UNIT 2: MENTAL AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

The body, the mind

Words Meaning Synonyms Collocation Example
Adj + ability
+ exceptional, extraordinary, great,
Organizational ability is essential in a
outstanding, remarkable, uncanny | inherent,
good manager.
innate, natural
+ proven | academic, acting, artistic, athletic,
ability to do I'm convinced that he possesses the
creative, intellectual, linguistic,
something the fact Faculty individual technical ability to be on the
mathematical, musical, reading, technical |
Ability (n): có that somebody Capability France team.
mental, physical
khả năng /something is able to Competence
+ limited, low | average, mixed
/əˈbɪləti/ do something Proficiency Both players demonstrated their
Verb + ability
Aptitude ability to hit the ball hard.
+ have | demonstrate, show | acquire, develop
| lack | lose
We like our employees to have a broad
+ appreciate, recognize, assess, test
range of abilities, not just good
Phrases
qualifications.
+ to the best of your ability | a level of ability
+ a range of abilities
Adj + behaviour
+ exemplary, good | strange | acceptable | You only understand how human
antisocial, bad, unacceptable, undesirable | behavior functions if you look at both
deviant, problem sides.
+ normal | aggressive, criminal, disruptive,
the way a person, an Conduct violent | animal, human, sexual, social It was unacceptable behavior towards
animal, a plant, a Posture Verb + behavior people who had given you long and
Behavior (n):
chemical, etc. Action control, influence | alter, change, modify | loyal service.
hành vi
behaves or functions Act display, exhibit, show
/bɪˈheɪvjə(r)/
in a particular Demeanor Prep Parents can influence the behavior of
situation Presence ~ towards their children.
Phrases
+ behavior and attitudes, be on your best He has always demanded the highest
behavior standards of behavior from his
+ a code of behavior, a pattern of behavior, children.
standards of behavior
Visualize (v): to form a picture of Anticipate Adv + visualize The elements of the final coalgebra are
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 easily visualized.
easily
Remind
Verb + visualize
Reduplicate Try to visualize yourself walking into
hình dung somebody/something + be able/unable to, can/could
Dream up the interview calmly and confidently.
/ˈvɪʒuəlaɪz/ in your mind + try to | be easy to | be difficult to, be hard to
Envision
Prep
Imagine I visualized him as a typical
visualized sb as
businessman.
Adj + gesture
+ expansive, expressive, extravagant,
He responded with a vague gesture in
flamboyant, melodramatic, sweeping,
the direction of the pub.
1. a movement that theatrical
you make with your + abrupt | careless, vague | futile | political
Attitude To be frank, this was the most
hands, your head, or + obscene, rude | defiant, threatening |
Posture heartening gesture of solidarity I
your face to show a dismissive, impatient, irritable | imperious |
Gesture (n): cử Salute heard.
particular meaning placatory | bold | dramatic, extravagant,
chỉ Action
grand
/ˈdʒestʃə(r)/ Expression The taxi driver made a rude gesture as
2. something that you + conciliatory, friendly, goodwill | charitable,
Indication he overtook us.
do or say to show a philanthropic | empty, small, symbolic, token
Signal
particular feeling or Verb + gesture
Eating boiled potatoes instead of chips
intention make
was his only gesture toward healthy
Prep
eating.
+ by | with a | of
+ as a ~ | in a ~ | ~ against | ~ towards
Adj + infant Very young children and newborn
+ young | newborn | unborn | stillborn | pre- infants require a lower dose than older
term, premature children.
a baby or very young Newborn + full-term | healthy, normal | low
Infant (n): trẻ sơ child Children birthweight | human | female, male | Infant mortality is the death of young
sinh a child at school Toddler screaming, sleeping children under the age of 1.
/ˈɪnfənt/ between the ages of Kid Infant + noun
four and seven Brat + death, mortality Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
+ child, daughter, son is the sudden, unexpected and
Phrases unexplained death of an apparently well
sudden infant death syndrome baby.
Remember (v): to have or keep an Recall Adv + remember We must always remember all who
nhớ image in your Reminisce + clearly, distinctly, vividly, well took part in all conflicts past and
/rɪˈmembə(r)/ memory of an event, a Recollect + dimly, vaguely | correctly, rightly present.
person, a place, etc. Admonish + fondly | still | always | suddenly | belatedly
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 It is important to remember that the
Verb + remember
focus must be on the child.
Commemorate can/could | try to | be important to
from the past
Recognize Prep
He still remembered her as the lively
as | for
teenager he'd known years before.
Verb + typical You must not take this attitude as
be, look, seem | become | consider sth, regard typical of English people.
Classic sth as, take sth as
having the usual
Common Adv + typical That's altogether typical of Tom!
Typical (adj): qualities or features of
Emblematic + extremely, highly, very | absolutely, They're going to be late? Now, isn't that
đặc trưng a particular type of
Normal altogether, entirely, just just typical?
/ˈtɪpɪkl/ person, thing, or
Ordinary + by no means, not necessarily
group
Standard + fairly, pretty, quite, rather This kind of hot and spicy food is very
Prep typical of the food in the south of the
of country.
It is high time that we became less
Verb + tolerant
tolerant of such unlawful behavior.
