UNIT 6: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Language, linguistics
Words Meaning Synonyms Collocation Example
Adj + accuracy
absolute, complete, perfect, pinpoint, total, The latest missiles can be fired with
the state of being unerring | amazing, considerable, remarkable, incredible accuracy.
Certainty
exact or correct; the uncanny | reasonable, sufficient | factual,
Accuracy (n): sự Efficiency
ability to do historical, technical In these cases, the likely outcomes can
chính xác Skill
something with skill Verb + accuracy be predicted with some accuracy.
/ˈækjərəsi/ Truthfulness
and without making improve, increase | check, confirm, test |
Veracity
mistakes ensure | doubt, question Many people began to question the
Prep accuracy of his statement.
with ~
Adj + communication Television is an increasingly important
effective, good | poor | direct | open | two-way means of communication.
| interpersonal | regular | electronic, non-
verbal, verbal, written | business There's very little communication
Verb + communication between mother and daughter.
establish | facilitate, improve | prevent
the activity or Connection Communication + verb E-mail is an increasingly important
Communication process of expressing Contact break down means of business communication.
(n): sự trao đổi ideas and feelings or Conversation Communication + noun
/kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn/ of giving people Link skills | breakdown Good communication skills are
information Communion Prep essential in this job.
in ~ with | ~ between | ~ by | ~ with
Phrases I establish very few postal mail
+ a breakdown in communication(s), communications from merchants.
channels/ lines of communication
+ a lack of communication, a means/ method/ Communication between the two
system of communication sides company has broken down.
Adj + concept It is very difficult to define the
basic, simple | broad, general, overall, wider | concept of beauty.
Approach entire, whole | central, core, essential,
Concept (n): ý an idea or a principle Conception fundamental, important, key | clear, precise | It is sometimes easier to illustrate an
tưởng that is connected with Notion ambiguous, elusive, nebulous, vague | abstract concept by analogy with
/ˈkɒnsept/ something abstract Perception difficult, sophisticated | abstract, intellectual, something concrete.
Theory theoretical | alien, bizarre | underlying | useful
| modern, new, novel | traditional | business, As I said, it's a hard thought, a
economic, historical, legal, mathematical, difficult concept to explain without
 political, psychological, religious, scientific
Verb + concept sounding loopy.
have | grasp, understand | define, formulate,
frame | introduce | develop We also plan to introduce the concept
Prep of accountability in the SOS system.
~ of
What lay behind the decision is open
Adj + conjecture to conjecture.
an opinion or idea Guesswork
pure, new
Conjecture (n): that is not based on Hunch
Prep But they also inspire new conjectures
phỏng đoán definite knowledge Hypothesis
~ about/as to and ideas.
/kənˈdʒektʃə(r)/ and is formed by Inference
Phrases
guessing Supposition
a matter for conjecture, open to conjecture There was a lot of conjecture as to the
extent of her wealth.
the form of a
The poem is written in the northern
language that is Adj + dialect
Pronunciation dialect.
spoken in one area local, native, regional | non-standard |
Idiom
Dialect (n): thổ with grammar, northern, southern, etc. | Scottish, Ulster
Jargon There can therefore be no doubt that
ngữ words, and Verb + dialect
Language the scribe was a dialect speaker.
/ˈdaɪəlekt/ pronunciation that speak (in), listen (to)
Lingo
may be different Dialect + noun
Terminology He was listening to a Yorkshire
from other forms of expression, form, word | speaker, region
dialect poetry reading.
the same language
the quality of being One of the requirements of the job is
Fluidity
able to speak or write Verb + fluency fluency in two or more African
Fluency (n): lưu Naturalness
a language, achieve, acquire languages.
loát Regularity
especially a foreign Prep
/ˈfluːənsi/ Rhythmicity
language, easily and ~ in Some young children achieve great
Eloquence
well fluency in their reading.
Gesture (n): cử a movement that you Attitude Adj + gesture He responded with a vague gesture in
chỉ make with your Posture expansive, expressive, extravagant, the direction of the pub.
/ˈdʒestʃə(r)/ hands, your head, or Salute flamboyant, melodramatic, sweeping,
your face to show a Action theatrical | abrupt | careless, vague | futile | To be frank, this was the most
particular meaning Expression political | obscene, rude | defiant, threatening | heartening gesture of solidarity I
Indication dismissive, impatient, irritable | imperious | heard.
Signal placatory | bold | dramatic, extravagant, grand
| conciliatory, friendly, goodwill | charitable, The taxi driver made a rude gesture as
philanthropic | empty, small, symbolic, token he overtook us.
Verb + gesture
make Eating boiled potatoes instead of chips
 Prep
was his only gesture toward healthy
by | with a | of | as a ~ | in a ~ | ~ against | ~
eating.
towards
After a slight hesitation, she began to
Adj + hesitation
speak.
