3.

T-BEAM BRIDGE DESIGN

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The following example illustrates the design of a single span T-Beam Bridge Structure using the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification 1998.

The T-Beam Bridge should be designed in accordance with the following parameters:

It shall be a reinforced concrete 2 lane bridge with an overall width of 12.27m and a span of 12.60m
between centreline of bearings. The bridge shall be designed to carry pedestrians on each side and the
HL93 live load. Allowance should be made for a bituminous overlay of 50mm with an additional
allowance of 50mm for future overlays. Strength of concrete shall be taken as 28MPa cylinder strength and
reinforcement yield strength of 500MPa.

The overall dimensions are illustrated in the figures below:

Figure 3.1: TypicalCross Section

Figure 3.2: Longitudinal Section

3.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
The main assumptions associated with this design can be summarised as the following:

- Main Reinforcement is placed parallel to centerline of roadway

- The bottom of the slab is assumed parallel to the top surface
- Center to Center of support is assumed perpendicular to supports

3.3 OVERALL DIMENSIONS

The overall dimensions of the structure and those used in future calculation are shown listed below.

No.of Girders = 5
C to C Girder Spacing = 2.4 m
Clear span Lc= 12 m
No. of spans = 1
Width of abutment= 0.6 m
Center to center of abutment perpendicular to Support S = L = 12.6 m
Total length of superstructure = 13.2 m
Clear width between barriers = 8 m
No. of Barriers = 2
Barrier width = 0.385 m
No. of Walkways = 2
Width of walkway = 1.75 m
Total width of superstructure= 12.27 m
No. of lanes = 2
Cross fall= 2 %
Skewness angle= 0 Deg.
Overhang = 1335 mm

3.4 LOAD FACTORS

The relevant load factors for this design are as follows:

3.4.1 Multiple Presence Factors

1 Lane Loaded = 1.2
2 Lane Loaded = 1
4 Lane Loaded = 0.65

3.4.2 Material Resistance Factors

f_moment = 0.9
f_shear = 0.9
f_bearing = 0.7
3.4.3 Load Factors

(a) Strength I Limit State

Dead load of components = 1.25
Live load = 1.75
Wearing course = 1.5
(b) Service II Limit State
Dead load of components = 1
Live load = 1
Wearing course = 1
(c) Fatigue Limit State
Live load = 0.75

3.4.4 Impact Factor

1+IM/100 = Impact factor = 1.33 Where IM = 33%

3.4.5 Load Modifiers

FACTORS Ductiltiy Redundancy Importance

Strength Limit State 1 1 1
Serviceability Limit State 1 1 1

3.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Critical load combinations are selected by inspection and are lised below:

DC- DW-
DC-MIN MAX DW-MIN MAX LL
Strength 1 0.9 1.25 0.65 1.5 1.75

DC DW LL
Service 1 1 1 1
Service 2 1 1 1.3
Service 3 1 1 0.8
Fatigue 0 0 0.75

3.6 SLAB DESIGN

The design of the slab follows the empirical method as set out in AASHTO LRFD Section 9.7.2.2 and
illustrated in Example 1.

For the purpose of this example the deck thickness shall be taken as 220mm.

Minimum Deck Slab depth = 175 mm

Actual deck used = 220 mm

3.7 LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

Stiffness parameters and distribution factors are calculated from the given internal and external beam
dimensions listed below. The formulas used in these calculations are located in the AASHTO LRFD
specification as indicated against each item below.

Internal Beams External Beams

AASHTO LRFD
Stiffness Parameters Reference Stiffness Parameters

Cg beam = 710 mm {Simple statics} Cg beam = 716 mm

Cg slab = 890 mm {Simple statics} Cg slab = 890 mm
eg = 180 mm LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1 eg = 174 mm
A= 824400 mm^2 LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1 A= 854100 mm^2
Kg = 9.1E+10 LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1 Kg = 9.14E+10
Kg/(Lts^3) = 0.68019 LRFD 4.6.2.2.2b Kg/(Lts^3) = 0.681079
I= 6.5E+10 mm^4 LRFD 4.6.2.2.1 I= 6.57E+10 mm^4
J= 2.3E+10 mm^3 LRFD 4.6.2.2.1 J= 2.32E+10 mm^3
I/J = 2.83871 mm LRFD 4.6.2.2.1 I/J = 2.825255 mm

One Lane Loaded One Lane Loaded

LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1 and One wheel line
Dm = 0.52335 ………. 2b-1 ………… Dm = 0.325
LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1 and Dm = 0.325
Ds = 0.67579 ………. 3b-1 ………… Ds = 0.325
Ds = 0.325

Two wheel lines

Dm = 0.166667
Ds = 0.166667
(Both Evaluated
using lever rule)

Multiple Lanes Loaded LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1 and Multiple Lanes Loaded
Dm = 0.69148 ………. 2b-1
LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1 and ………… Dm = 0.458352
Ds = 0.81636 ………. 3b-1 ………… Ds = 0.408178
 Applicable Distribution Factors Applicable Distribution Factors

Dm = 0.69148 ………. Maximum Dm calculated above ………… Dm = 0.458352

Ds = 0.81636 ………. Maximum Ds calculated above ………… Ds = 0.408178

Internal T-Beam Dimensions

Overall Depth D = 1000 mm
Web Depth dw = 780 mm
Web width bw = 380 mm
Flange Thickness ts = 220 mm
Flange Width fw = 2400 mm
Effective Flange Width be = 2400 mm

External T-Beam Dimensions

Overall Depth D= 1000 mm
Web Depth dw = 780 mm
Web width bw = 380 mm
Flange Thickness Internal tsi = 220 mm
Flange Thickness Overhang at beam tsob = 220 mm
Flange Thickness Overhang minimum tsoe = 180 mm
Flange Width internal fwi = 1200 mm
Flange Width overhang fwo = 1335 mm
Effective Flange Width be = 2535 mm
Dist ext web to inter barrier de = -300 mm
Actual de = -800 mm
(Note: Actual de: calculated for internal concrete barriers only)

3.8 LOADING

3.8.1 Dead Loads

The tables which follow, contain the envelope of moments and shears of the evenly distributed permanent
loads at 20th points along the girder, for both the Serviceability Limit State and the Strength Limit State.
These have been summarised for both the internal and external girder. Each Limit State is factored in
accordance with the relevant factors outlined above.

According to AASHTO LRFD Section 4.5.1 dead load of and on the deck may be distributed equally to all
girders.
The wearing surface DL includes an allowance of 100mm AC in total.

Internal Girder DL = 20.907 KN /m span

Wearing surface DL ws = 6.14 KN/m /m span
 Single Barrier kerb load = 3.57 KN/m span
Post & railing load = 0.392 KN/m span

External Girder DL = 20.907 KN/m span

Wearing surface DL ws = 6.14 KN/m span
Barrier kerb load = 3.57 KN/m span
Post & railing load = 0.392 KN/m span

Internal Girder SLS DL

Moments and Shears / Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 131.71 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 118.54 0.00 78.83
0.10 1.26 0.00 105.37 0.00 149.36
0.15 1.89 0.00 92.20 0.00 211.60
0.20 2.52 0.00 79.03 0.00 265.54
0.25 3.15 0.00 65.86 0.00 311.17
0.30 3.78 0.00 52.69 0.00 348.52
0.35 4.41 0.00 39.51 0.00 377.56
0.40 5.04 0.00 26.34 0.00 398.30
0.45 5.67 0.00 13.17 0.00 410.75
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 414.90
0.55 6.93 -13.17 0.00 0.00 410.75
0.60 7.56 -26.34 0.00 0.00 398.30
0.65 8.19 -39.51 0.00 0.00 377.56
0.70 8.82 -52.69 0.00 0.00 348.52
0.75 9.45 -65.86 0.00 0.00 311.17
0.80 10.08 -79.03 0.00 0.00 265.54
0.85 10.71 -92.20 0.00 0.00 211.60
0.90 11.34 -105.37 0.00 0.00 149.36
0.95 11.97 -118.54 0.00 0.00 78.83
1.00 12.60 -131.71 0.00 0.00 0.00

External Girder SLS DL

Moments and Shears / Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 131.71 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 118.54 0.00 78.83
0.10 1.26 0.00 105.37 0.00 149.36
0.15 1.89 0.00 92.20 0.00 211.60
0.20 2.52 0.00 79.03 0.00 265.54
0.25 3.15 0.00 65.86 0.00 311.17
0.30 3.78 0.00 52.69 0.00 348.52
0.35 4.41 0.00 39.51 0.00 377.56
0.40 5.04 0.00 26.34 0.00 398.30
0.45 5.67 0.00 13.17 0.00 410.75
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 414.90
 0.55 6.93 -13.17 0.00 0.00 410.75
0.60 7.56 -26.34 0.00 0.00 398.30
0.65 8.19 -39.51 0.00 0.00 377.56
0.70 8.82 -52.69 0.00 0.00 348.52
0.75 9.45 -65.86 0.00 0.00 311.17
0.80 10.08 -79.03 0.00 0.00 265.54
0.85 10.71 -92.20 0.00 0.00 211.60
0.90 11.34 -105.37 0.00 0.00 149.36
0.95 11.97 -118.54 0.00 0.00 78.83
1.00 12.60 -131.71 0.00 0.00 0.00

