r e iq r e iq = r n
e n ® í
ïj = q
ïî n
n
= wﺩﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ: z ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
1
ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ. ـ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ
n
1
ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ـ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ
n
1 n
. = wﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ z ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
n
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ:
= wﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: z ﺣﻞ :ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺯ 180 ﺑﻪ 90 ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
1
=w z-3 ﭘﺲ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ:
2
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۳۱
az + b
= a , b , c , d ) wﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻁ ( a d - b c ¹ 0 (۵ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ )ﻣﻮﺑﻴﻮﺱ(
cz + d
a d - bc d
ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ 2
z = -ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ
) ( cz + d c
a d d
= wﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ -ﻭ z = ¥ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ¥ﻭ z = -ﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ
c c c
ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۱
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 1 , z 2 , z 3ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ zﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺑﻴﻮﺱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ w 1 , w 2 , w 3ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ wﻫﺎ
z - z1 z 3 - z 2 w - w1 w 3 - w 2
= ﺑﻨﮕﺎﺭﻳﻢ ،ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ
z - z 2 z 3 - z1 w - w 2 w 3 - w1
ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ) .ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ z iﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ w iﻫﺎ ¥ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ،ﻛﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ¥ﺭﺍ
ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ(
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۲
ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ،ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺑﻴﻮﺱ ،ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ( ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ
ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۳
ì aﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ü
ï ï
ï ï
í z 0ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻁ z 0 < 1 ý
ï ï
ïî ïþ
ì aﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ü
ï ï
í z 0ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻁ Im z 0 > 0 ý
ï ï
î þ
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۳۲ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ aﻭ z 0ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ،ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﺯ
ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﺭﻳﻢ.
z -1
= wﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ z + 1 = 3ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﮕﺎﺭﺩ؟ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
z-2
(۲ﺧﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ. (۱ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
(۴ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ. (۳ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ.
z -1 2w - 1
=w = ® wz - 2w = z - 1 ® z ( w - 1) = 2w - 1 ® z
z-2 w -1
ﭘﺲ z + 1 = 3ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ:
2w - 1 3w - 2 2
® +1 = 3 ® =3 w- = w -1
w -1 w -1 3
5 2
= uﻛﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ. = w1ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﻂ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺼﻒ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ w 2 = 1ﻭ
6 3
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ:
?= w
¾¾¾ ®
z - z0 ﺣﻞ :
w = eia
6 z - z0
w = z -1+ 2i
¾¾¾¾ ®
w =z
¾¾¾ ® ®¾¾¾¾
ﭘﺲ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
( z - 1 + 2i ) - z 0
6
w = eia
( z - 1 + 2i ) - z0
6
aﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﻭ z0ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۳۳
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ،ﺩﻳﺴﻚ z < 2ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ u + v < 0ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ؟
ﺣﻞ :ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ:
ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ:
ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ:
p 1 p
z+i
i
2 i z + 2i
e 4 =e 4
1 z - 2i
z -i
2
z+i
ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ
z -i
A : -i ® A ¢ = 0
1+ i
= B = 1 ® B¢ =i
1- i
C = i ® C¢ = ¥
1
w=z+ (۶ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ
z
1
1 -ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ z = ± 1ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ z = 0ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ
z2
ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ± 1ﻭ z = 0ﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۱
iq
ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ w = u + i vﻭ z = r eﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
1 1 1 -iq
w=z+ ® u + i v = r e iq + = r e iq + e ®
z iq r
re
ì æ 1 ö
ïu = ç r + ÷ cos q
1 ï è r ø
u + iv = r ( cos q + i sin q ) + ) ( cos q - i sin q ® í
r ï v = æ r - 1 ö sin q
ï ç ÷
î è r ø
ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﻳﺮ r = cﻭ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ q = kﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ.
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۳۴ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۲
1 p
= qﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = z +ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﻳﺮ , r = 2 , r = 1 ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
z 4
ì æ 1ö
ï u = ç r + r ÷ cos q
1 ï è ø
w=z+ ® í
z ï v = æ r - ö sin q
1
ïî ç ÷
è r ø
ì u = 2 cos q
r =1 ® í
îv = 0
ì 5
ï u = cos q
ï 2 cos 2 q + sin 2 q = 1 u2 v2
r=2 ® í ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
® + =1
3 2 2
ï v = sin q æ 5ö æ 3ö
ï 2 ÷ ç ÷ ç
î è 2ø è 2ø
ì æ 1ö 2 ì 2 æ 2 1 ö1
ïu ÷ =çr+ ÷ ïu = ç r + 2 + 2
p ï è r ø 2 ï è r ø2
=q ® í ® í ® u2 - v2 = 2
4 ï æ 1ö 2 ïv2 = æ r2 + 1 - 2 ö 1
ïv ÷ =ç r - ï ç ÷
î è r ø 2 î è r2 ø2
ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ) :ﺍﮔﺮ aﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(
ì 1
ïï a + a ³ 2 ;a > 0
í
ïa + 1 £ - 2 ;a < 0
ïî a
æ 1ö 2
÷ u = çr + ³ 2 ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ:
è rø 2
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ.
w = ez (۷ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ
ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ e zﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
2p ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ e z + 2 p i = e zﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ 2 p iﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ xﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ yﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ
ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ wﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۳۵
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۱
ìï u = e x cos y
) w = e z = e x + i y = e x e i y = e x ( cos y + i sin y ® í x
ïî v = e sin y
ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ. y ® y + 2 pﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ u , v ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۲
ìï r = e x
w = ez = e x + iy = e x eiy ® í
ïî j = y
ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ y ® y + 2 pﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ jﻭ rﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ.
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ : w = e z
ـ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ x = cﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ r = e cﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺷﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
ـ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ y = kﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ j = kﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺭﻧﺪ ،ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
p
D 1 = ìí z | 1 £ Re z < + ¥ , -ﻭ } D 2 = { z | - ¥ < Re z £ 0 , 0 £ Im z £ pﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ü
ﻧﻮﺍﺣ ﻲ £ Im z £ p ý ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ
î 2 þ
ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = e zﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ﺣﻞ :
ìï r = e x
w = ez ® í
ïî j = y
ì1 £ x < + ¥ ® e1 £ r < e + ¥
ï
í p p
ï- £ y £ p ® - £ j £ p
î 2 2
ïì - ¥ < x £ 0 ® e - ¥ < r £ e 0
í
ïî 0 £ y £ p ® 0 £ j £ p
w = ln z (۸ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻟﮕﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﭙﺮﻳﻦ
ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ z = r e i q ; - p < q £ + pﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
) ln z = ln r + i ( q + 2 k p , ) ( k = 0 , ± 1 , ± 2 , ...
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻟﮕﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ،ﺑﻴﺸﻤﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ.
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ w = ln zﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻚ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ( ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻳﻚ kﺧﺎﺹ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ
k = 0ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
ì u = ln r
w = ln z = ln r + i q ® í
îv = q
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۳۶ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ:
ـ ﺩﻭﺍﻳﺮ r = cﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ u = ln cﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
ـ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ q = kﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ v = kﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
p
D = ìí z | 1£ z £ e 2 , -ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = ln zﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ. ü
ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ £ arg z £ 0 ý ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
î 2 þ
ì u = ln r
w = ln z ® í ﺣﻞ :
îv = q
ì r = 1 ® u = ln 1 = 0
ï
ïï r = e2® u = ln e 2 = 2
í p p
ï q=- ® v=-
ï 2 2
ïî q=0 ® v=0
w = sin z , w = cos z (۹ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺱ ﻭ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺱ
ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ:
p
z = k p +ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ sin zﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = sin zﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ـ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ
2
ـ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ z = k pﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ cos zﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = cos zﻫﻤﺪﻳﺲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ 2 pﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۱
ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ:
e ia - e -ia e ia + e -ia
= sin a , = cos a
2i 2
e a - e -a e a + e -a
= sin h a , = cos h a
2 2
ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
sin i a = i sin h a , cos i a = cos h a
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ:
sin z = sin ( x + i y ) = sin x cos i y + cos x sin iy = sin x cos h y + i cos x sin h y
cos z = cos ( x + i y ) = cos x cos i y - sin x sin i y = cos x cos h y - i sin x sin h y
ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺱ ﻭ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
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۳۷ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
:ﺗﻮﺟﻪ
. ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪsin z = 2i ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
: ﺣﻞ
e i z - e -i z
= 2i ® e iz - e - iz = - 4
2i
: e i z = t ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ
1
t- =-4 ® t 2 + 4t - 1 = 0 ® t=-2± 4 +1 = - 2 ± 5
t
:ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪ
ln A = ln A + i ( arg A + 2 k p )
:ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ
t=-2+ 5 ® e iz = - 2 + 5
ln
¾¾® i z = ln - 2 + ( 5 ) = ln ( - 2 + 5 ) + i( 0 + 2k p ) ®
(
z = - i ln - 2 + 5 ) + ( 2k p ) , k = 0 , ± 1 , ± 2 , ...
t=-2- 5 ® e iz = - 2 -
ln
(
5 ¾¾® i z = ln - 2 - 5 ) = ln ( 2 + 5 ) + i( p + 2k p ) ®
(
z = - i ln 5 + 5 ) + ( p + 2k p ) , k = 0 , ± 1 , ± 2 , ...
