UNIT 11: DESIGN AND INNOVATION

Building, engineering
Words Meaning Synonyms Collocation Example
Warm brownish-red color similar to
Adj + brick
that of red clay bricks.
red
Verb + brick
The cabin later was replaced by a
lay
baked clay used for brick building for the ticket office,
Cinder block Brick + noun
building walls, houses, waiting room, and toilet.
Brick (n): gạch đá Slab wall | building | works
and other buildings; an
Stone Prep
individual block of this A red brick municipal building stood
in/of ~
at the far end of the street ahead of us.
Phrases
brick by brick | bricks and mortar | a
They put an extra course of bricks
course of bricks
around the pool.
Adj + building Modern office buildings have false
big, high-rise, large, tall | low, single- floors, under which computer and
storey, small | attractive, beautiful, fine, phone wires can be laid.
imposing, impressive, magnificent |
crumbling, derelict, dilapidated, No one was in sight when she reached
Architecture ramshackle, tumbledown | ancient, the building, but the door was open.
a structure such as a construction historic, old | brick, concrete, stone,
Building (n): toà
house or school that has home timber, wooden | industrial, public, Heat pulsed off the building in waves,
nhà
a roof and walls house residential | airport, apartment, church, aided by a soft, cold breeze.
hut factory, farm, headquarters, hospital,
office, prison, school They moved into a brand-new
Verb + building building a couple of months back.
build, erect, put up | demolish, destroy,
flatten, gut, knock down, pull down, raze, Several new buildings are now being
tear down | damage | renovate, restore put up.
Adj + ceiling I got a crick in my neck from painting
high, low | domed, sloping, suspended, the ceiling.
vaulted | painted
the inside surface of
Beam Ceiling + verb The good news is that the ceiling on
Ceiling (n): trần a room that you
plaster collapse teachers' earnings has been removed.
nhà can see when
roof Prep
you look above you
on the ~ A stone dropped from the ceiling into
Phrases the vat, and warm blood splashed over
from ceiling to floor/from floor to ceiling him.

a very hard building
material made by
Concrete (n): bê
mixing together cement,
tông
sand, small stones, and
water
Development
the process or method of
manufacture
building or making
Construction (n):
something, especially
xây dựng
roads, buildings, bridges,
etc.
Cottage (n): nhà a small house, especially
tranh in the country
Adj + concrete
Then we have what in my opinion is
solid | bare | wet | pre-cast,
the worst of all, that is to say, the
ready-mix/ready-mixed, reinforced
poured concrete house.
Verb + concrete
mix | lay, pour | be made from/(out) of |
It took in excess of two full loads of
set sth in
ready-mixed concrete to fill the
Concrete + verb
abyss.
set
Falling house prices are illustrative of
Adj + construction
the crisis facing the construction
gigantic, huge, large, massive | basic,
industry.
simple | complex | heavy | solid | careful |
brick, fiberglass, steel, timber, timber-
In February, there were 15% fewer
frame, wooden | bridge, building, canal,
homes under construction than in the
house/housing, railway, road
corresponding month of last year.
Verb + construction
begin, start | complete
plan The new office building was a glass
Construction + verb
planning and steel construction.
be underway
structure
Construction + noun
system The filler sentences made use of
industry, sector | company, firm, group |
different kinds of syntactic
project, programme | contract | job | work
constructions.
| worker | site, yard | costs | materials |
method, process, technique
Construction was begun in 1906 and
Prep
the official opening by the King took
during (the) ~ | under ~
place on July 22, 1912.
Adj + cottage
They live in an idyllic country
humble, little, small, tiny | charming,
cottage, with roses around the door.
lovely, picturesque, pretty | country, rural
| lonely | empty, unoccupied | derelict,
Bungalow The bedroom in the cottage was chilly
run-down | thatched | detached, terraced |
Chalet with the door to the living room
rented | farm, estate, tied | holiday,
Hut closed.
summer, weekend | retirement | guest
Lodge
Verb + cottage
Ranch A cottage garden flower border runs
have, own | live in, stay in | rent, take | let
Shack along the front of the house.
| buy | sell
Shanty
Cottage + noun
The mixed planting style of Gertrude
home | garden
Jekyll had a cottage garden
Prep
exuberance.
in a/the ~
 Adj + design
graphic | computer-aided | architectural, The Temple of the Cross is a larger
industrial, interior structure of similar design and
Architecture
the general arrangement Design + noun construction.
