UNIT 8: THROUGH THE AGES

Time, history
Words Meaning Synonyms Collocation Example
Adj + age She was 74 years of age when she
early, young | advanced, great, old | middle | wrote her first novel.
childbearing, pensionable, retirement,
school, school-leaving, voting, working This state finally raised the age of
Verb + age consent to 16 last year.
Life attain, get to, live to, reach | feel, look |
the number of years Maturity lower, raise For children, symptoms may be
Age (n): tuổi tác
that a person has lived Old age Age + noun present between the ages of 2 to 4
/eɪdʒ/
or a thing has existed Youth group, range | limit years.
Generation Prep
at a/the ~ | between the ~s | by the ~ | for sb's The propensity to move declines
~ | over the ~ | under ~ | under the ~ | with ~ steadily with advanced age.
| ~ of
Phrases Membership is open to girls between
the age of consent | sb's age | years of age the ages of seven and ten.
The city center has scarcely changed
Adj + century
in over a century.
19th, 20th, etc. | earlier, last, later, past,
previous | new, next | present
Centenary In the twentieth century landscape
Century (n): thế kỉ Prep
a period of 100 years Centennial no longer offers this compensation or
/ˈsentʃəri/ during the ~ | for ~s | in the … ~ | over the
Centurial conciliation.
~s | through the ~s | throughout the ~
Phrases
America's influence on culture grew
centuries-old | the turn of the century
throughout the 20th century.
The early decades of the conflict
Adj + decade
were characterized by a certain
present | coming, following, next | last, past,
dignity and honor.
a period of ten years, Decagon preceding, previous, recent
Decade (n): thập kỉ
especially a continuous Decapod Decade + verb
/ˈdekeɪd/ The past decade has seen a huge rise
period, such as 1910– Decennary elapse, go by, pass | close, end | see sth
/dɪˈkeɪd/ in the number of computer owners.
1919 or 2000–2009 Decennium Prep
during a/the ~, for a/the ~, in a/the ~, over
Air traffic has increased 30% in the
a/the ~, throughout a/the ~, within a/the ~
last decade.
Era (n): kỷ nguyên a period of time, Age Adj + era The fall of the Berlin wall marked
/ˈɪərə/ usually in history, that Cycle golden, great | new | present | modern | the end of an era.
is different from other Day bygone, past, previous | post-imperial, post-

periods because of
particular
characteristics or events
Evidence (n): bằng the facts, signs, or
chứng objects that make you
/ˈevɪdəns/ believe that something
is true Documentation
Information
The president's speech heralds a new
war | Edwardian, Victorian, etc. | Clinton,
era in foreign policy.
Thatcher, etc. | Christian, Common
Verb + era
This year saw the dawning of a new
usher in | enter, move into
era in the history of the awards in the
Stage Era + verb
school.
Term begin | end
Time Prep
The landing of this English governor
during/in an/the ~ | into ~ | ~ in
was an era in their lives.
Phrases
the beginning/dawn of a (new) era, be on the
The country has entered an era of
threshold of a new era, the end of an era
high unemployment.
Clue Adj + evidence There is no scientific evidence to
Data abundant, extensive, plentiful, substantial, suggest that underwater births are
Indication widespread | conclusive, persuasive, dangerous.
positive, powerful, solid, striking | adequate |
flimsy, inadequate, scant | concrete, direct, The police have found no evidence
Sign firm, tangible | indirect | available, current, of a terrorist link with the murder.
Testimony present | fresh, further | crucial, vital |
Witness corroborative | anecdotal, archaeological, Contractors must provide evidence
documentary, empirical, experimental, of valid permits before they may
factual, forensic, historical, material, begin any work.
medical, photographic, scientific, statistical,
visible, visual Evidence is accumulating that a
Verb + evidence defective gene may be responsible for
look for | accumulate, collect, come up with, this disease.
find, gather, obtain, produce | provide, show
| give, present | consider, examine, study | The company denies, in the face of
use sth in | hear | admit, allow | exclude overwhelming evidence, that
Evidence + verb smoking causes cancer.
come to light, emerge | accumulate, grow |
confirm sth, demonstrate sth, establish sth, We have attempted to find the best
point to sth, show sth, support sth | be based available evidence for the topics we
on sth, be derived from sth, come from sth discuss.
Prep
as ~ | in ~ | on … ~ | on the ~ of | ~ about, ~ Fresh evidence suggests that the
concerning, ~ regarding, ~ relating to | ~ statement had been fabricated.
against | ~ for | ~ of | ~ on
Phrases The police believe he is the thief, but
in the face/teeth of evidence | in the light of all the evidence suggests otherwise.
 evidence | not a scrap/shred of evidence
Adj + excavation Details on his archaeological
archaeological excavations on early Maine sites can
Dig
the activity of digging be found here.
Mining
Excavation (n): sự in the ground to look Verb + excavation
Removal
khai quật for old buildings or carry out, conduct Has Wideford excavation revealed
Burrow
/ˌekskəˈveɪʃn/ objects that have been the site of Orkney's oldest settlement?
Cavity
buried for a long time Excavation + verb
Ditch
reveal sth, uncover sth, unearth sth | Further archaeological excavations
proceed, take place are now being carried out.
Adj + generation The younger generation smokes less
current, present | new, younger | older | than their parents did.
coming, future, later, next | earlier, former,
Breed last, past, preceding, previous | first, second | His is a family trade, passed down
Time subsequent, succeeding, successive | whole from generation to generation.
Generation (n): all the people who were Epoch Verb + generation
thế hệ born at about the same Period belong to, develop The consequences of the radioactive
/ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/ time Rank Generation + noun gap leakage may not become apparent
Span Prep for a generation or more.
Step for a ~ | for ~s
Phrases The goal is to develop a new
from generation to generation | from one generation of soldiers using robot
generation to the next technology.
