FINALS
belonging. The social interaction produces strong feelings of
TEAM SPORTS
A team sport includes any sport where individuals are
organized into opposing teams which compete to win. Team
members act together towards a shared objective. This can
be done in a number of ways such as outscoring the
opposing team. Team members set goals, make decisions,
communicate, manage conflict, and solve problems in a
supportive, trusting atmosphere in order to accomplish their
objectives.
6 Reasons Why Team Sports Are Good for
Your Health
It feels good to be part of a team. Now, researchers have
found that it’s also a boost to your overall health and well-
being. Team sports not only help you get in shape and stay
that way, but also are a great way to connect with people
from different backgrounds and become part of a larger
community. Now, several studies have revealed other
holistic benefits of participating in team sports.
1. Team sports reduce obesity and increase
overall health.
With obesity at an all-time high, it is essential to
participate in physical activities, especially if you spend
most of your day sitting at a desk. You should get at least
150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of
vigorous-intensity exercise each week, which helps avoid
such chronic diseases as diabetes, arthritis and heart
disease
2. Athletes who train with a team are healthier.
Not only does being part of a team give you access
to health professionals, but also provides a built-in support
system that can rally around you when you are pursuing
specific health goals. It seems that teamwork is a good tool
for improving an athlete’s overall health.
3. Being part of a team enhances self- image.
If you feel good about how you look, it may help you
feel good about who you are. Athletes who participate in
club sports exhibit improved self-esteem. They also report
fewer depressive symptoms, in part because of the positive
social interactions that team sports create.
4. Competition improves endurance.
Routine physical activity is key in building
endurance. In turn, endurance builds cardiac strength.
Additionally, exercise builds bone density and increases
muscle mass — all of which contribute to optimal health.
5. Team sports increase long-term happiness.
Athletes who play team sports are healthier — and
more satisfied with life. One study found that physical
activity (specifically playing sports) had a significant
influence on the life satisfaction of participants. Part of this
may be that being a part of a team gives athletes a sense of
self- identity, which increase happiness.
6. Team sports make you smarter.
Athletes often have higher GPAs than non-
athletes, and one study found that 97 percent of team
athletes graduated from high school — which is 10 percent
more than students who did not participate in team sports.
VOLLEYBALL
Volleyball, game played by two teams, usually of six
players on a side, in which the players use their hands to
bat a ball back and forth over a high net, trying to make the
ball touch the court within the opponents’ playing area
before it can be returned. To prevent this a player on the
opposing team bats the ball up and toward a teammate
before it touches the court surface—that teammate may
then volley it back across the net or bat it to a third
teammate who volleys it across the net. A team is allowed
only three touches of the ball before it must be returned
over the net.
History
 Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G.
Morgan, physical director of the Young Men’s
Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke,
Massachusetts.
 Morgan called the sport “mintonette,” until a
professor from Springfield College in
Massachusetts noted the volleying nature of play
and proposed the name of “volleyball.”
 The original rules were written by Morgan and
printed in the first edition of the Official Handbook of
the Athletic League of the Young Men’s Christian
Associations of North America (1897).
 In 1916 rules were issued jointly by the YMCA and
the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
 The first nationwide tournament in the United States
was conducted by the National YMCA Physical
Education Committee in New York City in 1922.
 Volleyball was introduced into Europe by American
troops during World War I,
 International volleyball competition began in 1913
with the first Far East Games, in Manila
Basic Skills in Volleyball
The six basic volleyball skills are
 passing,
 setting,
 spiking,
 blocking,
  digging, and
 serving
Develop this basic volleyball skills will make you success in
playing this game

Passing is often thought of as the most important skill in

volleyball. If you can't pass the serve, then you won't ever
put your team in a position to score a point.

Setting- Used to receive a teammate's pass in order that the

play may continue by passing the ball overhead to an
attacker. the
fundamental action of setting is to
contact the ball with the finger
pads momentarily at the forehead
and following through with arms fully
extended to the hitting target
LESSONS 12: Basketball

Introduction
Basketball is an extremely popular sport. More people
watch basketball than any other sport in the Philippines. It
can be played in driveways, parking lots, back yards,
streets, high schools, colleges and professional arenas. The
game is also enjoyed internationally, with rules available in
thirty languages. Basketball is included among the Olympic
sports.

Why Play Basketball?