Receptive be, feel, seem | become, get, grow
able to accept what Forgiving Adv + tolerant
Tolerant (adj): Mares are surprisingly tolerant of the
other people say or do Charitable + extremely, remarkably, surprisingly, very,
chấp thuận roughness and rudeness of their
even if you do not Clement wonderfully
/ˈtɒlərənt/ offspring.
agree with it Permissive + pretty, quite, reasonably
Lenient Prep
The present government is even less
of | towards
tolerant of dissent.
Adv + remind
+ constantly, frequently, repeatedly | gently
The building reminded me strongly of
+ forcefully, forcibly, sharply, strongly,
my old school.
to help somebody Repeat vividly
Remind (v): nhắc remember something, Reduplicate + irresistibly | suddenly | always
I'm sure I don't need to remind you that
lại especially something Remember Verb + remind
we have lost our last ten matches.
/rɪˈmaɪnd/ important that they Reminisce not have to, not need to | serve to
must do Memorize Prep
She looked at her watch to remind him
about | of
of the time.
Phrases
keep reminding sb/sth, remind sb of sb/sth
Sunset (n): hoàng the time when the sun Afternoon Adj + sunset We sat by the river and watched the
hôn goes down and night Moontime beautiful, glorious, spectacular, stunning | sunset.
/ˈsʌnset/ begins Nightfall orange, red
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 Verb + sunset At the end of the movie, the hero rides
admire, watch, ride/sail off into off into the sunset.
Nocturnally Prep
Twilight against the ~ | at ~ | ~ over Aside from its isolation, this beach is
Phrases popular for viewing sunsets over the
the glow of the sunset ocean.
Academic Verb + abstract Happiness, faith, and confidence are
based on general
Abstract (adj): Abstruse be abstract qualities.
ideas and not on any
trừu tượng Conceptual Adv + abstract
particular real person,
/ˈæbstrækt/ Theoretical + highly, very | entirely, purely, extremely Mathematics is an extremely abstract
thing, or situation
Notional + increasingly | fairly, rather, somewhat discipline.
My job's getting more and more
Verb + stressful stressful.
Annoying
+ be, prove, sound | become, get
Stressful (adj): Aggravating
making you feel + find sth Most people find job interviews pretty
căng thẳng Exhausting
worried and nervous Adv + stressful stressful.
/ˈstresfl/ Frustrating
extremely, highly, particularly, very | fairly,
Nerve-racking
quite, rather | emotionally The relocation was extremely stressful
for all concerned.
Knowledge (n): 1. the information, Grasp Adj + knowledge The details of the scandal are now
hiểu biết understanding, and Information + considerable | complete, comprehensive, common knowledge.
/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/ skills that you gain Limitation thorough | deep, detailed, intimate, profound
through education or Intellectuality + broad, encyclopedic, extensive, wide | Close friends and family reportedly
experience Consciousness unrivalled | expert, specialist | inside knew, but his sexuality was not public
Awareness + local | direct, first-hand | up-to-date | knowledge.
2. the state of Judgment limited, rudimentary, superficial
knowledge about a Expertise + general | factual | practical | working | public In my opinion, a school is far more than
particular fact or | full | previous, prior an institution that imparts knowledge
situation + professional | academic, linguistic, medical, and wisdom to its students.
scientific, technical, | common
Verb + knowledge The barman was happy to share his
+ acquire, gain | have | demonstrate, flaunt, knowledge of wine with us.
parade, show (off) | test | apply
+ share | spread | broaden, extend, improve, The knowledge of English grammar is
increase | deny very extensive.
Prep
+ in the ~ | to sb's ~ | with sb's ~ A lack of knowledge on the part of
+ without sb's ~ | ~ of teachers is a real problem.
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 Phrases
a gap in your knowledge | to the best of your She still lives in San Francisco to the
knowledge best of my knowledge.
Delighted Verb + fond She had grown rather fond of the
having warm or
Enamored be, feel, seem | become, grow | remain European drink and found it to be
Fond-of (adj): loving feelings for
Adore Adv + fond relaxing to sit and sip.
yêu thích somebody, especially
Enthralled + especially, extremely, genuinely,
/fɒnd/ somebody you have
Excited immensely, particularly I've never been particularly fond of the
known for a long time
Mesmerized + really, very | quite, rather gender politics in his work.
Adj + concept
Formulating a design and a plan, from
+ basic, simple | broad, general, overall, wider
original concept to finished product,
| entire, whole, abstract
can take up to a week.
+ central, core, essential, fundamental,
important, key | clear, precise | ambiguous,
It is sometimes easier to illustrate an
elusive, nebulous, vague
abstract concept by analogy with
Approach + complex, difficult, sophisticated | abstract,
something concrete.
Conception intellectual, theoretical | alien, bizarre |
Concept (n): ý an idea or a principle
Notion underlying | useful | modern, new, novel
tưởng that is connected with He introduced the concept of selling
Perception + old-fashioned, traditional | business, design,
/ˈkɒnsept/ something abstract books via the Internet.
Theory economic, historical, legal, mathematical,
Synopsis political, psychological, religious, scientific
It is very difficult to define the concept
Verb + concept
of beauty.
+ have | grasp, understand
+ define, formulate, frame | introduce |
A difference between concepts or
develop
notions does not entail a difference in
Prep
the object being referred to.