Doubt brief, fractional, momentary, slight | initial
the act of being slow Equivocation Prep
Hesitation (n): sự There was no sign of hesitation in
to speak or act Hesitancy after … ~ | without ~
do dự their play or lack of creativity in
because you feel Indecision Phrases
/ˌhezɪˈteɪʃn/ attack.
uncertain or nervous Misgiving have no hesitation in doing sth | a moment's
Skepticism hesitation, a moment of hesitation | sign of the
She answered immediately, without
hesitation
any hesitation.
Adj + language Java and Perl are both important
foreign, second | original | target | ancient, computer programming languages.
classical | common, shared | indigenous, local |
official | national | international | minority | One of the main reasons I came to
spoken, written | colloquial, informal | formal | England was to study the language.
flowery, poetic | racist, sexist | sign | body |
the system of Dialect
legal, technical | computer, programming This type of parent-child interaction is
communication in Jargon
Language (n): Verb + language associated with language learning in
speech and writing Speech
ngôn ngữ speak | understand | use | learn, study | master | infancy.
that is used by people Terminology
/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/ be couched in, be expressed in | enrich
of a particular Vocabulary
Language + noun With an easy command of two
country or area Wording
acquisition, learning | course, lesson languages and her local dialect, the
Prep world can open up for her.
in … ~
Phrases Some things could only be expressed
command/knowledge/mastery of (a) language in the compact language of
| use of language mathematics.
There are two different
Adj + pronunciation
pronunciations of this word.
correct, good | bad, incorrect | alternative,
Inflection
the way in which a different, variant | standard | American,
Pronunciation Utterance Students said it was helpful if the
language or a Australian, etc.
(n): phát âm Accentuation teacher corrected their
particular word or Verb + pronunciation
/prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/ Intonation pronunciation.
sound is pronounced correct, exaggerate
Voicing
Pronunciation + noun
English pronunciation is notoriously
drill, exercise, practice, English
difficult.
Sign (n): kí hiệu an event, an action, a Gesture Adj + sign He signed to the waiter to bring him
/saɪn/ fact, etc. that shows Manifestation clear, definite, distinct, obvious, real, sure, another drink.
 telltale, unmistakable | external, outward,
visible | tangible | increasing | encouraging, The priest made the sign of the cross
healthy, hopeful, positive, welcome | bad, when he entered the church.
disturbing | danger, ominous, warning, spiral
Verb + sign He made a sign to his boyfriend to
bear, have | exhibit, display, give, show | stop talking.
Prediction
that something exists, detect, find, see, make | interpret (sth as), read,
Signal
is happening, or may recognize, see sth as | look for | point out She made a spiral sign with his hand
Symbol
happen in the future Sign + verb to indicate that they should turn.
Symptom
appear, come | indicate sth, point to sth
Prep All the signs pointed to it being more
at a/the ~ | from ~ | ~ of | ~ to than just a coincidence.
Phrases
sign of life | a sign of cross | little/no/not the There was still no sign of it five days
least/not the slightest sign (of sb/sth) later, and so began two weeks of hell.
Adj + vocabulary
extensive, large, rich, wide | limited, narrow, By the age of two, a child will have a
poor, restricted, small | active, passive | basic, vocabulary of about two hundred
Dictionary essential, key | formal | business, scientific, words.
Jargon specialized, technical
Vocabulary (n):
all the words that a Terminology Verb + vocabulary Every week our Spanish teacher gives
từ vựng
person knows or uses Lexicon have | acquire, learn | develop, enlarge, enrich, us a list of vocabulary to learn.
/vəˈkæbjələri/
Thesaurus expand, extend, increase, widen | enter | use
Wordbook Prep Abstract words form the bulk of the
~ for/of vocabulary of major modern
Phrases languages like English.
not in sb's vocabulary | a list of vocabulary
Verb + sophisticated These people are very sophisticated
Mature be, feel, look, seem | become, get observers of the foreign policy scene.
clever and Practical Adv + sophisticated
Sophisticated
complicated in the Experienced highly, very, extremely, highly, very I have any books that would suit your
(adj): tinh vi
way that it works or Knowing | quite, rather | enough, sufficiently | sophisticated tastes.
/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/
is presented Practiced intellectually, politically | increasingly | fairly,
Seasoned pretty, quite, rather, relatively | enough, She was a highly sophisticated and
sufficiently | technically, technologically elegant woman.
Casual Verb + spontaneous His jokes seemed spontaneous but
Spontaneous not planned but done Impromptu appear, be, seem were carefully prepared beforehand.
(adj): tự nhiên because you suddenly Instinctive Adv + spontaneous
/spɒnˈteɪniəs/ want to do it Unplanned genuinely | quite, totally | apparently, This was a wonderfully spontaneous
Voluntary seemingly | wonderfully performance of the symphony.