Period (n): thời kì a particular length of Age Adj + period This debt is repayable over a period
/ˈpɪəriəd/ time Course extended, lengthy, long, prolonged | brief, of five years in equal quarterly
Cycle limited, short | full | fixed, set | indefinite | installments.
Date early, late | happy | dark, difficult, lean |
Duration critical | interim, intervening | transitional | The Government will make an
Season off-peak, peak | Christmas | medieval, Tudor additional 10% contribution for a
Stage | inter-war, post-war | accounting | cooling- limited period.
Term off | formative | gestation, incubation | rest |
Time training | waiting for | trial | time The war was followed by a long
Period + verb period of peace and prosperity.
begin, commence | end | last
Prep A military judge can extend the
after a ~ | during/throughout the ~ | for a ~ | period of detention incommunicado
in/within a/the ~ | over a/the ~ | within a/the up to 90 days.
~ | ~ between | ~ from … to …
Phrases Most teenagers go through a
the beginning/end/start of a period, a period rebellious period.
 of history | a period of study/ time/ transition
Adj + phase When I was in my early teens I went
early, initial, primary | second, secondary | through a phase of only ever
Aspect
current, latest, new, present | final, last | wearing black.
Chapter
intermediate, transition | temporary | critical,
Phase (n): giai Point
a stage in a process of crucial, important | distinct The inflation rate is high, even in the
đoạn Stage
change or development Verb + phase early phase of an economic
/feɪz/ State
begin, enter, open, start | go through | expansion.
Step
complete, pass
Time
Prep We're entering a new phase in
during a/the ~ | in a/the ~ | ~ in international relations.
Adj + pioneer She was a pioneer in the biotech
a person who is the first Colonist early | true industry's patent law.
to study and develop a Colonizer
Pioneer (n): người
particular area of Developer Pioneer + noun The dreams of early Internet
đi đầu
knowledge, culture, etc. Homesteader spirit | missionary pioneers are not alone.
/ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)/
that other people then Innovator
continue to develop Leader Prep Other technology pioneers have long
~ in since seen tangible benefits.
Time + verb When Paula was ill, I took her some
Age
elapse, go by, pass | fly | drag | heal sth magazines to help her pass the time.
Date
what is measured in Era
Time (n): thời gian Prep That was the best restaurant I've been
minutes, hours, days, Generation
/taɪm/ in ~ | over ~ | through ~ to in a long time.
etc… Hour
Life
Phrases The origins of this custom are lost in
Moment
the mists of time the mists of time.
This computer is ancient – I’ve got
Age-old Verb + ancient
belonging to a period of to get a new one.
Ancient (adj): cổ Antique be, look
history that is
xưa Archaic Adv + ancient
thousands of years in Such fires were rare in the past; most
/ˈeɪnʃənt/ Old-fashioned extremely, incredibly, very | quite |
the past ancient blazes barely reached waist
Venerable positively, barely
level.
Chronological arranged in the order in Historical Verb + chronological Its treatment of political events is
(adj): theo thời gian which they happened Sequential Be chronological and quite detailed.
/ˌkrɒnəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
Adv + chronological The anthology is broadly
strictly | broadly chronological.

Give me the dates in chronological

 order.
the period of your life Verb + middle-aged They're a middle-aged couple, with
Middle age (n): when you are neither be, feel, look | become grown-up children.
trung niên young nor old, between Midlife
/ˌmɪdl ˈeɪdʒ/ the ages of about 45 Adv + middle-aged The company is run almost entirely
and 60 prematurely, entirely by middle-aged men.
Jenny grew nostalgic for home on
Adj + nostalgia
Thanksgiving Day.
great | pure
Verb + nostalgia
Longing That warm fuzzy feeling of nostalgia
a sad feeling mixed feel | evoke | indulge in, wallow in
Nostalgia (n): sự Remorse was an almost physical sensation.
with pleasure when you Nostalgia + noun
hoài niệm Sentimentality
think of happy times in buff | trip
/nɒˈstældʒə/ Wistfulness Some people feel nostalgia for their
the past Prep
Yearning schooldays.
with ~ | ~ for
Phrases
Nostalgia buffs gathered for the
a feeling/sense of nostalgia
auction of wartime memorabilia.
Adv + erode The walls here are cut by centuries of
to gradually destroy the Corrode
badly, deeply, seriously, severely | flood and fabulously eroded by wind
surface of something Destroy
completely | further | gradually, slowly | and storm.
Erode (v): xói mòn through the action of Abrade
steadily | rapidly | easily | away
/ɪˈrəʊd/ wind, rain, etc.; to be Consume
The pressure toward uniformity
gradually destroyed in Crumble
Verb + erode constantly threatens to erode local
this way Disintegrate
threaten to | tend to traditions.
I inferred from her expression that
Ascertain Adv + infer
she wanted to leave.
Assume reasonably
to reach an opinion or
Deduce Verb + infer
Infer (v): suy luận decide that something is It is reasonable to infer the same
Guess can/could | be possible to | be difficult to, be
/ɪnˈfɜː(r)/ true based on available effect will be achieved for the others.
Presume hard to | be reasonable to | be wrong to
information
Speculate Prep
From this study, we can reasonably
Surmise from
infer that this behavior is inherited.
Span (v): kéo dài span something to last Connect Adj + span
/spæn/ all through a period of Cover full, long, short | broad, wide | clear | 12- Fifty-four feet high, the mill has sails
time or to cover the Cross foot, 500-metre | wing (also wingspan) | 10- that cover a seventy-foot span.
whole of it Extend day, 2-week | entire | allotted | time | life
Traverse (also lifespan) | attention, concentration, Juna was the only material that could
memory cover the huge spans of the rooms.
Verb + span cover
Prep over a/the ~ Developments were monitored over a
 Phrases
span of two years.
a span of time/years
a page or series of For example, users can post shared or
Agenda Adj + calendar
pages showing the private appointments on a calendar.