Internal Girder ULS DL

Moments and Shears / Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 164.64 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 148.18 0.00 98.54
0.10 1.26 0.00 131.71 0.00 186.70
0.15 1.89 0.00 115.25 0.00 264.50
0.20 2.52 0.00 98.79 0.00 331.92
0.25 3.15 0.00 82.32 0.00 388.97
0.30 3.78 0.00 65.86 0.00 435.64
0.35 4.41 0.00 49.39 0.00 471.95
0.40 5.04 0.00 32.93 0.00 497.88
0.45 5.67 0.00 16.46 0.00 513.44
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 518.62
0.55 6.93 -16.46 0.00 0.00 513.44
0.60 7.56 -32.93 0.00 0.00 497.88
0.65 8.19 -49.39 0.00 0.00 471.95
0.70 8.82 -65.86 0.00 0.00 435.64
0.75 9.45 -82.32 0.00 0.00 388.97
0.80 10.08 -98.79 0.00 0.00 331.92
0.85 10.71 -115.25 0.00 0.00 264.50
0.90 11.34 -131.71 0.00 0.00 186.70
0.95 11.97 -148.18 0.00 0.00 98.54
1.00 12.60 -164.64 0.00 0.00 0.00

External Girder ULS DL

Moments and Shears / Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 164.64 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 148.18 0.00 98.54
0.10 1.26 0.00 131.71 0.00 186.70
0.15 1.89 0.00 115.25 0.00 264.50
0.20 2.52 0.00 98.79 0.00 331.92
0.25 3.15 0.00 82.32 0.00 388.97
0.30 3.78 0.00 65.86 0.00 435.64
0.35 4.41 0.00 49.39 0.00 471.95
0.40 5.04 0.00 32.93 0.00 497.88
0.45 5.67 0.00 16.46 0.00 513.44
 0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 518.62
0.55 6.93 -16.46 0.00 0.00 513.44
0.60 7.56 -32.93 0.00 0.00 497.88
0.65 8.19 -49.39 0.00 0.00 471.95
0.70 8.82 -65.86 0.00 0.00 435.64
0.75 9.45 -82.32 0.00 0.00 388.97
0.80 10.08 -98.79 0.00 0.00 331.92
0.85 10.71 -115.25 0.00 0.00 264.50
0.90 11.34 -131.71 0.00 0.00 186.70
0.95 11.97 -148.18 0.00 0.00 98.54
1.00 12.60 -164.64 0.00 0.00 0.00

Internal Girder SLS Wearing Course DL

Moments and Shears / Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 38.65 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 34.79 0.00 23.13
0.10 1.26 0.00 30.92 0.00 43.83
0.15 1.89 0.00 27.06 0.00 62.09
0.20 2.52 0.00 23.19 0.00 77.92
0.25 3.15 0.00 19.33 0.00 91.31
0.30 3.78 0.00 15.46 0.00 102.27
0.35 4.41 0.00 11.60 0.00 110.79
0.40 5.04 0.00 7.73 0.00 116.88
0.45 5.67 0.00 3.87 0.00 120.53
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 121.75
0.55 6.93 -3.87 0.00 0.00 120.53
0.60 7.56 -7.73 0.00 0.00 116.88
0.65 8.19 -11.60 0.00 0.00 110.79
0.70 8.82 -15.46 0.00 0.00 102.27
0.75 9.45 -19.33 0.00 0.00 91.31
0.80 10.08 -23.19 0.00 0.00 77.92
0.85 10.71 -27.06 0.00 0.00 62.09
0.90 11.34 -30.92 0.00 0.00 43.83
0.95 11.97 -34.79 0.00 0.00 23.13
1.00 12.60 -38.65 0.00 0.00 0.00

External Girder SLS Wearing Course DL

Moments and Shears / Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 38.65 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 34.79 0.00 23.13
0.10 1.26 0.00 30.92 0.00 43.83
0.15 1.89 0.00 27.06 0.00 62.09
0.20 2.52 0.00 23.19 0.00 77.92
0.25 3.15 0.00 19.33 0.00 91.31
0.30 3.78 0.00 15.46 0.00 102.27
0.35 4.41 0.00 11.60 0.00 110.79
0.40 5.04 0.00 7.73 0.00 116.88
0.45 5.67 0.00 3.87 0.00 120.53
 0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 121.75
0.55 6.93 -3.87 0.00 0.00 120.53
0.60 7.56 -7.73 0.00 0.00 116.88
0.65 8.19 -11.60 0.00 0.00 110.79
0.70 8.82 -15.46 0.00 0.00 102.27
0.75 9.45 -19.33 0.00 0.00 91.31
0.80 10.08 -23.19 0.00 0.00 77.92
0.85 10.71 -27.06 0.00 0.00 62.09
0.90 11.34 -30.92 0.00 0.00 43.83
0.95 11.97 -34.79 0.00 0.00 23.13
1.00 12.60 -38.65 0.00 0.00 0.00

Internal Girder ULS Wearing Course DL

Moments and Shears / Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 57.98 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 52.18 0.00 34.70
0.10 1.26 0.00 46.38 0.00 65.74
0.15 1.89 0.00 40.58 0.00 93.14
0.20 2.52 0.00 34.79 0.00 116.88
0.25 3.15 0.00 28.99 0.00 136.97
0.30 3.78 0.00 23.19 0.00 153.40
0.35 4.41 0.00 17.39 0.00 166.19
0.40 5.04 0.00 11.60 0.00 175.32
0.45 5.67 0.00 5.80 0.00 180.80
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 182.62
0.55 6.93 -5.80 0.00 0.00 180.80
0.60 7.56 -11.60 0.00 0.00 175.32
0.65 8.19 -17.39 0.00 0.00 166.19
0.70 8.82 -23.19 0.00 0.00 153.40
0.75 9.45 -28.99 0.00 0.00 136.97
0.80 10.08 -34.79 0.00 0.00 116.88
0.85 10.71 -40.58 0.00 0.00 93.14
0.90 11.34 -46.38 0.00 0.00 65.74
0.95 11.97 -52.18 0.00 0.00 34.70
1.00 12.60 -57.98 0.00 0.00 0.00

External Girder ULS Wearing Course DL

Moments and Shears / Girder

Span Min Max

Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 57.98 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 52.18 0.00 34.70
0.10 1.26 0.00 46.38 0.00 65.74
0.15 1.89 0.00 40.58 0.00 93.14
0.20 2.52 0.00 34.79 0.00 116.88
0.25 3.15 0.00 28.99 0.00 136.97
0.30 3.78 0.00 23.19 0.00 153.40
0.35 4.41 0.00 17.39 0.00 166.19
 0.40 5.04 0.00 11.60 0.00 175.32
0.45 5.67 0.00 5.80 0.00 180.80
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 182.62
0.55 6.93 -5.80 0.00 0.00 180.80
0.60 7.56 -11.60 0.00 0.00 175.32
0.65 8.19 -17.39 0.00 0.00 166.19
0.70 8.82 -23.19 0.00 0.00 153.40
0.75 9.45 -28.99 0.00 0.00 136.97
0.80 10.08 -34.79 0.00 0.00 116.88
0.85 10.71 -40.58 0.00 0.00 93.14
0.90 11.34 -46.38 0.00 0.00 65.74
0.95 11.97 -52.18 0.00 0.00 34.70
1.00 12.60 -57.98 0.00 0.00 0.00

Internal Barrier Kerb Load Moments and Shears / Girder

Serviceability Limit State
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 24.97 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 22.48 0.00 14.95
0.10 1.26 0.00 19.98 0.00 28.32
0.15 1.89 0.00 17.48 0.00 40.12
0.20 2.52 0.00 14.98 0.00 50.35
0.25 3.15 0.00 12.49 0.00 59.00
0.30 3.78 0.00 9.99 0.00 66.08
0.35 4.41 0.00 7.49 0.00 71.59
0.40 5.04 0.00 4.99 0.00 75.52
0.45 5.67 0.00 2.50 0.00 77.88
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 78.67
0.55 6.93 -2.50 0.00 0.00 77.88
0.60 7.56 -4.99 0.00 0.00 75.52
0.65 8.19 -7.49 0.00 0.00 71.59
0.70 8.82 -9.99 0.00 0.00 66.08
0.75 9.45 -12.49 0.00 0.00 59.00
0.80 10.08 -14.98 0.00 0.00 50.35
0.85 10.71 -17.48 0.00 0.00 40.12
0.90 11.34 -19.98 0.00 0.00 28.32
0.95 11.97 -22.48 0.00 0.00 14.95
1.00 12.60 -24.97 0.00 0.00 0.00