Clarify (v): dễ to make something
Formulate
hiểu clearer or easier to
/ˈklærəfaɪ/ understand
Communicate to share or exchange
(v): giao tiếp information, news,
Correspond
/kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ ideas, feelings, etc.
Appreciate
Comprehend (v): Assimilate
to understand
bao hàm
something fully
/ˌkɒmprɪˈhend/
to state or show that
Confirm (v): xác
something is true or
nhận
correct, especially by Corroborate
/dɪˈfaɪn/
providing evidence
Characterize
Define (v): định to say or explain
nghĩa what the meaning of
/dɪˈfaɪn/ a word or phrase is
Demonstrate (v): to show something
chứng minh clearly by giving
Analyze Adv + clarify Headings and sub-headings further
Define fully | further clarify the structure of the article.
Verb + clarify
Interpret attempt to, seek to, try to | need to | help (to), Talking it through with you has
Resolve serve to | should | be delighted to, be happy to, helped me to clarify my thinking
Simplify be pleased to about the problem.
Advertise People tend to associate and
Adv + communicate
Broadcast communicate with those who share
effectively, successfully, well | directly | easily
Contact their viewpoints.
| verbally | electronically
Prep
Impart They rely on hand signals and radios
by | through | to | with
Interact to improve effectively communicate.
It is something that I, as an immigrant
Adv + comprehend to this country, could never entirely
fully, entirely comprehend.
Discern Verb + comprehend
Envision be able/unable to | cannot, fail to | be difficult Only when we understand that will we
Fathom to, be impossible to be able to help them comprehend
why it disturbs us so much.
Affirm Again, testing can help confirm a
Adv + confirm
Approve diagnosis suspected on clinical
merely, only, simply | officially, apparently
Certify grounds.
Verb + confirm
be able/unable to, can/could | appear to, seem
Endorse So this crisis summit at least confirms
to, tend to
Verify one apparently forgotten truth.
It is very difficult to define the
Adv + define
concept of beauty.
accurately, carefully, correctly, exactly,
explicitly, precisely, specifically | clearly,
The rules for their establishment are
fully, strongly, well | adequately | ill, poorly |
strictly defined by existing regulatory
Delineate broadly | loosely, vaguely | closely, narrowly,
documents.
Describe rigidly, strictly, tightly | simply, solely | easily
Determine | formally, officially | traditionally | culturally,
It's a very hierarchical organization in
Explain geographically, socially | legally
which everyone's status is clearly
Illustrate Verb + define
defined.
be difficult to, be impossible to | be easy to
Prep
It's what defines his character, says
in terms of
his campaign.
Confirm Adv + demonstrate These numbers clearly demonstrate
Describe amply, beyond doubt, clearly, conclusively, the size of the economic problem
 convincingly, successfully, well | adequately |
facing the country.
further | elegantly | empirically,
Express
experimentally | graphically, vividly,
/ˈdemənstreɪt/ proof or evidence Teach Thousands of people gathered to
peacefully
Testify to demonstrate against the new
Prep
proposals.
to | against | for
Adv + distinguish He's color-blind and can't distinguish
Analyze sharply | carefully, barely | readily between red and green easily.
Categorize Verb + distinguish
Distinguish (v): to recognize the
Differentiate be able to, can/could | be unable to | be It’s important to distinguish between
phân biệt difference between
Discriminate difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to, be scientific fact and fiction.
/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ two people or things
Identify possible to | be important to, be necessary to
Separate Prep In the dark, I could barely distinguish
between | from the shape of a person.
Adv + emerge She emerged from the bedroom, a
slowly | suddenly | finally, eventually | clearly, vision in cream silk.
Appear
to move out of or strongly | gradually | quickly | recently | later,
Emerge (v): hiện Arrive
away from something subsequently | eventually, ultimately The facts behind the scandal are sure
ra Materialize
and become possible Prep to emerge eventually.
/ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ Show
to see from | into | out of
Turn up
Verb + emerge A pattern is beginning to emerge
begin to, start to from our analysis of the accident data.
Adv + evolve Other cafes evolved into centers for
gradually, slowly | rapidly | eventually | the arts and sciences.
to develop gradually, constantly, continually | naturally |
Derive
especially from a independently, separately Most languages are constantly
Evolve (v): tiến Emerge
simple to a more Verb + evolve evolving and changing, which is what
hoá Expand
complicated form; to continue to keeps them alive.
/ɪˈvɒlv/ Grow
develop something in Prep
Mature
this way from | into But not all scientists agree that life
Phrases evolved from chemicals in the
fully/highly evolved primordial soup.