Journal busy, full | golfing, racing, social, sporting,
Calendar (n): lịch days, weeks, and
List etc.
/ˈkælɪndə(r)/ months of a particular The social calendar in the parish is
Program Prep
year, especially one that filling rapidly with two forthcoming
Timetable in/on a/the ~
you hang on a wall events in quick succession.
Adj + appointment The hospital needs to allow more
important, pressing, urgent | first, initial | time for outpatient appointments.
a formal arrangement to Assignment
follow-up | business | dental, hair | hospital,
meet or visit somebody Consultation
Appointment (n): outpatient If he didn't have a secretary to remind
at a particular time, Interview
cuộc hẹn Verb + appointment him, he wouldn't keep any of his
especially for a reason Invitation
/əˈpɔɪntmənt/ have | arrange, book, fix, make | get | give sb appointments.
connected with their Assignation
| keep | break, miss | cancel
work Engagement
Prep What time is your appointment with
by ~ | with/without an ~ | ~ with the bank manager?
Verb + injured He could have been lying injured on
Damaged be, lie | get the moors after a fall from his horse.
Injured (adj): bị
physically hurt; having Wounded
thương
an injury Hurt Adv + injured The boy and another seriously
/ˈɪndʒəd/
Spoiled badly, critically, gravely, seriously, severely injured person were evacuated by air
| slightly | fatally ambulance
Accident (n): tai an unpleasant event, Calamity Adj + accident You haven't been involved in any
nạn especially in a vehicle, Casualty dreadful, horrific, major, nasty, serious, accidents or injuries at work?
/ˈæksɪdənt/ that happens Disaster terrible, tragic, unfortunate | fatal | minor,
unexpectedly and Hazard slight | freak | near | hit-and-run | aircraft, In the last year, I've witnessed four
causes injury or damage Setback canoeing, car, climbing, flying, industrial, road accidents where only one
motor, nuclear, road, traffic, etc. vehicle was involved.
Verb + accident
be involved in, have, meet with | cause | He suffered no injuries in the
prevent | survive accident, and his lorry was left with
Accident + verb only minor damage.
happen, occur, take place
Accident + noun The ambulance took only six minutes
prevention | rates, statistics to reach the scene of the accident.
Prep
in an/the ~ There were also a number of other
Phrases accidents resulting in lesser injuries
an accident involving | the scene of the or damage to gliders.
 accident
My new wallpaper stripper uses
Adj + steam
high-pressure steam to lift off the
hot, scalding | high-pressure
paper.
Verb + steam
emit, generate, produce
Later they changed to steam power,
Steam + verb
Steam (n): món the hot gas that water Power using the coal which was mined
come, escape | rise | condense | drive sth |
hấp changes into when it Force locally.
hiss
/stiːm/ boils Potency
Steam + noun
They can be cut and burnt to produce
power | engine, locomotive, ship, train,
steam to power turbines.
turbine | age
Phrases
I'm hoping he has a rhetorical head of
the age of steam
steam coming into this debate.
Adj + engine
The plane's engine failed and the
big, powerful | small | twin ~s | 1.4-liter,
pilot was forced to bail out.
1200cc, 20-valve, four-cylinder, two-stroke,
etc. | diesel, internal-combustion, jet,
The new technology switches
outboard, petrol, piston, turbine, turbo/
engines off when they are not
turbocharged | aircraft, car, rocket
needed.
Verb + engine
crank (up), start, switch on | cut, kill, switch
County Commissioners have voted to
Appliance off | rev (up), run | repair, service, tune |
buy a railroad engine and two rail
Diesel lubricate | fit (sth with)
cars for the line.
Engine (n): động the part of a vehicle that Generator Engine + verb
cơ produces power to Instrument run | idle, tick over, turn over | catch, start |
The report says that at maximum
/ˈendʒɪn/ make the vehicle move Motor stop | fire | break down, die, fail, misfire,
power the engines turn at 25,000
Transformer overheat, seize up, stall | cough, splutter |
rpm.
Weapon roar, scream | race, rev (up) | power sth
Engine + noun
Hybrid electric vehicles use two
capacity, power, speed | compartment, room
power sources: a conventional
| component | failure, problems, trouble |
engine and an electric motor
noise
Prep
My car engine overheated because
in an/the ~
the water had leaked out of the
Phrases
radiator.
the noise/roar/sound of the engine
Government (n): the group of people Authority Adj + government The federal government has been
chính phủ who are responsible for Law central, federal, local, national, provincial, unsuccessful for ten years in
/ˈɡʌvənmənt/ controlling a country or Ministry regional | Communist, Conservative, Labour negotiating peace.
 | left-wing, right-wing | coalition | minority |
caretaker, interim, transitional | military | The prime minister has been meeting
puppet | French, Western members of the French government.
Verb + government The minister has announced that
elect | form | install | swear in | head, run | there will be no change in
bring down, destabilize, overthrow, topple government policy.
Government + verb
come to power | take office | fall, resign | On the one hand, this faith in
announce sth | introduce sth, launch sth government helped promote a high
Government + noun rate of investment.
Politics
agency, department | money | aid, assistance,
a state Power
backing, funding, grant, subsidy, support | The new tax law affects the budgets
State
expenditure, spending | control | intervention of both state and local governments.
| minister, official, representative,
spokesman | sources | figures, statistics | A puppet government was installed
reshuffle | decisions, legislation, measures, as the occupying forces withdrew.
plans, policy, proposals | report | propaganda
Prep The government announced the
in ~ | under a/the ~ cancellation of the dam project.
Phrases
a change of government | the government of The goal is to identify opportunities
the day | a member of a government to reduce the cost of government.