Construction
of the different parts of business, company, consultancy, firm |
Drawing
Design (n): thiết kế something that is made, consultant, engineer, staff, team | centre, The new CAD program really speeds
Layout
such as a building, book, department, studio | work | process | up the design process.
Method
machine, etc. program, software | project | ability,
Model
expertise, skills This part, strictly speaking, is quite
Phrases extraneous to the general design.
art and design
Adj + device
An incendiary device exploded in the
clever, ingenious | labor-saving, useful |
store, setting fire to furniture.
complex, sophisticated | simple | hi-tech |
hand-held | automatic, electrical,
Accessory Rescuers used a special device for
electronic, mechanical | bugging,
Apparatus finding people trapped in collapsed
an object or a piece of contraceptive, measuring, safety, timing,
Appliance buildings.
equipment that has been warning | explosive, incendiary
Device (n): thiết bị Equipment
designed to do a Verb + device
Gadget We have a device that switches the
particular job be fitted with, have | design, develop,
Machine lights on at a preset time in the
make | use
Material evening.
Device + verb
consist of sth | be designed to | work
The device consists of a large wheel
Prep
mounted on a metal post.
~ for
Adj + engineering
While she knew his genetic
heavy, light | conventional | precision |
engineering made him harder to kill,
advanced | aeronautical, agricultural,
the activity of applying she'd never imagined he'd survived.
chemical, civil, design, ecological,
scientific knowledge to
Construction electrical, electronic, genetic, mechanical,
Engineering (n): the design, building and The industries include shipbuilding
manufacturing process, software, systems, etc.
công trình control of machines, and allied trades, engineering works,
Engineering + noun
roads, bridges, electrical and iron and brass foundries.
company, firm, group | industry | services
equipment, etc.
| work/works
The bridge is a fine piece of
Phrases
engineering.
a feat of engineering
Gadget (n): tiện a small tool or device Apparatus Adj + gadget Have you seen this handy little gadget
ích that does something Appliance little | clever, neat, nifty | useless | latest, - it's for separating egg yolks from
useful Contraption modern, new | electrical, electronic | whites.
Tool kitchen
 Verb + gadget
Look for consistency within Yoga
Utensil invent
Toes reviews before you purchase the
Widget Prep
gadget for yourself.
~ for
Adj + housing They opened a shelter to provide
affordable, cheap, good, low-cost | temporary housing for the city's
decent, good | adequate | bad, inadequate, homeless.
poor, substandard | permanent, temporary
| council, local authority, public, social | Lack of access to affordable housing
Dwelling
rented | private | sheltered | high-rise | is a problem for young people in the
Habitation
rural, urban area.
houses, flats, etc. that Home
Verb + housing
people live in, especially House
Housing (n): nhà ở provide These high numbers of first-time
when referring to their Lodgment
Housing + noun buyers are giving the housing market
type, price, or condition Residence
association, authority, committee, a much-needed boost.
Roof
department, office | conditions |
Shelter
development, estate, scheme | Too many families are still living in
construction | provision | market | crisis, substandard housing.
shortage | allowance, benefit
Prep For people on low incomes, housing
in … ~ benefit continues to cover the rent.
Adj + innovation Their success lies in combining an
constant, continuous | successful | effective innovation process with a
cultural, industrial, scientific, technical, superior product concept.
technological | design, policy, product
Verb + innovation It is this capacity for constant
Modernization
encourage, facilitate, foster, stimulate | innovation that distinguishes humans
Alteration
the introduction of new stifle from all other animals.
Innovation (n): Modernism
things, ideas, or ways of Innovation + verb
sáng kiến Modification
doing something occur To promote and encourage
Mutation
Innovation + noun innovation in teaching and learning
Newness
process support.