Explain (v): giải to tell somebody Analyze Adv + explain This goes some way towards
thích about something in a Clarify in detail | fully | adequately, properly, explaining the hostility between the
/ɪkˈspleɪn/ way that makes it Define satisfactorily | partly | briefly | easily, readily | two groups.
easy to understand Describe clearly | carefully | patiently | earnestly |
Expound concisely, succinctly, tersely | awkwardly, The teacher explained the rules to the
Illustrate lamely | breathlessly, excitedly children.
Verb + explain
be able/unable to, can/could | attempt to, seek It explains in detail why he came to
 Scotland and how the factory was
to, try to | help (to) | purport to | be difficult to,
born.
be hard to | hasten to | let sb
Prep
She tried to explain what had
about | to
happened but he kept interrupting her.
Phrases
explain everything | go a long way/some way
Molly asked the teacher if she could
towards explaining sth
explain herself a little more clearly.
Like a lot of men, he finds it hard to
Adv + express
Assert express his emotions.
to show or make openly | | cogently | exactly, precisely |
Communicate
Express (v): bảy known a feeling, an concisely, succinctly | eloquently, verbally
Convey The program tries to get students to
tỏ opinion, etc. by Verb + express
Declare express themselves verbally.
/ɪkˈspres/ words, looks or be/feel able/unable to | find it difficult to
Indicate
actions Phrases
Suggest It will also help to express milk to
a chance/an opportunity to express sth
keep your breast well-drained.
Attitude
to move your hands, Adv + gesture He gestured wildly with one hand as
Posture
Gesture (v): điệu head, face, etc. as a vaguely | wildly | expansively | abruptly, he spoke, trying to get his point across.
Salute
bộ way of expressing impatiently | helplessly
Expression
/ˈdʒestʃə(r)/ what you mean or Prep She made no answer but walked on,
Indication
want at | about/around | for | to | towards | with gesturing for me to follow.
Signal
Adv + illustrate
The lecturer illustrated his point with
admirably, aptly, nicely | perfectly | merely,
a diagram on the blackboard.
Clarify simply | clearly, dramatically, graphically,
Depict strikingly, vividly | brutally, starkly, tragically
to use pictures, It is sometimes easier to illustrate an
Illustrate (v): Emphasize | heavily, lavishly, richly | fully | attractively,
photographs, abstract concept by analogy with
minh hoạ Explain beautifully, delightfully, handsomely,
diagrams, etc. in a something concrete.
/ˈɪləstreɪt/ Highlight superbly
book, etc.
Interpret Verb + illustrate
This book is beautifully colorfully
Point up be chosen to, be designed to, be intended to
illustrated by Edward Eaves and is
Prep
lots of fun.
to | with
Imply (v): ngụ ý to suggest that Entail Adv + imply He seems to imply that domestic
/ɪmˈplaɪ/ something is true or Involve heavily, strongly | simply | generally, violence, especially against women,
that you feel or think Mention normally, usually | automatically | not isn't that big a deal.
something, without Signify necessarily | in no way
saying so directly Suggest Verb + implies The relative absence of women in this
seem to | intend to, mean to | take sth to public sphere automatically implies
Phrases their lack of power.
 express or implied
Express Adv + indicate She indicated to me she didn't want
Illustrate clearly | not necessarily me to say anything.
Indicate (v): biểu to show that
Imply Verb + indicate
thị something is true or
Point out appear to, seem to | be used to The lower slope seems to indicate a
/ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ exists
Prove Prep stronger actomyosin bond in the
Reveal to slower muscle.
She pronounced his name so badly
Adv + pronounce that he didn't even recognize it.
Inflection clearly, distinctly, mistakenly | correctly,
Pronounce (v): to make the sound of Utterance properly, confidently, badly The only other solution is for
phát âm a word or letter in a Accentuation Verb + pronounce foreigners to pronounce words
/prəˈnaʊns/ particular way Intonation can know how to | be difficult to correctly.
Voicing Prep
as | as in | in favor of | on/upon The committee has pronounced or of
the merger.
Call up Adv + recall Some of my memories have faded but
(not used in the Cite distinctly, vividly, well | dimly, vaguely | I will try to recall events that stand
Recall (v): hồi
progressive tenses) to Evoke correctly | suddenly | fondly | still out in my mind.
tưởng
make somebody Remind Verb + recall
/rɪˈkɔːl/
think of something Summon seem to | be able to, can/could (barely), I well recall walking the five miles to
Think of can't/couldn't (quite) | try to school every morning.
Adv + refer In her autobiography, she occasionally
Attribute briefly, in passing | specifically | commonly | refers to her unhappy schooldays.
to send somebody/
Indicate frequently, often | generally, usually |
Refer (v): tham something to
Introduce sometimes | always | jokingly, occasionally He always refers to the house as his
khảo somebody/
Invoke Verb + refer "refuge".