External Barrier Kerb Load Moments and Shears / Girder

Serviceability Limit State
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 24.97 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 22.48 0.00 14.95
0.10 1.26 0.00 19.98 0.00 28.32
0.15 1.89 0.00 17.48 0.00 40.12
0.20 2.52 0.00 14.98 0.00 50.35
0.25 3.15 0.00 12.49 0.00 59.00
0.30 3.78 0.00 9.99 0.00 66.08
 0.35 4.41 0.00 7.49 0.00 71.59
0.40 5.04 0.00 4.99 0.00 75.52
0.45 5.67 0.00 2.50 0.00 77.88
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 78.67
0.55 6.93 -2.50 0.00 0.00 77.88
0.60 7.56 -4.99 0.00 0.00 75.52
0.65 8.19 -7.49 0.00 0.00 71.59
0.70 8.82 -9.99 0.00 0.00 66.08
0.75 9.45 -12.49 0.00 0.00 59.00
0.80 10.08 -14.98 0.00 0.00 50.35
0.85 10.71 -17.48 0.00 0.00 40.12
0.90 11.34 -19.98 0.00 0.00 28.32
0.95 11.97 -22.48 0.00 0.00 14.95
1.00 12.60 -24.97 0.00 0.00 0.00

Internal Barrier Kerb Load Moments and Shears / Girder

Strength Limit State
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 31.22 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 28.09 0.00 18.68
0.10 1.26 0.00 24.97 0.00 35.40
0.15 1.89 0.00 21.85 0.00 50.15
0.20 2.52 0.00 18.73 0.00 62.93
0.25 3.15 0.00 15.61 0.00 73.75
0.30 3.78 0.00 12.49 0.00 82.60
0.35 4.41 0.00 9.36 0.00 89.48
0.40 5.04 0.00 6.24 0.00 94.40
0.45 5.67 0.00 3.12 0.00 97.35
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 98.33
0.55 6.93 -3.12 0.00 0.00 97.35
0.60 7.56 -6.24 0.00 0.00 94.40
0.65 8.19 -9.36 0.00 0.00 89.48
0.70 8.82 -12.49 0.00 0.00 82.60
0.75 9.45 -15.61 0.00 0.00 73.75
0.80 10.08 -18.73 0.00 0.00 62.93
0.85 10.71 -21.85 0.00 0.00 50.15
0.90 11.34 -24.97 0.00 0.00 35.40
0.95 11.97 -28.09 0.00 0.00 18.68
1.00 12.60 -31.22 0.00 0.00 0.00

External Barrier Kerb Load Moments and Shears / Girder

Strength Limit State
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 31.22 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 28.09 0.00 18.68
0.10 1.26 0.00 24.97 0.00 35.40
0.15 1.89 0.00 21.85 0.00 50.15
0.20 2.52 0.00 18.73 0.00 62.93
0.25 3.15 0.00 15.61 0.00 73.75
 0.30 3.78 0.00 12.49 0.00 82.60
0.35 4.41 0.00 9.36 0.00 89.48
0.40 5.04 0.00 6.24 0.00 94.40
0.45 5.67 0.00 3.12 0.00 97.35
0.50 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 98.33
0.55 6.93 -3.12 0.00 0.00 97.35
0.60 7.56 -6.24 0.00 0.00 94.40
0.65 8.19 -9.36 0.00 0.00 89.48
0.70 8.82 -12.49 0.00 0.00 82.60
0.75 9.45 -15.61 0.00 0.00 73.75
0.80 10.08 -18.73 0.00 0.00 62.93
0.85 10.71 -21.85 0.00 0.00 50.15
0.90 11.34 -24.97 0.00 0.00 35.40
0.95 11.97 -28.09 0.00 0.00 18.68
1.00 12.60 -31.22 0.00 20.00 0.00

3.8.2 Pedestrian Live Load

The Tables which follow, contain the envelope of moments and shears of the distributed pedestrian loads at
20th points along the girder, for both the Serviceability limit State and the Strength Limit State. These have
been summarized for both the internal and external girder. Each Limit State is factored in accordance with
the relevant factors outlined above. The pedestrian load has been distributed in accordance with the Lever
Rule of AASHTO LFRD Section 4.6.2.2.1. Accordingly all pedestrian load is taken by the external girder.

The negative reaction in any internal girders is conservatively neglected.

Distributed pedestrian load = 0 kPa

Internal Girder SLS Pedestrian load actions per Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.1 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.15 1.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.2 2.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.25 3.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.3 3.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.35 4.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.4 5.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.45 5.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.5 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.55 6.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.6 7.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.65 8.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.7 8.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.75 9.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.8 10.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.85 10.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.9 11.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
 0.95 11.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 12.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Distributed pedestrian load = 3.60 kPa

External Girder SLS Pedestrian load actions per Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 34.02 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 30.62 0.00 20.36
0.1 1.26 0.00 27.22 0.00 38.58
0.15 1.89 0.00 23.81 0.00 54.65
0.2 2.52 0.00 20.41 0.00 68.58
0.25 3.15 0.00 17.01 0.00 80.37
0.3 3.78 0.00 13.61 0.00 90.02
0.35 4.41 0.00 10.21 0.00 97.52
0.4 5.04 0.00 6.80 0.00 102.88
0.45 5.67 0.00 3.40 0.00 106.09
0.5 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 107.16
0.55 6.93 -3.40 0.00 0.00 106.09
0.6 7.56 -6.80 0.00 0.00 102.88
0.65 8.19 -10.21 0.00 0.00 97.52
0.7 8.82 -13.61 0.00 0.00 90.02
0.75 9.45 -17.01 0.00 0.00 80.37
0.8 10.08 -20.41 0.00 0.00 68.58
0.85 10.71 -23.81 0.00 0.00 54.65
0.9 11.34 -27.22 0.00 0.00 38.58
0.95 11.97 -30.62 0.00 0.00 20.36
1 12.60 -34.02 0.00 0.00 0.00

Internal Girder ULS Pedestrian load per Girder

Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.1 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.15 1.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
 0.2 2.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.25 3.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.3 3.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.35 4.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.4 5.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.45 5.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.5 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.55 6.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.6 7.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.65 8.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.7 8.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.75 9.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.8 10.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.85 10.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.9 11.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.95 11.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 12.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

External Girder ULS Pedestrian load per Girder

Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 59.54 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 0.00 53.58 0.00 35.63
0.1 1.26 0.00 47.63 0.00 67.51
0.15 1.89 0.00 41.67 0.00 95.64
0.2 2.52 0.00 35.72 0.00 120.02
0.25 3.15 0.00 29.77 0.00 140.65
0.3 3.78 0.00 23.81 0.00 157.53
0.35 4.41 0.00 17.86 0.00 170.66
0.4 5.04 0.00 11.91 0.00 180.03
0.45 5.67 0.00 5.95 0.00 185.66
0.5 6.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 187.54
0.55 6.93 -5.95 0.00 0.00 185.66
0.6 7.56 -11.91 0.00 0.00 180.03
0.65 8.19 -17.86 0.00 0.00 170.66
0.7 8.82 -23.81 0.00 0.00 157.53
0.75 9.45 -29.77 0.00 0.00 140.65
0.8 10.08 -35.72 0.00 0.00 120.02
0.85 10.71 -41.67 0.00 0.00 95.64
0.9 11.34 -47.63 0.00 0.00 67.51
0.95 11.97 -53.58 0.00 0.00 35.63
1 12.60 -59.54 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.8.3 Vehicle Live Loads

The Tables which follow, contain the envelope of moments and shears of the distributed vehicular live
loads at 20th points along the girder, for both the Serviceability Limit State and the Strength Limit State.
These have been summarised for both the internal and external girder. Each Limit State is factored in
accordance with the load factors outlined above. The Tandem + Lane and HS20 Truck + Lane which
equates to the HL93 load has been distributed in accordance with the distribution factors calculated above.

The Tables contain 3 critical load combination cases:

1) Strength 1
2) Serviceability 2
3) Fatigue

For ease of calculation these tables DO NOT contain the permanent load elements which will change with
each iteration.

Accordingly these appropriately factored permanent load elements of the combinations will be added as
the calculations proceed.

Designers are advised that the design lane values tabulated below were obtained by use of the QConBridge
program developed and freely distributed by the Washington State Department of Transport, Bridge and
Structures Office. Advice on freely obtaining this software is included in the ACCRA Bridge Design
Manual.

The QConBridge program builds into the output the appropriate range of load factors and permits the
designer to edit these to a particular design case.