p p
. ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪy = 1 ﻭx = ﻭx= ﺧﻄﻮﻁw = sin z ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
2 4
: ﺣﻞ
ì u = sin x cos h y
w = sin z ® í
î v = cos x sin h y
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۳۸ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ì 2
=ïu cos hy
p ï 2 cos h 2 y - sin h 2 y = 1 )ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﻲ(
=x ® í ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® 2 u 2 - 2 v 2 = 1
4 ï 2
ïî v = 2 sin hy
2
u ³ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﭼﻮﻥ cos h y ³ 1ﭘﺲ
2
p ì u = cos h y ³ 1
=x ® í )ﺧﻂ(
2 îv = 0
ìu = sin x cosh1 u2 v2
y =1 ® í ® + =1 )ﺑﻴﻀﻲ(
î v = cos x sinh1 ( cosh1)2 ( sinh1)2
p
| D = ìí zﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = cos zﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ü
£ Re z £ p , Im z ³ 0 ý ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ
î 2 þ
ﺣﻞ :
ì u = cos x cos h y
w = cos z ® í
î v = - sin x sin h y
ì p
= ïx ìu = 0
jí 2 ® í
ïî y : + ¥ ® 0 î v = - sin h y
ìy =0
ï ì u = cos x
kí p ® í
ïî x : 2 ® p îv = 0
ìx = p ì u = - cos h y
lí ® í
îy:0® + ¥ îv = 0
ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ، w = cos zﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۳۹
D = ìí z | Re z ³ 0 , -ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ w = - sin h ( p z ) + 1 + 2iﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
1 1ü
£ Im z £ ý ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ
î 2 2þ
ﺣﻞ :
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ : p z , - sin h z + 1 + 2i
: p z , sin h z , - z + 1 + 2i
: p z , i z , - i sin z , - z + 1 + 2i
: p z , i z , sin z , - i z , - z + 1 + 2i
ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
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۴۰ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
Pﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ﺭﻭﺍﻝ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ cﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ
ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ cﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ،ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻳﻚ
ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ،ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ،ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ
ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺯﻳﺮ:
ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ
ò f ( z ) dz ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ
z 1ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 2ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ )ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﻧﻤﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ( ،ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ
) F ( zﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) ) ، ( F¢ ( z ) = f ( zﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ) F ( z 2 ) - F ( z 1ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ.
= Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ cﭘﺎﺭﻩﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ 1 + 2iﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.
ò c
) (
Re z 2 . dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
ﺣﻞ :
c: y = 2x
ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
® z = x + iy
ìï z 2 = x 2 - y 2 + i 2 x y ® Re z 2
í
( ) = x2 - y2
îï z = x - i y ® dz = dx - i dy
ﺣﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ cﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
y = 2x ® d y = 2 dx
ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ:
1 1
=I
ò x=0
{ ) x 2 - ( 2x
2
} = } ) { d x - i ( 2 dx ò 0
( - 3 x 2 ) ( 1 - 2i ) dx = - ( 1 - 2i ) x 3 1
0
) = - ( 1 - 2i
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۴۱
= Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ cﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ:
ò c
ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ z dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
ﺣﻞ :
ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
z = r e iq ® z = r e -iq
ì p ìr =1 ì 3p
= ïq ï = ïq
c 1 :í 4 c 2 :í p 3p c 3 :í 2
® q:
îï r : 0 ® 1 îï 4 2 ïî r : 1 ® 0
ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
=I
ò ò ò ò
c
=
c1
+
c2
+
c3
p p 3p
1 æ ö æ ö 0 æ -i 3p ö æ 3p ö
ò ò ( ( ) ) ò
-i i 2 i
=I çre 4 ÷d çre 4 ÷+ 1e - i q d 1 e i q + ç re 2 ÷dçre 2 ÷
r=0
ç ÷ ç ÷ =q
p
r =1
ç ÷ ç ÷
è ø è ø 4 è ø è ø
3p
3p
1 0
ò ò ò
2
2 r 1 2 r2 0 æ 3 p p ö 5ip
= r dr + i e - i q e i q dq + = r dr + iq + =iç =÷ -
p 2 0 2 1 è 2 4ø 4
0 1 p
4
4
1
ò
ez
= Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ cﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z = - iﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ z = 1ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ
c z2
ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ.
1
1
z
e
- eﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ: z
ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ z = 0ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺣﻞ :
z2
1
I=-e z 1
-i
(
= - e1 - e i )
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۴۲ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻗﻀﻴﻪ :ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ) f ( zﺩﺭ
ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ Cﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩ )ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ) f ( zﺣﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ Cﺭﺍ
ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ( ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
ò C
f ( z ) = dz = 0
ò
p 3p ln z
ln z = ln r + i q : -ﻭ cﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ z - 3i = 1ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. <£q = Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ 2
dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
2 2 c z + 2z
p 3p
- <£q ﺣﻞ ln z :ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ
2 2
ln z -q
ﺭﺍ 2
= qﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ z = 0 , - 2ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﻢﺧﻂ
z + 2z 2
ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ،ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ.
)ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ـ ﮔﻮﺭﺳﺎ( I = 0
ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺳﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
¥
ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ zﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ å
=n
ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ) a ( n , z ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺳﺮﻱ
ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ.
) a( n + 1 , z
lim <1 ﻳﺎ lim n
a( n , z ) < 1
n®¥ ) a( n , z n®¥
ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ:
ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻭﻗﺘﻲ n ® + ¥ﻭ a > 1 , b > 0 , c > 1ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
n
log a << n b << c n
ﺏ( ﻭﻗﺘﻲ n ® + ¥ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
k
æ kn ö
n
!) ( k n ~ç ÷
è e ø
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۴۳
ﺝ( ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ:
bn
æ a ö n
lim ç 1 + ÷ = e ab , lim a n k + b n k - 1 + ... = 1
n®¥è n ø n®¥
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ.
¥ n
å
æ z-i ö
ç ÷ (۱
n =1
è z +1ø
ﺣﻞ :ﺷﺮﻁ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ:
n
æ z-i ö z-i
lim n
ç ÷ ® <1 <1 ® z -i < z +1
n®¥ è z +1ø z +1
¥ ( z - 1)n ) ( n 2 + 3n + 1
å
n=0
3n + 4n
(۲
ﺣﻞ :ﺷﺮﻁ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ:
lim n
( z - 1)n ) ( n 2 + 3n + 1 <1
n ®¥ 3n + 4n
n
z -1 n 2 + 3n + 1 z -1 ´1
lim ® <1 ® <1 z -1 < 4
n®¥ n n n 4
3 +4
ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ 4ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﭘﺲ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ R = 4ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
¥ n
å
-
e z (3
n =1
ﺣﻞ :ﺷﺮﻁ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ:
n 1 1 x - iy
-
) ( x - iy
- - - ´
x + iy x - iy x2 + y2
lim n e z ® <1 e z ® <1 e ® <1 e <1 ®
n®¥
-x iy x
-
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2 -x
e e ® <1 e <1 ® <0 ® x>0
2
x + y2
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۴۴ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﺍﮔﺮ aﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
ea = ea , = e i a = cos a + i sin a cos 2 a + sin 2 a = 1
Pﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻚ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ:
¥
åa ) ( z - z0 ( ) ( )
n 2
= )f (z n = a 0 + a1 z - z0 + a 2 z - z0 + ...
n=0
= a nﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ .ﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ minﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ z 0ﺗﺎ
n
) (
f ( ) z0
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ
!n
ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ.
ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0 = 0ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻚ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.
ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻚ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ
ì 2 3 4 ¥
zn
= ï e z = 1 + z + z + z + z + ...
ï !2 !3 !4
n=0
!nå
ï
ï ¥
z3 z5 ( - 1 ) n z 2n + 1
ï
ï
ï
sin z = z -
!3
+
!5
- + ... =
n=0
å !) ( 2 n + 1
ï ¥
ïï z2 z4 ( - 1 ) n z 2n
z ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ :í
ï
cos z = 1 -
!2
+
!4
- + ... =
n=0
å !) ( 2 n
ï
ï ¥
z3 z5 z 2n + 1
ï sin h z = z +
ï !3
+
!5
= + ...
n=0
å
!) ( 2 n + 1
ï
ï 2 4 ¥
z 2n
= ï cos h z = 1 + z + z + ...
ï !2 !4 å
!) ( 2 n
îï n=0
ì 1 ¥
ï
ï1- z
= å
z n = 1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + ...
ï n=0
: íﺑﺮﺍﻱ z <1
¥
ï 1
ï =
ï 1+ z n=0
å
( - 1 ) n z n = 1 - z + z 2 - z 3 + - ...
î
( )
2
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻚ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f ( z ) = 3z 2 + 4 z - 1 e zﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ z 6ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ﺣﻞ :
ì
) ( ) ( z2 ü
2 3
z2
(
f ( z ) = 3z 2 ï
)
+ 4z - 1 í1 + z 2 +
ï !2
+
!3
ï
+ ...ý
ï
î þ
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۴۵
ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ z 6ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ:
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö 3 1 8 4
3ç = = ÷ + ( - 1) ç ÷ = -
è 2! ø è 3! ø 2 6 6 3
f ( z ) = sin z . ln 1 + z 2ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻁ z < 1ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ z 5ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ( ) ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻚ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ﺣﻞ ) :ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻁ ( z < 1ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
1
® =1 - z + z2 - z3 + z4 - z5 + -
ò
1+ z
z2 z3 z4 z5 4
z6
ln ( 1 + z ) = z -
2
+
3
-
4
+
5
® (
ln 1 + z 2 ) = z 2 - z2 +
3
+
ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ:
æ z3 z5 ö æ 2 z4 z6 ö
f (z) = ç z - + ... ÷ ç z - + ÷ - ...
ç !3 5! ÷ø çè 2 3 ÷
è ø
1 1
: -ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ z 5 -
!2 3
ì cos z - cos h z
; z¹0
f ( ) 13
f ( z ) = ïíﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ? = ) ( 0 z ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ïî 0 ; z=0
ﺣﻞ :
æ z2 z4 z 14 ö æ z2 z 14 ö
çç 1 - + + .... - + ... ÷ - ç 1 +
÷ ç
+ ... + ÷ + ...
÷ -2z
cos z - cos h z è !2 !4 !14 ø è !2 !14 = ø 2 z 13
= - ... - - ...
z z !2 !14
-2
ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ: ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ z 13ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ
!14
)f ( )(0
13
2 2
f ( )(0) = -
13
=- ®
!13 !14 14
ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ،ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ
ﺩﻭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﻨﺪ ،ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ A < 1ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ
ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ:
¥
1
1- A
= = 1 + A + A 2 + A 3 + ...
å
n=0
An
¥
1
1+ A
= = 1 - A + A 2 - A 3 + ...