Excitement (n): sự the state of feeling or Adventure Adj + excitement I feel nervous excitement build in
hào hứng showing happiness and Commotion considerable, fierce, great, high, intense, my stomach spreading over my
/ɪkˈsaɪtmənt/ enthusiasm Elation tremendous | breathless, febrile, feverish, whole body.
Emotion heady, wild | genuine, sheer | initial | sudden
Feeling | growing, heightened, mounting | added, The tension and excitement built up
Frenzy further | suppressed | nervous, restless | gradually all day.
Passion guilty | pleasurable | strange | vicarious |
Warmth youthful | intellectual, physical, political, It was hard work but glorious, his
sexual excitement rising to a fever pitch as
Verb + excitement the tunnel shortened.
be bubbling with, be filled with, be flushed
with, be sick with, be trembling/tingling A gaggle of buyers stood around the
with, feel | cause, generate | conceal, control, auctioneer and the sense of
hide, suppress | add excitement was intense.
Excitement + verb
build-up, grow, mount, rise | die down, In addition, his sexual excitement
evaporate, wear off results in a self-conscious desire to
Prep conceal himself.
 in ~ | ~ among | ~ at | ~ of
Phrases
The news has caused great
an air of excitement | a feeling/sense of
excitement among scientists.
excitement, a fever/state of excitement
Adj + election The government is expected to call
fair, free | democratic, multi-party | rigged | an election very soon.
direct, indirect | fresh, new | early | primary,
run-off | federal, local, municipal, national, There was a fall in support for the
regional, state | congressional, council, Republican party in the last election.
general, gubernatorial, leadership,
legislative, local government, mayoral, The recent free elections mark the
parliamentary, party, presidential, Senate next step in the country's progress
Verb + election towards democracy.
the process of choosing Appointment
have, hold | call | contest, fight | stand for |
Election (n): cuộc a person or a group of Balloting
lose, win | rig Two-thirds of the electorate in
bầu cử people for a position, Decision
Election + verb Hackney did not vote in the council
/ɪˈlekʃn/ especially a political Referendum
take place | be due, be scheduled for elections this year.
position, by voting Selection
Election + noun
campaign | manifesto, pledge, promise | For district leaders, standing for a
broadcast | candidate | defeat, victory | day, competitive election would make the
night, year | fraud position of township chief more
Prep secure.
at/in a/the ~ | by ~ | ~ to
Phrases When the party won a landslide
the outcome of an election, the run-up to an election in 1984, the country was
election ready for reform.
Adj + succession She had her first three children in
Succession (n): sự a number of people or endless, never-ending | constant, continuous, rapid succession.
Sequence
kế nhiệm things that follow each uninterrupted | quick, rapid | whole
Series
/səkˈseʃn/ other in time or order Prep The company lost two chief
in ~ executives in quick succession.
Manage (v): quản to control or be in Administer Adv + manage I'm afraid I have to go out for a while
lý charge of a business, a Govern nicely, perfectly/very well | successfully | - will you be able to manage on your
/ˈmænɪdʒ/ team, an organization, Guide eventually, finally | somehow | financially own?
land, etc. Maintain Verb + manage
Oversee be able to, can/could | have to | be difficult The car's quite full, but we could
Regulate to | be easy to manage to squeeze another couple of
Supervise Prep people in.
Take over on | without
Phrases A small dog had somehow managed
 manage on your own to survive the fire.
Adj + stock It is now halfway through winter and
good, high, huge, large | low | adequate | food stocks are already low.
declining, dwindling, falling | surplus |
buffer, reserve | fresh, new | old | existing | If any part of your order is out of
fish, food, etc. | housing | capital, money | stock, we will notify you.
library
Verb + stock We have reduced stock levels to
Property
carry, have, hold, keep | add to, increase | reflect lower expectations of demand.
the value of the shares Share
Stock (n): cổ phiếu dispose of, get rid of, reduce, sell off |
in a company that has Assets
/stɒk/ maintain, protect | replace, replenish Most stock exchanges track the short
been sold Bonds
Stock + verb interest in each stock and issue
Funds
be/go up, increase | be/go down, decline, reports at the month's end.
dwindle, fall, run low | last
Stock + noun The plan would allow shareholders to
cupboard, room (also stockroom) | levels | buy the stock at a 50% discount.
control
Prep The stock fell 15.5p below the
from ~ | in ~ | out of ~ flotation price.
Adj + crash A soldier lost control of his Army
horrific, major, serious | fatal | head-on | vehicle and caused a crash, a court
high-speed | car, coach, helicopter, plane, heard.
an accident in which a train | air, motorway, rail, road
vehicle hits something, Accident Verb + crash Jack, and 47 others, survive a plane
Crash (n): sự va for example, another Collapse cause crash on a remote Pacific island.
chạm vehicle, usually causing Impact Crash + crash
/kræʃ/ damage and often Pileup happen, occur | involve sth | kill sb | claim Well, we're going to figure out what
injuring or killing the Wreck sth caused a fiery plane crash in China.
passengers Crash + noun
victim | site | landing | barrier Most air crashes occur when a bird
Prep hits the windshield or is inducted into
in a/the ~ the engine.
Warn (v): cảnh to tell somebody about Advise Adv + warn I was warned against going to the
báo something, especially Alert firmly | | bluntly | sternly | softly | east coast because it was so full of
/wɔːn/ something dangerous or Caution specifically | duly | constantly, repeatedly | tourists.
unpleasant that is likely Notify publicly
to happen, so that they Predict We were warned not to eat the fish
can avoid it Prompt Verb + warn which might upset our stomachs.
Remind had better, have to, should | try to | fail to
Signal I have to warn you that there's a
 Prep degree of danger involved in this.
about | against | of
Phrases My mother constantly warned me
be warned not to go into teaching.