Prep
~ in Innovation in every sector is critical,
Phrases and startups are where innovation
scope for innovation occurs.
Landmark (n): cột something, such as a Marker Adj + landmark The Rock of Gibraltar is one of
mốc large building, that you memorial distinctive, prominent | famous, well- Europe's most famous landmarks.
can see clearly from a milestone known | familiar | local | historic
distance and that will monument Verb + landmark Ward Hill (742 ft.) is the sailors'

help you to know where
you are
a long, narrow passage
that usually goes straight
down in a building or
Shaft (n): ống
underground, used
thông khí
especially for a lift or as
a way of allowing air in
or out
the raised flat area next
Platform (n): nền, to the track at a train
bục station where you get on
or off the train
Apartment
Residence (n): khu a house, especially a
dân cư large or impressive one
a set of stairs inside a
building including
Staircase (n): cầu
the banisters (= posts and
thang
bars that are fixed at the
side)
Passageway
recognize
Prep landmark for Lerwick harbor.
~ for
Adj + shaft
The workers go down to the tunnels
deep | vertical | lift, mine | air, ventilation
through a vertical shaft sunk from the
Verb + shaft
top of the cliff.
bore, drill, sink
Prep
They lowered him down to the bottom
down a/the ~ | in/into a/the ~, through
of the deep shaft.
a/the
Phrases
A fire broke out in the main lift shaft.
the bottom/top of a shaft
Adj + platform
The next train to depart from platform
high, raised | wooden
Floor 2 is 10.30 for London Paddington.
Verb + platform
podium
mount, stand on | appear on, speak from
terrace He mounted the platform and began
Prep
to speak to the assembled crowd.
along a/the ~ | at ~ | from ~ | on ~
Adj + residence The flag flying above the palace
long | permanent | temporary | main, indicates that the Queen is in
normal, principal residence.
Verb + residence
Condo establish, take up | remain in, stay in She has managed to obtain a
Dwelling Residence + noun temporary residence permit.
Hall permit
Home Prep An estimated 60% of the workers
House in ~ intend to seek permanent residence.
Phrases
a change of residence, a hall of residence The notice was addressed to her last
| a place of residence known place of residence.
Adj + staircase She descended the sweeping staircase
steep | broad, wide | narrow | elegant, into the crowd of photographers and
Corridor grand, great | rickety | curving, spiral, journalists.
Entryway sweeping, twisting, winding | moving |
Hall main | outside | back The staircase leading down to the
Hallway Verb + staircase sanctuary of Aglaurus was enclosed in
Lobby ascend, climb, go/run, up, mount | masonry.
descend, go/run, down | use
Staircase + verb Of particular note is the striking
lead to sth vaulted living room with an open tread

a strong, hard metal that
Steel (n): ngành
is made of a mixture of
théo
iron and carbon
the process of keeping
something in a particular
Storage (n): sự cất
place until it is needed;
giữ
the space where things
can be kept
Structure (n): kết the way in which the Architecture
cấu parts of something are Arrangement
connected together, Construction
arranged or organized; a
particular arrangement of
parts
Organization
Prep spiral staircase.
on the ~
Phrases Everyone in the reception room rushed
the bottom/foot/head/top of the staircase forward and descended the staircase.
Adj + steel
He asked the U.S. Congress to move
solid | forged, galvanized, mild,
swiftly to aid the state's ailing steel
reinforced, rolled, stainless
industry.
Verb + steel
Brace make, manufacture, produce | harden,
Dusty shouted as a chunk of stone
fortify temper
crushed a stainless steel cabinet.
gird Steel + noun
ingot, sheet | industry, manufacture, mill,
It is enclosed by water jackets, which
plant, works
are usually cast iron, sometimes mild
Prep
steel.
in ~
Adj + storage We've had to build some cupboards to
safe | cold | disk | food, water, etc. | data, give us more storage space.
information
Verb + storage The contaminated petrol was traced to
Cache
put sth in/into | take sth out of storage tanks at the terminal.
depot
Storage + noun
repository
facilities | device, medium, system | area, I knew where it was located when it
stockpile
capacity, space | cabinet, compartment, was in storage, but they all looked the
storehouse
cupboard, depot, room, shed, unit | bin, same outside at the auction.
container, jar, tank, vessel | cost | life
Prep Darian opened the door and slid into
in ~ the storage room.