Servicability_2 Envelope for the LL aspects/Lane

Internal Girder Load
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 511.23 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -12.73 475.71 0.00 301.98
0.1 1.26 -25.83 440.57 0.00 563.75
0.15 1.89 -40.66 405.81 0.00 785.33
0.2 2.52 -61.01 371.42 0.00 966.70
0.25 3.15 -81.74 337.43 0.00 1107.00
0.3 3.78 -102.86 303.81 0.00 1208.00
0.35 4.41 -124.35 272.54 0.00 1282.00
0.4 5.04 -146.23 242.71 0.00 1342.00
0.45 5.67 -168.48 214.14 0.00 1361.00
0.5 6.30 -191.12 191.12 0.00 1340.00
 0.55 6.93 -214.14 168.48 0.00 1361.00
0.6 7.56 -242.71 146.23 0.00 1342.00
0.65 8.19 -272.54 124.35 0.00 1282.00
0.7 8.82 -303.81 102.86 0.00 1208.00
0.75 9.45 -337.43 81.74 0.00 1107.00
0.8 10.08 -371.42 61.01 0.00 966.70
0.85 10.71 -405.81 40.66 0.00 785.33
0.9 11.34 -440.57 25.83 0.00 563.75
0.95 11.97 -475.71 12.73 0.00 301.98
1 12.60 -511.23 0.00 0.00 0.00

Servicability_2 Envelope for the LL aspects/ Lane

External Girder Load
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 511.23 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -12.73 475.71 0.00 301.98
0.1 1.26 -25.83 440.57 0.00 563.75
0.15 1.89 -40.66 405.81 0.00 785.33
0.2 2.52 -61.01 371.42 0.00 966.70
0.25 3.15 -81.74 337.43 0.00 1107.00
0.3 3.78 -102.86 303.81 0.00 1208.00
0.35 4.41 -124.35 272.54 0.00 1282.00
0.4 5.04 -146.23 242.71 0.00 1342.00
0.45 5.67 -168.48 214.14 0.00 1361.00
0.5 6.30 -191.12 191.12 0.00 1340.00
0.55 6.93 -214.14 168.48 0.00 1361.00
0.6 7.56 -242.71 146.23 0.00 1342.00
0.65 8.19 -272.54 124.35 0.00 1282.00
0.7 8.82 -303.81 102.86 0.00 1208.00
0.75 9.45 -337.43 81.74 0.00 1107.00
0.8 10.08 -371.42 61.01 0.00 966.70
0.85 10.71 -405.81 40.66 0.00 785.33
0.9 11.34 -440.57 25.83 0.00 563.75
0.95 11.97 -475.71 12.73 0.00 301.98
1 12.60 -511.23 0.00 0.00 0.00
Servicability_2 LL only / Internal Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 417.35 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -10.39 388.35 0.00 208.81
0.1 1.26 -21.09 359.66 0.00 389.82
0.15 1.89 -33.19 331.28 0.00 543.04
0.2 2.52 -49.81 303.21 0.00 668.45
0.25 3.15 -66.73 275.46 0.00 765.47
0.3 3.78 -83.97 248.01 0.00 835.31
0.35 4.41 -101.51 222.49 0.00 886.48
0.4 5.04 -119.37 198.14 0.00 927.97
0.45 5.67 -137.54 174.81 0.00 941.10
0.5 6.30 -156.02 156.02 0.00 926.58
0.55 6.93 -174.81 137.54 0.00 941.10
0.6 7.56 -198.14 119.37 0.00 927.97
0.65 8.19 -222.49 101.51 0.00 886.48
0.7 8.82 -248.01 83.97 0.00 835.31
0.75 9.45 -275.46 66.73 0.00 765.47
0.8 10.08 -303.21 49.81 0.00 668.45
0.85 10.71 -331.28 33.19 0.00 543.04
0.9 11.34 -359.66 21.09 0.00 389.82
0.95 11.97 -388.35 10.39 0.00 208.81
1 12.60 -417.35 0.00 0.00 0.00

Servicability_2 LL only / External Girder

Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 208.67 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -5.19 194.17 0.00 138.41
0.1 1.26 -10.54 179.83 0.00 258.40
0.15 1.89 -16.60 165.64 0.00 359.96
0.2 2.52 -24.90 151.61 0.00 443.09
0.25 3.15 -33.37 137.73 0.00 507.40
0.3 3.78 -41.98 124.01 0.00 553.69
0.35 4.41 -50.76 111.24 0.00 587.61
0.4 5.04 -59.69 99.07 0.00 615.11
0.45 5.67 -68.77 87.41 0.00 623.82
0.5 6.30 -78.01 78.01 0.00 614.19
0.55 6.93 -87.41 68.77 0.00 623.82
0.6 7.56 -99.07 59.69 0.00 615.11
0.65 8.19 -111.24 50.76 0.00 587.61
0.7 8.82 -124.01 41.98 0.00 553.69
0.75 9.45 -137.73 33.37 0.00 507.40
0.8 10.08 -151.61 24.90 0.00 443.09
0.85 10.71 -165.64 16.60 0.00 359.96
0.9 11.34 -179.83 10.54 0.00 258.40
0.95 11.97 -194.17 5.19 0.00 138.41
1 12.60 -208.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
Strength_1 Envelope for the LL aspects only
Internal Girder Lane Load

Span Min Max

Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 688.19 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -17.13 640.38 0.00 406.50
0.1 1.26 -34.77 593.07 0.00 758.89
0.15 1.89 -54.73 546.28 0.00 1057.00
0.2 2.52 -82.13 500.00 0.00 1301.00
0.25 3.15 -110.04 454.23 0.00 1491.00
0.3 3.78 -138.46 408.97 0.00 1627.00
0.35 4.41 -167.39 366.88 0.00 1726.00
0.4 5.04 -196.84 326.72 0.00 1806.00
0.45 5.67 -226.80 288.26 0.00 1833.00
0.5 6.30 -257.27 257.27 0.00 1805.00
0.55 6.93 -288.26 226.80 0.00 1833.00
0.6 7.56 -326.72 196.84 0.00 1806.00
0.65 8.19 -366.88 167.39 0.00 1726.00
0.7 8.82 -408.97 138.46 0.00 1627.00
0.75 9.45 -454.23 110.04 0.00 1491.00
0.8 10.08 -500.00 82.13 0.00 1301.00
0.85 10.71 -546.28 54.73 0.00 1057.00
0.9 11.34 -593.07 34.77 0.00 758.89
0.95 11.97 -640.38 17.13 0.00 406.50
1 12.60 -688.19 0.00 0.00 0.00

Strength_1 Envelope for the LL aspects only

External Girder Lane Load
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 688.19 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -17.13 640.38 0.00 406.50
0.1 1.26 -34.77 593.07 0.00 758.89
0.15 1.89 -54.73 546.28 0.00 1057.00
0.2 2.52 -82.13 500.00 0.00 1301.00
0.25 3.15 -110.04 454.23 0.00 1491.00
0.3 3.78 -138.46 408.97 0.00 1627.00
0.35 4.41 -167.39 366.88 0.00 1726.00
0.4 5.04 -196.84 326.72 0.00 1806.00
0.45 5.67 -226.80 288.26 0.00 1833.00
0.5 6.30 -257.27 257.27 0.00 1805.00
0.55 6.93 -288.26 226.80 0.00 1833.00
0.6 7.56 -326.72 196.84 0.00 1806.00
0.65 8.19 -366.88 167.39 0.00 1726.00
0.7 8.82 -408.97 138.46 0.00 1627.00
0.75 9.45 -454.23 110.04 0.00 1491.00
0.8 10.08 -500.00 82.13 0.00 1301.00
0.85 10.71 -546.28 54.73 0.00 1057.00
0.9 11.34 -593.07 34.77 0.00 758.89
0.95 11.97 -640.38 17.13 0.00 406.50
 1 12.60 -688.19 0.00 0.00 0.00

Strength_1 LL only / Internal Girder

Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 561.81 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -13.98 522.77 0.00 281.09
0.1 1.26 -28.39 484.16 0.00 524.76
0.15 1.89 -44.68 445.96 0.00 730.89
0.2 2.52 -67.04 408.17 0.00 899.62
0.25 3.15 -89.83 370.81 0.00 1031.00
0.3 3.78 -113.03 333.87 0.00 1125.04
0.35 4.41 -136.65 299.50 0.00 1193.49
0.4 5.04 -160.69 266.72 0.00 1248.81
0.45 5.67 -185.15 235.32 0.00 1267.48
0.5 6.30 -210.03 210.03 0.00 1248.12
0.55 6.93 -235.32 185.15 0.00 1267.48
0.6 7.56 -266.72 160.69 0.00 1248.81
0.65 8.19 -299.50 136.65 0.00 1193.49
0.7 8.82 -333.87 113.03 0.00 1125.04
0.75 9.45 -370.81 89.83 0.00 1031.00
0.8 10.08 -408.17 67.04 0.00 899.62
0.85 10.71 -445.96 44.68 0.00 730.89
0.9 11.34 -484.16 28.39 0.00 524.76
0.95 11.97 -522.77 13.98 0.00 281.09
1 12.60 -561.81 0.00 0.00 0.00

Strength_1 LL only / External Girder

Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0 0.00 0.00 280.91 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -6.99 261.39 0.00 186.32
0.1 1.26 -14.19 242.08 0.00 347.84
0.15 1.89 -22.34 222.98 0.00 484.48
0.2 2.52 -33.52 204.09 0.00 596.32
0.25 3.15 -44.91 185.41 0.00 683.40
0.3 3.78 -56.52 166.93 0.00 745.74
0.35 4.41 -68.33 149.75 0.00 791.12
0.4 5.04 -80.35 133.36 0.00 827.78
0.45 5.67 -92.58 117.66 0.00 840.16
0.5 6.30 -105.01 105.01 0.00 827.33
0.55 6.93 -117.66 92.58 0.00 840.16
0.6 7.56 -133.36 80.35 0.00 827.78
0.65 8.19 -149.75 68.33 0.00 791.12
0.7 8.82 -166.93 56.52 0.00 745.74
0.75 9.45 -185.41 44.91 0.00 683.40
0.8 10.08 -204.09 33.52 0.00 596.32
0.85 10.71 -222.98 22.34 0.00 484.48
0.9 11.34 -242.08 14.19 0.00 347.84
0.95 11.97 -261.39 6.99 0.00 186.32
1 12.60 -280.91 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.8.4 Load Combinations

The T- Beam is designed for the critical limit state combinations as outlined above. For this example the
critical case occurs for the combinations tabulated below.