(å
n=0
)- 1
n
An
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۴۶ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
Pﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ a < z - z 0 < bﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ ) aﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ bﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ،ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺁﻥ
ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) z 0ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ) ( ( z - z 0ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ a < z - z 0 < bﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻻﺍﻗﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ z - z 0 £ aﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ )ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ
a < z - z 0 < bﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻣﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ( ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ) ( z - z 0ﻧﻴﺰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ
ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﹰ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ z - z 0 £ aﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩ )ﺗﻤﺎﻡ
ﺗﻜﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ z - z 0 ³ bﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ) ( z - z 0ﻇﺎﻫﺮ
ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﹰ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ.
2z + 3
= ) f ( zﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﺴﻂﻫﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0 = 0ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ. 2
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
z + 3z - 4
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
2z + 3 A B
= )f (z = +
) ( z - 1 )( z + 4 z -1 z+4
ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ z - 1ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
2z + 3 ) B( z - 1 z =1
=A+ ¾¾¾® A = 1
z+4 z+4
ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ z + 4ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
2z + 3 ) A( z + 4 z = -4
= +B ¾¾¾¾
® B =1
z -1 z -1
1 1
= ) f ( zﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. + ﭘﺲ
z -1 z+4
ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻪ z = 1 , - 4ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ z 0 = 0ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ:
1 1
)f (z ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻭ (۱ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ z < 1ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺴﻂﻫﺎﻱ
z -1 z+4
ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ.
1
ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺴﻂ (۲ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ 1 < z < 4ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻣﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ) ، ( z = 1ﺗﻜﻴﻦ z = 1ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺴﻂ
z -1
1
ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺴﻂ ) f ( zﻧﻴﺰ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
z+4
(۳ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ z > 4ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻣﺤﺬﻭﻑ ، z = 4ﺗﻜﻴﻦ z = 4ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ z = 1ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺴﻂﻫﺎﻱ
1 1
ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺴﻂ ) f ( zﻧﻴﺰ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻭ
z -1 z+4
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۴۷
ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ z < 1ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
z <1 ®
1
z -1
=-
1
1- z
=- åz
n=0
n
¥ n
z <1 ®
z
4
<
1
4
®
1
=
1 1
z + 4 4 1+ z
=
1
4 å
n=0
( -1 ) n æ z ö
÷ ç
è 4ø
4
¥ ¥
zn
f (z) = - å
n=0
zn + å
n=0
( - 1)n
4n +1
ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ 1 < z < 4ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥ n
1< z < 4 ®
1
4
<
1
z
<1 ®
1
=
1 1
z -1 z 1- 1
=
1
z å
n=0
æ1ö
÷ ç
è zø
z
¥ n
1< z < 4 ®
1
4
<
z
4
<1 ®
1
=
1 1
z + 4 4 1+ z
=
1
4 å
n=0
( - 1)n æ z ö
÷ ç
è 4ø
4
¥ ¥
zn
= )f (z å
n=0
1
zn +1
+ å
n=0
( - 1)n
4n +1
ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ z > 4ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥ n
z >4 ®
1
z
<
1
4
®
1
=
1 1
z -1 z 1- 1
=
1
z å
n=0
æ1ö
÷ ç
è zø
z
¥ n
z >4 ®
4
z
<1 ®
1
z+4
=
1 1
z 1+ 4
=
1
z å
n=0
( - 1)n æ 4ö
÷ ç
è z ø
z
¥ ¥
4n
= )f (z å
n=0
1
zn +1
+ å
n=0
( - 1)n
zn +1
ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ
ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﻱﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ،ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ.
ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ:
(۱ﺗﻜﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
(۲ﺗﻜﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ
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۴۸ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺍﮔﺮ z 0ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﻲ ﻣﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ،ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ z 0 ،ﺭﺍ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ
ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ) .ﺍﮔﺮ z 0ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) lim f ( zﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ(
z ® z0
ﺍﮔﺮ z 0ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ،ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ:
ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻳﺎ ) f ( zﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ z 0ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﻲ z 0ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.
ﺏ( ﻳﺎ ) f ( zﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﻤﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ z 0ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
)ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ z 0ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ( .ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ eﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ z 1ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ . z 0 - z 1 < e
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
æ 1 ö
۱) f ( z ) = sin çç 2 3
÷
÷
è z -z ø
ﺣﻞ :ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ:
® z2 - z3 = 0 z2 (1 - z ) = 0 ® z = 0 , 0 ,1
ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
۲) f ( z ) = ln z ; 0 £ q < 2 p
ﺣﻞ :ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ln zﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ
ﺷﺎﺧﻪﺍﻱﺍﺵ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ qﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ،
ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮﻧﺪ.
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﻜﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻨﺪ.
1
= ) ۳) f ( z
1 + ez
ﺣﻞ :ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ:
1 + ez = 0 ® ez = -1 ) ® z = ln ( - 1 ® z = ln ( 1 ) + i ( p + 2 k p ) = ± i p , ± 3ip , ± 5i p
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﻲﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻨﺪ.
1
= ) ۴) f ( z
1
1 - cos
z
ﺣﻞ :ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ:
ìz = 0
ï
í 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ï 1 - cos z = 0 ® cos
z
=1 ®
z
= 2k p ® =z
2k p
=±
2p
,±
4p
,±
6p
, ...
î
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﻤﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻨﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ z = 0ﻛﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ )ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻨﻬﺎ( ﺍﺳﺖ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۴۹
ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻜﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ
) ( z - z0
m
z0 limﺣﺎﺻﻠﺶ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ، )f (z ﺍﮔﺮ z 0ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ mﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ
z ® z0
ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ mﺍﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ mﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ z 0 ،ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ )ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ
ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.
2
1 - ez
= ) f ( zﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ z = 0 :ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
z3
2
lim z 3 f ( z ) = lim 1 - e z = 0 ﻍﻕﻕ ﺣﻞ :
z®0 z®0
2 2
1 - ez 0 - 2 ze z
lim z f ( z ) = lim
2 H
= ¾¾® lim )ﻍ ﻕ ﻕ( = 0
z®0 z®0 z 0 z® 0 1
2 2
1 - ez 0 -2ze z
lim z f ( z ) = lim
1 H
= ¾¾® lim = -1¹ 0 , ¥
z® 0 z® 0 z2 0 z® 0 2z
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ z = 0ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ.
Pﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ
ﺍﮔﺮ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ
( z - z 0ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ) ( z - z 0ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ. )
ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ z 0ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ z 0ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﻄﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺭﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ
ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ) ( z - z 0ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ.
ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ z 0ﺩﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
1
C - 1ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ. Re sﻳﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z 0ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
z0 z0 z - z0
ﺏ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ) ( z - z 0ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ z 0ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ
z0 ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ،ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ) ( z - z 0ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ
ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z = 0ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
1
-
z2
۱) f ( z ) = z e5
ﺣﻞ :
æ æ 1 ö
2
æ 1 ö
3
æ 1 ö
4 ö
ç ç - ÷ ç - ÷ ç - ÷ ÷
2 2 2
5 ç 1 è z ø è z ø è z ø ÷ z 1 1
f (z) = z ç1 - + + + + ... ÷ = z 5 - z 3 + - + - ...
2 !2 !3 !4 3
!2! z 3! z 4
ç z ÷
ç ÷
è ø
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۵۰ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ:
(١ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ zﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻄﻲ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ z = 0ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
ﺍﺳﺖ.
(٢ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ z = 0ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
1 1
ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ = Re s =- (۳
z z=0 !3
z - sin h z
= ) ۲) f ( z
z3
æ z3 z5 z7 ö
z-çz+ + + ÷ + ... ﺣﻞ :
ç ÷
ø = - æ 1 + z + z + ... ö
!3 !5 !7 2 4
= )f (z è
ç ÷
z3 !ç 3! 5 !7 ÷
è ø
ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ:
ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ zﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ z = 0ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ z = 0ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
cos z
= ) ۳) f ( z
ez -1
z2 z 4
1-+ - ... ﺣﻞ :
= )f (z 2 24
æ z2 ö
çç 1 + z + + ... ÷ - 1
÷
è 2 ø
z2 ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
z2 z+ + ...
1- + ... 2
2 1 1
z - +
1+ z 2
2
ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ :ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ z -1ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ z = 0ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ
z z
- -
2 2 ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ :
z z2
- - 1
2 4 ) : Re s f ( zﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ =1
z z=0
................
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۵۱
ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ
) P( z
= ) f ( zﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ) Q ( zﻭ ) P ( zﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲﺍﻧﺪ .ﺍﮔﺮ z 0ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ mﺍﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) P ( zﻭ (۱ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
) Q( z
z 0ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ nﺍﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) Q ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ:
ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺍﮔﺮ m > nﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ z 0ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ) ( m - nﺍﹸﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺏ( ﺍﮔﺮ m < nﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ z 0ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ) ( n - mﺍﹸﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺍﺳﺖ.
z0 ﺝ( ﺍﮔﺮ m = nﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ z 0ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﻲ )ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺻﻔﺮﻡ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺍﺳﺖ) .ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ
ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺩﺭ z 0ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ(.
ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ: P
z = a (۱ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ kﺍﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) h ( zﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ،ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ :
( h ( a ) = 0 , h ¢ ( a ) = 0 , ... , h
)k - 1
( a ) = 0 , h ( k ) (a )¹ 0
(۲ﺍﮔﺮ ) f ( zﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
1
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö )f (z
ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ f ( z ) = 0ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ sinh çç ÷÷ , cos h çç ÷÷ , sin çç ÷÷ , cos çç ÷÷ , e ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ
)è f (z ø )è f (z ø )è f (z ø )è f (z ø
ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
ﺏ( ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ:
1 1
,
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
L - sin çç ÷÷ L - sinh çç ÷÷
)è f (z ø )è f (z ø
1 1
,
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
L - cos çç ÷÷ L - cos h çç ÷÷
è f (z) ø è f (z) ø
1 )ﻛﻪ Lﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﻭ hﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ(
1
)f (z ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ f ( z ) = 0ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
h-e
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۵۲ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
= ) f ( zﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ z = 0 .ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
(
z3 1 - ez ) ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
( 1 - cos z ) 5
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
=0
) ( 1 - cos z ® sin z = 0 ® cos z =1¹ 0 ﺣﻞ :
z=0 z=0 z=0
z = 0ﺑﺮﺍﻱ 1 - cos zﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ( 1 - cos z ) 5ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﻣﺸﺘﻖ
) (1 - ez z=0
=0 ® ) ( - ez z=0
= -1¹ 0
(
z 3 1 - e zﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ. z = 0ﺑﺮﺍﻱ 1 - e zﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ )
ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻞ ) z = 0 ، f ( zﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ) ( 10 - 4 = 6ﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ z = 0ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
1
f ( z ) = z 3 + 4z + (۱
2
z +1
z = 0ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺍﺳﺖ.
f ( z ) = z 5 + 4z 3 + z 2 (۲
z = 0ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺍﺳﺖ.