Adj + structure The report homed in on the
basic, simple | complex, elaborate | weaknesses in the management
coherent, logical | rigid, stable | flimsy | structure.
Design formal | internal | solid | anatomical,
Format body, bone, skeletal | atomic, cell, When the United States broke away
Formation chemical, molecular | grammatical, from England, the social structure did
Framework language, linguistic, sentence, syntactic | not change very much.
administrative, bureaucratic, committee,
System control, corporate, hierarchical, Market forces will inevitably bring
institutional, organizational, power | about changes in the structure of the
economic, financial, political, social | wholesale sector.
democratic, federal | family, household |
price, salary, tax, wage | career Just then, an elderly woman emerged

a situation in which
people do not trust each
Pressure
Tension (n): tính other, or feel unfriendly
trạng căng thẳng towards each other, and
that may cause them to
attack each other
trees that are grown to be
Timber (n): gỗ xây hardwood
used in building or for
dựng
making things
Exterior (adj): ở  the outside of External
bên ngoài something, especially a outdoor
building
Verb + structure from the back of the red brick
have | lack | be based on | create, devise, structure.
establish | impose
Structure + verb In all main points of their internal
be based on sth structure, the Hexapoda agree with
Prep other Arthropoda.
of a … ~ | … in ~ | in a/the ~ | ~ in/within
Phrases Of course, she might be skittish if she
a change in structure, a change in/to the didn't know how secure the structure
structure | a lack of structure was.
Adj + tension
You could feel the tension in the room
inner | emotional, muscle/muscular,
as we waited for our exam results.
nervous, pre-menstrual, sexual
Verb + tension
As a matter of fact, it had been sexual
feel, suffer from | sense | cause, create |
tension then as well.
relieve | release
strain
Tension + noun
stress Sensing her fear, he touched her arm,
headache
the edge of tension dissipating.
Prep
~ in
His grip around her tightened at the
Phrases
tension in her body.
a release of tension | a sign of tension
Our aim is to boost the state's timber
Adj + timber
industry by $5 billion over the next 10
heavy | solid | rough | dead, decayed,
years.
rotten, rotting | seasoned, treated |
unseasoned, untreated
The ferns are most common in the
Verb + timber
Forest midland zone and in the heavy timber
cut, fell, harvest, saw | dress, season, treat
forests.
Timber + verb
log
decay, rot
Wood Timber that is cut down must be
Timber + noun
replaced with new trees, but new trees
product | company, industry, merchant,
take time to grow.
production, yard | construction, frame,
structure, support | beam, building, floor,
Timber has a 12-year warranty against
etc.
wood rot and insect damage.
Adj + exterior
elegant | plain, bland, bluff, calm, They usually put a protective coating
outer charming, confident, cool, glacial on the exterior surface of the walls.
Prep
 behind an/the ~ | on the ~ | behind sb's ~ |
There is an abundance of fine
beneath/underneath sb's ~
sculptures, both on the exterior and
Exterior + verb
inside.
belie, conceal, hide
The proposed new office tower is a
Adj + storey
steel and glass structure 43 storeys
lower | top, upper
high.
Verb + storey
Storey (adj): tầng have | occupy
a level of a building Two ruined staircases lead to the lower
gác Prep
storey.
on a/the ~
Phrases
It has a lofty campanile, surmounted
5/10, etc. storeys high
by a graceful octagonal upper storey.
covered with a lot of Gaudy Opposite the town hall is the smaller
Verb + ornate
decoration, especially Glamorous but extremely ornate Maison du Roi.
Ornate (adj): lộng be
when this involves very Lavish
lẫy Adv + ornate
small or complicated Opulent Furniture can be bold and beautiful but
highly, richly, very | quite, rather
designs Sumptuous not ornate.