~ of
Conscious (adj): aware of something; Discerning Verb + conscious The person may remain completely or
sáng suốt noticing something Aware be, seem | become | remain partially aware and will remain
/ˈkɒnʃəs/ Judicious Adv + conscious conscious.
Perspicacious + acutely, deeply, extremely, highly,
Clearheaded intensely, terribly, very She's out of the operating theatre, but
Cognizant + fully, perfectly | increasingly | hardly, barely she's not fully conscious yet.
| clearly | dimly, vaguely
+ painfully | environmentally, politically, People have become much more
socially | half conscious of the need to exercise
Prep regularly.
of
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 He has also called on motorists to be
Phrase
more conscious of pedestrians and
fashion/health/safety/security conscious
cyclists.
Adj + consequence
+ full | far-reaching, important, profound The long-term consequences of this
+ catastrophic, devastating, dire, disastrous, policy have not yet been fully assessed.
fatal, harmful, serious, unpleasant
+ beneficial, positive | major, main | direct | You must accept the full consequences
Influence indirect | inevitable | likely, possible, potential of your behavior.
a result of something Effect + logical | long-term, short-term | unintended
Consequence
that has happened, Result | ecological, electoral, environmental, The accident was the inevitable
(n): hậu quả
especially an Outcome financial, legal, physical, political consequence of carelessness.
/ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/
unpleasant result Aftermath Verb + consequence
Reaction + have, lead to Having chosen for her, the parents
+ accept, bear, face (up to), suffer, take should bear the consequences.
Consequence + verb
arise, ensue, follow, decision The practical consequences of his
Prep decision were considerable.
as a ~ | in ~ (of) | ~ for
Adj + rebel
The rebels seized control of the
+ anti-government | left-wing, right-wing
national radio headquarters.
+ US-backed, etc. | former | armed
Verb + rebel
They sent in troops to back the rebels.
back, help, support | repel | defeat | join | lead
Rebel + verb
The rebel troops have launched a
+ be based …| advance | attack sth | capture
coordinated attack on government
Insurrectionist sth, regain/seize/take control (of sth)
a person who fights soldiers.
Rebel (n): người Mutineer Rebel + noun
against the
làm loạn Insurgent + faction, group, movement | army, fighters,
government of their Juna rebelled against his parents' plans
/ˈrebl/ Rioter forces, soldiers, troops, officers | commander,
country for him and left school at the age of 16.
Separatist leader | control
+ camp, position, stronghold | activity,
Since 1991 the rebel force
advance, assault, attack, invasion | cause,
Revolutionary United Front has
movement
abducted 15,000 children.
Prep
against the ~ | ~ against
The rebels seized control of the
Phrases
national radio headquarters.
a bit/something of a rebel
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 Adj + shoelace I suppose that the increase will provide
undone | loose for a pair of shoelaces.
a long thin piece of Cord
Quant
Shoelace (n): dây material like a string Rope
pair I was sitting on the end of the bed, tying
giày that goes through the Thong
Verb + shoelace the shoelace on my left shoe.
/ˈʃuːleɪs/ holes on a shoe and is Tie
do up, tie | undo, untie | retie
used to fasten it Lace
Shoelace + verb He quickly grabbed my shoelace and
come undone pulled it free.
Verb + independent
be, feel, seem | become | remain | make sb | An alternative is to become an
declare sth independent contractor to the agency.
Self-sufficient Adv + independent
Unyielding + fiercely, sturdily, very It's hard to obtain truly independent
confident and free to
Independent Autonomous + completely | fairly, pretty, quite | financial advice.
do things without
(adj): tự lập Nonpartisan economically, financially
needing help from
/ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ Self-reliant + entirely, fully, genuinely, totally, truly, The country has pursued an effectively
other people
Self-sufficient wholly | almost, largely, virtually | independent line on military issues.
Separate increasingly | effectively, essentially
+ nominally, supposedly | newly | politically They all made the same comment, quite
Prep independent of each other.
from | of
Adj + growth
+ considerable, dramatic, enormous, The rapid growth of opposition to the
exponential, impressive, phenomenal, plan has surprised the mayor.
significant, spectacular, strong, tremendous
+ explosive, fast, rapid | modest, slow, steady Some types of antibiotics are used to
Accretion + low | long-term | industrial | population promote growth in farm animals.
the process in people,
Augment Verb + growth
Growth (n): sự animals, or plants of
Improvement + achieve | maintain, sustain | promote, The economy enjoyed the highest
phát triển growing physically,
Increase stimulate growth rate in Asia.
/ɡrəʊθ/ mentally, or
Evolution + control | encourage | stunt The large amount resulted from a
emotionally
Development Growth + noun growth in income and an increase in
rate | area, industry subscribers.
Prep
~ in The symptoms of an aneurysm depend
Phrases on its size and rate of growth.
a rate of growth
Logical (adj): seeming natural, Consistent Verb + logical After the children were grown, moving
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 Convincing be, seem, sound to a smaller house was the logical thing
Legitimate Adv + logical to do.
hợp lí reasonable, or
Obvious + eminently, extremely, highly, very
/ˈlɒdʒɪkl/ sensible
Rational + absolutely, completely, entirely, perfectly, The issue here is purely logical: it has
Sensible quite | purely | hardly nothing to do with ethics.