3 5
f (z) = z7 + z4 + + (۳
3
z z9
z = 0ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻧﻬﻢ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ.
1
= )f (z (۴
3
5-
z
1 1
lim = =0 z = 0ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ .ﺯﻳﺮﺍ :
z® 0 3 ¥
5-
z
z
= )f (z (۵
5z - 3
3
= zﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻢ z = 0ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ) .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ
5
(
f ( z ) = z 7 + 6 z sin ) 1
z
(۶
z 7 + 6 z 2ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ( z = 0ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ sin 1zﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ )
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
f (z) = ç z4 + cos ç (۷
÷ 5 ÷
è z ø è z2 ø
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
ç z 4 +ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ÷ cos çﻭ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ÷ z = 0ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ
è z5 ø è z2 ø
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۵۳
1
1 1
f (z) = e z
+ + (۸
8 æ1ö
z ÷ sin ç
è zø
1
1 1
ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ z = 0ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ eﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ
z
æ1ö
÷ sin ç z8
è zø
ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
1
= ) f ( zﻧﻘﺎﻁ z = ± 2ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
(z 2
-4 e ) z-2
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
sin 6
)(z + 2
1
z-2
eﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺣﻞ z = 2 :ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
z = - 2ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ .
2
1
ﭼﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. = )z = 0 ,1 ،f (z +ez ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
æ 1 ö
1 - cos ç ÷
è z -1ø
ﺣﻞ z = 1 :ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .
z = 0ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .
Pﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻗﻄﺐ
ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ
ﻧﻮﻉ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ z 0ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ mﺍﹸﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
) Re s f ( z
z0
= lim
z ® z0
1 dm -1
( m - 1 )! dz m - 1 ({ z - z0 )
m
)f (z }
) P( z
= ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ: ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﮔﺮ z 0ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
) Q( z
) Re s f ( z
z0
= lim
z ® z0
)( z - z0 ) f (z
) P( z
= ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ) P ( z 0ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ z 0ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۱ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ z 0ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
) Q( z
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) Q ( zﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
) P( z
) Re s f ( z = )* (
z0 Q¢ ( z ) z 0
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۵۴ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ : ۲ﺍﮔﺮ ) f ( zﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) ) ، ( f ( - z ) = f ( zﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ z = 0ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻭﺝ )ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ( ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ
zﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
1
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ z = 0ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ) f ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻗﻄﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
z
ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ.
e 2z
= ) f ( zﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
( 3z - 1 ) 5
1
= zﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺣﻞ :ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ
3
1 d4 ìï æ 1ö
5
e 2z üï 1 d4 ìï e 2 z üï
Re s 1 = lim íç z - ´ ÷ ý = lim í 5 ý
=z 1 ( 5 - 1 ) ! dz 4
3 z®3 îï è
3ø ( 3z - 1 ) 5 ïþ z ® 1 4! dz
4
îï 3 þï
3
2
4 3
=
1
´
1
( 2 4 ) e 2z =1
2 e
4! 3 5 =z
) ( 3
4! 3 5 ) (
ez -1
= ) f ( zﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z = 0ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
sin 2 z
ﺣﻞ z = 0 :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ e z - 1ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ sin 2 zﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ z = 0ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻖ
ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ :
ez -1 ez -1 ez -1 0 H ez
Re s = lim z = lim z = lim = ®¾¾ lim =1
z=0 z®0 sin 2 z z®0 z2 z®0 z 0 z®0 1
ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ
ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ Cﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻃﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ
ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺯ Cﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻜﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﻛﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ
ﺑﺴﺘﻪ Cﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ،ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﻗﻄﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ( ،ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
ò } ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ f ( z ) dz = 2 p i { C
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ
ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﮔﻴﺮﻱ z = aﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﺟﻤﻼﺗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ Im zﻭ
z+z z-z
= Re zﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ = Im zﻭ Re zﻭ zﻭ zﺩﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ )ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ( ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ
2 2i
2
zz z
= zﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ z = aﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ،ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺧﻼﺹ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺑﺎ = ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻛﻪ
z z
ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۵۵
ò
sin p z
= Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ cﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ z = 2ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
æ 2 1ö
c ÷ ( z - 1) ç z -
è 4ø
ﺣﻞ :ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ:
1
z = ±ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻨﺪ
sin p z 1 2 2
Re s *= 1 1 =- 3 =-
z=- z=-
( 1 ) æç z 2
1ö 3 ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺯ cﻭﺍﻗﻊﺍﻧﺪ.
2 ) - ÷ + ( z - 1) ( 2z 2
è 4ø 2
* sin pz
Re s = 1 +1
= -2 ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ z = 1ﻛﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺻﻔﺮ
=z æ 2 1ö
2 ) (1) ç z - ÷ + ( z - 1)( 2z =z
2
è 4ø ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ،ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﻲﺁﻳﺪ.
ﭘﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ:
æ 2 ö -16pi
= ÷ I = 2 piç - 2 -
è 3ø 3
1
ò
1
=. I 2
z sin e z dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
z =1 z
ﺣﻞ :ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ z = 0ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ z = 0ﺩﺍﺧﻞ z = 1ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ z = 0ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ
ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z = 0ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ) .ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ(
ìï 1 1 1 1 üï ìï 1 1 üï ìï 1 1 üï ìï 1 1 üï
f (z) = z2 í - + - + ... ý í 1 + + 2 + ... ý = í z - + - ... ý í 1 + + 2 + ... ý
3 5 7 !z 3! z 3 5
!îï z z 3! z 5! z 7 þï îï !z z 2 þï ïî þï îï !z z 2 þï
1
ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ z = 0ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ: ﭘﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
z
1 1 1 1 1
= - = -
2! 3! 2 6 3
ﭘﺲ:
æ1ö
÷ I = 2 piç
è3ø
1
ò
10 ez
ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. = z+i + z+2 = Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ cﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
3 c 1- z
ﺣﻞ :ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ:
z = 0ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺯ cﺍﺳﺖ.
z = 1ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺮﺯ cﺍﺳﺖ .ﺯﻳﺮﺍ:
10
10 <0 + i + 0 + 2 =1+ 2 = 3 ﺯﻳﺮﺍ :
= 1+ i + 1+ 2 >2 +3 3
3
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۵۶ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ z = 0ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﻮﻝ z = 0ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ:
1
ìï üï
ez
1 1
= í1 + +
1 - z îï
1
+
1
!z z 2 2! z 3 3
{
+ ... ý 1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + ...
þï
}
1 1 1 1
) : Re s f ( zﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ =1+ + + + ... = e - 1
z z=0 !2! 3! 4
ﭘﺲ:
) I = 2 pi( e - 1
ez =1 + z +
z2 z3
+ + ... ® e1 - 1 = 1 +
1
+
1
+ ...
ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
!2 !3 !2! 3
(
ln z 2 + 1 ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ) dz
ò
1
ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. = z - 2i = Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ cﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ 3
3 c ) ( z - 2i
ﺣﻞ :ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ln z 2 + 1ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺵ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﺟﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ( )
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ:
z2 +1= 0 ® z=±i
1
= z - 2iﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﺑﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ cﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ،ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ )ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ
3
= z - 2iﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ(.