The restaurant is spacious and can
Verb + spacious
Cavernous hold large groups.
large and with plenty of be, feel, look, seem
Spacious (adj): comfortable
space for people to move Adv + spacious
rộng rãi roomy Chestnut, on the ground floor of the
around in extremely, very | fairly, quite, reasonably
vast converted barn, is very spacious for
| deceptively, surprisingly
two people.
Classic Verb + traditional The pomps and ceremonies which
being part of the beliefs,
Common be | become were traditional in the East were to be
customs or way of life of
Traditional (adj): Conventional continued.
a particular group of
truyền thống Historic Adv + traditional
people, that have not
Long- very | almost | fairly, pretty, quite, rather | In some countries, it is traditional for
changed for a long time
established essentially a bride to wear white.
Verb + typical
This kind of hot and spicy food is very
be, look, seem | become | consider sth,
Common typical of the food in the south of the
regard sth as, take sth as
Commonplace country.
having the usual qualities Adv + typical
Emblematic
Typical (adj): tiêu or features of a particular extremely, highly, very | absolutely,
Exemplary In character, he was a typical product
biểu type of person, thing or altogether, entirely, just | by no means,
Normal of the Spartan educational system.
group not necessarily | fairly, pretty, quite,
Ordinary
rather
Symbolic East Anglia is by no means typical of
Prep
rural Britain.
of
 Irathients have deep red hair, highly
Adj + build athletic builds and bronze skin
Evolve
average, medium | slight, slim, thin | covered in naturally occurring
to make something, Manufacture
heavy, muscular, powerful, stocky, contrasting patterns.
Build (v): tạo dựng especially a building, by Produce
strong, thickset | athletic
putting parts together Reconstruct
Prep We come from all walks of life and
Set up
in ~ | of ~ | with a ~ quickly build up a special
camaraderie.
Adv + condemn The action has been widely
fiercely, roundly, strongly, vehemently, condemned by human rights groups.
Censure
vigorously, vociferously | unequivocally,
to say very strongly that Chide
utterly | unanimously, universally | She publicly condemned the
Condemn (v): kết you think something is Criticize
openly, publicly opposition leader.
tội bad, usually for moral Decry
Prep
reasons Denounce
for Garrison was highly critical of the
Punish
Phrases Church for its refusal to condemn
be widely condemned slavery.
Adv + decorate
Adorn After cooling, decorate with royal
beautifully, elaborately, elegantly, gaily,
to make something look Brighten icing and allow them to dry.
Decorate (v): trang intricately, lavishly, ornately, richly,
more attractive by Dress up
trí nicely, pleasantly, tastefully
putting things on it Fix up The room was lavishly decorated with
Prep
Illuminate tinsel and holly.
with, in
Keep Verb + maintain
The government's position became
Manage be anxious to, want to | have to, need to |
to make something increasingly difficult to maintain.
Maintain (v): duy Preserve strive to, try to | help (to) | be able to | be
continue at the same
trì Protect difficult to
level, standard, etc. He emphasized the need to maintain
Retain Phrases
the status quo.
Sustain the duty/need to maintain sth
Much of it has been lovingly
to repair and paint an old Overhaul Adv + renovate renovated but the ghosts have been
Renovate (v): cải building, a piece of Refit extensively, substantially | completely left untouched.
tạo furniture, etc. so that it is Refurbish Phrases
in good condition again Remodel newly/recently renovated The hotel has been completely
renovated.
Support (v): trợ 1. to help or encourage Encourage Adj + support The majority of people in the town
giúp somebody/something by Maintain complete, full, total | active, considerable, strongly support the plans to build a
saying or showing that Raise enthusiastic, firm, generous, good, great, new school.
you agree with them/it Set up loyal, overwhelming, solid, strong,
Sponsor tremendous, unqualified, wholehearted | Carefully tighten the clamp until it

2. to give or be ready to
give help to somebody if
they need it
Trigger (v): kích to make something
hoạt happen suddenly
an idea or a principle that
Concept (n): ý
is connected with
tưởng
something abstract
unstinting, unswerving, unwavering |
growing, increased, increasing |
continued, continuing | broad, firmly supports the pipette in a
community, general, majority, popular, vertical position.