The anti-smoking campaign had quite
Adj + impact
an impact on young people.
full | initial
Verb + impact
The impact occurred seconds after the
+ take | feel | absorb
Bump pilot signaled for help.
+ lessen, soften | survive, withstand
Dash
Impact (n): va the powerful effect Impact + verb
Shock You certainly made a big impact on
chạm that something has on occur | knock sb/sth …
Bang Carter.
/ˈɪmpækt/ somebody/something Impact + noun
Blow
speed | crater
Bounce Small meteorites have left impact
Prep
craters all over the planet's surface.
on ~ | ~ on/upon
Phrases
Businesses are beginning to feel the full
the moment/point/time of impact
impact of the recession.
Adj + reminder
+ powerful, strong | lasting, permanent | This is a timely reminder of the
constant, continual, daily importance of the retail sector to our
+ further | graphic, sharp, stark, vivid | economy.
something that makes
Admonition chilling, grim, painful | poignant, solemn |
you think about or
Expression salutary The ruined church acts as a constant
Reminder (n): remember
Gesture + timely | gentle, little, quick | final | useful reminder of the war.
lời nhắc nhở somebody/something,
Indication Verb + reminder
/rɪˈmaɪndə(r)/ that you have
Sign + act/serve as, be, provide Mum sent me off with a final reminder
forgotten or would
Suggestion + give sb, issue, send (out) | receive | need to be back before 11 p.m.
like to forget
Reminder + noun
letter, note, notice They act as a poignant reminder of the
Prep tragic incident seven days ago.
~ about | ~ to
Accept (v): chấp to take willingly Consent Adv + accept Some people readily accept that they
nhận something that is Agree readily | fully may have to pay for medical treatment.
/əkˈsept/ offered; to say ‘yes’ Assent Phrases
to an offer, invitation, Admit be commonly/generally/universally/widely Do you think the seller will accept
etc Comply accepted £196,000 for the house?
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 Verb + accept
be happy to, be prepared to, be ready to, be
Approve It is now widely accepted that CO2
willing to | be forced to | be reluctant to, be
emission is a kind of pollution.
unwilling to | be unable to, refuse to |
Adj + worry
+ big, considerable, great, main, major, real, She gave her parents unnecessary
serious | slight | constant | unnecessary worry when she forgot to phone them.
+ immediate | nagging, niggling | secret
+ business, economic, financial, money | The fact that she heard nothing from
health him only increased her worry.
Verb + worry
+ have | be beset by | add to, increase | forget The pound has fallen to a new low amid
to keep thinking about Perturbation
+ be frantic/ill/out of your mind/sick with worries that the British economy is
Worry (n): sự lo unpleasant things that Preoccupation
+ express | share | cause (sb), give sb | arouse, heading for trouble.
lắng might happen or Solicitude
prompt | remove, take out | ease
/ˈwʌri/ about problems that Perplexity
Worry + Verb When he lost his job, the size of his flat
you have Concern
disappear | prove groundless/unfounded was the least of his worries.
Prep
amid ~ | with ~ | ~ about, ~ over | ~ to Fortunately, right now we don’t have
Phrases any money worries.
+ cause for worry | the least of your worries | a
source of worry Poverty is worrying about money all
+ free from worry, freedom from worry, the time.
have no worries on that account/score
Unwise Verb + irresponsible
not thinking enough It is socially irresponsible to refuse
Irresponsible Imprudent be, seem, sound | become | consider sb/sth
about the effects of young people advice on sexual matters.
(adj): vô trách Heedless Adv + irresponsible
what they do; not
nhiệm Capricious + extremely, grossly, highly, terribly, very
showing a feeling of It would be irresponsible to carry on if
/ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl/ Immoral + completely, totally, utterly, wholly
responsibility there was a problem.
Thoughtless + rather, slightly, somewhat | socially
Adj + height He is of medium height and slim build.
Loftiness
+ full, maximum | considerable, great,
Altitude
Height (n): chiều the measurement of towering | average, medium, middle He reached the heights of his
Elevation
cao how tall a person or + ceiling, chest, head, shoulder, waist, etc. profession at the age of 35.
Extent
/haɪt/ thing is Verb + height
Peak
+ measure | grow to, reach The sheer height of New York's
Pinnacle
+ gain | lose | maintain | attain, reach, rise to skyscrapers is so impressive.
Stage (n): giai a period or state that Phase Adj + stage The book guides you through making
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 + distinct | initial, opening, preliminary |
your website in easy stages.
advanced, closing, terminal | halfway,
intermediate | transitional | successive | main
Our marriage is going through a
+ difficult | delicate, vulnerable | embryonic,
difficult stage at the moment.
larval, pupal | experimental, exploratory
+ committee, design, development, formative,
something/somebody Graduation I'm not tired at the moment but I will
planning | knockout, semi-final
đoạn passes through while Moment need a rest at some stage.
Verb + stage
/steɪdʒ/ developing or making Point
go/move/pass through | enter, reach
progress Step These are matters which may well be of
Prep
relevance at a later stage of the debate.
+ at a/the ~ | by ~s | during/in a/the ~
+ in ~s | ~ in | ~ of
The company has added an inspection
Phrases
step after the developing stage of the
the beginning/end of a stage | a/one stage
process.
further | a stage of development/life
A great spurt of blood came out of the
Adj + spurt wound.
to burst out or pour Commotion
sudden | great | brief, little | final | growth
Spurt (n): sự out suddenly; to Eruption
Verb + spurt She put on a spurt to get to the station
bùng nổ produce sudden, Explosive
put on | feel in time.