/rɪˈfɜː(r)/ something for help,
Point out be used to
advice, or a decision
Specify Prep Pronouns are often used to refer to a
as noun that has already been mentioned.
State (v): tuyên a country considered Articulate Adj + state A positive state of mind is also
bố as an organized Describe acceptable, fit, good, healthy | appalling, thought to be of great help in
/steɪt/ political community Explain awful, bad, desperate, dire, dreadful, pitiful, protecting against such problems.
controlled by one Expound poor, sorry, terrible | run-down | emotional,
government Express mental, psychological | financial | nervous, According to quantum theory, the
Set forth trance-like | current, present | former, previous state of a particle is described as its
| natural | constant, continual, continuous, wave function.
permanent, perpetual | advanced, positive
Verb + state Exercise can make a big difference to
get into, go into | get sth into your state of health.
 Prep
in a ~ | into a ~ | ~ of
Over the years the church has fallen
Phrases
into a state of neglect.
be in a good/bad, etc. state of repair | a state of
affairs | a state of emergency | a state of flux |
I think you've managed to capture my
a state of health | a state of mind | a state of
state of mind pretty much exactly.
shock | a state of war
to have difficulty
Toni's developed a slight stutter over
speaking because you Sputter Adj + stutter
Stutter (v): nói the last few months.
cannot stop yourself Stammer bad | slight | occasional
lắp
from repeating the Hesitate Verb + stutter
/ˈstʌtə(r)/ He had a stutter and she helped him
first sound of some Splutter have, speak with
and gave him confidence.
words several times
Adv + suggest They'd laugh in your face if you
tentatively | respectfully, tactfully | helpfully, suggested me for the post.
Advise humbly, strong
to put forward an Advocate Verb + suggest May I humbly suggest a clearer
Suggest (v): gợi ý idea or a plan for Offer seem reasonable to | be wrong to | be tempting alternative to that meaningless bit of
/səˈdʒest/ other people to think Propose to | dare (to) cant?
about Recommend Prep
Submit as | for | to The scientific evidence strongly
Phrased suggests a link between cigar smoking
can/may I suggest, I (would) suggest and cancer of the pancreas.
Adv + translate She works for the UN, translating
accurately, correctly | freely, loosely, roughly | from English into French.
Convert generally, normally, usually | variously, well
to express the
Translate (v): Decipher Verb + translate The ways of working that he had
meaning of speech or
phiên dịch Render attempt to, try to | be difficult to learned at college did not translate
writing in a different
/trænzˈleɪt/ Transcribe Prep well.
language
Spell out as | for | from | into
Phrases It can be very difficult to translate
widely translated idioms.
Grammar (n): the rules in a Alphabet Adj + grammar Each unit of the course book focuses
ngữ pháp language for Syntax correct, good, different | bad, incorrect | on a different grammar point.
/ˈɡræmə(r)/ changing the form of Linguistics Arabic, French, Latin, etc.
words and joining Morphology Verb + grammar People were too polite to correct my
them into sentences Principles correct, teach | learn grammar when I spoke German.
Grammar + noun
rules Nobody uses the grammar of film
Phrases with more economy and precision.
 the rules of grammar
Adj + ability
exceptional, extraordinary, great, outstanding, She had the ability to explain things
remarkable, uncanny | inherent, innate, natural clearly and concisely.
Capability | proven | academic, acting, artistic, athletic,
the fact that
Ability (n): có Competence creative, intellectual, linguistic, mathematical, I'm convinced that he possesses the
somebody/
khả năng Intelligence musical, reading, technical | mental, physical individual technical ability to be on
something is able to
/əˈbɪləti/ Strength Verb + ability the France team.
do something
Understanding have | demonstrate, show | acquire, develop |
lack | lose | appreciate, recognize She utilized her resources to the best
Phrases of her ability.
to the best of your ability
It may involve going to Pearson
Adv + prevent
Airport to try to prevent deportation
effectively, successfully | forcibly, physically
from happening.
Verb + prevent
Avert
be able/unable to, can/could | attempt to, seek
to stop somebody Avoid Frustration is a blockage, you are
to, take action/steps to, try to | help (to) | be
Prevent (v): ngăn from doing Block prevented from fulfilling your
designed to | be/do nothing to
chặn something; to stop Limit desires.
Prep
/prɪˈvent/ something from Preclude
from
happening Prohibit Action must be swift in order to
Phrases
Restrict prevent further damage.
aimed at preventing sth | action/measures to
prevent sth, an attempt to prevent sth, in order
This new legislation effectively
to prevent sth
prevents us from trading.
Mistake (n): lỗi an action or an Blunder Adj + mistake I've discovered a few mistakes in
lầm opinion that is not Fault big, great | bad, dreadful, fundamental, your calculations.