Basketball is a great way to be active and have fun. Players
will make new friends, learn new skills, and improve
balance and coordination. The skills learned were not only
basketball specific, but also include life skills. Some key life
skills learned through basketball include how to work well
with others, leadership, decision-making and
communication skills

Brief History of Basketball

In December 1891, a physical education instructor named
Dr. James Naismith at the International Young Men’s
Christian Association (YMCA) Training School in
Springfield, Massachusetts invented an indoor activity for
boys. The game began with two peach baskets tied to
balconies and a soccer ball used to shoot baskets

The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they

were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards.
Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his team
would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT
won the game. The baskets were originally nailed to the
mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved 1. THE BALL
impractical when spectators in the balcony began to - The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the
interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to official ball is 29.5 inches (75 cm) in circumference (size 7,
prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of or a "295 ball") and weighs 22 oz (620 g). If women are
allowing rebound shots. playing, the official basketball size is 28.5 inches (72 cm) in
circumference (size 6, or a "285 ball") with a weight of 20 oz
Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his (570 g). In 3x3, a formalized version of the halfcourt 3-on-3
granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous game, a dedicated ball with the circumference of a size 6
about the new game he had invented, which incorporated ball but the weight of a size 7 ball is used in all competitions
rules from a children's game called Duck On a Rock, (men's, women's, and mixed teams).
children’s game that combines tag and marksmanship thru
throwing accuracy, as many had failed before it. The
game’s popularity has increased continuously ever since.
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the largest
professional sports league. It was created when the
Basketball Association of America and the National
Basketball League merged in 1949.

FACILITY

1. THE COURT
- A regulation basketball court is 50 feet wide and 94 feet
long. This gives players the correct amount of space to
shoot, pass and score the basketball.