/spɜːt/ powerful streams of Outburst
Prep
liquid or flames Surge
with a ~ | ~ in | ~ of There was a sudden spurt of activity in
the housing market.
Strategy (n): a plan that is intended Stratagem Adj + strategy I think it's time to adopt a different
chiến lược to achieve a particular Action + effective, successful | poor | clear, coherent | strategy in my dealings with him.
/ˈstrætədʒi/ purpose Method ~ on | basic, broad, general, overall
Plan + viable | future | long-term | ~ towards a We have a strategy for deciding who
Project medium-term, short-term we pick.
Scheme Phrases
+ radical | high-risk, Pricing is only one element of an
implementation/pursuit of a risky | overall strategy to curb congestion.
defensive | prevention | strategy
+ economics-based, market-oriented | part of a To expand your e-business operations,
strategy | anti-inflationary | anti-racist | you need to formulate a clear strategy.
survival
+ defense, military | campaign, election, To accept the reality and truth helps us
electoral, government, political | pedagogic, to plan our strategy to come out of
teaching | learning | commercial such predicaments.
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 Verb + strategy
+ have | design, develop, devise, draw up,
formulate, map out, plan, work out
+ explore | adopt, decide (on), employ, follow,
He is sure to earn millions basking in
implement, pursue | propose, set out, unveil |
the success of his military strategy.
change, revise | focus | abandon
Strategy + Verb
The good, but one or two of the details
be based on sth | be aimed at sth, be designed
coming year may herald a change that
to | consist of sth, involve sth | work | fail
could be improved in strategy for
Strategy + noun
major publishers.
development, formulation | document, paper
Prep
in a/the ~
Adj + imagination
+ great | active, creative, fertile, vivid | It's just a product of your fevered
fevered, overactive, overheated imagination!
+ collective, popular, public | visual |
historical, literary | human For some reason, the story captured
Verb + imagination the imagination of the public.
+ have | show | lack | require, take
Fantasy
+ use | capture, captivate, catch, excite, fire, His imagination conjured up a vision
the ability to create Fancy
Imagination (n): inspire, seize, stimulate, stir | grip, hold | of the normal family life he had never
pictures in your mind; Hallucination
trí tưởng tượng stretch, tax | defy | leave sth to had.
the part of your mind Inspiration
/ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn/ Imagination + verb
that does this Inventiveness
conjure sth up | run away with you, run Victorian writers fired the popular
Originality
riot/wild imagination with their tales of
Prep adventure.
beyond (your) ~ | in the/your ~ | with/without
~ The figure vanished as silently as if it
Phrases had simply been a figment of her
a lack of imagination, a figment/product of imagination.
sb's imagination
Adj + milestone
Breakthrough We’ve been married now for 20 years, a
a very important stage important, significant
Milestone (n): Discovery real milestone.
or event in the Verb + milestone
cột mốc Event
development of pass, reach | celebrate, mark
/ˈmaɪlstəʊn/ Landmark It is not easy but represents a positive
something Prep
Occasion milestone on the long road to recovery.
~ in | ~ for
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 Happen Occur + adv The incident occurred shortly after the
to happen Come about commonly, frequently | infrequently, rarely | plane took off.
Occur (v): xảy ra
to exist or be found Arrive sporadically | naturally | spontaneously
/əˈkɜː(r)/
somewhere Take place Verb + occur Such storms are likely to occur for the
Transpire be likely to, tend to | be unlikely to next six to ten weeks.
I could never be a teacher, I'm just not
Verb + patient
able to wait for a long Calm patient enough.
be, sound | remain
Patient (n): bệnh time or accept Forgiving
Adv + patient
nhân annoying behavior or Gentle She was endlessly patient with the
extremely, incredibly, very | endlessly
/ˈpeɪʃnt/ difficulties without Quiet children.
Prep
becoming angry Tolerant
about | with
He's very patient with small children.
Adj + mind
human | conscious, subconscious, When you go to sleep it is only the
unconscious | best, brilliant, finest | agile, conscious mind that shuts down.
enquiring, lively | open | impressionable |
one-track His mind raced, trying to think of a
Verb + mind way out of the situation.
+ come into, come to, cross, flash
across/into, go through, spring to It's been preying on my mind ever since
Brain + bear in, keep in | slip | be imprinted on, it happened.
the part of a person
Consciousness stick in | prey on | occupy
Mind (n): tâm trí that makes them able
Head Mind + verb There was absolutely no doubt in my
/maɪnd/ to be aware of things,
Imagination wander | race | be in turmoil, reel mind that he was guilty.
to think and to feel
Intellect Prep
in your ~ | in ~ | on your ~ I've got a lot on my mind at the
Phrases moment.
+ at/in the back of your mind | at/in the
forefront of your mind | uppermost in your Try to keep safety at the forefront of
mind | no doubt in your mind your mind at all times.
+ a frame/state of mind | have sth in mind
+ in the recesses of your mind | mind, and You've been in my mind a lot lately.
body
Purpose (n): mục the intention, aim, or Intent Adj + purpose The scheme achieved its primary
đích function of Intention limited | chief, main, primary, prime, principal purpose if nothing else.