1
3
(
ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﻱ ln z 2 + 1ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ )
ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺯ cﺍﺳﺖ z = 2i ،ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
Re s = lim
1 d2 ï
ì
( z - 2i ) 3 (
ln z 2 + 1 üï
= lim
)
1 d æ 2z ö
ç 2 ÷
í ý
z = 2i z ® 2i 2! dz 2 ï z - 2i ) ï z ® 2i 2 dz çè z + 1 ÷ø
3
î
( þ
= lim
æ 2
( ) 2
1 ç 2 z + 1 - 4 z ÷ 1 10 5
ö
ç ´ =÷ =
( )
z ® 2i 2 ç 2
z2 +1 ÷ 2 9 9
è ø
´ I = 2 pi
5 ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ:
9
ò
tan z
= Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ cﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
c z3
ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺣﻞ :ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ:
ìz = 0 ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ
ï
í p p 3p
ïî cos z = 0 ® z = k p + 2 : ± 2 , ± 2 , ﻗﻄﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ
p
z = 0 ,ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺯ cﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ
2
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۵۷
) Re s f ( z =0 ﭼﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( zﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ:
z=0
sin z 1 8
) Re s f ( z =p
*
=p =-
2 3 3
=z = 3z cos z - z sin z z p p3
2 ÷2 0 - æç ö
è 2ø
ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ:
æ - 8 ö 16i
I = - 2 piç 0 + =÷
è p 3 ø p2
ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ cﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ò
æ z -1 ö
= I؟ sin ç ÷ dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
z =2 è z +1ø
ﺣﻞ :ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ z = - 1ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ
ﻧﻘﻄﻪ z = - 1ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ:
æ z -1 ö æ ( z + 1) - 2 ö æ 2 ö æ 2 ö 2
sin ç ÷ = sin ç ÷ = sin ç 1 - ÷ = sin1 cos ç ÷ - cos 1 sin
è z + 1 ø è z + 1 ø è z + 1 ø è z + 1 ø z +1
ì æ 2 ö
2 ü
ï ç ÷ ï
ï è z +1ø ï ì 2 ü
= sin 1 í 1 - + ... ý - cos 1 í - ... ý
ï !2 ï îz +1 þ
ï ï
î þ
1
ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ: ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
z +1
Re s = - 2 cos 1
z = -1
ﭘﺲ:
I = 2 p i ( - 2 cos 1 ) = -4pi cos1
= .I
ò z =3
z 2 Im z dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
ﺣﻞ :ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ Im zﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ،ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻲﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ:
zz
z-
ò ò ò z =3 ( z 3 - 9 z ) dz = 0
2 z-z 2 z dz = 1
=I z = dz z
z =3 2i z =3 2i 2i
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۵۸ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ò
sin z
= .I dz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
z =1 z - 2i
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﻡ zﺧﻼﺹ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ:
ò ò ò
sin z sin z z sin z
= dz = dz dz
zz 1 1 - 2i z
z =1 - 2i z =1 - 2i z =1
z z
ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ :
1 i
1 - 2i z = 0 ® =z )ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺯ z = 1ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ( = -
2i 2
i æ iö æ i ö i æ1ö
- ÷ sin ç - ÷ sin ç - sin ÷ - i sinh ç
z sin z 2 = è 2ø è 2ø=- = 2 è 2ø
Re s i *= i =
z = - - 2i z = - - 2i 4 4 4
2 2
æ æ1öö ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ:
÷ ÷ ç - i sin h ç 2
I = 2 pi ç ÷è ø
ç 4 ÷
ç ÷
è ø
ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ
2p
= ) Iﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺍ ﺯ ،( sin q , cos qﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ
ò 0
f ( sin q , cos q ) dq (۱ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ
iq dz e iq - e -iq e iq + e -iq
dz = i e = dq ® dq = sin qﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ z = e i qﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ: = cos qﻭ
iz 2i 2
1 1
z- z+
= sin qﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ z = 1ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ z = cos qﻭ z ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ
2i 2
ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.
+¥
) P( x
= Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ) Q ( xﻭ ) P ( xﺩﻭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ xﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ
ò -¥ ) Q( x
dx (۲ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
) Q ( xﻻﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ) P ( xﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ) Q ( xﻫﻴﭻ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ:
) P( z
ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ{ I = 2 p i } ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ
) Q( z
+¥
) P( x
= Iﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ aﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ) Q ( xﻭ ) P ( xﺩﻭ
ò - ¥ ) Q( x
e i a x dx (۳ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ xﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ) Q ( xﻻﺍﻗﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ) P ( xﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻓ ﹰﺎ ) Q ( xﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ
ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺻﻔﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮﻫﺎﻱ cos a xﻳﺎ sin a xﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ:
ì ) iaz P( z ü ) ì iaz P( z ü
ï e ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ï ï e ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ï
I = 2 pi í ) Q( z ý + pi í ) Q(z ý
ï ï ï ï
ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ î þ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ î þ
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۵۹ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
: ﻟﺬﺍ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. e i a x = cos a x + i sin a x ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ
+¥ +¥
P( x ) P( x )
ò -¥ Q( x )
cos a x dx = Re ( I ) ,
ò -¥ Q( x )
sin a x dx = Im ( I )
2p
ò
dq
. I= ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
0 2 + cos q
: ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺣﻞ
dz
ò ò
iz 1 2 dz
I= =
z =1
1æ 1ö i
2+ çz+ ÷ z =1 4z + z 2 + 1
2è zø
:ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ
z 2 + 4z + 1 = 0 ® z=-2± 4 -1 = -2 ± 3
: ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢz = 1 ﺩﺍﺧﻞz = - 2 + 3 ﺗﻨﻬﺎ
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
Re s =* = =
2
i z + 4z + 1 z = - 2 + 3 i 2z + 4 z = - 2 + 3 i 2 3 i 3
:ﭘﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ
æ 1 ö 2p
I = 2 piç ÷=
çi 3 ÷ 3
è ø
ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
2p
ò
- i ( n q - sin q )
I= e cos q . e dq nÎN
0
: ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺣﻞ
2p
I=
ò 0
e cos q + i sin q e - i n q dq
: ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢz = e i q ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ
ò ò
dz 1 ez
I= ez ( z )- n = dz
z =1 iz i z =1 zn +1
. ﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪn + 1 ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪz = 0 ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ
ez 1 dn æ n +1 ez ö 1 z 1 1 æ 1 ö 2p
Re s = lim çz ÷= e = ® I= 2 piç ÷=
z n +1 z=0 z®0 n! dz n ç zn +1 ÷ n! z = 0 n! i è n! ø n!
è ø
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۶۰ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
+¥
ò
dx
=. I ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
(x )
2 2
-¥ +4
ﺣﻞ :ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ :
) P( z 1
= ® z = ± 2i )ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡﺍﻧﺪ(
) Q( z
(z )
2 2
+4
ﻓﻘﻂ z = 2iﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ:
ì ü
Re s
1
= lim
1 d ï
) í ( z - 2i
2 1 ï
= lim
d
2 ý z ® 2i d z ) ) ( ( z + 2i -2
(z ) z = 2i z ® 2i 1! dz ï
(z )
2
2
+4 2
+4 ï
î þ
3
-3 æ 1 ö -2
) = - 2 ( z + 2i = - 2ç = ÷
z = 2i è 4i ø 64 ) ( -i
ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ:
æ -2 ö p
I = 2 p i çç = ÷÷
) è 64 ( - i ø 16
+¥
ò
cos 2 x
. 2
ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ dx ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
-¥ x + 2x + 2
) P( z 1
e iaz = e 2i z ﺣﻞ :
) Q( z z 2
+ 2z + 2
ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻜﻴﻦ:
z 2 + 2z + 2 = 0 ® )ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻨﺪ( z = - 1 ± i
z = - 1 + iﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ z = - 1 - iﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
( e
) 2i - 1 + i
e 2i z e i2z e - 2i e - 2
Re s *= = =
z 2 + 2z + 2 z = -1+ i 2z + 2 z = -1+ i 2i 2i
ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ:
+¥ æ e - 2i e - 2 ö
ò
e i2x p
=I dx = 2 p i ç
ç
÷= 2
÷ e ) ( cos 2 - i sin 2
-¥ x2 + 2x + 2 è 2i ø
ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ:
+¥
ò
cos 2 x p
= ) dx = Re ( I cos 2
2
-¥ x + 2x + 2 e2
+¥
ò
sin 2 x p
dx = Im ( I ) = - sin 2 ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ :
2
-¥ x + 2x + 2 e2
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۶۱
+¥
ò
sin x
. dx ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
-¥ (
x x2 +1 )
ﺣﻞ :
) P( z sin z
e ia = e iz ® z=0,z=±i
) Q( z (
z z2 +1 )
ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ z = 0ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ z = iﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﻢﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
e iz e iz
Re s *= =1
(
z z2 +1 ) z = 0 3z 2 + 1 z = 0
e iz e iz e-1
Re s *= =
(
z z2 +1 ) z =i 3z 2 + 1 z =i -2
ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ:
+¥ æ e-1 ö
ò
1 -p i
=I eix dx = 2 p i ç = ) ÷ + pi( 1 + pi
-¥ (
x x2 +1 ) ç
è -2 ø
÷ e
ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ:
+¥
ò
sin x æ 1ö
÷ dx = Im ( I ) = p ç 1 -
-¥ (
x x 2
+1 ) è eø
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۶۲ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ
ـ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ)ﻫﺎﻱ( ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ)ﻫﺎ( ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ
ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ.
ـ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ " "ODEﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ )ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ( " "PDEﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
ـ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ،ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺭﺍ
ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ،ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ـ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.
ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
¶u ¶2u ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ـ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭ ـ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻄﻲ
y2 +x + y=0
¶x ¶x ¶y
3
æ ¶u ö ¶u ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ـ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭ ـ ﺧﻄﻲ ـ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﮕﻦ
ç ÷ - +u=0
è ¶y ø ¶x
¶u ¶2 u
u - + xy = 0 ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ـ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ـ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻄﻲ
¶x ¶y2
ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ »ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ« ﻳﺎ »ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ«
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺮﺽﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺽﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻭ
ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ v = xﻭ u = x + yﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ z x x - 2 z x y + z y y = 0ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؟
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
)zx = zu . u x + zv . vx = zu (1) + zv (1
¶
= z xx
¶x
( ( ) ( )
z u + z v = z uu . u x + z u v . v x + z vu . u x + z vv . v x )
= z uu ( 1 ) + z u v ( 1 ) + z vu ( 1 ) + z vv ( 1 ) = z uu + 2z u v + z vv
z y = zu . u y + zv . vy = zu (1) + zv ( 0 ) = zu
¶
= z yy
¶y
zu( ) = z uu . u y + z uv . v y = z uu (1) + z uv ( 0 ) = z uu
¶
= zxy
¶x
( z u ) = z uu . u x + z uv . v x = z uu (1) + z uv (1) = z uu + z uv
ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
( z u u + 2 z u v + z v v ) - 2( z u u + z u v ) + z u u = 0 ® z vv = 0
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۶۳
¶2z ¶z ¶z
- - +z=0 ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ:
¶x ¶y ¶x ¶y
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ) z = e x + y . u ( x , yﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ uﻣﻲﺭﺳﻴﻢ؟
ﺣﻞ :
ì ¶z x+y
ï ¶x = e . u + ex + y . ux
ï
z = ex + y
.u ® í
ï ¶z = ex + y . u + ex + y . u
y
îï ¶ y
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ yﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ ،ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ :
¶2z
= ex + y . u + ex + y
. u y + e x + y . u x + e x + y u xy
¶x ¶y
ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ )ﺍﺯ e x + yﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ( :
ex + y
{( u + u y + u x + u xy ) - ( u + u x ) - ( u + u y ) + u} = 0 ® u xy = 0
ﺣﺬﻑ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ
ﺍﮔﺮ zﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ x , yﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ:
F( u ( x , y , z ) , v ( x , y , z ) ) = 0
¶u ¶u
¶x ¶y
ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ. =0 ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ zﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ
¶v ¶v
¶x ¶y
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ f ( x - z ) + g ( y z ) = 0ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ) z ( x , yﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ، F ( x - z , y z ) = 0ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
x-z=u , yz = v
ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ:
¶u ¶u
¶x ¶y 1- zx - zy
® =0 = 0 ® z + yz y - z x z - z x yz y + yz x z y = 0 ® zz x - yz y = z
¶v ¶v y zx z + y zy
¶x ¶y
ﺭﻭﺵ ﻻﮔﺮﺍﻧﮋ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ
¶z ¶z
) P ( x , y , zﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ. ) + Q( x , y , z ) = R( x , y , z ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ
¶x ¶y
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ،ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻻﮔﺮﺍﻧﮋ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ:
dx dy dz
= =
) P( x , y , z ) Q( x , y , z ) R (x , y , z
ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ،ﺩﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ v ( x , y , z ) = C 2ﻭ u ( x , y , z ) = C 1ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ.
ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ:
F( u (x , y , z ) , v ( x , y , z ) ) = 0
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۶۴ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
¶z ¶z
xﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ - = yz ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ
¶x ¶y
dx dy dz
ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: = = ﺣﻞ :ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺷﺒﻪﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻻﮔﺮﺍﻧﮋ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
x - 1 yz
dx dy
= ® ln x = - y + C 1 ® y + ln x = C 1
x -1
dy d z dz y2 y2
= ® y dy = - ® = - ln z + C 2 ® + ln z = C 2
- 1 yz z 2 2
ﭘﺲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ:
æ y2 ö
F ç y + ln x , + ln z ÷ = 0
ç 2 ÷
è ø
ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ
ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ:
(
a u xx + 2bu xy + Cu yy + F x , y , u , u x , u y )=0
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ a , b , cﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ x , yﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ D = b 2 - a cﻣﻲﮔﻮﺋﻴﻢ:
ـ ﺍﮔﺮ D > 0ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﻴﮕﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ـ ﺍﮔﺮ D = 0ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻬﻤﻴﮕﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ـ ﺍﮔﺮ D < 0ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻀﻴﮕﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻚ
2
æ dy ö æ dy ö
a çﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ÷ - 2bç ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻚ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ÷ + c = 0
è dx ø è dx ø
ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
dy
ﻣﺜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﺁﻥ ،ﺩﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ )ﺍﮔﺮ ،( D > 0ﻳﻚ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ )ﺍﮔﺮ ،( D = 0ﺩﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ
dx
ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ )ﺍﮔﺮ ( D < 0ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ.
ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ،ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ.
)ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻬﻤﻴﮕﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ(.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ.
(1 - k ) u xx + 2 k u x y - 3u y + 2 u y y = 0
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ kﺭﺍ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﻴﮕﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۶۵
ﺣﻞ :ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
) a = (1 - k , 2b = 2k , C=2
D = b 2 - a c = k 2 - (1 - k ) ( 2 ) = k 2 + 2k - 2
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ Dﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ:
k 2 + 2k - 2 = 0 ® k = -1± 1+ 2 = -1± 3
k -1- 3 -1+ 3
D + 0 - 0 +
ﭘﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﻴﮕﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ:
D>0 ® k < -1- 3 ﻳﺎ k > -1+ 3
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟
¶2z ¶2z ¶2z
y )-(y+x +x =0
¶x2 ¶x ¶y ¶y2
ﺣﻞ :ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ:
ì dy
æ dy ö
2
æ dy ö ïï dx = - 1
yç ÷ +(y+x)ç ÷+x=0 ® í dy
è dx ø è dx ø ï c -x
= =-
îï dx a y
dy ® ò
= -1 ® dy = - dx ¾¾ y = - x + c1 ® y + x = c1
dx
dy - x ® ò y2 x2
= ® y dy = - x dx ¾¾ =- + c2 ® y 2 + x 2 = 2c2 = k
dx y 2 2
ìï u = y + x
í 2 2
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ:
ïî v = y + x
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﺮﻳﺪ.
(e 2y u xx + x e
)x + y
u x y - 3yu x + e 2x u yy = 0
ﺭﻭﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻬﻤﻴﮕﻮﻥ ،ﺑﻴﻀﻴﮕﻮﻥ ،ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﻲﮔﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
(2b = x e
)x + y
a = e 2y , , c = e 2x
2 2 æ x2 ö
æ x
D = b2 - ac = ç ex +
è 2
y ö
÷
ø
(
- e 2y ) ( e 2 x ) = x4 e 2x + 2y - e 2x + 2y = e 2x + 2y ç
ç 4
÷-1
÷
è ø
) e 2 x + 2 yﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ(
ﭘﺲ:
x2
،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﻲﮔﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. >1 ® x>2 ﺟﺎﻳﻲﻛﻪ D > 0ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ x < - 2ﻳﺎ
4
x2
،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻬﻤﻴﮕﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. =1 ® x = ± 2 ﺟﺎﻳﻲﻛﻪ D = 0ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ
4
x2
،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻀﻴﮕﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. <1 ® - 2 < x < 2 ﺟﺎﻳﻲﻛﻪ D < 0ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ
4
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۶۶ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ
ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻩ ) u ( x , yﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ:
¶ ¶2
=D , = D2 , ...
¶x ¶x2
¶ ¶2
= D¢ , = D¢ 2 , ....
¶y ¶y2
ﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺯ D , D¢ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
ì -c x ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ a D + b D¢ + cﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ
ïï e a ) j( a y - b x ;a ¹ 0
cﻳﺎí ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
ï -b y
ïî e j( a y - b x ) ;b ¹ 0
ì c
- x ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ a D + b D¢ + cﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ
) ïï x e a y ( a y - b x
cﻳﺎ í ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
ï - y
) ïî y e b y ( a y - b x
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.
۱) ∂u +3
∂u
+ 4u = 0
∂x ∂y
ﺣﻞ :
4
- x
u( x , y ) = e 1
) j( 1 y - 3 x
F ( D , D¢ ) = D + 3D¢ + 4 ® ﻳﺎ 4
- y
u( x , y ) = e 3
) . j ( 1y - 3 x
2
u ∂2 u ∂2 u
∂ )۲ +2 -3 =0
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
ﺣﻞ :
) F ( D , D¢ ) = D 2 + 2 D D¢ - 3D¢ 2 = ( D - D¢ ) ( D + 3D¢ ® ) u ( x , y ) = j( y + x ) + y ( y - 3 x
∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
)۳ 4 + 12 +9 =0
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
ﺣﻞ :
2 ) u ( x , y ) = j( 2 y - 3 x ) + x y ( 2 y - 3 x
) F ( D , D¢ ) = 4 D 2 + 12 D D¢ + 9 D¢ 2 = ( 2 D + 3D¢ ® ﻳﺎ
) u ( x , y ) = j( 2 y - 3 x ) + y y ( 2 y - 3 x
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۶۷
ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺁﻥ
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪﻳﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ،ﻫﻤﮕﻦ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ( ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ:
ì ¶2 u ¶u
ï - =x
ï ¶x
2 ¶t
í
ï u( 0 , t ) = 1 , u x ( 0 , t ) = 2
ïu x , 0 = x
( î )
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ) u ( x , t ) = v ( x , t ) + f ( xﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ xﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) f ( xﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
) * u ( x , t ) = v( x , t ) + f( x ﺣﻞ :
ﻓﺮﺽ * ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¶2 v ¶v
+ f¢¢ ( x ) - =x
¶x 2 ¶t
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﺎﻳﺪ v = 0ﺍﺭﺿﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﻃﻠﺒﺪ:
x2 x3
f¢¢ ( x ) = x ¾¾¾
ò
= ) ® f¢ ( x
2
+c ¾¾¾
ò
= ) ® f( x
6
+ cx + k **
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ xﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ:
v( 0 , t ) = 0 , v x ( 0 , t ) = 0
ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
) * u ( x , t ) = v( x , t ) + f( x ® ) u x ( x , t ) = v x ( x , t ) + f¢ ( x
) u ( 0 , t ) = v( 0 , t ) + f( 0 ® f( 0 ) = 1
) u x ( 0 , t ) = v x ( 0 , t ) + f¢ ( 0 ® f¢ ( 0 ) = 2
ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ ** ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
f( 0 ) = 1 ® k =1
f¢ ( 0 ) = 2 ® c=2
ﭘﺲ:
x3
= ) f( x + 2x + 1
6
ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺣﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﺭ »«Steady state
ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) u ( x , tﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ، t ® ¥
ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ xﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﺭ u s sﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ steady stateﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ.
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۶۸ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ì
ï ¶2 u ¶u ¶u
ïx + =
ï ¶x
2 ¶x ¶t
u s sﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ،í ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ
ï u(1 , t ) = 1 , u x (1 , t ) = 2
ï u( x , 0 ) = x
ï
î
¶u
،ﻟﺬﺍ: =0 ﺣﻞ :ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ
¶t
¶2u ¶u ¶ æ ¶u ö ¶u ¶u A
x + ® =0 çx ÷=0 ® x =A ® = ® u s s = A ln x + B
¶x 2 ¶x ¶xè ¶x ø ¶x ¶x x
ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
A
u x (1, t ) = 2 ® =2 ® A=2
1
u(1 , t ) = 1 ® A ln 1 + B = 1 ® B =1
ﭘﺲ:
u s s ( x ) = 2 ln x + 1
ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ
ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ:
(۱ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻛﻨﺪ.
(۲ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻛﻨﺪ.
(۳ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻛﻨﺪ.
ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻳﻜﺘﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ.