1) Strength 1 - 1.25 Girder DL + 1.25 Barrier L + 1.5 Wearing Course + 1.75 HL93 + 1.75 Ped L
2) Serviceability 2 - 1.0 Girder DL + 1.0 Barrier DL + 1.0 Wearing Course + 1.3 HL93 + 1.3 Ped L
Serviceability Limit State Combination Serviceability 2
Internal Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 612.68 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -10.39 564.15 0.00 325.72
0.10 1.26 -21.09 515.93 0.00 611.33
0.15 1.89 -33.19 468.02 0.00 856.85
0.20 2.52 -49.81 420.42 0.00 1062.26
0.25 3.15 -66.73 373.13 0.00 1226.95
0.30 3.78 -83.97 326.15 0.00 1352.17
0.35 4.41 -101.51 281.09 0.00 1446.41
0.40 5.04 -119.37 237.20 0.00 1518.67
0.45 5.67 -137.54 194.35 0.00 1550.27
0.50 6.30 -156.02 156.02 0.00 1541.90
0.55 6.93 -194.35 137.54 0.00 1550.27
0.60 7.56 -237.20 119.37 0.00 1518.67
0.65 8.19 -281.09 101.51 0.00 1446.41
0.70 8.82 -326.15 83.97 0.00 1352.17
0.75 9.45 -373.13 66.73 0.00 1226.95
0.80 10.08 -420.42 49.81 0.00 1062.26
0.85 10.71 -468.02 33.19 0.00 856.85
0.90 11.34 -515.93 21.09 0.00 611.33
0.95 11.97 -564.15 10.39 0.00 325.72
1.00 12.60 -612.68 0.00 0.00 0.00

Serviceability Limit State Combination Serviceability 2

External Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 448.24 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -5.19 409.78 0.00 281.79
0.10 1.26 -10.54 371.48 0.00 530.06
0.15 1.89 -16.60 333.34 0.00 744.81
0.20 2.52 -24.90 295.35 0.00 926.05
0.25 3.15 -33.37 257.51 0.00 1073.37
0.30 3.78 -41.98 219.83 0.00 1187.58
0.35 4.41 -50.76 183.11 0.00 1274.32
0.40 5.04 -59.69 146.98 0.00 1339.55
0.45 5.67 -68.77 111.36 0.00 1370.90
0.50 6.30 -78.01 78.01 0.00 1368.82
0.55 6.93 -111.36 68.77 0.00 1370.90
0.60 7.56 -146.98 59.69 0.00 1339.55
0.65 8.19 -183.11 50.76 0.00 1274.32
0.70 8.82 -219.83 41.98 0.00 1187.58
0.75 9.45 -257.51 33.37 0.00 1073.37
0.80 10.08 -295.35 24.90 0.00 926.05
 0.85 10.71 -333.34 16.60 0.00 744.81
0.90 11.34 -371.48 10.54 0.00 530.06
0.95 11.97 -409.78 5.19 0.00 281.79
1.00 12.60 -448.24 0.00 0.00 0.00

Strength Limit State Combination Strength 1

Internal Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 815.65 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -13.98 751.23 0.00 433.01
0.10 1.26 -28.39 687.22 0.00 812.61
0.15 1.89 -44.68 623.64 0.00 1138.68
0.20 2.52 -67.04 560.48 0.00 1411.35
0.25 3.15 -89.83 497.73 0.00 1630.68
0.30 3.78 -113.03 435.40 0.00 1796.68
0.35 4.41 -136.65 375.65 0.00 1921.11
0.40 5.04 -160.69 317.49 0.00 2016.41
0.45 5.67 -185.15 260.71 0.00 2059.07
0.50 6.30 -210.03 210.03 0.00 2047.70
0.55 6.93 -260.71 185.15 0.00 2059.07
0.60 7.56 -317.49 160.69 0.00 2016.41
0.65 8.19 -375.65 136.65 0.00 1921.11
0.70 8.82 -435.40 113.03 0.00 1796.68
0.75 9.45 -497.73 89.83 0.00 1630.68
0.80 10.08 -560.48 67.04 0.00 1411.35
0.85 10.71 -623.64 44.68 0.00 1138.68
0.90 11.34 -687.22 28.39 0.00 812.61
0.95 11.97 -751.23 13.98 0.00 433.01
1.00 12.60 -815.65 0.00 0.00 0.00

Strength Limit State Combination Strength 1

External Girder
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Min Shear Max Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 594.28 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -6.99 543.42 0.00 373.87
0.10 1.26 -14.19 492.77 0.00 703.20
0.15 1.89 -22.34 442.34 0.00 987.91
0.20 2.52 -33.52 392.11 0.00 1228.07
0.25 3.15 -44.91 342.09 0.00 1423.74
0.30 3.78 -56.52 292.28 0.00 1574.92
0.35 4.41 -68.33 243.76 0.00 1689.39
0.40 5.04 -80.35 196.03 0.00 1775.41
0.45 5.67 -92.58 149.00 0.00 1817.40
0.50 6.30 -105.01 105.01 0.00 1814.44
0.55 6.93 -149.00 92.58 0.00 1817.40
0.60 7.56 -196.03 80.35 0.00 1775.41
0.65 8.19 -243.76 68.33 0.00 1689.39
 0.70 8.82 -292.28 56.52 0.00 1574.92
0.75 9.45 -342.09 44.91 0.00 1423.74
0.80 10.08 -392.11 33.52 0.00 1228.07
0.85 10.71 -442.34 22.34 0.00 987.91
0.90 11.34 -492.77 14.19 0.00 703.20
0.95 11.97 -543.42 6.99 0.00 373.87
1.00 12.60 -594.28 0.00 20.00 0.00

3.9 Design
The design of the T-Beam works through a series of steps. These steps are summarised as follows:

1. Calculate the section properties for each girder.

2. Calculate the serviceability limit state required flexural reinforcement.
3. Check the strength limit state flexural reinforcement required.
4. Calculate the serviceability limit state deflections including live load deflection and camber.
5. Check the strength limit state shear capacity and calculate the additional shear reinforcement required.
6. Determine the minimum longitudinal reinforcement for combined flexure and shear.
7. Check that the allowable fatigue range is not exceeded.
8. Develop reinforcement envelope

3.9.1 Girder Section Properties

Internal Girder:
T-Beam width be = 2400 mm
Girder Overall Depth D = 1000 mm
Reo. Cover = 25 mm
Reo Dia. = 32 mm
Ast = 6434 mm2
Ligs = 12 mm

no of reo layers = 3
c/c layer spacing = 80 mm
dr3 = 787 mm
dr2 = 867 mm
dr1 = 947 mm
d= 867 mm
f'c = 32 mPa
Fsy = 500 mPa
Ec = 28600 mPa
Es = 200000 mPa
n(ST) = 6.99
n(LT) = 13.99
b1 = 0.821
Gross section:
Ig=bh3/12= 6.46E+10 mm4

External Girder:
Slab width B = 2535 mm
 Slab Depth D = 1000 mm
Reo. Cover = 25 mm
Reo Dia. = 32 mm
Ast = 5630 mm2
Ligs = 12 mm
no of reo layers = 3
c/c layer spacing = 80 mm
dr3 = 787 mm
dr2 = 867 mm
dr1 = 947 mm
d= 867 mm
f'c = 32 mPa
Fsy = 500 mPa
Ec = 28600 mPa
Es = 200000 mPa
n(ST) = 6.99
n(LT) = 13.99
b1 = 0.821
Gross section:
Ig=bh3/12= 6.57E+10 mm4

The following calculations determine the required section properties of the T-Beam in accordance with the
AASHTO LRFD. These section properties include:

1. Cracked T-Beam section moment of inertia. This is required for both live load and permanent loads.
2. Cracking moment. This is used in estimating the effective inertia used in deflection calculations.
3. The effective moment of inertia for both short and long term loads.

(a) Cracked Section Properties for Permanent and Live Load

(i) Instantaneous cracked section properties for Live Load

( Note: short term cracked section properties are based on n = Es/Ec )

Internal Girder

The depth x to the neutral axis of a cracked section is:

x = [ -nAs + { ( nAs)^2 + 2bnAsd }^0.5 ] / b

This is the Quadratic solution in the form of:

[ -b + { b^2 - 4ac }^0.5 ] / 2a

where :
a= 1200
b = 44993.6
c = -4E+07
 And x = 163 mm
Neutral axis is in the Flange
Icr (ST) = 2.58E+10 mm^4

External Girder
The depth x to the neutral axis of a
cracked section is:
x = -nAs/b + { ( nAs/b)^2 + 2nAsd/b}^0.5

This is the Quadratic solution in the form of:

[ -b + { b^2 - 4ac }^0.5 ] / 2a

where :
a= 1200
b = 44993.6
c = -4E+07

And x = 163 mm
Neutral axis is in the Flange
Icr (ST) = 2.32E+10 mm^4

(ii) Long term cracked section properties for Permanent Loads

( Note: long term cracked section properties are based on n = 2*Es/Ec )

Internal Girder

The depth x to the neutral axis of a cracked section is:

x = [ -nAs + { ( nAs)^2 + 2bnAsd }^0.5 ] / b

This is the Quadratic solution in the form of:

[ -b + { b^2 - 4ac }^0.5 ] / 2a

where :
a= 1200
b = 89987.2
c = -8E+07

And x = 220 mm
The neutral axis is in the web - x taken as flange ts
This yeilds a Icr (Long Term) = 4.62E+10 mm^4

External Girder

The depth x to the neutral axis of a cracked section is:

x = [ -nAs + { ( nAs)^2 + 2bnAsd }^0.5 ] / b
 This is the Quadratic solution in the form of:
[ -b + { b^2 - 4ac }^0.5 ] / 2a

where :
a= 1200
b= 89987.2
c= -8E+07

And x = 220 mm
The neutral axis is in the web - x taken as flange ts
This yeilds a Icr (Long Term) = 4.62E+10 mm^4

(b) Section Cracking Moment

Internal Girder:
yt= 710.23 mm
LRFD Art 5.4.2.6 fr= 3.56 Mpa
LRFD Eq.5.7.3.6.2-2; Mcr = frIg/yt= 324.23 KNm/m

External Girder:
yt= 716.48 mm
LRFD Art 5.4.2.6 fr= 3.56 Mpa
LRFD Eq.5.7.3.6.2-2; Mcr = frIg/yt= 326.60 KNm/m

(c) Section Effective Moment of Inertia for both Long and Short term Loads

Internal Girder:
SLS Max Moment Ma = 1550.27 kNm
(Mcr/Ma)^3 = 0.01
Ief (Short Term) = 2.61E+10 mm4
Ief (Long Term) = 4.64E+10 mm4

External Girder:
SLS Max Moment Ma = 1370.90 kNm
(Mcr/Ma)^3 = 0.01
Ief (Short Term) = 2.37E+10 mm4
Ief (Long Term) = 4.65E+10 mm4

3.9.2 Calculate the serviceability limit state required flexural

reinforcement

(a) Crack Control

To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within the
maximum flexural zones. To prevent this kind of cracking the calculated stress in the reinforcement at
service load, fs, in Mpa shall not exceed the value computed by.

fs= Z/(dcA)1/3 <=0.6fy LRFD Eq 5.7.3.4-1

Z= crack width parameter in N/mm
Z= 30000 N/mm For moderate climates.
dc= depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar;
for calculation purpose, the thickness of clear cover used to compute dc
shall not be taken greater than 50mm.

A= area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tension

reinforcement and bounded by the surfaces of the cross section and a
straight line parallel to the neutral axis, divided by the number of bar.

Internal girder dc = 50 mm

ys = 133 mm
A= 12635 mm

Therefore the limiting stress = fs = 300 Mpa

To limit cracking this SLS stress limit must be greater than the actual stress

SLS actual steel stress: (using cracked section)

Actual reo stress = fs = n*M*(d-x)/Icr = 296.43 Mpa
OK, Cracking is controlled.

From Modular theory, np = 0.02

k = ((np)^2+2*np)^.5-np = 0.19
j= 0.94

Required SLS reo = As = M/(fjd) = 6358 mm^2/m

External girder dc = 50 mm

ys = 133 mm
A= 12635 mm

Therefore the limiting stress = fs = 300 Mpa

To limit cracking this SLS stress limit must be greater than the actual stress

SLS actual steel stress: (using cracked section)

Actual reo stress = fs = n*M*(d-x)/Icr = 291.52 Mpa
OK, Cracking is controlled.
 From Modular theory, np = 0.05
k = ((np)^2+2*np)^.5-np = 0.26
j= 0.91

Required SLS reo = As = M/(fjd) = 5781 mm^2/m

(b) Selection of Reinforcement.

Because the serviceability limit state cracking criteria usually governs the quantity of flexural
reinforcement required, this is an appropriate stage in the design process to select the actual amount of
reinforcement.

Reinforcement Bar Number

(Required Reinforcement Area known)
INPUT - Diameter of Reinforcement Bars 32
X-Area of Reinforcement Bars 804
INPUT - Known Reinforcement Area 6358
Required Number of Bars 7.91

Reinforcement Area
(Required Reinforcement Bar No. known)
INPUT - Diameter of Reinforcement Bars 32
X-Area of Reinforcement Bars 804
INPUT - Known Number of Bars 8
Required Reinforcement Area 6434

Summary of proposed Reinforcement in Internal girder

mm^2/m
Area = 6434 i.e. = 32 @ 90

Reinforcement Bar Number

(Required Reinforcement Area known)
INPUT - Diameter of Reinforcement Bars 32
X-Area of Reinforcement Bars 804
INPUT - Known Reinforcement Area 5592
Required Number of Bars 6.95

Reinforcement Area
(Required Reinforcement Bar No. known)
INPUT - Diameter of Reinforcement Bars 32
X-Area of Reinforcement Bars 804
 INPUT - Known Number of Bars 7
Required Reinforcement Area 5630

Summary of Proposed Reinforcement in External girder

mm^2/m
Area = 5630 i.e. = 32 @ 90

3.9.3 Check the strength limit state flexural reinforcement required

The reinforcement for the strength limit state maximum moment is calculated by considering only the
tension steel (compression steel is conservatively ignored). This is done by solving the second degree
polynomial in terms of As, developed from LRFD art 5.7.3.2.2-1 as follows:

As = -f fy d +/- [( f fy d) ^ 2 - ( 4 f Mu fy ^ 2 ) / (2*0.85 fc b) ] ^0.5 / ( 2 f fy ^ 2 / (2 * 0.85 fc b )

This is the Quadratic solution in the form of:[ -b + { b^2 - 4ac }^0.5 ] / 2a

Where:

Critical design Internal Girder Mu = 2059.07 KNm/m

And internal girder coefficients a,b,and c are:

a= 1.72
b= -3.90E+05
c= 2.06E+09

Therefore:
Required ULS As = 5407 mm^2/m
( Note: SLS case governs )

Check on reinforcement used:

Check maximum reinforcement is not exceeded:

c = As*fy/(0.85*f"c*b1*b)= 59.99 mm

a = b1*c = 49.28 mm
d= 867 mm
c/d = 0.07 < 0.42
OK, Under-reinforced

Check greater than minimum is used (ie greater than 1.2 Mcr or approx 0.03*f"c/fy):
 Ag = 824400 mm^2
r = As/Ag = 0.00309
r min = 0.03*f"c/fy = 0.00192
Asmin = 1582.85 mm^2
OK, Sufficient Reinforcement

Where:

Critical design External Girder Mu = 1817.40 KNm/m

And external girder coefficients a,b,and c are:

a= 1.63
b= -3.90E+05
c= 1.82E+09

Therefore:
Required ULS As = 4753 mm^2/m
( Note: SLS case governs )

Check on reinforcement used:

Check maximum reinforcement is not exceeded:

c = As*fy/(0.85*f"c*b1*b)= 49.70 mm

Neutral axis is in the Flange

a = b1*c = 40.83 mm
d= 867 mm
c/d = 0.06 < 0.42
OK, Under-reinforced

Check greater than minimum is used (ie greater than 1.2 Mcr or approx 0.03*f"c/fy):
Ag = 824400 mm^2
r = As/Ag = 0.00683
r min = 0.03*f"c/fy = 0.00192
Asmin = 1582.85 mm^2
OK, Sufficient Reinforcement

3.9.4 Calculate the serviceability limit state deflections including live

load deflection and camber.
Permanent Load camber in Internal Girder:

wdl = wgirder + wwc = 27.04 kN/m/m

Using Ie from LRFD article 5.7.3.6.2

 Def DL = 5*wdl*L^4/(384*Ec*I elt) = 6.69 mm
Long term def = 12.05 mm

Using Ig from LRFD article 5.7.3.6.2

Def DL = 5*wdl*L^4/(384*Ec*Ig) = 4.80 mm
Long term def = 19.21 mm

Adopt a minimum camber = 19.21 mm

Round to say = 20.00 mm

Live Load Deflection:

Max Moment (ll + Dl) = 941.10 kNm/m

Instantaneous Def = 5*M*L^2/(48*Ec*Ie) = 20.83 mm

Max Instantaneous deflection = Span/800 = 15.75 mm
Actual Instantaneous Span/deflection = 605
Exceeds Suggested Maximum of 800

Permanent Load camber in External girder:

wdl = wgirder + wwc = 27.04 kN/m/m

Using Ie from LRFD article 5.7.3.6.2

Def DL = 5*wdl*L^4/(384*Ec*Ielt) = 6.68 mm
Long term def = 12.02 mm

Using Ig from LRFD article 5.7.3.6.2

Def DL = 5*wdl*L^4/(384*Ec*Ig) = 4.73 mm
Long term def = 18.90 mm

Adopt a minimum camber = 18.90 mm

Round to say = 20.00 mm

Live Load Deflection:

Max Moment (ll + Dl) = 623.82 kNm/m

Instantaneous Def = 5*M*L^2/(48*Ec*Ie) = 15.19 mm

Max Instantaneous deflection = Span/800 = 15.75 mm
Actual Instantaneous Span/deflection = 829
 Instantaneous Deflection is OK!