/ˈpɜːpəs/ something; the thing Objective | true | sole | practical, useful | general |
that something is Goal common | particular, special, specific | stated | The purpose of the research is to try to
supposed to achieve Target social find out more about the causes of the
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 Verb + purpose
have | lack | accomplish, achieve, fulfill, serve
disease.
Prep
for a/the ~ | on ~
His only purpose in life seems to be to
Phrases
enjoy himself.
+ at cross purposes | for/with the express
purpose of sth | purpose-built
That gave him his certainty of purpose
+ for (all) practical purposes | your purpose in
and defined the purpose of his politics.
life | put/use sth to (a/some) purpose
+ a sense of purpose | strength of purpose
Adj + memory
The research examined the effects of
excellent, long, prodigious, retentive | short |
alcohol on long-term memory.
Consciousness long-term, short-term | visual | photographic
the period of time that
Memory (n): kỷ Mind Verb + memory
a person or group of I committed the number to memory
niệm Recollection jog, refresh | lose | commit sth to
people can remember and threw the letter away.
/ˈmeməri/ Remembrance Prep
events
Thought from ~ | ~ for
I astound myself with my memory for
Phrases
useless childhood trivia.
in living/recent memory
Verb + crucial Secrecy is crucial to this police
Bottom-line be, prove | become | remain | consider sth, operation.
Deciding deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as
Crucial (adj): extremely important,
Decisive Adv + crucial Winning this contract is crucial to our
quan trọng because it will affect
Essential really | absolutely | fairly, quite | hardly | long-term success.
/ˈkruːʃl/ other things
Momentous clearly, obviously
Necessary Prep Her work has been crucial to the
crucial for | crucial to project's success.
The cities are full of migrants looking
Adj + migrant
for work.
Emigrant economic | illegal | rural
a person who moves
Evacuee Migrant + noun
Migrant (n): from one place to A sudden influx of migrant workers
Expatriate laborer, worker | population | bird
người di cư another in order to has led to a revival of extreme right-
Immigrant Prep
/ˈmaɪɡrənt/ find work or better wing nationalism.
Traveler ~ from | ~ into, ~ to
living conditions
Migrator Phrases
The pay is enough to attract migrants
a flow/an influx of migrants
but unappealing to locals.
Weight (n): gánh how heavy Heft Adj + weight The sheer weight of visitors is
nặng somebody/something Avoirdupois considerable, enormous, heavy, immense | destroying this tourist attraction.
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 light | gross, net | average, mean | sheer
Verb + weight Radical views don't carry much weight
+ bear, carry, support | stagger/ strain anymore.
is, which can be Ponderosity
beneath/ under | bend/ buckle/ collapse/
measured in, for Burden
/weɪt/ crack/ sag/ shift/ sink | beneath/ under, give I've begun to lose my hair, I've put on
example, kilograms or Density
way beneath/ under | crush sb beneath/ two stones in weight.
pounds Gravity
under | creak/ groan beneath/ under
Prep I should soon be down to my target
in ~ weight of 70 kilos.
Adj + increase
The country is enjoying the biggest
+ big, considerable, dramatic, enormous,
increase in business confidence for
exponential, huge, large, major, marked,
years.
massive, significant, substantial, vast
+ moderate, modest, small | apparent | rapid,
The war resulted in a massive increase
sharp | gradual, steady | fivefold, tenfold, etc. |
in government spending.
10%, etc. | net, overall | across-the-board
Growth
+ annual, monthly, etc. | dividend, fare, pay,
Augmentation The average increase in value last year
price, rent, salary, tax, temperature, wage
Increase (n): sự a rise in the amount, Increment was 4.3 percent.
Verb + increase
gia tăng number, or value of Boost
+ experience, see, show | enjoy | achieve |
/ˈɪŋkriːs/ something Development Not everyone has had their benefits
announce, report
Escalation increased above the rate of price
+ bring (about), cause, lead to, result in |
Expansion increases.
reflect, represent | entail, involve, mean
Increase + verb
There has been an increase in demand
occur
for two-bedroom flats.
Prep
on the ~ | ~ in | ~ on/over | ~ to
He went on to say that there had been a
Phrases
gentle increase in the church activities.
a rate of increase
Verb + significant
The move was regarded as significant
be, prove | become | remain | consider sth
in Japan.
Essential (as), deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think
Significant (adj): large or important Central sth, view sth as
These differences are not statistically
quan trọng enough to have an Momentous Adv + significant
significant.
/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ effect or to be noticed Meaningful deeply, extremely, highly, particularly, very |
Important fairly, quite | statistically
This development proved highly
Prep
significant for the whole town.
for | to
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 Adj + average The school was above the national
the result of adding
Mean annual | national | overall | weighted | batting, average in this category.
several amounts
Average (n): số Median bowling
together, finding a
trung bình Midpoint Verb + average You'll have to calculate the average.
total, and dividing the
/ˈævərɪdʒ/ Center arrive at, calculate, find, work out
total by the number of
Middle Prep My income's rather variable, but I earn
amounts
above ~ | below ~, on ~ £175 a day on average.