1. The Backboard is four feet from the end lines.
2. The Basket is a 5/8 inch thick metal ring which is
attached to the backboard.
3. The Ring Net is made of string woven like a fish
that is approximately 3/16 of an inch thick. The net
holds the ball momentarily as it passes through.
How the Game is Played
The game of basketball is easy to understand.
Players try to prevent their opponents from scoring while
each team tries to get the ball through the basket that the
other team is defending. Although the game is not difficult to
understand, a tremendous amount of mental and physical
endurance and skill is required from the five players on
each team
THE PLAYERS
A basketball team consists of a center, two forwards and
two guards.
 The Forwards are positioned near the opposing
team’s basket so that they can be ready for
shooting and rebounding.
 Small Forward – is often primarily responsible for
scoring points via cuts to the basket and dribble. On
defense, he/she seeks rebounds and steals, but
sometimes plays more actively.
 Power Forward – plays offensively, often with
his/her back to the basket. On defense, he/she
plays under the basket or against the opposing
power forward.
 The Guards normally bring the ball down the court to
begin offensive play.
 Shooting Guard – creates a high volume of shots on
offense and guards the opponent’s best perimeter
player on defense.
 Point Guard – the fastest player on the team. He/ She
organizes the team’s offense by controlling the ball and
making sure that it gets to the right player at the right
time.
 The Center is located near the basket or near the free-
throw line so that he/she can be ready for shooting and
rebounding.
How the Game is Played
The game begins with a jump ball. The referee
tosses the ball into the air. As it comes down, one player
from each team jumps upward in an attempt to tap the ball
to a team-mate. Once the ball is in play, team members
dribble the ball in order to get closer to the basket or pass it
to another player. When the ball is put into the basket, it is
called a “field goal” and two points are awarded to the team
that scores. If the shot, however, was taken past the three-
point line, then three points are earned.
A “Free Throw” means a toss from behind the free-
throw line, with no interference from the opposing team. If a
player has been fouled by an opponent, the fouled player
gets a free throw. If the free throw ball goes into the basket,
the team gets one point.
There are two types of fouls in basketball:
1. Personal Foul
2. Technical Foul
- A Personal Foul means that a player holds, pushes or
trips an opponent.
- A Technical Foul may occur when the game is delayed,
too many time-outs are taken, players leave or enter the
court illegally or participate in misbehavior such as
disrespect toward the referee.
- A team may lose possession of the ball for “traveling.”
- Traveling occurs when a player runs or walks with the
ball.
- Double dribbling (bouncing the ball with both hands or
stopping dribbling, then starting again) can also cause a
team to lose possession of the ball.
 DEFENSE AND OFFENSE
 Professional basketball teams play four 12-minute
quarters. College-level play amounts to two 20-
minute halves, and high school basketball is four 8-
minute quarters. In the case of a tie game, teams play
overtime.
 Professional teams play 5-minute overtimes. High
school and college teams play shorter overtimes.
DEFENSE
The zone and player-to-player (once called “man-
to-man”) systems are two defensive techniques. The zone
system uses each player as a guard, protecting a specific
zone near the basket that his/her team is defending.
Guarding the ball is more important than any particular
player in this type of defense.
In the player-to-player (“man-to-man”) system, the
opposite is true. Each player guards a player from the
opposing team in order to keep the opposition from scoring
.
OFFENSE
The fast-break offensive style offers fast movement from
one part of the court to another and a chance for scoring. It
is characterized by fast, quick passes down the court and
using more players on the attack than the opposition has for
their defense. Slower, more deliberate play characterizes
the slow-break style. This technique calls for more
thoughtful action; players maneuver carefully in order to
shoot in this type of offense.
Basic Skills/Fundamental Skill
A. DRIBBLING
- This is the act of bouncing the ball on the court with either
the left or right hand, but never both of the same time.
2. PASSING
- This is the act of throwing the ball to a team member.
 CHEST PASS – a pass used for short, fast
passing of distances up to twenty feet. It is
done in front of the chest.
 OVERHEAD PASS – A popular pass that can
be used from anywhere on the court;
especially good for closely-guarded players. It
is done by throwing the ball with both hands
from a position above the head.
 BOUNCE PASS – This pass is used when two
players are relatively close to each other. The
ball usually bounces once before being caught
by the other player.
 BASEBALL PASS – It is done by throwing the
ball with one hand from the back.
 UNDERHAND PASS – An effective move
when the passer is moving at fast speeds;
difficult to perform and should be used only
when no alternative exists.
3. SHOOTING
- This is the act of throwing the ball straight to the
hoop/ring to score points.
 LAY UP SHOT– A shot in which a basket is
attempted from under the net; generally
considered one of the easier shots.
 JUMP SHOT – A shot in which the player
shoots the ball into the basket at the top of the
jump.
 ONE HAND SHOT – A shot executed with
both hands holding the ball initially. The ball is
then pushed into the basket with one hand.
 HOOK SHOT – The ball is thrown to the
basket over one shoulder of the player who is
handling the ball. The center and forwards on a
team will find this shot extremely valuable.
 SET SHOT – The knees and legs are slightly
bent. The shooter holds the ball with two
hands. The shooting hand releases the ball
with wrist action
BENEFITS OF PLAYING BASKETBALL
You can play basketball with a playful or
competitive spirit. Either way, it’s a fantastic way to
gain strength, coordination, and muscular endurance.
Plus, you’ll have the opportunity to be a part of a team
and a larger community.
1. Strengthens muscular endurance
Playing basketball requires agility, strength,
and stamina. You must quickly move and change