/mɪˈsteɪk/ correct, or that Gaffe ghastly, grave, serious, terrible | costly,
produces a result that Inaccuracy expensive | disastrous, fatal | tragic | If you draw or write in pencil you can
you did not want Miscalculation elementary, little, simple | common | genuine, always rub out your mistakes with an
Misstep honest | deliberate | past | stupid | spelling eraser.
Verb + mistake
make | repeat | learn from | pay for, rub out | It gave the readers a chance to correct
discover, realize | acknowledge, admit (to) | mistakes and add information.
correct, put right, rectify
Mistake + verb You know, mistakes happen in
happen, occur journalism, as they happen in the
Prep military.
by ~ | ~ about | ~ in
Phrases The simple truth is that terrible
 all a mistake | an easy mistake to make mistakes have been made.
Adj + surprise It was a wonderful surprise to get
great, utter | mild | initial | mock, wonderful home and find the letter.
Amazement
Verb + surprise
an event, a piece of Astonishment
Surprise (n): sự express, register, show | feign | hide | cause The people showed no surprise or
news, etc. that is Awe
ngạc nhiên Prep anger at their treatment.
unexpected or that Bewilderment
/səˈpraɪz/ in ~ | to your ~ | with/without ~ | ~ at
happens suddenly Shock
Phrases On stage, there was yet another
Wonder
an expression/ a look of surprise, a pleasant surprise in store for the
gasp/scream/shriek, etc. of surprise audience.
It's hard to believe there's anything
Adv + believe
wrong with him - he looks so healthy.
Accept firmly, seriously, sincerely, mistakenly, easily
to feel certain that Admit Verb + believe
Believe (v): tin What I think is so remarkable about
something is true or Conclude can't/cannot, could not | be hard to | give sb to
tưởng these stories is that we can so very
that somebody is Consider | have reason to | be inclined to | lead sb to
/bɪˈliːv/ easily believe them.
telling you the truth Trust Phrases
Understand can/could hardly/scarcely believe sth, not
I believe her to be the finest violinist
believe a word of sth
in the world.
Adj + switch You turn the television on by flipping
mains, master, power | electric, electrical | the switch to the side.
dimmer, off, on, on-off, time, timer | ignition,
Convert intercom, light The charity has switched from TV
to change or make Divert Verb + switch advertising to direct mail.
Switch (v): công
something change Replace flick, flip, press, pull, throw, turn off/on
tắc mở
from one thing to Shift Switch + verb All these machines operate at the flick
/swɪtʃ/
another Swap activate sth, control sth, operate sth of a switch.
Turn Prep
by (a) ~ | on a ~ | ~ for | ~ from The pilot reached across to the huge
Phrases bank of switches on his right and
at the flick of a switch | a bank of switches flicked a couple.
Over short periods, the growth rates
Verb + constant
remain virtually constant.
Continual be | remain, stay | hold sth, keep sth
Nonstop Adv + constant
Constant (adj): It is important to have a continuous
happening all the Perpetual remarkably | absolutely | almost, nearly,
vững vàng and constant flow rate.
time or repeatedly Stable virtually | fairly, reasonably, relatively | more
/ˈkɒnstənt/
Steady or less, roughly
These figures were virtually constant
Unbroken Prep
across the 1991 and 2001 censuses.
across
 Adj + industry
thriving | important, major | growing | The state of Michigan has endowed
declining | modern | traditional | domestic, three institutes to do research for
international, national | private | strategic | industry.
manufacturing, service | construction |
engineering | shipbuilding | chemical, He was honored for his distinguished
electricity, energy, mining, nuclear, | service in the industry.
agricultural, fishing, timber | pharmaceutical |
electronics | textiles, state-owned | advertising The government was determined to
| insurance | entertainment, film | catering, reduce the number of state-owned
leisure, tourist industries.
Business Verb + industry
the production of
Industry (n): Commerce assist, develop, encourage, help, stimulate | They hope that the disk drive will
goods from raw
ngành công nghệp Corporation run down | damage | cripple, destroy, ruin | become an industry standard.
materials, especially
/ˈɪndəstri/ Management nationalize | privatize | regulate | protect |
in factories
Production subsidize | be involved in/with | enter, go into It has to solve the problem of poverty
Industry + verb and develop the industry if the
develop, grow up, spring up | boom, expand, process is to advance.
grow | decline, shrink | close down, disappear |
compete | produce sth The automaker spends $581 more on
Industry + noun distribution per car than the industry
leader | standard, average average.
Prep
in/within ~ The arrival of the homes is the result
Phrases of a decline in the manufacturing
a captain of industry | the revival of (an) industry.
industry | a sector of industry
Crowds of fans spilled onto the field
(especially of Overflow Adv + spill at the end of the game.
liquid) to flow over Pour almost | accidentally, likely | out, over
Spill (v): làm tràn the edge of a Run out Verb + spill If you funnel the oil into the engine,
/spɪl/ container by Scatter try not to | let sth you're less likely to spill it.
accident; to make Spillover Prep
liquid do this Stream down, from, into, onto, out of, over He tried not to spill sugar all the
floor.