Adj + rate
+ constant, expected, regular, steady | slow | There is a low survival rate among
fast, rapid | alarming, phenomenal | low, high babies born before 22 weeks.
| ever-increasing, rocketing
+ success | divorce, marriage | death, mortality We need to eat less as we get older and
| survival | birth, fertility | accident | crime | our metabolic rate slows down.
growth, inflation | metabolic, respiratory
a measurement of the Speed
Rate (n): tốc độ Verb + rate You only have to hit a pedestrian at a
speed at which Pace
/reɪt/ improve, increase, speed up | cut, hold down, slow speed to kill them.
something happens Flow
reduce, slow down | stabilize | maintain
Rate + verb Transplantation success rates vary
be/go/shoot up, grow, increase, rise, rocket, depending on the cause of renal failure.
skyrocket, soar | be/come/go down, decline,
decrease, drop, fall, plummet, plunge, slow Do you pay your mortgage at a fixed or
Prep variable rate?
at a/the ~
Maturity Adj + adulthood
When she reached adulthood, she
Old age early, young
Adulthood (n): moved away from home.
the state of being an Youth Verb + adulthood
trưởng thành
adult Adolescence attain, reach | make it to, survive into/to
/ˈædʌlthʊd/ Her childhood problems persisted into
Boyhood Prep
adulthood.
Childhood during/in ~ | into ~ | towards ~
Period (n): giai a length of time in the Season Adj + period You have been paid for the full period
đoạn life of a particular Epoch + extended, lengthy, long, prolonged | brief, of your employment with us.
/ˈpɪəriəd/ person or the history Course limited, short | full | fixed, set | indefinite |
of a particular country Cycle early, late | happy | dark, difficult, lean | You can use the software free for a 30-
Duration critical day trial period.
Term + interim, intervening | transitional | off-peak,
peak | Christmas | medieval, Tudor, etc. | Public spending was cut during his
inter-war, post-war | accounting | cooling-off period of office.
+ formative | gestation, incubation | rest |
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 training | waiting for | trial | time
Verb + period
Committee members will not be eligible
cover
for re-election within a period of two
Period + verb
years.
begin, commence | end | last
Period + noun
They are born in relatively short periods
costume, furniture
after long periods of social
Prep
disintegration.
+ after a ~ | during/throughout the ~ | for a ~
+ in/within a/the ~ | over a/the ~ | within a/the
The file dates span the period between
~ | ~ between | ~ from … to …
September 1996 and April 1997.
Phrases
the beginning/end/start of a period, a period
The nineteenth century was a period of
of history, sb's period of office | a period of
unparalleled imperial expansion.
study | a period of time | a period of
transition
Adj + stability
greater | relative | long-term | internal | This has been a period of relative
the quality or state of Consistency economic, financial, monetary, price | economic stability.
being steady and not Balance political, social | emotional
Stability (n): sự
changing or being Cohesion Verb + stability The policy should bring greater
ổn định
upset in any way (= Security achieve, bring, ensure, give sb, provide (sb monetary stability to the country.
/stəˈbɪləti/
the quality of being Strength with) | lack | threaten, undermine | maintain,
stable) Support preserve There are fears over the stability of the
Phrases banking system.
a period of stability | a threat to stability
Transition (n): the process or a Degeneration Adj + transition The company was slow to make the
sự chuyển dịch period of changing Transformation abrupt, immediate, rapid, sudden | direct | transition from paper to computer.
/trænˈzɪʃn/ from one state or Mutation gradual, phased, slow | awkward, difficult,
condition to another Transposition painful | smooth | orderly, peaceful He will remain head of state during the
Changeover Verb + transition transition to democracy.
Shift bring about, cause, effect | complete, make |
undergo | mark | ease, smooth Louise transitioned from male to
Transition + verb female almost 20 years ago.
occur, take place | be complete
Transition + noun period, process | phase The region is slowly making a
Prep transition to a more knowledge-based
during (the) ~ | in ~ | ~ between | ~ from, ~ to economy.
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 Phrases
Both sides need to work together in
a period of transition, a process of transition,
order to ensure a smooth transition of
a state of transition
power.
There were violent confrontations
Verb + violent
between police and demonstrators.
be | become, get, grow, turn
Excruciating
Adv + violent
involving or caused Formidable He yells a lot but I don't think he's ever
Violent (adj): + exceptionally, extremely, particularly,
by physical force that Forceful been physically violent towards her.
hung bạo really, terribly, very | increasingly | almost
is intended to hurt or Brutal
/ˈvaɪələnt/ + a bit, fairly, pretty, quite, rather |
kill somebody Cruel The plaintiff was a man with a history
gratuitously | potentially | physically, sexually
Fierce of mental disorders and seriously
Prep
violent behavior.
to, towards
Adv + expect
confidently | fully | not really | half | honestly We can expect to see an improvement
Verb + expect in the weather over the next few days.
Await
+ be reasonable too, can, can realistically, can
to think or believe Forecast
reasonably | be unrealistic to, be unreasonable This kind of behavior is to be expected
Expect (adj): that something will Foresee
to, can hardly from a two-year-old.
mong đợi happen or that Hope
+ would, would normally | be entitled to
/ɪkˈspekt/ somebody will do Predict
Prep The financial performance of the
something Suppose
from business is fully expected to improve.