3.9.5 Check the strength limit state shear capacity and calculate the
additional shear reinforcement required.
External quarter of Girder:
Maximum (ULS) shear = Vu = 815.65 kN/m
Vn max = 0.25*fc*bv*dv = 2372.11 kN/m
OK,Shear required < PermissibleMaximum!
Vc = 0.083*2*fc^.5*bv*dv = 321.15 kN/m
NOT GOOD, Require shear REO
Shear reo spacing = 150 mm
No. of legs at each spacing = 2
Area of transverse reo per leg = 106 mm^2 / leg
Vs = 275 kN/m
Note: 12 mm dia bar; As = 113mm^2 & 16 mm dia bar; As = 201mm^2
Minimum shear Reinforcement = 26.7626 mm^2 / leg @ S
OK, Shear steel provided greater than minimum!

Internal half of Girder:

Maximum (ULS) shear = Vu = 497.73 kN/m
Vn max = 0.25*fc*bv*dv = 2372.11 kN/m
OK,Shear required < PermissibleMaximum!
Vc = 0.083*2*fc^.5*bv*dv = 321.15 kN/m
NOT GOOD, Require shear REO
Shear reo spacing = 300 mm
No. of legs at each spacing = 2
Area of transverse reo per leg = 75 mm^2 / leg
Vs = 98 kN/m
Note: 12 mm dia bar; As = 113mm^2 & 16 mm dia bar; As = 201mm^2
Minimum shear Reinforcement = 53.5252 mm^2 / leg @ Spacing
OK, Shear steel provided greater than minimum!

External quarter of Girder:

Maximum (ULS) shear = Vu = 594.28 kN/m
Vn max = 0.25*fc*bv*dv = 2372.11 kN/m
OK,Shear required < PermissibleMaximum!
Vc = 0.083*2*fc^.5*bv*dv = 321.15 kN/m
NOT GOOD, Require shear REO

Shear reo spacing = 150 mm

No. of legs at each spacing = 2
Area of transverse reo per leg = 58 mm^2 / leg
Vs = 152 kN/m
Note: 12 mm dia bar; As = 113mm^2 & 16 mm dia bar; As = 201mm^2
Minimum shear Reinforcement = 27 mm^2 / leg @ S
 OK, Shear steel provided greater than minimum!
Internal half of Girder:
Maximum (ULS) shear = Vu = 342.09 kN/m
Vn max = 0.25*fc*bv*dv = 15824.5 kN/m
OK,Shear required < PermissibleMaximum!
Vc = 0.083*2*fc^.5*bv*dv = 321.15 kN/m
NOT GOOD, Require shear REO
Shear reo spacing = 300 mm
No. of legs at each spacing = 2
Area of transverse reo per leg = 9 mm^2 / leg
Vs = 12 kN/m
Note: 12 mm dia bar; As = 113mm^2 & 16 mm dia bar; As = 201mm^2
Minimum shear Reinforcement = 54 mm^2 / leg @ Spacing
NOT GOOD, Require more shear REO

3.9.6 Determine the minimum longitudinal reinforcement for combined

flexure and shear.
Strength Limit State Combination Strength 1
Internal Girder

LRFD 5.8.3.5-1 Minimum Area of Longitudinal steel = [ Mu/dv/f + Vu/f - 0.5*Vs] / fy

Span Max
Ratio Distance Max Shear 0.5 Vs Moment Min As
kN kN kNm mm^2
0.00 0.00 815.65 137.359905 0.00 1538
0.05 0.63 751.23 137.359905 433.01 2628
0.10 1.26 687.22 137.359905 812.61 3567
0.15 1.89 623.64 137.359905 1138.68 4354
0.20 2.52 560.48 137.359905 1411.35 4990
0.25 3.15 497.73 137.359905 1630.68 5475
0.30 3.78 435.40 49.0493654 1796.68 5986
0.35 4.41 375.65 49.0493654 1921.11 6208
0.40 5.04 317.49 49.0493654 2016.41 6350
0.45 5.67 260.71 49.0493654 2059.07 6345
0.50 6.30 210.03 49.0493654 2047.70 6200
0.55 6.93 260.71 49.0493654 2059.07 6345
0.60 7.56 317.49 49.0493654 2016.41 6350
0.65 8.19 375.65 49.0493654 1921.11 6208
0.70 8.82 435.40 49.0493654 1796.68 5986
0.75 9.45 497.73 137.359905 1630.68 5475
0.80 10.08 560.48 137.359905 1411.35 4990
0.85 10.71 623.64 137.359905 1138.68 4354
0.90 11.34 687.22 137.359905 812.61 3567
0.95 11.97 751.23 137.359905 433.01 2628
1.00 12.60 815.65 137.359905 0.00 1538

Strength Limit State Combination Strength 1

External Girder

Span Max
Ratio Distance Max Shear 0.5 Vs Moment Min As
kN kN kNm mm^2
 0.00 0.00 594.28 75.8680003 0.00 1169
0.05 0.63 543.42 75.8680003 373.87 2121
0.10 1.26 492.77 75.8680003 703.20 2946
0.15 1.89 442.34 75.8680003 987.91 3645
0.20 2.52 392.11 75.8680003 1228.07 4217
0.25 3.15 342.09 75.8680003 1423.74 4663
0.30 3.78 292.28 5.81655883 1574.92 5123
0.35 4.41 243.76 5.81655883 1689.39 5341
0.40 5.04 196.03 5.81655883 1775.41 5480
0.45 5.67 149.00 5.81655883 1817.40 5495
0.50 6.30 105.01 5.81655883 1814.44 5389
0.55 6.93 149.00 5.81655883 1817.40 5495
0.60 7.56 196.03 5.81655883 1775.41 5480
0.65 8.19 243.76 5.81655883 1689.39 5341
0.70 8.82 292.28 5.81655883 1574.92 5123
0.75 9.45 342.09 75.8680003 1423.74 4663
0.80 10.08 392.11 75.8680003 1228.07 4217
0.85 10.71 442.34 75.8680003 987.91 3645
0.90 11.34 492.77 75.8680003 703.20 2946
0.95 11.97 543.42 75.8680003 373.87 2121
1.00 12.60 594.28 75.8680003 0.00 1169

3.9.7 Check that the allowable fatigue range is not exceeded.

LRFD Section 5.5.3.2 specifies an allowable stress range to prevent fatigue problems. This range is
determined for Internal Girder as:

ff = 145 -0.33fmin +0.55(r/h) in MPa

Since fmin = 0 for a simply supported span
ff = 161.5 MPa
Span Min Max
Ratio Distance Max Shear Min Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 214.39 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -8.34 197.72 0.00 124.56
0.10 1.26 -16.68 181.04 0.00 228.11
0.15 1.89 -25.01 164.37 0.00 310.66
0.20 2.52 -33.35 151.86 0.00 382.70
0.25 3.15 -41.69 141.51 0.00 445.77
0.30 3.78 -50.03 131.16 0.00 495.80
0.35 4.41 -58.71 120.81 0.00 532.79
0.40 5.04 -69.06 110.46 0.00 556.74
0.45 5.67 -79.41 100.11 0.00 567.65
0.50 6.30 -89.76 89.76 0.00 565.51
0.55 6.93 -100.11 79.41 0.00 567.65
0.60 7.56 -110.46 69.06 0.00 556.74
0.65 8.19 -120.81 58.71 0.00 532.79
0.70 8.82 -131.16 50.03 0.00 495.80
0.75 9.45 -141.51 41.69 0.00 445.77
0.80 10.08 -151.86 33.35 0.00 382.70
0.85 10.71 -164.37 25.01 0.00 310.66
0.90 11.34 -181.04 16.68 0.00 228.11
0.95 11.97 -197.72 8.34 0.00 124.56
1.00 12.60 -214.39 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maximum Moment = 567.65 kNm

For the External Girder the actual reo stress = fs = n*M*(d-x)/Icr = 108.54 Mpa
Since this is less than the allowable range, fatigue is
 deemed OK.

Span Min Max

Ratio Distance Max Shear Min Shear Moment Moment
kN kN kNm kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 214.39 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.63 -8.34 197.72 0.00 124.56
0.10 1.26 -16.68 181.04 0.00 228.11
0.15 1.89 -25.01 164.37 0.00 310.66
0.20 2.52 -33.35 151.86 0.00 382.70
0.25 3.15 -41.69 141.51 0.00 445.77
0.30 3.78 -50.03 131.16 0.00 495.80
0.35 4.41 -58.71 120.81 0.00 532.79
0.40 5.04 -69.06 110.46 0.00 556.74
0.45 5.67 -79.41 100.11 0.00 567.65
0.50 6.30 -89.76 89.76 0.00 565.51
0.55 6.93 -100.11 79.41 0.00 567.65
0.60 7.56 -110.46 69.06 0.00 556.74
0.65 8.19 -120.81 58.71 0.00 532.79
0.70 8.82 -131.16 50.03 0.00 495.80
0.75 9.45 -141.51 41.69 0.00 445.77
0.80 10.08 -151.86 33.35 0.00 382.70
0.85 10.71 -164.37 25.01 0.00 310.66
0.90 11.34 -181.04 16.68 0.00 228.11
0.95 11.97 -197.72 8.34 0.00 124.56
1.00 12.60 -214.39 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maximum Moment = 567.65 kNm

Actual reo stress = fs = n*M*(d-x)/Icr = 120.71 Mpa

Since this is less than the allowable range, fatigue is
deemed OK.