1 ¶ æ ¶u ö 1 ¶2u
ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ، çr ÷+ 2 =0 ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ
r ¶r è ¶r ø r ¶q2
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ) u ( r , qﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
2 r
sin 2 q (۲ sin q (۱
r 2
r3 r2
sin 2 q (۴ sin 2 q (۳
8 4
ﺣﻞ :ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ r = 0ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ (۲ﺩﺭ r = 0ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ
æ pö
uç r , ÷ = 0 ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ r = 0ﺭﺍ ﺍﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( .ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ u ( r , 0 ) = 0ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻭﻟﻲ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ
è 2ø
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۶۹
ﻭ u ( 2 , q ) = sin 2 qﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ (۱ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏﻫﺎﻱ (۳ﻭ (۴ﺍﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ (۳ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ
ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
1 ¶ æ ¶u ö 1 ¶ 2 u 1 ¶ æ 2r ö 1 æ r2 ö
çr ÷+ 2 = çr sin 2 q ÷ + ç
ç 4 ÷÷ ( - 4 ) sin 2 q
r ¶r è ¶r ø r ¶q 2 r ¶r è 4 ø r2 è ø
1
= ( r sin 2 q ) +
r
1
r2
( - r 2 sin 2 q ) = 0
ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ (۴ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ) ،ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ( ،ﭘﺲ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ (۳ﺻﺤﻴﺢ
ﺍﺳﺖ.
ì u t - u xx = 0 ;0 < x < L , t > 0
ï
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ) ، j ( xﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ í u ( x , 0 ) = j( x ) , 0 £ x £ L ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ـ
ïu (0, t ) = 0 , u( L , t ) = 0
î x
ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ؟
px 3p x ( 2k - 1) px px 2px npx
cos , cos , ... , cos (۲ cos , cos , ... , cos (۱
2L 2L 2L 2L 2L 2L
px 2px npx px 3p x ( 2k - 1) px
cos , cos , ... , cos (۴ sin , sin , ... , sin (۳
L L L 2L 2L 2L
ﺣﻞ :ﺷﺮﻁ u ( L , t ) = 0ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ x = Lﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ:
n pL np
: cosﺟﻮﺍﺏ ۱ = cos )ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ(
2L 2
( 2k - 1 ) pL ( 2k - 1 )p
: cosﺟﻮﺍﺏ ۲ = cos )ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ(
2L 2
( 2k - 1 ) pL ( 2k - 1 )p
: sinﺟﻮﺍﺏ ۳ = sin )ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ(
2L 2
n pL
: cosﺟﻮﺍﺏ ۴ )ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ( = cos n p
L
ﭘﺲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ،ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ۲ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺷﺮﻁ u x ( 0 , t ) = 0ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ x = 0ﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ
ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ۳ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
¥ 2 2
= ) u( x , y ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ¶¶ x u + ¶¶ y u = 0ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ،ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ å P ( x ) sin n y
n =1
2 2
ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ u ( 0 , y ) = f ( y ) = 1ﻭ u ( 0 , y ) = f ( y ) = sin y + 2 sin 3 yﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
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۷۰ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
¥ ¥ ¥
å P¢¢ ( x ) sin n y + å P ( x ) ( - n
n =1 n =1
2
)
sin n y = 0 ® å ( P¢¢ ( x ) - n
n =1
2
)
P ( x ) sin ny = 0 ®
- nx
P¢¢ ( x ) - n 2 P ( x ) = 0 ® P( x ) = C n e n x + d n e
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
¥
= ) u( x , y å (C
n =1
n enx + d n e - nx
) sin ny
ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ x ® + ¥ﻣﻲﻃﻠﺒﺪ ﻛﻪ C n = 0ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻟﺬﺍ:
¥
= ) u( x , y åd
n =1
n e - nx
sin n y
ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ( ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻁ u ( 0 , y ) = 1ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
=1 åd
n =1
n e
)- n(0
sinny
ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ d nﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ f ( y ) = 1ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ] [ 0 , pﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ:
) )(1 - ( - 1
p p -2
2 -1
ò
2 2 n
= dn = 1 sin n y dy = cos n y = ) ( cos n p - 1
p 0 p n 0 np np
ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﻠﻲ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ:
= ) u( x , y å n2p ( 1 - ( - 1 ) ) e
n =1
n - nx
sin n y
ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ( ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻁ u ( 0 , y ) = sin y + 2 sin 3 yﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
= sin y + 2 sin 3 y åd
n =1
n e
)- n (0
sin n y ® sin y + 2 sin 3 y = d 1 sin y + d 2 sin 2 y + d 3 sin 3 y + d 4 sin 4 y + ...
® d1 = 1 , d3 = 2 , = 0ﺑﻘﻴﻪ d nﻫﺎ
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ.
-1x -3x
u( x , y ) = 1 e sin 1y + 2 e sin 3 y
ì1 , x <1
، u ( x , 0 ) = f ( x ) = ïíﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ Ñ 2 u ( x , y ) = 0 ،ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻢﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ xﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ:
ïî0 , x >1
ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟
¥ ¥
ò ò
2 sin k - ky 2 cos k - ky
e cosh kx dk (2 e sin kx dk (1
p 0 k p 0 k
¥ ¥
ò ò
2 sinh k - ky 2 sin k - ky
e cos kx dk (4 e cos kx dk (3
p 0 k p 0 k
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۷۱
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ:
¥
= )u ( x , y
ò 0
A ( k ) e- ky g ( x ) dk
¶ 2u ¶ 2u
ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ: 2
+ =0 ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ
¶x ¶y 2
¥ ¥ ¥
ò 0
A ( k ) e- ky g¢¢ ( x ) dk +
ò 0
® A ( k ) k 2e - ky g ( x ) dk = 0
ò 0
( g¢¢ ( x ) + k 2g ( x )) A ( k ) e-ky dk = 0
® g¢¢ ( x ) + k 2g ( x ) = 0 ® g ( x ) = c1 sin kx + c 2 cos kx
ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
= )u ( x , y
ò 0
A ( k ) e- ky ( c1 sin kx + c2 cos kx ) dk
ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻁ ) u ( x , 0 ) = f ( xﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ) f ( xﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ c1 = 0ﻭ
¥
ò
ïì1 ; x <1
í = c 2 A ( k ) cos kx dk
ïî0 ; x >1 0
ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ:
¥ 1 1
ò ò
2 2 2 2sin k
= ) c2 A ( k = f ( x ) cos kx dx = 1cos kx dx sin kx =
p 0 p 0 pk 0 pk
¥
ò
2sin k - ky
=u e cos kx dk ﭘﺲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ:
0 pk
ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ
ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) u ( x , y , zﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ) u = A ( x ) . B ( y ) . C ( zﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ:
) H 1 ( x , A , A¢ , ... ) = H 2 ( y , B , B¢ , ... ) = H 3 ( z , C , C¢ , ...
ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻳﻚ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ
) A ( x ) , B ( y ) , C ( zﻣﻲﺭﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ A , B , Cﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ uﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ.
¶2u 1 ¶u 1 ¶2u
ﺭﺍ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. + + =0 ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ
¶r2 r ¶r r 2 ¶q2
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ) u ( r , q ) = A ( r ) B ( qﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
1 1
A ¢¢ ( r ) B ( q ) + A ¢ ( r ) B ( q ) + A ( r ) B¢¢ ( q ) = 0 ® r 2 A ¢¢ ( r ) B ( q ) + r A ¢ ( r ) B ( q ) + A ( r ) B¢¢ ( q ) = 0 ®
r r2
) A ¢¢ ( r ) A¢ ( r ) B¢¢ ( q
r2 +r =- ® =k
) A( r ) A( r ) B( q
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۷۲ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
) A ¢¢ ( r ) A¢ ( r
r2 +r =k ® r 2 A¢¢ + r A¢ - k A = 0 )ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ(
) A( r ) A( r
) B¢¢ ( q
- =k ® B¢¢ + k B = 0 )ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ(
) B( q
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ k = l 2ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
A ( r ) = C1 r l + C 2 r -l
, ) B ( q ) = C 3 sin ( l q ) + C 4 cos ( l q
ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ k = - l 2ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
A ( r ) = C 1 sin ( l ln r ) + C 2 cos ( l ln r ) , B ( q ) = C 3 e l q + C 4 e - l q
¶2u
ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. -u=0 ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ
¶x ¶y
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ) u ( x , y ) = A ( x ) B ( yﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
) A¢ ( x ) B( y A¢ B
A ¢ ( x ) . B¢ ( y ) - A ( x ) . B ( y ) = 0 ® = ® = =k
) A( x ) B¢ ( y A B¢
) A¢ ( x ) B( y
ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ xﻭ kﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ، y
) A( x ) B¢ ( y
ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
A¢
ò
c1 + k x
=k ® ln A ( x ) = k x + c 1
¾¾ ® A( x ) = e
A
y
B¢ 1 + c2
ò
B 1 1
= ® = = ) ® ln B ( y
¾¾ y + c2 ® B( y ) = e k
B¢ k B k k
ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
y y
+ c2 kx +
c1 + k x k k
u =A.B=e e ® u=ce
ﺣﻞ ﺩﺍﻻﻣﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺝ
) ì u( x , 0 ) = f (x ¶2u 1 ¶2u
ïíﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ، ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ - ¥ < x < + ¥ , t > 0ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ = ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺝ
) ïî u t ( x , 0 ) = g ( x ¶x2 c2 ¶t2
ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.