directions using high-intensity, short-duration muscle
contractions. You’ll also need muscular endurance,
which is the ability of muscles to repeatedly apply
force for an extended period. You can increase your
muscular endurance by playing basketball and doing
exercises to build lower and upper body strength.
You can also focus on strengthening your core
and back muscles. This will have a positive effect on
your stamina, energy, levels, and performance.
2. Builds healthy bones
Playing a team sport, such as basketball, can
provide unique physical and mental health benefits.
Research from 2018, found that playing a team-based sport
has a positive effect on bone strength. People who played
handball and football were shown to have more bone
mineral density than those who were sedentary.
3. Improves balance and coordination
Playing basketball requires you to develop hand-
eye and foot coordination as you maintain your balance
throughout the movements. As you play, you need to move
your body quickly as you jump, pivot, or change direction.
Basketball requires you to use motor skills such as
shooting, passing, and dribbling. You’ll also become skilled
in rebounding and defensive moves. Maintaining a strong
body will help you perform all of these movements with
greater ease.
4. Develops fundamental movement skills
Playing basketball offers youth the opportunity to
develop the motor skills necessary for development.
Research from 2018, points to the effectiveness of
basketball in enhancing the fundamental movement skills
that children need to learn.
Playing basketball helps to improve motor
coordination, flexibility, and endurance. It also encourages
speed, agility, and strength. These skills are shown to have
a positive effect on promoting a healthy body weight and
encouraging more physical activity, which can enhance
cardiorespiratory fitness and self-esteem.
5. Improves body composition
Researchers found that playing basketball had a
positive effect on overall body composition. In this study,
untrained men underwent 3 months of street basketball
training, which had a positive effect on overall fitness and
body composition. After the training, the men increased
their lean body mass and lowered their body fat percentage.
6. Boosts heart health
Regular physical activity helps to improve heart
health and overall fitness levels. According to research from
2019, basketball increases resting heart rates, which has a
positive effect on cardiorespiratory fitness. This is linked to
a lower chance of developing cardiovascular disease.
7. Develops self-confidence
You may develop self-confidence as you find your
voice and learn more about who you are in a new situation.
As a team, members can encourage, motivate, and support
each other. They can also point out areas that need
improvement, which can lead to positive growth.
Success on the court can extend into other areas of
your life, and you may find that you have a newfound belief
in yourself and your abilities.
8. Lowers stress
Engaging in physical activity releases endorphins,
which are the feel-good, or happiness, hormones.
Endorphins may boost your mood, promote relaxation, and
reduce pain. They can also alleviate depression, boost self-
esteem, and enhance your work performance.
Playing basketball will also help you hone your
concentration skills by staying focused on the game. This
may also help you develop present-moment awareness or
mindfulness. These tools may be effective in allowing you to
deal with anxiety in other areas of your life.
9. Encourages team spirit
Playing basketball helps foster a sense of
community and teamwork. You may have the chance to
positively interact with people from different backgrounds,
which can broaden your perspective. Plus, you’ll learn to
play fairly and graciously regardless of the outcome of your
performance. Your teammates and you can aim to be
supportive, positive role models for each other.
10. Develops communication skills
As you interact with your teammates, you may learn
new ways to communicate verbally and nonverbally. You’ll
have the chance to talk to your teammates and listen to
what they have to say.
Most likely, there will be time to communicate
before, during, and after a game or practice. Whether you
learn to speak up or stay silent more often, positive
communication skills will bring benefits to your athletic,
personal, and professional life.
Lesson 13: Officiating Basketball
Introduction
An official in basketball is a person responsible for
spotting any rule violations and enforcing the appropriate
penalties in basketball. Officials are vitally important to any
basketball game, as they help to ensure a level playing field
that prevents either team from having an unfair advantage.
The Basic of Referring
The referee in basketball is like any other referee in
sports, he/she must keep order and make sure that all of
the rules are followed. They are allowed to call fouls and
violations whenever the rules are not followed correctly and
must enforce all things clearly to keep the game moving on
track. No matter the call or time of the game all calls run
through the officials and always fall to the crew chief or
senior official if there is a dispute in any way.
The Main Role of the Referee
The referee's main job on the basketball court is to
administer and calls whenever the rules are not followed.
They must do so to the best of their abilities at all times and
without any subjective judgement. Travels, double dribbles,
fouls, moving screens, etc. are all going to happen
throughout the game so the referees must stay on top of it
all and make sure the game is always played as fairly as
possible.
Pre-Game
- Basketball officials must perform a number of
inspections prior to the start of each game, primarily
related to equipment. A few examples include
making sure the balls are properly inflated,
confirming that each team's jerseys meet league
regulations, checking roster cards for inactive players,
and examining the court for any wet spots or other
potential slip hazards.
In-Game
- During the game, officials are tasked with calling fouls and Start Clock
violations, keeping track of the game clock and handling
disputes from coaches/players. Officials need to remain
focused and properly positioned throughout the game, as
even the smallest mental lapse can represent the difference
between making the right or wrong call.