wide | limited, lukewarm, qualified |
adequate, sufficient | international I signed a petition in support of the
administrative, economic, electoral, campaign to end the marketing of baby
emotional, financial, moral, political, formula in developing countries.
practical, technical | government, official,
state | price Farmers are eligible for government
Verb + support support if they let a certain amount of
enjoy, have | derive, draw, receive | enlist, land lie fallow.
find, gain, mobilize, secure, win | attract,
cultivate, muster, recruit, solicit, whip up She will need a lot of emotional
Strengthen | give, lend, offer, provide, throw | cut support at this difficult time.
Subsidize (off), withdraw | count on, rely on |
Uphold announce, come out in, confirm, We would like to thank Edna Hales for
demonstrate, pledge, reaffirm, show | her unstinting support over the years.
bolster, broaden, build (up), increase,
strengthen Farmers mobilized considerable
Support + verb support against government plans to
come | grow, rise | fall remove import restrictions.
Support + noun
base | group | network | services Charles tried to form a party in Italy
Prep in support of the pope against the
in ~ of | with/without … ~ | ~ against | ~ emperor Louis IV.
among | ~ between | ~ for | ~ from
Phrases The party wishes to broaden its
a base of support | a cut/decline in support among professionals.
support, an expression of support | a lack
of support, a source of support
Verb + trigger If she had a laser gun, she just might
Bring about pull, squeeze | tighten on have pulled the trigger.
Cause Trigger + noun
Spark finger The Guardian had some code of honor
Start Phrases that seemed at odds with Brady's quick
have your finger on the trigger trigger finger.
Approach Adj + concept It is very difficult to define the
conception basic, simple | general, overall, wider | concept of beauty.
image entire, whole | central, core, essential,
 fundamental, important, key | clear,
He introduced the concept of selling
precise | complex, difficult, sophisticated
books via the Internet.
| abstract, theoretical | modern, novel |
old-fashioned, traditional | business,
notion This course will acquaint you with the
design, economic, historical, legal,
perception basic concepts of management
political, psychological, religious,
theory
scientific
thought Teachers should have a clear concept
Verb + concept
view of what a multiracial society is.
have | grasp, understand | define,
formulate, frame | introduce | develop
The whole concept of responsibility
Prep
was alien to him.
~ of
Adj + warehouse We bought both sofas from a big
bonded | distribution, retail, wholesale | furniture warehouse out of town.
a building where large Barn
furniture, grain, whisky | abandoned,
quantities of goods are Repository
Warehouse (n): derelict, disused | dockside, riverside These lead them to an abandoned
stored, especially before Stockpile
nhà kho Verb + warehouse warehouse in the middle of nowhere.
they are sent to shops to Stockroom
burn down
be sold Storehouse
Warehouse + noun Knitting Warehouse offers yarn and
foreman, manager, staff, worker many other knitting supplies.
Adj + delivery
$200 is payable immediately with a
express, fast, immediate, prompt, quick |
further $100 payable on delivery.
late | morning, next-day | recorded,
scheduled, special | guaranteed | safe |
a building where large The restaurant has a catering and
Consignment mail, milk, newspaper | service
quantities of goods are delivery service.
Delivery (n): sự distribution Verb + delivery
stored, especially before
truyền tải shipment do, make | accept, take
they are sent to shops to The price includes next-day delivery
transmission Delivery + noun
be sold anywhere in the UK.
van | date, schedule, time | boy, man |
charge | service
The government has now taken
Prep
delivery of the new fighter planes.
for ~ | on ~ | ~ to
Prominent (adj): important or well known Leading Verb + prominent New books are displayed in a
xuất chúng Notorious be | become | remain prominent position on tables at the
Outstanding front of the store.
Popular Adv + prominent
Renowned especially, extremely, particularly, The shop front occupies a very
Well-known unusually, very | increasingly | fairly, prominent position on the main street.
quite
In 1853 he took a prominent part in
Prep
the state constitutional convention.
as | in