Ocean (n): đại the mass of salt water Sea Adj + ocean This area was one of the most remote
dương that covers most of Tide deep | vast | great | open | tropical | southern and least traveled expanses of the
/ˈəʊʃn/ the earth’s surface Briny Verb + ocean world’s oceans.
High seas cross, sail | explore
Seaway Ocean + noun These mysterious creatures live at the
 depths | surface | bed, floor | basin | water | bottom of the ocean.
wave | current | voyage | liner
Prep Lazarus looked out and could see a
across the ~ | in the ~ | bottom the ~ huge vast ocean in front of him.
Phrases
the bottom/depths/middle/surface/health of the We are trying to cross the ocean in a
ocean, the oceans of the world cardboard canoe.
The building society elected to
Adv + elect
become a stock market company in
annually | locally, nationally | democratically,
2008.
Appoint popularly | unanimously | directly, indirectly |
Elect (v): chọn to choose somebody Designate duly, formally | lawfully, legally, legitimately
He was unanimously elected to the
lựa to do a particular job Nominate Prep
position at the first meeting of the new
/ɪˈlekt/ by voting for them Resolve to
board.
Vote for Phrases
be/get elected | be declared elected | be elected
Any candidate with more than half the
unopposed | newly elected
votes shall be declared elected.
Adj + college
I attended the College of Arts and
community, local | sixth form, tertiary |
Sciences at New York University.
tutorial | university | agricultural, FE/further
education, military, music, police, secretarial,
She lectures in education at the teacher
teacher training, technical, theological,
training college.
a place where Institute veterinary, etc.
College (n): đại students go to study Lyceum Verb + college
Many colleges and universities now
học or to receive training Organization attend, go to | finish, graduate from
offer modular degree courses.
/ˈkɒlɪdʒ/ after they have left Seminary College + noun
school University lecturer, principal, teacher | staff | student |
After high school, I wanted to go to
course | chapel, library, room
college and study business law.
Prep
at ~ | in ~
At college, I studied textiles and
Phrases
illustration, so I married the two.
a college of (further/higher) education
Summarize (v): to give a summary of Compile Adv + summarize She began to summarize the salient
tóm tắt something Encapsulate briefly, succinctly | aptly, best, conveniently, features of the proposal.
/ˈsʌməraɪz/ Outline neatly, usefully, well | easily
Recap Verb + summarize The results of the analysis are
Rehash attempt to, try to, began to | be possible to | be summarized in Table 14.2.
Sum up difficult to
Prep The research has been usefully
as, in ~ summarized in an article by
 Greenwood.
Aim The course is intended for
to have a plan, result, Adv + intend
Intend (v): có ý Contemplate intermediate-level students.
or purpose in your fully | originally
định Designate
mind when you do Prep
/ɪnˈtend/ Destine He had originally intended to stay in
something for, to
Expect the country for only a year or two.
Adj + connotation
"Resolute" means stubborn, but with a
Meaning strong, positive | wider | negative, pejorative |
more positive connotation.
Connotation (n): an idea suggested by Overtone positive | humorous | moral, racial, sexual
sự hàm súc a word in addition to Significance Verb + connotation
Some of their words seemed to carry
/ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃn/ its main meaning Association carry, have | attach, give sth | seem to
connotations that I was never able to
Essence Prep
recognize.
~ of
We really appreciate all the help you
Adv + appreciate
gave us last weekend.
Acknowledge really | fully, properly | deeply, greatly, really,
to recognize the good
Appreciate (v): Comprehend very much | easily, readily
qualities of Any advice that you can give me
đánh giá Fathom Verb + appreciate
somebody/ would be greatly appreciated.
/əˈpriːʃieɪt/ Perceive fail to
something
Recognize Phrases
The government failed to appreciate
be generally/widely appreciated
the fact that voters were angry.
to say that something Contravene A healthy body of evidence would
Adv + contradict
Contradict (v): that somebody else Counter appear to contradict my assertion.
clearly, completely, directly, flatly
mâu thuẫn has said is wrong and Differ
Verb + contradict
/ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/ that the opposite is Disprove That flatly contradicts the Opposition
appear to, seem to
true Negate leader's version of events.
She was annoyed to discover that her
Adv + discover
husband had taken her car keys.
quickly | suddenly | subsequently | eventually
Verb + discover
We reviewed enrollment figures to
Detect be amazed to, be astonished to, be astounded
discover exactly when and why the
to be the first person Explore to, be surprised to | be alarmed to, be appalled
Discover (v): phát student population declined.
to become aware that Identify to, be dismayed to, be horrified to, be a shock
hiện
a particular place or Invent to | be delighted to, be fascinated to, be
/dɪˈskʌvə(r)/ The only problem now was what he
thing exists Realize intrigued to | be fascinating to | be difficult to |
was going to do with this newly
Recognize be possible to | attempt to, try to
discovered fact.