How Many Officials are Assigned to Each Game?

- There are three on-court officials assigned to each game.
Each official has a different title and set of responsibilities.
These three are referred to as the crew chief, referee and - Beginning with one hand raised above head, the start of
umpire. the clock is indicated by dropping the raised hand directly
towards the floor.
1. The Crew Chief
- The crew chief is the head of the entire officiating crew.
Duties include making a final ruling when other officials Full Timeout
disagree and maintaining a strong line of communication
with coaches, scorers and statisticians.

2. The Referee
- Officials that occupy the referee position primarily handle
conduct violations. While referees are well-equipped to call
contact fouls and illegal positioning, they are mostly relied
upon to settle disputes and hand out technical fouls if a - When an official wishes to signal for a full timeout it is
player or coach loses control of their emotions and behaves indicated by two arms spread to the sides forming a “T”
poorly. shape.

3. The Umpire
- Umpires handle the clock (making sure the timer knows Thirty Second Timeout
when to pause and restart the game clock due to a
stoppage in play) and basic foul calls. For example, the
umpire will likely be the official to hand down a ruling when
a defensive player makes contact with an opposing shooter.

- To indicate a thirty second timeout has been called by one

REFEREES’ OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS of the teams, the official will take both hands and place
them on top of his shoulders with his elbows out.

Jump Ball
Stop Clock

- When both players have control over the ball at the same
- To stop the clock at any point in the game, the referee will time, it is indicated by both thumbs pointing upwards with
raise one hand straight over head with his palms facing out arms extended.
and finger tips pointed
Substitution Holding

- If a substitute player wishes to enter the game it is

- The holding signal is made by having one arm extended
indicated by having one hand facing the time keeper, raised
upwards in front of the face, and the other hand grabbing
in a “stop” manner, and the other hand waving the
the wrist.
substitute player into the game.
Pushing
Player Control Foul (Charge)

- To signal a pushing foul, the official will have both hands

- One hand on the back of the head and the other pointing extended straight in front of him, with his palms facing
in the opposite direction of the play indicates a charge call outward
has been made.
Intentional Foul

Hand Check

- When a player commits an intentional foul, the official will

- When a player commits a hand check foul, it is signaled by put both arms above his head and cross them.
having one arm extended in front of the chest with the
fingers up, and the other arm grabbing the wrist.
Technical Foul
Blocking

- To signal a technical foul has occurred the referee will

- If a defensive player commits a blocking foul the official place both his hands in front of him and put them in the
will have both hands, in fists, touching his hips, and his formation of a letter “T”.
elbows in tight against his body.
Double Foul Double Dribble

- If two players have committed a foul at the same time, the

referee will put both hands, in fists, extended out towards
the sides. - The official will signal a double dribble violation has been
committed by putting both of his hands in front of him, with
palms down, and alternating them up and down, as if
dribbling a basketball
Illegal Hand Use

Three Seconds

- An illegal hand use foul is signaled by the official putting

both of his hands in front of him, at waist level, and grabbing
one of his wrists with the other hand.
- The official will indicate that a player has committed a
three second violation by having three fingers raised, and
the hand makes a swiping motion back and forth at the side.

Traveling

Five Seconds

- When a player has committed a traveling violation, the

official will signal it by placing both of his hands in front of
him and moving them in a circle - In order to signal a five second violation the official will
have five fingers raised with arm extended upward.

Carrying or Palming
Ten Seconds

- In order to signal a palming or carrying violation, the

referee will have one hand at the side, flipped over from - The ten second violation is shown when the official has ten
palm up to palm down. fingers raised with both arms extended upwards.
Kicking the Ball Basket Counts
- To indicate a basket counts, when a foul has also
occurred, the referee will drop his hand from shoulder
height directly down.

Basket Does Not Count

- To “wave off” a basket, or indicate it does not count
because a foul has occurred, the referee will start with both
hands at the shoulders, elbows out, and extend hands out
- When a player kicks the ball, the referee will have one foot directly towards the side.
raised in front
Bonus Free Throws
Two Point Basket Scored

- When a player at the free throw line is to be awarded a

- When a player kicks the ball, the referee will have one foot
raised in front.
bonus free throw, the official will extend both of his arms out
to his sides completely straight and then move one up and
down
Lane Violation

Three Point Basket Scored

- If a player is shooting a free throw and a lane violation

- The official will extend both arms directly upwards with
fingers pointed to signify that a player has scored a Three
Point Basket.
Counting
occurs, the referee will signal it by raising one of his arms
out to his side and holding it there until the free throw is
completed.
Basketball referee hand signals can seem complicated
because there are so many. Whether you are a referee,
parent, player, commentator, or just a student of the game,
this referee officiating hand signal guide will help give you a
better understanding of the hand signals that referees use
on the basketball court!

- The referee indicates he is counting for a timed violation

by moving his hand back and forth from the middle of the
chest to straight in front continuously. Each movement
represents one second.