Don't forget to write the date of the
Adj + diary
meeting in your diary.
a book in which you appointments, bookings, engagement, social
Account
can write down the | desk, pocket | electronic
Diary (n): nhật ký Journal Please check the appointment diary
experiences you have Verb + diary
/ˈdaɪəri/ Notebook before scheduling a meeting.
each day, your private have sth in | put sth in, write sth in
Daybook
thoughts, etc. Prep
It may help to keep a diary of
in a/your ~
problems you encounter.
Adj + stone Its walls are made of solid stone
heavy | hard, soft | rough, smooth | blocks weighing over sixty tons each.
weathered | carved | building
Gem Verb + stone The five new homes will be built in
a hard solid mineral Gravel break, cut, hew (sth from/out of) | dress | be local stone with natural slate roofs.
Stone (n): đá substance that is found Metal built/carved/made from/in, carve sth in
/stəʊn/ in the ground, often Mineral Stone + noun Her face, however, could have been
used for building Pebble block, flag, slab | arch/archway, bridge, carved of stone for the lack of
Rock building, floor, pillar, stairs, structure, wall, emotion on it.
etc. | monument, sculpture | age
Prep His expression was as cool and his
in ~ voice as hard as stone.
Construction (n): the process or method Development Adj + construction There are currently four major
công trình of building or making Manufacture gigantic, huge, large, massive | basic, simple housing projects under construction
/kənˈstrʌkʃn/ something, especially Plan | complex | heavy | solid | careful | brick, in the area.
roads, buildings, Planning fiberglass, steel, timber, timber-frame,
bridges, etc. Structure wooden | bridge, building, canal, house, Falling house prices are illustrative of
System railway, road the crisis facing the construction
industry.
Verb + construction
begin, start | complete Most of them will go and work in
Construction + verb building construction, brick making,
be underway and roads.

Construction + noun The traders have been requested to

industry, sector | company, firm, group | remove unauthorized constructions
project, program | contract | job | work | on platforms.
worker | site, yard | costs | materials |
 method, process, technique
29-year-old Jose has a well-paid job
Prep
at a downtown construction site.
during (the) ~ | under ~
These two men might be thought to
Adj + pole represent the opposite poles of
a long thin straight Beam
North, South | geographic, geomagnetic, economic ideology.
piece of wood or metal, Flagpole
magnetic | opposite
Pole (n): cây sào especially one with the Leg
Prep The meridian is an imaginary line
/pəʊl/ end placed in the Mast
between the (two) ~s of | from ~ to ~ drawn from pole to pole.
ground, used as a Rod
Phrases
support Stick
be poles apart In temperament, she and her sister are
poles apart
Adj + wood
We sanded and polished the wood
hard | soft | dark | light, pale | green | dead,
floor in the living room.
rotten, rotting | kindling | natural | seasoned |
rough | painted, polished, stained, varnished
This room is painted a sunny yellow
| carved | solid | laminated | charred | balsa,
and the cottage-style units are in
beech, pine, etc.
the hard material that polished dark wood.
Lumber Verb + wood
the trunk and branches
Timber chop, cut, saw | be made from/in/(out) of,
Wood (n): gỗ of a tree are made of; Over the years, much of the wood in
Woodland carve/make sth from/in/out of | paint, polish,
/wʊd/ this material when it is the house had rotted.
Copse stain, varnish | season | burn | gather
used to build or make
Grove Wood + verb
things with, or as a fuel We went for a walk in the woods
splinter | rot | burn
after lunch.
Wood + noun
chip | carving | floor, panel, paneling |
Andirons were a pair of iron bars
laminate, veneer | finish | fire
placed on each side of a hearth to
Prep
support burning wood.
in ~
Adv + recover It took her a long time to recover
completely, fully | partially | only just | from her heart operation.
Get back
hardly, never/not quite, never really | well |
to return to a normal Recoup
Recover (v): hồi enough, sufficiently | quickly, soon | Yates is struggling to recover from
state after an unpleasant Regain
phục gradually, slowly | apparently | never a serious knee injury.
or unusual experience Restore
/rɪˈkʌvə(r)/ Verb + recover
or a period of difficulty Retrieve
help sb (to) | struggle to Thanks in part to emergency loans,
Salvage
Prep the industry recovered surprisingly
from quickly.
Prove (v): chứng to use facts, evidence, Confirm Adv + prove I was determined to prove my
minh etc. to show that Convince conclusively, definitively | just critics wrong.
 Verb + prove
Demonstrate All this proves conclusively that she
be difficult to, be impossible to | be able to |
Explain couldn't have known the truth.
try to | be determined to | have sth to
Justify The dispute over the song rights
/pruːv/ something is true Prep
Substantiate proved impossible to resolve.
to
Validate
Phrases
Verify It will be very difficult to prove that
a chance to prove sth, prove sb right/wrong
they are guilty.
Verb + responsible
Paul is directly responsible for the
having the job or duty be | become | remain | make sb
efficient running of the office.
of doing something or Answerable Adv + responsible
Responsible (adj): taking care of Important entirely, totally, wholly | chiefly, largely,
Mothers are ultimately responsible
có trách nhiệm somebody/ something, Liable mainly, primarily | individually |
for the care and raising of children.
/rɪˈspɒnsəbl/ so that you may be Pledged collectively, jointly | formally, legally |
blamed if something Subject nominally | ultimately | financially
The head of state is responsible to
goes wrong Prep
his people and must obey the law.
for
Adj + gaze In this latest light-hearted book, he
direct, fixed, level, steady, unblinking, turns his satirical gaze on history.
watchful | intense, intent, penetrating,
piercing, searching | clear | cold, cool, hard, The same eyes were looking at me,
to look steadily at steely, stony | admiring, angry, critical | almost burning me with their intent
somebody/ something Glaring blue, brown, dark, grey | public gaze.
for a long time, either Looking Verb + gaze
Gaze (n): nhìn
because you are very Peek direct, fix (sb with), focus, turn | meet | hold I followed his gaze to look at a booth
chằm chằm
interested or surprised, Peep | follow | avert, drop, lower | avoid with basketball hoops and balls.