Phrases
newly/recently discovered | only to discover
It helps the student to learn how to see
sth | an opportunity to discover sth
and discover details.
Exception (n): a person or thing that Exemption Adj + exception I like all kinds of movies with the
 conspicuous, important, major, notable, exception of horror movies.
obvious, significant, striking | minor, rare |
honorable, absolute Her books are always entertaining and
Oddity
Verb + exception this one is no exception.
Deviation
ngoại lệ is not included in a make
Difference
/ɪkˈsepʃn/ general statement Prep I wouldn't normally agree but I'll
Eccentricity
with the ~ of | without ~ | ~ to make an exception in this case.
Inconsistency
Phrases
be no exception | be the exception rather than The manager only bends the rules as
the rule | be the exception to the rule an absolute exception.
The two countries combined against
to come together to Associate their common enemy.
form a single thing or Blend Adv + combine
Combine (v): kết
group; to join two or Incorporate successfully She manages to successfully combine
hợp
more things or Link Prep motherhood and a career.
/kəmˈbaɪn/
groups together to Merge against | with
form a single one Mix She manages to combine a sharp
mind with a sympathetic manner.
The minister was instructed to accept
the advice of senior civil servants.
Advise
to tell somebody to Adv + instruct
Instruct (v): dạy Discipline
do something, carefully, apparently | explicitly, specifically She had apparently instructed
dỗ Educate
especially in a formal Phrases solicitors to deal with the matter.
/ɪnˈstrʌkt/ Guide
or official way as instructed
Tutor
The police have been instructed not
to let anyone leave the area.
Experiment (n): a scientific test that is Examination Adj + experiment Some people believe that experiments
cuộc thí nghiệm done to study what Measure animal | field, laboratory | educational, on animals should be banned.
/ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ happens and to gain Operation medical, psychological, scientific | practical |
new knowledge Practice thought | simple | socialist | careful, control | Don't forget to try out the equipment
Procedure interesting | ingenious | successful, before setting up the experiment.
Research unsuccessful | pilot, preliminary | further |
celebrated, classic, famous, well-known | We are currently conducting the
unique necessary experiments to test this
Verb + experiment hypothesis.
carry out, conduct, do, perform | try | design |
set up | describe, report It is certainly a socialist experiment in
Experiment + verb that it destroys individuality.
confirm sth, demonstrate sth, find sth,
illustrate sth, prove sth, show sth | indicate sth, We test white mice and worms in labs
 suggest sth | be aimed at sth, be designed to do
sth | involve sth, use sth | be successful, work |
fail and we do experiments on sheep and
Prep monkeys.
by ~ | during the ~ | in the ~ | ~ in | ~ on | ~
with
I try to keep meat separate from
Adv + separate other food in the fridge.
completely, carefully | clearly | effectively |
Break easily, readily | formally | legally | physically, Somehow, in the rush to get out of the
Detach spatially | entirely building, I got separated from my
Separate (v): tách forming a unit by
Disconnect Verb + separate mother.
rời itself; not joined to
Divide attempt to, try to | be hard to, be impossible to
/ˈseprət/ something else
Sever Prep Criticism of one can and should be
Split from | into kept entirely separate from the other.
Phrases
sharply separated | widely separated She regarded the north of the country
as a separate cultural entity.
The television adverts were, of course,
Adj + element
an important element of the campaign.
basic, critical, crucial, decisive, essential,
Component fundamental, important, key, main, major,
We walked quietly up to the door to
a necessary or typical Factor necessary, principal, significant, vital,
preserve the element of surprise.
Element (n): yếu part of something; Fundamental important | dominant | considerable, large |
tố one of several parts Ingredient competitive | racial, sexual
Having a second income is an
/ˈelɪmənt/ that something Matter Verb + element
important element for most home
contains Member be, constitute, form | contain, have, include,
buyers.
Principle involve | introduce, preserve
Prep
There was possibly an element of truth
~ in | ~ of
in her accusations.
Intrigue (n): âm to make somebody Chicanery Adj + intrigue He became intrigued by questions of
mưu very interested and Complication international, political | court reality in photography and later in
/ɪnˈtriːɡ/ want to know more Conspiracy cinema.
about something Fraud Verb + intrigue
Machination carry on, engage in, become This is a web of intrigue, conspiracy,
Secret heroism, and romance - and a good
Prep deal of it true.
~ against
Phrases There's no political intrigue, no plot
a web of intrigue twists, and a near-total lack of
cutscenes.