x + ct
ò
1 1
= ) u( x , t
2
( f ( x + c t ) + f ( x - c t ) ) + 2c g ( p ) dp
x - ct
- ¥ < x < + ¥ , t > 0ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ،ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ: ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ
ﺍﻭﻻﹰـ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ x = 0ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ uﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ fﻭ gﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ x = 0ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ x = 0ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ( u x ) uﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ،ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ fﻭ gﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ x = 0ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰـ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ x = Lﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ uﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ fﻭ gﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ x = Lﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ x = Lﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ( u x ) uﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ fﻭ gﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ x = Lﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ] [ - 2 L , 2 Lﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ P = 4 Lﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۷۳
1
= t = 3 , xﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ـ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ) u ( x , tﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ
3
ì u tt - u xx = 0 ;0 £ x £ 1 , t ³ 0
ï
ï ì 1
ïï ïï x 0 £ x £ 2
í u( x , 0 ) = í , ut(x , 0) = 0
ï ï1 1 £ x £1
ï îï 2 2
ï
u
ïî x ( 0 , t ) = u(1 , t ) = 0
ﺣﻞ :ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
ì 1
ïï x 0£x£
2
c =1 , f (x) = í , g( x ) = 0
ï1 1
£ x £1
ïî 2 2
ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ:
1 æ1 ö 1 ì æ 1ö æ 2 öü
= ) u( x , t
2
}) {f ( x + t ) + f ( x - t ® uç , 3 ÷ = í f ç 3 ÷ + f ç - 2 ÷ ý
è3 ø 2î è 3ø è 3 øþ
ﻭ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ fﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
) f ( x±4 ) = f (x
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ x = 0ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ )ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ x = 0ﺭﻭﻱ u xﺍﺳﺖ(
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ fﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ x = 1ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ )ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ x = 1ﺭﻭﻱ uﺍﺳﺖ(
ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
æ1 ö 1 ïì æ 2 ö æ 1 ö üï 1 ì æ 1 ö æ 1 ö ü
uç , 3 ÷ = í f ç - ÷ + f ç 1 ÷ ý = í ç ÷ + ç - ÷ ý = 0
è3 ø 2 ïî è 3 ø è 3 ø þï 2 î è 2 ø è 2 ø þ
ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺹ Ñ2T = 0 ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ
T ( a , q ) = T1 , T ( b , q ) = T 2 (۱ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ Ñ 2 T = 0ﺩﺭ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ a £ r £ bﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ
) T1 , T 2ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ( ،ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
T ( r , q ) = A ln r + B )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ( q
T ( x , y ) = A ln x2 + y2 + B
A , Bﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ.
T ( r , a ) = T1 , T ( r , b ) = T 2 (۲ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ Ñ 2 T = 0ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ a £ q £ bﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ
) T1 , T 2ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ( ،ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
T( r , q ) = Aq + B )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ( r
-1 æ yö
T ( x , y ) = A tan ç ÷+B
è x ø
A , Bﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ.
ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﺪى ﻧﺎﺋﯿﻨﻰ www.mnaeini.ir
۷۴ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ìÑ2T = 0 , 1£ r £ e 0 £ q £ 2p
ïíﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ
ïî T ( 1 , q ) = 2 , T ( e , q ) = 3
ﺣﻞ :
ïì T ( 1 , q ) = 2 ® 2 = A ln ( 1 ) + B
® T ( r , q ) = A ln r + B í ® A =1 , B=2
ïî T ( e , q ) = 3 ® 3 = A ln ( e ) + B
ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ:
T ( r ) = ln r + 2
ìÑ2T = 0 , x£0,y³0
ïíﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ
ïî T ( 0 , y ) = 1 , T ( x , 0 ) = 2
p
y³0 , =x=0 : q
® T( r , q ) = Aq + B 2 ® ﺣﻞ :
x£0 , y=0 : q=p
ì æ pö p
® ï T( 0 , y ) = 1 Tç r , ÷ = 1 ® A + B =1 2
í è 2ø 2 =® A , B=0
® ï T( x , 0 ) = 2 p
î T( r , p ) = 2 ® Ap + B = 2
ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ
2 2 -1 æ yö
= ) T( q q ® = ) T( x , y tan ÷ ç
p p è x ø
(۳ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ Ñ 2 T = 0ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
= ) T( r , q å (a
n=0
n )
cos n q + b n sin n q . r n
(۴ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ Ñ 2 T = 0ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
= ) T( r , q å (a
n=0
n )
cos n q + b n sin n q . r -n
(۵ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ Ñ 2 T = 0ﺩﺭ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
= ) T( r , q å (a
n=0
n ( ) )
cos n q + b n sin n q . c n r n + d n r - n + k ln r
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱﻫﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﺪى ﻧﺎﺋﯿﻨﻰ www.mnaeini.ir
ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۷۵
ìÑ2T = 0 , ;0 £ r £ R , 0 £ q £ 2p
ï
ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ) T ( r , qﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ í ì 0 ;- p < q < 0 ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ
ï T( R , q ) = í
î î q ;0 < q < p
ﺣﻞ :ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
= ) T( r , q å (a
n=0
n cos n q + b n sin n q . r n )
ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
å (a
ì 0 ;- p < q < 0 ì 0 ;- p < q < 0
T( R , q ) = í
î q ;0 < q < p
= f (q) ® í
î q ;0 < q < p
= n )
cos n q + b n sin n q × R n ٭
n=0
ﻭ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ:
p
ò
1
= a nRn ® f ( q ) cos nq dq
p -p
) ( ( -1 ) -1
p
ìq ü p
ò
1 1 1 1 1 n
= an = q cos nq dq = í sin n q + 2 cos n q ý
n n
pR 0 pR î n n þ 0 pR n 2
n
p
ò
1
= b nRn f ( q ) sin n q dq ®
p -p
p
ì q ü p 1 æ p
ò
1 1 1 n +1 ö
= bn
n
= q sin n q dq = í - cos n q + 2 sin n q ý
n ) ç ( -1 ÷
pR 0 pR î n n þ 0 pR n è n ø
ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ٭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ n = 0ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ،ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ) ) f ( qﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ) ( f ( qﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺷﻮﺩ
p
ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ. ﻛﻪ
4
(۶ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ jﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
= ) T( r , q åA
n=0
n r n Pn ) ( cos q
(۷ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ jﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
¥
= ) T( r , q åB
n=0
n r - n - 1 Pn ) ( cos q
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ P nﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﮋﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺜﻼﹰ:
P0 ( x ) = 1 , P1 ( x ) = x = ) , P2 ( x
1
2
(
3x 2 - 1 )
dn
)( x 2 - 1
1 n
= ) Pn ( x
n n
2 n! dx
www.mnaeini.ir ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﺪى ﻧﺎﺋﯿﻨﻰ
ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ۷۶
ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ
: ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢu ( x , t ) ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ،ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ
L( u( x , t ) ) = U ( x , s )
æ ¶u ö ¶
Lç ÷= U( x , s )
è ¶x ø ¶x
æ ¶u ö
Lç ÷ = s U( x , s ) - u( x , 0 )
è ¶t ø
æ ¶u ö ¶
Lç x ÷=x U( x , s )
è ¶ x ø ¶ x
æ ¶u ö ¶
Lç t ÷=- ( sU ( x , s ) - u ( x , 0 ) )
è ¶t ø ¶s
æ ¶2u ö
Lç x
ç 2
÷=x
÷ ( s 2 U( x , s ) - s U ( x , 0 ) - u t ( x , 0 ) )
è ¶t ø
æ ¶U ö ¶2 æ ¶ ö
Lç t 2 ÷= 2 ç U( x , s ) ÷
è ¶ x ø ¶s è ¶ x ø
ì ¶2u ¶2u . ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
ï - = d1 (t )
2
ï ¶x ¶t2
ïï u x , 0 = u x , 0 = 0
í ( ) t( )
ï lim u ( x , t ) :
ïx®+¥ ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ
ï
ïî u ( 0 , t ) = cos t
. ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢL { u ( x , t ) } = U ( x , s ) ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ: ﺣﻞ
¶2 ¶2U
¶x 2 (
U( x , s ) - s 2 U( x , s ) - su( x , 0 ) - u t ( x , 0 ) = e ) -s
®
¶x 2
- s 2 U = e -s
-s
e
U ( x , s ) = A ( s ) e s x + B( s ) e -s x + *
- s2
.ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ
lim u ( x , t ) = ®¾¾ ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ lim U ( x , s ) : ¾¾ ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ
® A(s ) = 0
L *
x®¥ x®¥
s s e- s
u ( 0 , t ) = cos t ® U( 0 , s ) = ® B( s ) =
L *
¾¾ ¾¾ +
s2 +1 s2 +1 s2
:ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ
æ s e- s ö - sx e - s L- 1
U( x , s ) = ç + ÷e - ¾¾¾
®
ç s2 +1 s2 ÷ s2
è ø
¯
( )
u ( x , t ) = cos ( t - x ) + ( t - x - 1 ) u 1 ( t - x ) u x ( t ) - ( t - 1 ) u 1 ( t )
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ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ۷۷
ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ
ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ) u = u ( x , tﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
æ ¶u ö æ ¶2u ö
® ) F( u ( x , t ) ) = U ( w , t
2
Fç ÷ = i w U ( w , t ) , F çç ) ÷ = ( iw ) U ( w , t
÷ 2
è ¶x ø è ¶ x ø
¶ æ ¶u ö ¶ æ¶ u ö
2 2
Fç =÷ ) U( w , t , Fç =÷ ) U( w , t
è ¶t ø ¶t ç ÷ 2 2
è ¶t ø ¶t
ìu ;- ¥ < x < + ¥ , t > 0
+ u tt = 0
ï xx
) ïí u ( x , 0 ) = f ( xﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ ï lim u ( x , t ) :
ïî t ® ¥
ﺣﻞ :ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ) ، F { u ( x , t ) } = U ( w , tﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ:
¶2 ¶2U
( iw ) 2 U( w , t ) + ® U( w , t ) = 0 - w 2 U = 0 ® U ( w , t ) = c 1 ( w ) e w t + c 2 ( w ) e- w t
2 2
¶t ¶t
ﭼﻮﻥ :ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ ® lim U ( w , t ) :ﻛﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺭ lim u ( x , t ) :ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ:
t®¥ t®¥
w > 0 ® c1 = 0 - w t
® U( w , t ) = c e
w < 0 ® c2 = 0
ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ) u ( x , 0 ) = f ( xﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
- w t
) U ( w , 0 ) = F( w ® U ( w , t ) = F( w ) e
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