Take
Phrases
(only) to be expected | expect a lot/too much I expect punctuality from my students.
of sb | when you least expect sth
Purpose
He had originally intended to stay in
to have a plan, result, Purport Adv + intend
Intend (v): có ý the country for only a year or two.
or purpose in your Aim fully | clearly | originally
định
mind when you do Designate Prep
/ɪnˈtend/ The course is intended for
something Destine for
intermediate-level students.
Resolve
Crisis (n): khủng a time of great Catastrophe Adj + crisis The government is in crisis. She's no
hoảng danger, difficulty, or Change + acute, grave, major, serious, severe, terrible, good in a crisis.
/ˈkraɪsɪs/ doubt when problems Confrontation worst | family, personal | identity | mid-life
must be solved or Deadlock + growing, mounting | impending, looming | The team's dismal season has reached a
important decisions Dilemma international, national | constitutional, crisis point.
must be made Impasse economic, financial, fiscal, political | cash,
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 debt, energy, hostage, housing, oil, refugee
In times of crisis, it's good to have
Verb + crisis
someone you can rely on for advice.
+ be faced with, be hit by, face, go through,
have | survive | avert, prevent | aggravate
A mediator has been called in to resolve
+ cause, create, lead to, precipitate, provoke,
the crisis.
spark off | deal with, defuse, ease, handle,
overcome, resolve, respond to, solve, tackle
The industry is facing a serious staffing
Crisis + verb
crisis.
arise | deepen, worsen | be over
Prep
The new way of doing things has roots
during a/the ~ | in (a/the) ~ | ~ in | ~ over
not in politics but in the economic
Crisis + noun
crisis itself.
point | management
Phrases
The company is suffering a severe
a crisis of confidence | at/in moments/times
crisis of confidence.
of crisis
Adj + development
+ sustainable | commercial, economic,
industrial | evolutionary, historical | regional Schools should encourage the full
Advancement + rural, suburban, urban | human | development of a student's talents.
the steady growth of Evolution educational, emotional, intellectual,
Development
something so that it Expansion linguistic, personal, physical, psychological, Those experiences abroad were and are
(n): sự phát triển
becomes more Improvement sexual, social, spiritual | software | child | still vital to his artistic development.
/dɪˈveləpmənt/
advanced, stronger Increase property
Progress Verb + development Environmental factors can accelerate
aid, allow, assist, encourage, enhance, the development of certain cancers.
facilitate, favor, foster, permit, promote,
stimulate, support | a stage of development
Probable Verb + steady
The last few years have seen a steady
developing, growing, Sure be, feel, look, seem, sound | become | remain |
Steady (adj): increase in the number of infections.
etc. gradually and in Certain hold sb/sth, keep sb/sth
vững chắc
an even and regular Firm Adv + steady
/ˈstedi/ She opened the letter with hands that
way Secure extremely, very | absolutely, perfectly, quite,
were not quite steady.
Stabilized rock | not quite | almost
Grasp (n): sự grasp sb/something to Knowledge Adj + grasp Her eyes pleaded with him, her hand
hiểu biết take a stronghold of Information fine, firm, good, impressive, proper, sound | still firmly grasping his.
/ɡrɑːsp/ somebody/something Limitation limited, poor | intellectual | intuitive
Awareness Verb + grasp The task was beyond the intellectual
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 grasp of some of the students.
have | get
Comprehension
Prep
Mastery As she jumped forward, the ball slipped
beyond your ~ | within your ~ | ~ of
from her grasp.
Spacious Verb + broad
He was gorgeous—broad shoulders
used after a Bounteous be
Broad (adj): rộng and twinkling eyes.
measurement of the Large Adv + broad
lớn
distance to show how Bountiful extremely, very | fairly, pretty, quite, rather,
/brɔːd/ He questioned whether the school
wide something is Expansive reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently |
curriculum was broad enough in scope.
Vast unusually
Adj + problem
+ acute, enormous, grave | little, minor, petty |
complicated, knotty, thorny | central, main | Depression is a natural feeling if your
common | pressing, urgent | immediate | problems seem intractable.
insoluble, insurmountable, intractable
+ long-term, perennial | practical | technical | Success brings its own problems. Staff
attitude, emotional, psychological | physical, shortages cause problems for the
sexual | heart, knee | drug | social | housing | organization.
economic, financial | environmental | legal
Verb + problem The problem lies in the lack of
1. a thing that is
+ be, pose, present (sb with) | be beset with, communication between managers and
difficult to deal with Dilemma
be confronted by/with, be dogged by, be staff.
or to understand Dispute
Problem (n): vấn fraught with, encounter | consider, debate,
Issue
đề discuss, look at/into | combat, grapple with, I didn't imagine there would be a
2. a question that can Obstacle
/ˈprɒbləm/ tackle problem with getting tickets.
be answered by using Question
+ circumvent, find a way around/round, get
logical thought or Trouble
around/round | clear up, overcome | alleviate, We need to get to the root of the
mathematics
ease | exacerbate | analyze, explore problem before we can solve it.
Problem + verb
arise, come up, occur | exist | persist, remain | No one has solved the problem of what
confront sb, face sb | lie in sth to do with radioactive waste.
Prep
~ about | ~ for | ~ of | ~ with I've had continual problems with this
Phrases car ever since I bought it.
the crux/heart/root of the problem | a
remedy /solution to a problem, the scale of a
problem

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