/ɡeɪz/
or because you are Watching Gaze + verb
thinking of something Seeing drift, flick, flicker, fly, move, rake, roam, Her gaze followed Simon's through
else run, shift, slide, sweep, travel, wander | the archway.
follow sth | fix on sth, lock (with sth), meet
sth | hold sth | linger, rest | fall | narrow When it is forced into the public
Prep gaze, we react in a way that shames
under sb's ~ us.
Structure (n): kết the way in which the Architecture Adj + structure Would an architect assemble a
cấu parts of something are Arrangement basic, simple | complex, elaborate | coherent, structure without a good
/ˈstrʌktʃə(r)/ connected, arranged, or Complex logical | flimsy | internal | anatomical, body, foundation?
organized; a particular Design bone, skeleton | atomic, cellular, chemical,
arrangement of parts Format molecular | grammatical, language, The report homed in on the
Formation linguistic, sentence, syntactic | weaknesses in the management
Organization administrative, committee, control, structure.
 corporate, institutional, management,
The report homed in on the
organizational, power | economic, financial,
weaknesses in the management
political, social | democratic, federal |
structure.
family, household | pay, price, salary, wage |
career
The phone uses a simplified pricing
Verb + structure
structure based on minutes of talk
have | lack | be based on | create, devise,
time.
System establish | impose
Structure + verb
It is deeply rooted in the social
be based on sth
relations and political structures of
Prep
American capitalism.
of a … ~ | … in ~ | in a/the ~ | ~ in/within
Phrases
There are many other structures
a change in structure, a change in/to the
associated with cells in addition to
structure | a lack of structure
the cell membrane.
Access as soon as possible for NGOs
Verb + possible
and aid is particularly important.
Achievable be, seem, sound | become | make sth | think
Available sth
Many people made it possible for us
Possible (adj): có Conceivable Adv + possible
that can be done or to achieve a great deal of work in a
thể làm được Desirable perfectly, quite | just | humanly |
achieved short period of time.
/ˈpɒsəbl/ Feasible theoretically
Probable Phrases
I think we need to do everything
Viable as far/long/much as possible | as
humanly possible to achieve our
quickly/soon as possible | if (at all) possible
goal.
Adj + measurement
Although exact measurements are
accurate, careful, exact, objective, precise |
not available, piracy is said to be a
laboratory, scientific | imperial, metric |
Amount "very big problem".
length, pressure, temperature | body, bust,
Analysis
the act or the process of chest, waist
Measurement (n): Appraisal I have spent all morning taking your
finding the size, Verb + measurement
số đo Assessment measurements Madame as the Count
quantity, or degree of carry out, make, obtain, perform, record,
/ˈmeʒəmənt/ Density asked me to do.
something take
Dimension
Measurement + noun
Frequency The body measurements combined
system, technique | scale, unit | error
very well with British units of
Phrases
measurement.
a scale/unit of measurement
Method (n): a particular way of Approach Adj + method We used different methods of
phương pháp doing something Manner effective, efficient, good, practical, reliable | calculation, but we both got the same
 simple | common, conventional, principal, result.
traditional, usual | new | alternative, other |
different, various | unusual | farming, Debit cards are becoming the
Mechanism research, scientific, teaching, working payment method of choice for many
Mode Verb + method consumers.
/ˈmeθəd/ Process adopt, employ, follow, use | develop, devise,
Program work out | change, improve New teaching methods encourage
Scheme Method + verb children to think for themselves.
involve sth | work
Prep This method involves cutting a very
~ for | ~ of thin slice from the object.
Adj + sketch The builder did a rough sketch of
lightning, quick | rough | preliminary, how the new stairs would look.
Blueprint
preparatory | charcoal, pencil, watercolor
Depiction
Sketch (n): bức vẽ a simple picture that is Verb + sketch My mother made a sketch of my
Description
phác drawn quickly and does do, draw, make brother reading a book.
Illustration
/sketʃ/ not have many details Sketch + noun
Summary
book, pad | map | plan A brief biographical sketch of each
Vignette
Prep author is also provided before each
in a/the ~ | ~ by | ~ for | ~ of selection.
I could just make out the dim
Adj + outline outlines of the house in the mist.
clear, sharp | blurred, dim, faint, vague |
Blueprint
simple Recommendations outlined in the
Draft
to give a description of Verb + outline recent report have angered investors.
Outline (n): tóm tắt Drawing
the main facts or points draw, make, trace | make out, see | soften
/ˈaʊtlaɪn/ Framework
involved in something Outline + noun Some pentimenti are also evident in
Summary
drawing, map the underdrawn outlines.
Synopsis
Prep
around/round the ~ | in ~ | ~ of Their bodies have clear outlines,
filled in with solid areas of color.
Adv + erect The event will take place in a
Construct
Erect (v): xây hastily, quickly | specially specially erected marquee.
Create
dựng to build something
Put up
/ɪˈrekt/ Phrases They decided to erect a bridge
Set up
newly/recently erected across the Niagara Gorge.
Ditch (n): cái a long channel dug at Dike Adj + ditch In town, invading militiamen had
mương the side of a field or Gutter deep, wide | shallow, small | open | muddy | filled an irrigation ditch with
/dɪtʃ/ road, to hold or take Moat drainage, irrigation | roadside concrete.
away water Trench Verb + ditch
 Then you discover that the process
dig
has all the glamour of digging a
Ditch + verb
ditch.
run | surround sth
Prep
I jumped out and fell into a deep
in/into a ~
ditch by the side of the road.