3.9.8 Develop reinforcement envelope

To assist in determining cut off points for steel reinforcing it is necessary to determine governing steel
requirements for the Strength I Limit State, Serviceability II Limit State and Combined Flexure and Shear
requirements.

This is achieved by plotting envelopes of steel requirements for each criteria at 20th points along the girder
and finding those which govern. The governing requirements are shown in the table "Minimum Reo
Envelope" table.

Internal Girder Required Reo. at 20th points

Strength 1
 Span
Ratio Distance Max Mom Reo Min.
kNm Reqd. Reo.
0.00 0.00 0.00 0 1582.85
0.05 0.63 433.01 1115 1582.85
0.10 1.26 812.61 2102 1582.85
0.15 1.89 1138.68 2957 1582.85
0.20 2.52 1411.35 3677 1582.85
0.25 3.15 1630.68 4260 1582.85
0.30 3.78 1796.68 4703 1582.85
0.35 4.41 1921.11 5036 1582.85
0.40 5.04 2016.41 5292 1582.85
0.45 5.67 2059.07 5407 1582.85
0.50 6.30 2047.70 5376 1582.85
0.55 6.93 2059.07 5407 1582.85
0.60 7.56 2016.41 5292 1582.85
0.65 8.19 1921.11 5036 1582.85
0.70 8.82 1796.68 4703 1582.85
0.75 9.45 1630.68 4260 1582.85
0.80 10.08 1411.35 3677 1582.85
0.85 10.71 1138.68 2957 1582.85
0.90 11.34 812.61 2102 1582.85
0.95 11.97 433.01 1115 1582.85
1.00 12.60 0.00 0 1582.85

External Girder Required Reo. at 20th points

Strength 1
Span
Ratio Distance Max Mom Reo Min.
kNm Reqd. Reo.
0.00 0.00 0.00 0 1582.85
0.05 0.63 373.87 962 1582.85
0.10 1.26 703.20 1816 1582.85
0.15 1.89 987.91 2560 1582.85
0.20 2.52 1228.07 3190 1582.85
0.25 3.15 1423.74 3707 1582.85
0.30 3.78 1574.92 4107 1582.85
0.35 4.41 1689.39 4411 1582.85
0.40 5.04 1775.41 4641 1582.85
0.45 5.67 1817.40 4753 1582.85
0.50 6.30 1814.44 4745 1582.85
0.55 6.93 1817.40 4753 1582.85
0.60 7.56 1775.41 4641 1582.85
0.65 8.19 1689.39 4411 1582.85
0.70 8.82 1574.92 4107 1582.85
0.75 9.45 1423.74 3707 1582.85
0.80 10.08 1228.07 3190 1582.85
0.85 10.71 987.91 2560 1582.85
0.90 11.34 703.20 1816 1582.85
0.95 11.97 373.87 962 1582.85
1.00 12.60 0.00 0 1582.85
Internal Girder Required Reo. at 20th points
Serviceability 2
Span
Ratio Distance Max Mom Reo Reqd.
kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 0
0.05 0.63 325.72 1336
0.10 1.26 611.33 2507
0.15 1.89 856.85 3514
0.20 2.52 1062.26 4356
0.25 3.15 1226.95 5032
0.30 3.78 1352.17 5545
0.35 4.41 1446.41 5932
0.40 5.04 1518.67 6228
0.45 5.67 1550.27 6358
0.50 6.30 1541.90 6323
0.55 6.93 1550.27 6358
0.60 7.56 1518.67 6228
0.65 8.19 1446.41 5932
0.70 8.82 1352.17 5545
0.75 9.45 1226.95 5032
0.80 10.08 1062.26 4356
0.85 10.71 856.85 3514
0.90 11.34 611.33 2507
0.95 11.97 325.72 1336
1.00 12.60 0.00 0

External Girder Required Reo. at 20th points

Serviceability 2
Span
Ratio Distance Max Mom Reo Reqd.
kNm
0.00 0.00 0.00 0
0.05 0.63 281.79 1188
0.10 1.26 530.06 2235
0.15 1.89 744.81 3141
0.20 2.52 926.05 3905
0.25 3.15 1073.37 4527
0.30 3.78 1187.58 5008
0.35 4.41 1274.32 5374
0.40 5.04 1339.55 5649
0.45 5.67 1370.90 5781
0.50 6.30 1368.82 5772
0.55 6.93 1370.90 5781
0.60 7.56 1339.55 5649
0.65 8.19 1274.32 5374
0.70 8.82 1187.58 5008
0.75 9.45 1073.37 4527
0.80 10.08 926.05 3905
0.85 10.71 744.81 3141
0.90 11.34 530.06 2235
0.95 11.97 281.79 1188
1.00 12.60 0.00 0
Minimum Reo Envelope at 20th Points
Internal Girder
Span
Ratio Distance Reo Reqd.

0.00 0.00 1583

0.05 0.63 2628
0.10 1.26 3567
0.15 1.89 4354
0.20 2.52 4990
0.25 3.15 5475
0.30 3.78 5986
0.35 4.41 6208
0.40 5.04 6350
0.45 5.67 6358
0.50 6.30 6323
0.55 6.93 6358
0.60 7.56 6350
0.65 8.19 6208
0.70 8.82 5986
0.75 9.45 5475
0.80 10.08 4990
0.85 10.71 4354
0.90 11.34 3567
0.95 11.97 2628
1.00 12.60 1583

Minimum Reo Envelope at 20th Points

External Girder
Span
Ratio Distance Reo Reqd.

0.00 0.00 1583

0.05 0.63 2121
0.10 1.26 2946
0.15 1.89 3645
0.20 2.52 4217
0.25 3.15 4663
0.30 3.78 5123
0.35 4.41 5374
0.40 5.04 5649
0.45 5.67 5781
0.50 6.30 5772
0.55 6.93 5781
0.60 7.56 5649
0.65 8.19 5374
0.70 8.82 5123
0.75 9.45 4663
0.80 10.08 4217
0.85 10.71 3645
0.90 11.34 2946
0.95 11.97 2121
1.00 12.60 1583
Minimum Reo Envelope at 20th Points
External Girder
Span
Ratio Distance Reo Reqd.
0.00 0.00 1583
0.05 0.63 2628
0.10 1.26 3567
0.15 1.89 4354
0.20 2.52 4990
0.25 3.15 5475
0.30 3.78 5986
0.35 4.41 6208
0.40 5.04 6350
0.45 5.67 6358
0.50 6.30 6323
0.55 6.93 6358
0.60 7.56 6350
0.65 8.19 6208
0.70 8.82 5986
0.75 9.45 5475
0.80 10.08 4990
0.85 10.71 4354
0.90 11.34 3567
0.95 11.97 2628
1.00 12.60 1583
 MINIMUM AREA OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT FOR INTERNAL GIRDER

7000
Main reinforcement area provided = 6434 sq mm ie. 9 / 32 dia bars

6000 Reinforcement
Reinforcement Area Area
Envelope Envelope for
For Internal Girder External
Combined Flexural and
5000 Shear Girder shown for
REINFORCEMENT AREA (sq mm)

minimum Reinforcement comparison

Mu/dv/f + Vu/f - 0.5*Vs] / fy

4000
Theoretica Area of 6 / 32 dia
l bars
cut-off Strength Limit State Flexural
reinforcement
3000 point
Note: Because theoretical cut-off of 3 bars is
Servicability Limit State close to the beam end, each bar will extend the full
Flexural Reinforcement length
2000 of the T-Beam.

1000
Strength Limit State
minimum
Flexural Reinforcement
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

DISTANCE ALONG BEAM (m)

 Dist M/V Strenght Min-Str Serv Envel-Int Envel-Ext Reo 6/9 reo
0 1538 0 1583 0 1583 1583 6434 4289.333
0.63 2628 1115 1583 1336 2628 2121 6434 4289.333
1.26 3567 2102 1583 2507 3567 2946 6434 4289.333
1.89 4354 2957 1583 3514 4354 3645 6434 4289.333
2.52 4990 3677 1583 4356 4990 4217 6434 4289.333
3.15 5475 4260 1583 5032 5475 4663 6434 4289.333
3.78 5986 4703 1583 5545 5986 5123 6434 4289.333
4.41 6208 5036 1583 5932 6208 5374 6434 4289.333
5.04 6350 5292 1583 6228 6350 5649 6434 4289.333
5.67 6345 5407 1583 6358 6358 5781 6434 4289.333
6.3 6200 5376 1583 6323 6323 5772 6434 4289.333
6.93 6345 5407 1583 6358 6358 5781 6434 4289.333
7.56 6350 5292 1583 6228 6350 5649 6434 4289.333
8.19 6208 5036 1583 5932 6208 5374 6434 4289.333
8.82 5986 4703 1583 5545 5986 5123 6434 4289.333
9.45 5475 4260 1583 5032 5475 4663 6434 4289.333
10.08 4990 3677 1583 4356 4990 4217 6434 4289.333
10.71 4354 2957 1583 3514 4354 3645 6434 4289.333
11.34 3567 2102 1583 2507 3567 2946 6434 4289.333
11.97 2628 1115 1583 1336 2628 2121 6434 4289.333
12.6 1538 0 1583 0 1583 1583 6434 4289.333