She had scrawled a note in chalk
Verb + chalk
across the blackboard.
quarry, colored
With white chalk, a recent
Chalk (n): đá phấn a type of soft white Chalk + noun
innovation, he wrote an E on the
/tʃɔːk/ stone cliff, downs, hill | pit, quarry, drawing | dust
slate.
Prep
A chalk cliff face at the back of the
in ~ | with ~
cove slows further erosion.
Her performance was technically
Verb + brilliant
Bright brilliant but lacked feeling.
be, look
Dazzling
Brilliant (adj): tài Adv + brilliant
extremely clever or Flashy The concert was brilliant - it lived
giỏi just, really | absolutely, quite, totally, utterly
impressive Luminous up to all our expectations.
/ˈbrɪliənt/ | technically
Sparkling
Prep
Vivid Lightning stabbed a signal brilliant
at
gnarled at the Earth.
Round He had round unblinking eyes and a
Verb + circular
Circular (adj): có Spheroid perfectly circular head.
having the shape of a be, look
hình tròn Circinate
circle; round Adv + circular
/ˈsɜːkjələ(r)/ Circling From a front view, the small birds
perfectly | almost, nearly, roughly, virtually
Orbicular can look almost circular.
Shape (n): hình the form of the outer Architecture Adj + shape This T-shirt has been washed so
dạng edges or surfaces of Aspect basic, simple | characteristic, distinctive | many times that it's lost its shape.
/ʃeɪp/ something; an example Configuration curious, interesting, unusual, weird |
of something that has a Contour awkward | original | regular, symmetrical | In the story, Faust is tempted by the
particular form Format complex | asymmetrical, irregular | odd, Devil, who has taken the shape of a
Frame random | aerodynamic | angular, arch, man.
Outline circular, cylindrical, diamond, dome, egg,
Pattern elliptical, elongated, hemispherical, He bought up businesses that were in
Silhouette hexagonal, oblong, pentagonal, pointed, poor shape and then sold them off
pyramid, rectangular, round, spherical, piece by piece.
triangular, wedge | rounded, smooth | arrow,
banana, cross, pear, star | blurred, ghostly, I haven't had any exercise for weeks,
 shadowy, vague | huge, massive | black,
dark, grey | human | body and I'm really out of shape.
Verb + shape
cut out, draw, make, trace | cut sth into, Our investments sailed through the
make sth in, produce sth in | come in, have | recent downturn in fairly good shape
assume, make, take on | keep, retain | regain with a diversified base.
| change | lose | distort | distinguish, make
out, see They started putting masking tape on
Shape + verb the floor to outline the shapes of
appear, emerge, loom machines.
Prep
in the ~ of I am not in the habit of following
Phrases strange shapes in the mist about
out of shape | oblong/rectangular/hexagonal, eerie woods.
etc. in shape
Adj + pattern Damage to the ozone layer has
intricate | geometric | floral | basic, existing, caused a change in weather
familiar, normal, predictable, regular, set, patterns.
traditional | changing, ever-changing |
Arrangement
complex | main | overall | behavior | The decision follows a pattern that
Decoration
employment | weather has become increasingly common in
Pattern (n): khuôn the regular way in Diagram
Verb + pattern the food industry.
mẫu which something Impression
have | design, make, print, produce, weave |
/ˈpætn/ happens or is done Instruction
establish, set | follow | fall into, fit into | A pattern is emerging of a steady
Mold
show reduction in costs and increased sales.
Original
Pattern + verb
develop, emerge | change The talks have set the pattern for
Prep trying to solve problems within the
in a/the ~ | ~ on | ~ for | ~ in | ~ of industry.
The earliest mention of the village is
Comment Adj + mention in a 16th-century manuscript.
to write or speak about
Footnote brief, passing | special | earliest, first
Mention (n): đề something/ somebody,
Notification Verb + mention His professor gets a mention in the
cập especially without
Recognition deserve | get, receive | make | hear acknowledgments.
/ˈmenʃn/ giving much
Remark Prep
information
Utterance at the ~ of At the mention of her dead husband,
her face clouded over.
Antique (n): đồ cổ old and often valuable Antiquity Adj + antique You can't give away Granny's old
/ænˈtiːk/ Artifact fine | genuine | priceless, valuable bookcase - it's a valuable antique.
Heirloom
 Verb + antique This is a recipe from my childhood,
collect, make which I guess makes it an antique.
Bygone
Monument
Antique + noun I just can't let go of the antique idea
dealer | antiques fair/shop of reading actual books.
Verb + excellent The nursing staff was excellent and
Admirable
appear, be, look, prove, seem, sound | kept us fully informed of her
Attractive
become | consider sth condition.
used to show that you Exceptional
Excellent (adj): Adv + excellent
are very pleased about Exquisite
xuất sắc most, really, truly | absolutely, quite | rather | The performances and recordings are
something or that you First-rate
/ˈeksələnt/ generally | uniformly | apparently | uniformly excellent.
approve of something Magnificent
potentially | otherwise
Outstanding
Prep Clancey was excellent at keeping the
Superlative
at | for kids under control.
Nearly a third of the population died
Adj + plague
in the Great Plague.
Contagion bubonic | great
a disease spread
Epidemic Verb + plague
Plague (n): bệnh by rats that causes a Rats can spread the plague, typhus,
Infection suffer | be decimated by, be destroyed by
dịch high temperature, and food poisoning.
Influenza Plague + verb
/pleɪɡ/ swellings on the body
Outbreak break out, start, strike (sth) | spread
and usually death Trees throughout the Northeast are
Pandemic Prep
being attacked by a plague of gypsy
~ of
moths.
The exploration of new sources of
Adj + exploration
energy is vital for the future of our
gas, mineral, oil, petroleum | polar, space |
planet.
offshore | archaeological, scientific |
speculative | extensive | detailed
Analysis The aim is to pay more attention to
a situation in which
Examination the human factor of space
somebody treats Verb + exploration
Exploration (n): Expedition exploration.
somebody else in an carry out | continue
sự thám hiểm Inspection
unfair way, especially
/ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn/ Research Oil exploration is a risky, but
to make money from Exploration + verb
Search potentially highly rewarding,
their work take place
Study investment option.
Exploration + noun
activity, drilling | program | company
In addition to theoretical
Prep
exploration, chanting and meditation
~ for | ~ of
also take place.
Refuse (v): từ chối to say or show that you Decline Adv + refuse They invited me to dinner and I
/rɪˈfjuːz/ will not do something Ignore adamantly, obstinately, resolutely, thought it would be churlish to
 refuse.
steadfastly, stoutly, stubbornly |
The demand for an apology was
categorically, flatly, point-blank, simply |
pointedly refused.
Rebuff pointedly | politely | consistently
that somebody has Reject
Some big brand wines are refusing
asked you to do Turn down
to accept supermarket price
Withdraw Verb + refuse
reductions.
can't/couldnot, can/could hardly | be entitled
to, have the right to | be/seem churlish to
On cold mornings the car always
refuses to start.
So higher education is denied to
Verb + backward
Rearward economically backward students.
Backward (adj): be, seem
directed or moving Bashful
lạc hậu Adv + backward
towards the back Hesitant It is your money, so never be
/ˈbækwəd/ very | rather, somewhat | economically,
Shy backward in coming forward to ask
educationally
for it.
Verb + hopeful Nor is he very hopeful that there will
Cheerful be, feel, seem, sound | become, get | remain ever be a ceasefire in his native land.
Comfortable
Hopeful (adj): đầy believing that
Confident Adv + hopeful I feel quite hopeful that a peaceful
hy vọng something you want
Enthusiastic extremely, very | almost | fairly, pretty, quite solution will be found.
/ˈhəʊpfl/ will happen
Trusting | eternally
Upbeat Prep The police are quite hopeful of
about | of catching the thieves.
Art and music are among the great
Adj + civilization
products of human civilization.
ancient, early | modern | advanced | primitive
| Greek, Roman, etc. | European, Western |
Some people think that nuclear war
great | industrial | human
Advancement would mean the end of civilization.
Civilization (n): a state of human society Verb + civilization
Development
nền văn minh that is very developed bring | create | destroy | save
Education Technology would eventually
/ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ and organized Phrases
Progress destroy civilization, and it was only
the beginnings/dawn of civilization,
a matter of time.
civilization as we know it | the
collapse/decline/end of a civilization, a level
Widespread use of the Internet may
of civilization
change modern civilization.
Amazing (adj): very surprising, Awesome Verb + amazing The wonderful jazzy numbers set the
tuyệt vời especially in a way that Incredible be, look, sound, taste | find sb/sth’ scene for some truly amazing tap
/əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ you like or admire Marvelous routines.
 Stunning
Adv + amazing
Surprising It is amazing how long this woman
just, pretty, really, truly | absolutely, most,
Unbelievable can hold her breath and work hard
quite
Wonderful underwater.
Verb + decay Chewing gum increases the flow of
rapid | slow | dental, tooth | economic, saliva leading to a reduction in
Corrosion industrial, urban | moral, physical, social | dental decay.
the process or result of Decomposition cause | stop | reverse | prevent | fall into
Decay (n): sự suy being destroyed by Degeneration Prep Fluoride is normally added to
sụp natural causes or by not Disintegration in ~ | ~ in | ~ of toothpaste for the treatment of teeth
/dɪˈkeɪ/ being cared for (= of Disrepair to prevent decay.
decaying) Extinction Phrases
Impairment the process of decay, signs of decay | an The glass shattered on the pavement,
odour/a smell/a stench of decay | a state of and all around are the signs of urban
decay decay.
You are advised to leave a wide
Adj + interval
interval before you have your next
brief, short | long, wide | decent
child.
Hiatus
Prep
Interval (n): sự Intermission We see each other at regular
a period of time at ~s | ~ between
giải lao Interruption intervals - usually about once a
between two events
/ˈɪntəvl/ Lull month.
Phrases
Spell
at fixed/frequent/periodic/regular intervals |
Several of the smaller pools dried
at hourly/weekly/fortnightly/monthly, etc.
during intervals between late August
intervals
and late October.
Adj + frenzy There was a frenzy of activity in the
Craze erotic | feeding financial markets yesterday.
Excitement Verb + frenzy
a state of great activity
Hysteria drive sb/sth into, send sb/sth into, throw The audience was whipped up into a
Frenzy (n): sự điên and strong emotion that
Madness sb/sth into, whip sb/sth into, work sb/sth into frenzy of emotion that sent everyone
cuồng is often violent or
Outburst Prep home on a high.
/ˈfrenzi/ frightening and not
Passion in a/your ~
under the control
Rage Phrases Local media outlets have been in a
Turmoil a frenzy of activity, in a frenzy of frenzy interviewing people who
excitement/rage/violence attended the party.
Proportion (n): sự a part or share of a Capacity Adj + proportion Admittedly, these conditions afflict a
cân đối whole Dimension appreciable, considerable, fair, good, great, very small proportion of the
/prəˈpɔːʃn/ Fraction high, huge, large, overwhelming, significant, population.
Magnitude sizeable, substantial | reasonable | low, small
 | minute, negligible, tiny | certain | equal | The report shows that poor families
equivalent, similar | different, differing, spend a larger proportion of their
varying | fixed | exact | approximate | income on food.
Percentage
average | overall | growing, increasing,
Portion
rising | declining, decreasing, diminishing The chart shows how weight
Rate
Verb + proportion increases in proportion to height
Scale
express sth as | grow as, increase as, rise as |
Scope
decline as, decrease as, diminish as, fall as He pledged to boost the group's
Proportion + verb proportion of home sales from 5%
grow, increase, rise | decline, decrease, fall to 10%.